Статті в журналах з теми "Values Study and teaching Oceania Case studies"

Majelis Ta'lim is a non-formal educational institution whose presence has a significant spiritual and social impact on forming religious character in society. The company of the Ta'lim Council in Banyu Urip village, Embung Tangar hamlet, West Praya sub-district, Central Lombok regency, aims to spread religious values or understanding to people who do not know understand religious teachings. The preachers' da'wah method has its characteristics that provide attractiveness to the congregation they foster. In this case, what Ustad Amiruddin did in conveying understanding, religion has a different style from other clerics, da'al, and preachers. This writing will try to show the communication methods used by Ustad Amiruddin in teaching the ta'lim assembly he supervises. With his unique technique and way. The article uses a descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach. The primary data were obtained through interviews and observations of the studies provided by him and some of the worshipers who were part of his assembly. At the same time, the secondary is in the form of books that discuss da'wah methods, journals, and articles relevant to this study. Based on the research results that have been done, there are several conclusions obtained. With the da'wah communication approach, it can be seen that the communication methods of Da'wah Maradhah hasanah.

This study investigated the developmental process of a dynamic geo-game, Gezgin, which was developed by the researcher based on the Four-Component Instructional Design (4C/ID) Model, and its benefits in the acquisitions, values and skills of the Global Connections learning area of the social studies curriculum applied in Turkey. It also determined Gezgin’s reflecting acquisitions, values, and skills, as well associal studies education experts’ opinions about Gezgin. A case study approach was adopted and five experts participated. The data collection lasted for approximately fourteen months due to the development process of Gezgin. Most of this process coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic period. The data were descriptively analysed and the experts’ evaluations were subjected to content analysis. Findings indicated that Gezgin mostly reflected the acquisitions, values, and skills of Global Connections learning area and could support the curriculum as a studying environment, create various experiences, materialise theoretical knowledge, and that it co uld be tested on students. It was also understood that values, primarily, and skills and acquisitions, subsequently, were mostly supported. Although the results of the study revealed similarities with the results of other studies in scientific literature, it differed from them as a large platform where the acquisitions, values, and skills of a learning field were reflected. The results indicated that geo-games should be used to support other learning areas, develop high-level skills, and create a level of awareness in accordance with spatial citizenship skills.

This study aims to investigate the role of social science subject teachers in instilling character values ​​in students through the process of teaching and learning activities. This study used a quantitative approach with a case study type conducted at SMP Muhammadiyah Indramayu. The results of the study show that teachers of the Social Sciences subject at SMP Muhammadiyah Indramayu have tried their best to carry out their duties, especially in instilling historical awareness as well as values ​​of nationalism, identity and character in their students. This is proven when the writer observes while teaching in class being able to use strategies, various methods and modes so that the classroom atmosphere is lively and full of enthusiasm and is able to develop students to think historically analytically with various assignments. Besides that, teachers outside the classroom always monitor the character and attitudes of students to measure the extent to which what has been taught has an effect.

Purpose - Internationalization of education has made it important to have not only a command of English as a global language, but also of Languages Other Than English (LOTEs), which can be a second, national or heritage language. This narrative inquiry explored LOTE teachers’ perspectives on their use of English and other pedagogical practices for teaching LOTE to international students. Methodology - Narratives of three language teachers from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, teaching French, Korean and Mandarin at a private university in Malaysia were recorded. Their discussion addressed key issues in teaching LOTE such as teaching strategies, use of technology and the importance of using English for teaching LOTEs. Data was analysed using Nvivo, applying Saldana’s (2016) coding technique, consisting of structural, descriptive and values coding. 48 codes emerged during the first cycle coding, which were placed under nine categories in the second and final coding process. Findings - Data revealed that for achieving practical outcomes, technologically integrated teaching is an alternative to traditional teaching practices. Further, teachers’ narratives also showed the importance of English in LOTE teaching, owing to the internationalization of education. Significance – The study explored LOTE pedagogy through the narratives of teachers, who are key stakeholders. The findings will help LOTE teachers reflect on their own teaching practices, and familiarize them with current pedagogy, including technology integration. They would also be useful in other contexts where LOTE is offered as a foreign language.

Business communication and technical writing students face a new workplace challenge: responding to problems that reflect a multicultural dimension and involve business- people whose perspectives, values, and traditions are not Western. Case studies are a good teaching strategy to introduce multicultural issues in business communication. Case studies involve students in group settings and demand both problem-solving and human-relations skills. Adding discussion questions to case-study problems prompts student responses, and assigning a follow-up progress report or memorandum ties the case-study reviews to course goals. This article includes both a description of the assignment and two timely case-study samples.

This study aims to find out the internalization of multiculturalism values through Arabic teaching at Islamic senior high schools in Palu city Indonesia. The integration of multiculturalism values in learning materials is considered very important to create students' moderate attitudes toward ethnicity and cultural differences in schools' daily life. This study was carried out using a case study qualitative approach. Data were gathered through field observation, and in-depth interviews with the school principal, teachers, and students. Our study found that multiculturalism values were integrated through the Arabic curriculum, lesson plans, learning material, and students' activities. The multiculturalism values were reflected in the students' daily life in the forms of ethnicity diversity tolerance, respect attitudes, and moderate behavior. Our study contributes to the body of knowledge in multiculturalism studies and practices by providing a new direction to multicultural integration strategies at the school level. Future studies should focus on how the broader context of studies such as by involving more than one case.

This descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative design aimed to describe and analyze discussions in online chats about mental disorders in a psychiatric nursing course as part of an undergraduate nursing program. The sample consisted of 32 undergraduate students who attended the course. Data analysis showed that the discussions through online chat sessions permeated the acquisition of knowledge, procedures, attitudes and values and promoted students' active participation. The results reaffirm the discussions' importance for students' learning and showed the potential of technology resources, such as real-time communication tools, to support and improve teaching possibilities in psychiatric nursing.

Previous research on teaching the Holocaust, notably case studies in the primary or the secondary sectors, suggests that Holocaust education can make a significant contribution to citizenship by developing pupils’ understandings of justice, tolerance, human rights issues, and the many forms of racism and discrimination. Yet, there have been no longitudinal studies into its impact on primary pupils. This paper, reports on the first stages of ongoing longitudinal research (sponsored by the Scottish Executive Education Department), and concentrates on the relevance of Holocaust education to citizenship, by comparing the attitudes of primary 7 pupils before and after Holocaust teaching using data from questionnaires. Results show an improvement in pupils’ values and attitudes after learning about the Holocaust in almost every category related to minority groups, ethnic or otherwise. One significant finding was a deep anti-English feeling and this in itself the need for further investigation.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of education for sustainable development (ESD) approaches in English as a foreign language (EFL) in Japanese higher education. Design/methodology/approach A content and language integrated learning (CLIL) University-level course was run over two separate semesters: the first as a lecture-based course and the second was a similar course that integrated ESD best-practice. A program effects case study was used to see if any significant changes could be measured between the separate semesters. A mixed-methods approach to data collection was used and student marks, survey results using values, beliefs and norms (VBN) model and reflection tasks were collected across the two courses. Findings A meaningful change in the ascription of responsibility and personal norms was present in the ESD best-practice course. This shows that ESD best-practice integration into language teaching has a positive impact on student environmental VBN and more research is necessary for this area. Practical implications ESD integrated into language teaching correlates positively with environmental behavior change according to the VBN-model. A new field of study is proposed, language education for sustainable development, to better integrate the disciplines of EFL and ESD. Originality/value This study is looking at the integration of ESD in language teaching and CLIL based courses in Higher Education and, at present, there are no other studies of this kind.

Since its independence in 1991, the promotion of human rights has been a part of Georgia’s efforts towards the integration into Euro-Atlantic Institutions. However, difficulties in introducing the concept of individual, democratic and human rights are persistent in the teaching/learning process, as these concepts are still not organic and commonly understood in popular culture. Herewith, a growing level of political and societal polarisation between nationalistic and liberal forces impedes the process of effective promotion of universal human rights principles. The article analyzes the tensions between the core values of nationalism and liberal ideology in Georgia, as well as the supporting factors for the promotion of human rights education (HRE). It discusses the potential of HRE in mitigating the societal polarisation and reaching social cohesion around the basic civic values. A conclusion is made that, despite considerable progress achieved in promoting HRE in Georgia during the last decade, complexities remain related to the difficulty of introducing the concepts of individual, democratic and human rights in the teaching/learning process, as such concepts are still not organic and commonly understood in popular culture. Based on the best practices identified in various impact assessment studies on HRE worldwide, recommendations are offered for the schools to introduce transformative and emancipatory learning and make HRE effective through the application of the ‘wholeschool’ approach - an effective tool for bringing tangible changes to the school environment, as well as the impact on the household and community levels. Keywords: human rights education, social cohesion, Georgia, impact of education, wholeschool approach, social cohesion

Social Studies Curriculum (SSC) foster national cohesion and integration in terms of knowledge, intellectual capabilities, and democratic disposition, which are expected of pupils to actively participate and coexist in society. SSC is based on societal needs, challenges, and aspirations, which enable pupils to acquire appropriate and acceptable values. Therefore, in the teaching of SSC in primary schools, teachers' and pupils' perception is paramount. The study sought to find out the challenges encountered by teachers in the implementation of the Social Studies curriculum in fostering national cohesion and integration. Data was sourced from a sample of 12 curriculum support officers, 47 head teachers, 188 Social Studies teachers, and 5,640 pupils from the primary schools in Uasin Gishu County who were selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Instruments for data collection included a questionnaire, observation, interview schedules, and focus group discussions. Data analysis generated frequencies and percentages for interpretation and discussions. The challenges in the implementation of the SSC were found to be the gradual subordination of teachers, demoralisation, poor teaching practices and the contradictions between what learners are taught in school with what they see in the community identified in the study. The study recommended that primary teachers should effectively implement values inherent in Social Studies Curriculum for learners to emerge as responsible, respectful, and cooperative citizens for societal harmony. In conclusion, shows that there was a need for teacher training, workshops, and seminars with more emphasis on the acquisition of new knowledge and current trends on citizenship and the utilisation of appropriate pedagogical practices in the social studies curriculum.

Studying and learning means adaptation of new information, skills, and values. Students’ previous knowledge and experiences direct their studies, and in the best case, these experiences are positive. Learning is always a social process, too. How do new learning environments at universities influence students’ individuality and communality? Are students left alone and to work just with their computers? What kinds of experiences do students have of online teaching? In this study, these questions were asked from students studying at a Finnish university. Based on their perceptions, four features of an ideal online teaching and learning environment were found. Online solutions, when based on caring teaching, can provide new positive experiences of learning and teaching to teachers and students.

This paper investigated the perceptions of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers with regard to the implementation of RME syllabus in Namibia. The paper engages a crucial global debate on paradigms for teaching religion and moral values while contributing to the literature through research in the Ompundja Circuit of Oshana Region, Namibia. Contrary to the previous colonial era when Christianity was the only recognized religion, the Republic of Namibia adopted a new constitution making it a secular state upon independence in 1990. This new constitution, however, brought new challenges to teachers who were previously trained only to teach Biblical Studies as a school subject. With this new constitution, Namibia adopted a policy of teaching a multi-cultural religious and moral education curriculum. The teaching of RME replaced Biblical Studies in the Namibian curriculum. Teachers are now required to make their learners aware of the different religious and moral values of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, African traditional religions, Bahai and others inextricably. This, paper, therefore, presents findings from a case study research conducted at Ompundja Circuit of Oshana Region in Namibia that examined the perceptions of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers with regard to the implementation of RME syllabus. Fourteen teachers from selected schools participated in this study. Teachers were interviewed, observed and later completed a set of questionnaire. Findings indicated that teachers’individual religious and moral values shaped the teaching and learning process; teachers’ individual religious and moral values played a major role regarding conflicting concerns over RME; and as most RME teachers were Christian, they felt a commitment to share their personal Christian religious beliefs and moral values. The paper recommends that teachers be provided with the necessary teaching resources and be trained to develop more confidence and broad understanding of RME as a subject.

Abstract In recent decades, universities have experienced substantial change. Several studies in Brazil and abroad adopted a critical perspective on the marketization of higher education. This paper contributes to this stream of research and focuses on the transformation of a large private university in Brazil. After an investment fund acquired an equity stake in this university, the institution implemented new teaching and administrative practices and adopted values embraced by private financial organizations and a set of so-called modern management methods. We present the case and discuss the perspectives for private higher education institutions and their faculties. We also claim that private universities should be theorized as hybrid organizations. Finally, we speculate on the vectors that could contribute to a positive transformation of private universities.

Wars between countries, technological developments and acculturation affect every field, as well as the field of education. The social crisis and moral corruption produced by the modern world have led families and educators to think, work and produce projects on the necessity of human values and education. Language, which is one of the human values and one of the ways of maintaining the existence of a nation and transferring its culture, is very important. In this context, it is seen that the emphasis on values is increasing day by day. The education level where the need for restructuring is felt the most is higher education. It is important that training given in higher education institutions is given within the framework of human value perceptions and the training of employees of the future profession group. In this context, it is very important to associate language and human values with literature teaching. In this study, studies on the theoretical and methodological foundations of literature teaching in the framework of new human knowledge in higher education institutions were examined. In this context, the aim of the study is to examine the theoretical and methodological foundations of literature teaching within the framework of new human knowledge in higher education institutions and the related documents scanned in the Web of Science database, thematically and methodologically. The study was designed by adopting a case study from the qualitative research models. A sample was not determined for the studies to be included in the research and the entire universe was reached. In this context, all documents in the Web of Science database were accessed through the library system of the university. In the document search, the keywords ‘higher educational’ and ‘theoretical and methodological’ were searched in all fields and studies were found by searching for the keyword ‘teaching literature’ in the title. All studies were analysed by year, document type, Web of Science category, research area, country and publication language. The findings obtained from the research were explained in detail with the content analysis method. In the research findings, 78 documents were reached. The findings obtained as a result of the research are given in detail in the findings and results section. Keywords: Human values, literature teaching, methodological and theoretical structure, Learning, University, Web of Science

Islamic religious education, including subjects that must be given to students who are Muslim, even though these students study at non-Islamic schools. Likewise, on the other hand, Islamic schools must also facilitate religious education in accordance with the religions of their students. Santo Paulus Catholic High School Jember, including a school that facilitates Islamic religious education for Muslim students. Uniquely, there is a religiosity subject, which includes all universal values in the official religion in Indonesia. The focus of this research is, how is the portrait and dynamics of Islamic religious education in non-Muslim schools (Catholic schools)? In this context, the authors chose a qualitative approach in data mining and processing. Interviews, document studies, observation, data research are the techniques chosen in research data collection. The research findings: 1) SMA Catholic Santo Paulus Jember has 6 Islamic religious education teachers, but they are not in accordance with the qualifications of the subjects they are teaching, 2) apart from PAI subjects, SMA Catholic Santo Paulus Jember strengthens students with religiosity lessons, namely lessons which includes universal values of all religions, 3) SMA Catholic Santo Paulus Jember is in demand by students from the six official religions in Indonesia.Keywords: Islamic Religious Education, Catholic High School, and religiosity

This study aimed at determining the role of science and social studies teachers in instilling the values contained in science and social studies content at Government Elementary School. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. Through a case study, this qualitative approach was intended to gain in dept understanding of social situation, and find patterns, hypotheses and theories. Subjects in this study were 10 teachers who teach science and social studies at Islamic elementary schools that were selected from randomly chosen elementary schools from North Jakarta, South Jakarta, Central Jakarta, West Jakarta and East Jakarta. The results of the study revealed that responsibility, collaborative work, mutual respect, and respect could be developed by teachers through teaching and learning process. Yet, other values that were specifically generated from the material content of science and social studies have not been tried out to be developed except in teachers’ lesson plans. DOI: 10.15408/tjems.v1i2.1271

The objective of this study was to analyze the beliefs of undergraduates about the strategies for teaching sports at the beginning of their Bachelors degree in Physical Education at a public university in Southern Brazil. A qualitative, descriptive and interpretive research approach was adopted through multiple case studies. Eight bachelor students in Physical Education participated in the study. To collect the data, we used a combination of structured and semi-structured interview procedures, systematic observation, and memory stimulation. Content analysis was used from categories determined a priori. The results indicated that the students have beliefs that favor strategies focused on analytical learning tasks, verbal management interventions, prescriptive pedagogical feedbacks, and positive evaluations. These beliefs were developed mainly through personal practical experiences in competitive sports as well as through observation of coaches or teachers and verbal orientations received from coaches and peers. The undergraduates’ beliefs about teaching strategies represent a particular conceptual model, with structures similar to directive teaching models. Thus, we conclude that the prolonged contact of the undergraduates with various learning situations in sports contributed to the memorization of concepts, values, and teaching behaviors, which enabled and conditioned the construction of one own model of teaching sports.

<p>Scientometric results on publication trends in clinical psychology, which refer to publication type and methodology of case studies/reports, are presented. Absolute and relative frequencies of clinical case studies are identified for the segment “mental and behavioral disorders” in MEDLINE (ICD-10 Chapter V [F]) as well as for clinical psychology publications documented in PsycINFO and PSYNDEX in 40 publication years (1975-2014). Results show an increase of the absolute number of published case studies documented in MEDLINE and PsycINFO (but not in PSYNDEX), which is highly correlated with the total increase of clinical psychology publications in both databases. Relative frequencies show another picture, namely a drop of the percentage of case studies on mental and behavioral disorders in MEDLINE, and a sharp drop in PSYNDEX since the 1980s. The trend for the relative frequency of case studies within all publications on clinical psychology documented in PsycINFO is V-shaped with 6% in the 1970s, 3% in the early 1990s, and 4-5% after the millennium. Pros and cons of case studies in clinical psychology research and education are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative case study methodologies are distinguished with respect to the phases of clinical trials and observational studies in evidence-based and empirically supported psychotherapy. Subsequently, methodological constraints are balanced with specific values in clinical training, applied research, and innovative research on the symptomatology, etiology, and classification of mental disorders as well as on combined and/or integrative treatment techniques and methods.</p><div> </div>

Traditional teaching methods have faced unprecedented challenges as a result of educational reform, but it also presents limitless opportunities. The development of the flipped classroom teaching mode provides inspiration for the development of a PE teaching mode. This paper connects PE teaching with the “flipped classroom” teaching mode and designs an evaluation system for PE flipped classroom teaching based on the perspective of knowledge construction. The weight values of the contents of all levels of the evaluation dimensions of classroom teaching effectiveness are established in this paper, as well as the conceptual model and data table structure of the system database. In addition, using literature, questionnaires, and case studies, this paper investigates the effectiveness and application ideas of the “flipped classroom” teaching mode in PE classes. Experiments show that this method has an evaluation accuracy of 95.37 percent, which is about 13 percent higher than traditional methods. It is feasible and practicable in some ways. Additionally, flipping the classroom can increase student engagement, improve test scores, and increase teacher satisfaction. This study is expected to promote the use of the “flipped classroom” teaching mode in PE classes at colleges and universities, thereby speeding up the reform of PE education.

The purpose of this study is to explore the employability skills required in different countries/cultures and to further explore how cultural differences influence teaching/learning techniques required to equip students with required employability skills. Data were collected from 158 human resource managers working in different organizations and 169 faculty members who were engaged in teaching business graduates in four culturally different countries: Australia, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. SPSS version 20 was used to calculate the average and compute the values. Results of this study indicated that employability skills for business graduates vary among different counties/cultures but the five employability skills are common regardless of cultural differences: entry-level digital skills, problem-solving skills, organizational skills, decision making, and goal-oriented skills. In addition, the findings of this study also indicated that teaching/learning techniques such as case studies, conventional lectures, and simulations, etc., are not completely culture-sensitive and could be used in almost every country/culture. The findings of this study will be helpful for higher educational institutions, vocational training centers, and other stakeholders to use in determining the most effective teaching/learning techniques to equip the students with the employability skills required in their country/culture including common employability skills and make their graduates more employable.

Objective – The role of the academic librarian has become increasingly educative in nature. In this study, the critical friend method was introduced among teaching librarians in an academic setting of medicine and health sciences to ascertain whether this approach could be implemented for feedback on teaching of these librarians as part of their professional development. Methods – We used a single intrinsic case study. Seven teaching librarians and one educator from the faculty of medicine participated, and they all provided and received feedback. These eight teachers worked in pairs, and each of them gave at least one lecture or seminar during the study period. The performance of one teacher and the associated classroom activities were observed by the critical friend and then evaluated and discussed. The outcome and effects of critical friendship were assessed by use of a questionnaire. Results – The present results suggest that use of the critical friend method among teaching academic librarians can have a positive impact by achieving the following: strengthening shared values concerning teaching issues; promoting self-reflection, which can improve teaching; facilitating communication with colleagues; and reducing the sense of “loneliness” in teaching. This conclusion is also supported by the findings of previous studies. Conclusion – The critical friend method described in this study can easily be implemented and developed among teaching librarians, provided that there is support from the organization. This will benefit the individual teaching librarian, as well as the organization at large.

Abstract By means of two case studies, this article demonstrates how differently Islam is depicted in a Turkish film composed by a secular, intellectual director and in a film considered to promote an Islamic way of life. Yılmaz Güney’s art house film Umut/Hope (1970) depicts Islam as an integral part of Turkish reality. In the story of a poor carriage driver in South East Anatolia, who turns to treasure hunting guided by an imam, folk Islam is compared to a (secular) national lottery ticket: neither are the solution to existential problems. İsmail Güneş’ film The İmam (2005) can be regarded as an example of the return of Islamic values into Turkish society, showing compatibility with modernity. However, whereas Umut is showing (folk) Islam as an existing reality in Turkish society of the 1970s, The İmam is teaching a moral lesson to Turkish society of the 2000s.

Education in Oceania continues to reflect the embedded implicit and explicit colonial practices and processes from the past. This paper conceptualises a cultural approach to education and leadership appropriate and relevant to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. As elementary school leaders, we highlight Kanne Lobal, a traditional Marshallese navigation practice based on indigenous language, values and practices. We conceptualise and develop Kanne Lobal in this paper as a framework for understanding the usefulness of our indigenous knowledge in leadership and educational practices within formal education. Through bwebwenato, a method of talk story, our key learnings and reflexivities were captured. We argue that realising the value of Marshallese indigenous knowledge and practices for school leaders requires purposeful training of the ways in which our knowledge can be made useful in our professional educational responsibilities. Drawing from our Marshallese knowledge is an intentional effort to inspire, empower and express what education and leadership partnership means for Marshallese people, as articulated by Marshallese themselves. Introduction As noted in the call for papers within the Waikato Journal of Education (WJE) for this special issue, bodies of knowledge and histories in Oceania have long sustained generations across geographic boundaries to ensure cultural survival. For Marshallese people, we cannot really know ourselves “until we know how we came to be where we are today” (Walsh, Heine, Bigler & Stege, 2012). Jitdam Kapeel is a popular Marshallese concept and ideal associated with inquiring into relationships within the family and community. In a similar way, the practice of relating is about connecting the present and future to the past. Education and leadership partnerships are linked and we look back to the past, our history, to make sense and feel inspired to transform practices that will benefit our people. In this paper and in light of our next generation, we reconnect with our navigation stories to inspire and empower education and leadership. Kanne lobal is part of our navigation stories, a conceptual framework centred on cultural practices, values, and concepts that embrace collective partnerships. Our link to this talanoa vā with others in the special issue is to attempt to make sense of connections given the global COVID-19 context by providing a Marshallese approach to address the physical and relational “distance” between education and leadership partnerships in Oceania. Like the majority of developing small island nations in Oceania, the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) has had its share of educational challenges through colonial legacies of the past which continues to drive education systems in the region (Heine, 2002). The historical administration and education in the RMI is one of colonisation. Successive administrations by the Spanish, German, Japanese, and now the US, has resulted in education and learning that privileges western knowledge and forms of learning. This paper foregrounds understandings of education and learning as told by the voices of elementary school leaders from the RMI. The move to re-think education and leadership from Marshallese perspectives is an act of shifting the focus of bwebwenato or conversations that centres on Marshallese language and worldviews. The concept of jelalokjen was conceptualised as traditional education framed mainly within the community context. In the past, jelalokjen was practiced and transmitted to the younger generation for cultural continuity. During the arrival of colonial administrations into the RMI, jelalokjen was likened to the western notions of education and schooling (Kupferman, 2004). Today, the primary function of jelalokjen, as traditional and formal education, it is for “survival in a hostile [and challenging] environment” (Kupferman, 2004, p. 43). Because western approaches to learning in the RMI have not always resulted in positive outcomes for those engaged within the education system, as school leaders who value our cultural knowledge and practices, and aspire to maintain our language with the next generation, we turn to Kanne Lobal, a practice embedded in our navigation stories, collective aspirations, and leadership. The significance in the development of Kanne Lobal, as an appropriate framework for education and leadership, resulted in us coming together and working together. Not only were we able to share our leadership concerns, however, the engagement strengthened our connections with each other as school leaders, our communities, and the Public Schooling System (PSS). Prior to that, many of us were in competition for resources. Educational Leadership: IQBE and GCSL Leadership is a valued practice in the RMI. Before the IQBE programme started in 2018, the majority of the school leaders on the main island of Majuro had not engaged in collaborative partnerships with each other before. Our main educational purpose was to achieve accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), an accreditation commission for schools in the United States. The WASC accreditation dictated our work and relationships and many school leaders on Majuro felt the pressure of competition against each other. We, the authors in this paper, share our collective bwebwenato, highlighting our school leadership experiences and how we gained strength from our own ancestral knowledge to empower “us”, to collaborate with each other, our teachers, communities, as well as with PSS; a collaborative partnership we had not realised in the past. The paucity of literature that captures Kajin Majol (Marshallese language) and education in general in the RMI is what we intend to fill by sharing our reflections and experiences. To move our educational practices forward we highlight Kanne Lobal, a cultural approach that focuses on our strengths, collective social responsibilities and wellbeing. For a long time, there was no formal training in place for elementary school leaders. School principals and vice principals were appointed primarily on their academic merit through having an undergraduate qualification. As part of the first cohort of fifteen school leaders, we engaged in the professional training programme, the Graduate Certificate in School Leadership (GCSL), refitted to our context after its initial development in the Solomon Islands. GCSL was coordinated by the Institute of Education (IOE) at the University of the South Pacific (USP). GCSL was seen as a relevant and appropriate training programme for school leaders in the RMI as part of an Asia Development Bank (ADB) funded programme which aimed at “Improving Quality Basic Education” (IQBE) in parts of the northern Pacific. GCSL was managed on Majuro, RMI’s main island, by the director at the time Dr Irene Taafaki, coordinator Yolanda McKay, and administrators at the University of the South Pacific’s (USP) RMI campus. Through the provision of GCSL, as school leaders we were encouraged to re-think and draw-from our own cultural repository and connect to our ancestral knowledge that have always provided strength for us. This kind of thinking and practice was encouraged by our educational leaders (Heine, 2002). We argue that a culturally-affirming and culturally-contextual framework that reflects the lived experiences of Marshallese people is much needed and enables the disruption of inherent colonial processes left behind by Western and Eastern administrations which have influenced our education system in the RMI (Heine, 2002). Kanne Lobal, an approach utilising a traditional navigation has warranted its need to provide solutions for today’s educational challenges for us in the RMI. Education in the Pacific Education in the Pacific cannot be understood without contextualising it in its history and culture. It is the same for us in the RMI (Heine, 2002; Walsh et al., 2012). The RMI is located in the Pacific Ocean and is part of Micronesia. It was named after a British captain, John Marshall in the 1700s. The atolls in the RMI were explored by the Spanish in the 16th century. Germany unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the islands in 1885. Japan took control in 1914, but after several battles during World War II, the US seized the RMI from them. In 1947, the United Nations made the island group, along with the Mariana and Caroline archipelagos, a U.S. trust territory (Walsh et al, 2012). Education in the RMI reflects the colonial administrations of Germany, Japan, and now the US. Before the turn of the century, formal education in the Pacific reflected western values, practices, and standards. Prior to that, education was informal and not binded to formal learning institutions (Thaman, 1997) and oral traditions was used as the medium for transmitting learning about customs and practices living with parents, grandparents, great grandparents. As alluded to by Jiba B. Kabua (2004), any “discussion about education is necessarily a discussion of culture, and any policy on education is also a policy of culture” (p. 181). It is impossible to promote one without the other, and it is not logical to understand one without the other. Re-thinking how education should look like, the pedagogical strategies that are relevant in our classrooms, the ways to engage with our parents and communities - such re-thinking sits within our cultural approaches and frameworks. Our collective attempts to provide a cultural framework that is relevant and appropriate for education in our context, sits within the political endeavour to decolonize. This means that what we are providing will not only be useful, but it can be used as a tool to question and identify whether things in place restrict and prevent our culture or whether they promote and foreground cultural ideas and concepts, a significant discussion of culture linked to education (Kabua, 2004). Donor funded development aid programmes were provided to support the challenges within education systems. Concerned with the persistent low educational outcomes of Pacific students, despite the prevalence of aid programmes in the region, in 2000 Pacific educators and leaders with support from New Zealand Aid (NZ Aid) decided to intervene (Heine, 2002; Taufe’ulungaki, 2014). In April 2001, a group of Pacific educators and leaders across the region were invited to a colloquium funded by the New Zealand Overseas Development Agency held in Suva Fiji at the University of the South Pacific. The main purpose of the colloquium was to enable “Pacific educators to re-think the values, assumptions and beliefs underlying [formal] schooling in Oceania” (Benson, 2002). Leadership, in general, is a valued practice in the RMI (Heine, 2002). Despite education leadership being identified as a significant factor in school improvement (Sanga & Chu, 2009), the limited formal training opportunities of school principals in the region was a persistent concern. As part of an Asia Development Bank (ADB) funded project, the Improve Quality Basic Education (IQBE) intervention was developed and implemented in the RMI in 2017. Mentoring is a process associated with the continuity and sustainability of leadership knowledge and practices (Sanga & Chu, 2009). It is a key aspect of building capacity and capabilities within human resources in education (ibid). Indigenous knowledges and education research According to Hilda Heine, the relationship between education and leadership is about understanding Marshallese history and culture (cited in Walsh et al., 2012). It is about sharing indigenous knowledge and histories that “details for future generations a story of survival and resilience and the pride we possess as a people” (Heine, cited in Walsh et al., 2012, p. v). This paper is fuelled by postcolonial aspirations yet is grounded in Pacific indigenous research. This means that our intentions are driven by postcolonial pursuits and discourses linked to challenging the colonial systems and schooling in the Pacific region that privileges western knowledge and learning and marginalises the education practices and processes of local people (Thiong’o, 1986). A point of difference and orientation from postcolonialism is a desire to foreground indigenous Pacific language, specifically Majin Majol, through Marshallese concepts. Our collective bwebwenato and conversation honours and values kautiej (respect), jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity), and jouj (kindness) (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). Pacific leaders developed the Rethinking Pacific Education Initiative for and by Pacific People (RPEIPP) in 2002 to take control of the ways in which education research was conducted by donor funded organisations (Taufe’ulungaki, 2014). Our former president, Dr Hilda Heine was part of the group of leaders who sought to counter the ways in which our educational and leadership stories were controlled and told by non-Marshallese (Heine, 2002). As a former minister of education in the RMI, Hilda Heine continues to inspire and encourage the next generation of educators, school leaders, and researchers to re-think and de-construct the way learning and education is conceptualised for Marshallese people. The conceptualisation of Kanne Lobal acknowledges its origin, grounded in Marshallese navigation knowledge and practice. Our decision to unpack and deconstruct Kanne Lobal within the context of formal education and leadership responds to the need to not only draw from indigenous Marshallese ideas and practice but to consider that the next generation will continue to be educated using western processes and initiatives particularly from the US where we get a lot of our funding from. According to indigenous researchers Dawn Bessarab and Bridget Ng’andu (2010), doing research that considers “culturally appropriate processes to engage with indigenous groups and individuals is particularly pertinent in today’s research environment” (p. 37). Pacific indigenous educators and researchers have turned to their own ancestral knowledge and practices for inspiration and empowerment. Within western research contexts, the often stringent ideals and processes are not always encouraging of indigenous methods and practices. However, many were able to ground and articulate their use of indigenous methods as being relevant and appropriate to capturing the realities of their communities (Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Fulu-Aiolupotea, 2014; Thaman, 1997). At the same time, utilising Pacific indigenous methods and approaches enabled research engagement with their communities that honoured and respected them and their communities. For example, Tongan, Samoan, and Fijian researchers used the talanoa method as a way to capture the stories, lived realities, and worldviews of their communities within education in the diaspora (Fa’avae, Jones, & Manu’atu, 2016; Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Aiolupotea, 2014; Vaioleti, 2005). Tok stori was used by Solomon Islander educators and school leaders to highlight the unique circles of conversational practice and storytelling that leads to more positive engagement with their community members, capturing rich and meaningful narratives as a result (Sanga & Houma, 2004). The Indigenous Aborigine in Australia utilise yarning as a “relaxed discussion through which both the researcher and participant journey together visiting places and topics of interest relevant” (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010, p. 38). Despite the diverse forms of discussions and storytelling by indigenous peoples, of significance are the cultural protocols, ethics, and language for conducting and guiding the engagement (Bessarab & Ng’andu, 2010; Nabobo-Baba, 2008; Sualii-Sauni & Aiolupotea, 2014). Through the ethics, values, protocols, and language, these are what makes indigenous methods or frameworks unique compared to western methods like in-depth interviews or semi-structured interviews. This is why it is important for us as Marshallese educators to frame, ground, and articulate how our own methods and frameworks of learning could be realised in western education (Heine, 2002; Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014). In this paper, we utilise bwebwenato as an appropriate method linked to “talk story”, capturing our collective stories and experiences during GCSL and how we sought to build partnerships and collaboration with each other, our communities, and the PSS. Bwebwenato and drawing from Kajin Majel Legends and stories that reflect Marshallese society and its cultural values have survived through our oral traditions. The practice of weaving also holds knowledge about our “valuable and earliest sources of knowledge” (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019, p. 2). The skilful navigation of Marshallese wayfarers on the walap (large canoes) in the ocean is testament of their leadership and the value they place on ensuring the survival and continuity of Marshallese people (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019; Walsh et al., 2012). During her graduate study in 2014, Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner conceptualised bwebwenato as being the most “well-known form of Marshallese orality” (p. 38). The Marshallese-English dictionary defined bwebwenato as talk, conversation, story, history, article, episode, lore, myth, or tale (cited in Jetnil Kijiner, 2014). Three years later in 2017, bwebwenato was utilised in a doctoral project by Natalie Nimmer as a research method to gather “talk stories” about the experiences of 10 Marshallese experts in knowledge and skills ranging from sewing to linguistics, canoe-making and business. Our collective bwebwenato in this paper centres on Marshallese ideas and language. The philosophy of Marshallese knowledge is rooted in our “Kajin Majel”, or Marshallese language and is shared and transmitted through our oral traditions. For instance, through our historical stories and myths. Marshallese philosophy, that is, the knowledge systems inherent in our beliefs, values, customs, and practices are shared. They are inherently relational, meaning that knowledge systems and philosophies within our world are connected, in mind, body, and spirit (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014; Nimmer, 2017). Although some Marshallese believe that our knowledge is disappearing as more and more elders pass away, it is therefore important work together, and learn from each other about the knowledges shared not only by the living but through their lamentations and stories of those who are no longer with us (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014). As a Marshallese practice, weaving has been passed-down from generation to generation. Although the art of weaving is no longer as common as it used to be, the artefacts such as the “jaki-ed” (clothing mats) continue to embody significant Marshallese values and traditions. For our weavers, the jouj (check spelling) is the centre of the mat and it is where the weaving starts. When the jouj is correct and weaved well, the remainder and every other part of the mat will be right. The jouj is symbolic of the “heart” and if the heart is prepared well, trained well, then life or all other parts of the body will be well (Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). In that light, we have applied the same to this paper. Conceptualising and drawing from cultural practices that are close and dear to our hearts embodies a significant ontological attempt to prioritize our own knowledge and language, a sense of endearment to who we are and what we believe education to be like for us and the next generation. The application of the phrase “Majolizing '' was used by the Ministry of Education when Hilda Heine was minister, to weave cultural ideas and language into the way that teachers understand the curriculum, develop lesson plans and execute them in the classroom. Despite this, there were still concerns with the embedded colonized practices where teachers defaulted to eurocentric methods of doing things, like the strategies provided in the textbooks given to us. In some ways, our education was slow to adjust to the “Majolizing '' intention by our former minister. In this paper, we provide Kanne Lobal as a way to contribute to the “Majolizing intention” and perhaps speed up yet still be collectively responsible to all involved in education. Kajin Wa and Kanne Lobal “Wa” is the Marshallese concept for canoe. Kajin wa, as in canoe language, has a lot of symbolic meaning linked to deeply-held Marshallese values and practices. The canoe was the foundational practice that supported the livelihood of harsh atoll island living which reflects the Marshallese social world. The experts of Kajin wa often refer to “wa” as being the vessel of life, a means and source of sustaining life (Kelen, 2009, cited in Miller, 2010). “Jouj” means kindness and is the lower part of the main hull of the canoe. It is often referred to by some canoe builders in the RMI as the heart of the canoe and is linked to love. The jouj is one of the first parts of the canoe that is built and is “used to do all other measurements, and then the rest of the canoe is built on top of it” (Miller, 2010, p. 67). The significance of the jouj is that when the canoe is in the water, the jouj is the part of the hull that is underwater and ensures that all the cargo and passengers are safe. For Marshallese, jouj or kindness is what living is about and is associated with selflessly carrying the responsibility of keeping the family and community safe. The parts of the canoe reflect Marshallese culture, legend, family, lineage, and kinship. They embody social responsibilities that guide, direct, and sustain Marshallese families’ wellbeing, from atoll to atoll. For example, the rojak (boom), rojak maan (upper boom), rojak kōrā (lower boom), and they support the edges of the ujelā/ujele (sail) (see figure 1). The literal meaning of rojak maan is male boom and rojak kōrā means female boom which together strengthens the sail and ensures the canoe propels forward in a strong yet safe way. Figuratively, the rojak maan and rojak kōrā symbolise the mother and father relationship which when strong, through the jouj (kindness and love), it can strengthen families and sustain them into the future. Figure 1. Parts of the canoe Source: https://www.canoesmarshallislands.com/2014/09/names-of-canoe-parts/ From a socio-cultural, communal, and leadership view, the canoe (wa) provides understanding of the relationships required to inspire and sustain Marshallese peoples’ education and learning. We draw from Kajin wa because they provide cultural ideas and practices that enable understanding of education and leadership necessary for sustaining Marshallese people and realities in Oceania. When building a canoe, the women are tasked with the weaving of the ujelā/ujele (sail) and to ensure that it is strong enough to withstand long journeys and the fierce winds and waters of the ocean. The Kanne Lobal relates to the front part of the ujelā/ujele (sail) where the rojak maan and rojak kōrā meet and connect (see the red lines in figure 1). Kanne Lobal is linked to the strategic use of the ujelā/ujele by navigators, when there is no wind north wind to propel them forward, to find ways to capture the winds so that their journey can continue. As a proverbial saying, Kanne Lobal is used to ignite thinking and inspire and transform practice particularly when the journey is rough and tough. In this paper we draw from Kanne Lobal to ignite, inspire, and transform our educational and leadership practices, a move to explore what has always been meaningful to Marshallese people when we are faced with challenges. The Kanne Lobal utilises our language, and cultural practices and values by sourcing from the concepts of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity). A key Marshallese proverb, “Enra bwe jen lale rara”, is the cultural practice where families enact compassion through the sharing of food in all occurrences. The term “enra” is a small basket weaved from the coconut leaves, and often used by Marshallese as a plate to share and distribute food amongst each other. Bwe-jen-lale-rara is about noticing and providing for the needs of others, and “enra” the basket will help support and provide for all that are in need. “Enra-bwe-jen-lale-rara” is symbolic of cultural exchange and reciprocity and the cultural values associated with building and maintaining relationships, and constantly honouring each other. As a Marshallese practice, in this article we share our understanding and knowledge about the challenges as well as possible solutions for education concerns in our nation. In addition, we highlight another proverb, “wa kuk wa jimor”, which relates to having one canoe, and despite its capacity to feed and provide for the individual, but within the canoe all people can benefit from what it can provide. In the same way, we provide in this paper a cultural framework that will enable all educators to benefit from. It is a framework that is far-reaching and relevant to the lived realities of Marshallese people today. Kumit relates to people united to build strength, all co-operating and working together, living in peace, harmony, and good health. Kanne Lobal: conceptual framework for education and leadership An education framework is a conceptual structure that can be used to capture ideas and thinking related to aspects of learning. Kanne Lobal is conceptualised and framed in this paper as an educational framework. Kanne Lobal highlights the significance of education as a collective partnership whereby leadership is an important aspect. Kanne Lobal draws-from indigenous Marshallese concepts like kautiej (respect), jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity), and jouj (kindness, heart). The role of a leader, including an education leader, is to prioritise collective learning and partnerships that benefits Marshallese people and the continuity and survival of the next generation (Heine, 2002; Thaman, 1995). As described by Ejnar Aerōk, an expert canoe builder in the RMI, he stated: “jerbal ippān doon bwe en maron maan wa e” (cited in Miller, 2010, p. 69). His description emphasises the significance of partnerships and working together when navigating and journeying together in order to move the canoe forward. The kubaak, the outrigger of the wa (canoe) is about “partnerships”. For us as elementary school leaders on Majuro, kubaak encourages us to value collaborative partnerships with each other as well as our communities, PSS, and other stakeholders. Partnerships is an important part of the Kanne Lobal education and leadership framework. It requires ongoing bwebwenato – the inspiring as well as confronting and challenging conversations that should be mediated and negotiated if we and our education stakeholders are to journey together to ensure that the educational services we provide benefits our next generation of young people in the RMI. Navigating ahead the partnerships, mediation, and negotiation are the core values of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity). As an organic conceptual framework grounded in indigenous values, inspired through our lived experiences, Kanne Lobal provides ideas and concepts for re-thinking education and leadership practices that are conducive to learning and teaching in the schooling context in the RMI. By no means does it provide the solution to the education ills in our nation. However, we argue that Kanne Lobal is a more relevant approach which is much needed for the negatively stigmatised system as a consequence of the various colonial administrations that have and continue to shape and reframe our ideas about what education should be like for us in the RMI. Moreover, Kannel Lobal is our attempt to decolonize the framing of education and leadership, moving our bwebwenato to re-framing conversations of teaching and learning so that our cultural knowledge and values are foregrounded, appreciated, and realised within our education system. Bwebwenato: sharing our stories In this section, we use bwebwenato as a method of gathering and capturing our stories as data. Below we capture our stories and ongoing conversations about the richness in Marshallese cultural knowledge in the outer islands and on Majuro and the potentialities in Kanne Lobal. Danny Jim When I was in third grade (9-10 years of age), during my grandfather’s speech in Arno, an atoll near Majuro, during a time when a wa (canoe) was being blessed and ready to put the canoe into the ocean. My grandfather told me the canoe was a blessing for the family. “Without a canoe, a family cannot provide for them”, he said. The canoe allows for travelling between places to gather food and other sources to provide for the family. My grandfather’s stories about people’s roles within the canoe reminded me that everyone within the family has a responsibility to each other. Our women, mothers and daughters too have a significant responsibility in the journey, in fact, they hold us, care for us, and given strength to their husbands, brothers, and sons. The wise man or elder sits in the middle of the canoe, directing the young man who help to steer. The young man, he does all the work, directed by the older man. They take advice and seek the wisdom of the elder. In front of the canoe, a young boy is placed there and because of his strong and youthful vision, he is able to help the elder as well as the young man on the canoe. The story can be linked to the roles that school leaders, teachers, and students have in schooling. Without each person knowing intricately their role and responsibility, the sight and vision ahead for the collective aspirations of the school and the community is difficult to comprehend. For me, the canoe is symbolic of our educational journey within our education system. As the school leader, a central, trusted, and respected figure in the school, they provide support for teachers who are at the helm, pedagogically striving to provide for their students. For without strong direction from the school leaders and teachers at the helm, the students, like the young boy, cannot foresee their futures, or envisage how education can benefit them. This is why Kanne Lobal is a significant framework for us in the Marshall Islands because within the practice we are able to take heed and empower each other so that all benefit from the process. Kanne Lobal is linked to our culture, an essential part of who we are. We must rely on our own local approaches, rather than relying on others that are not relevant to what we know and how we live in today’s society. One of the things I can tell is that in Majuro, compared to the outer islands, it’s different. In the outer islands, parents bring children together and tell them legends and stories. The elders tell them about the legends and stories – the bwebwenato. Children from outer islands know a lot more about Marshallese legends compared to children from the Majuro atoll. They usually stay close to their parents, observe how to prepare food and all types of Marshallese skills. Loretta Joseph Case There is little Western influence in the outer islands. They grow up learning their own culture with their parents, not having tv. They are closely knit, making their own food, learning to weave. They use fire for cooking food. They are more connected because there are few of them, doing their own culture. For example, if they’re building a house, the ladies will come together and make food to take to the males that are building the house, encouraging them to keep on working - “jemjem maal” (sharpening tools i.e. axe, like encouraging workers to empower them). It’s when they bring food and entertainment. Rubon Rubon Togetherness, work together, sharing of food, these are important practices as a school leader. Jemjem maal – the whole village works together, men working and the women encourage them with food and entertainment. All the young children are involved in all of the cultural practices, cultural transmission is consistently part of their everyday life. These are stronger in the outer islands. Kanne Lobal has the potential to provide solutions using our own knowledge and practices. Connie Joel When new teachers become a teacher, they learn more about their culture in teaching. Teaching raises the question, who are we? A popular saying amongst our people, “Aelon kein ad ej aelon in manit”, means that “Our islands are cultural islands”. Therefore, when we are teaching, and managing the school, we must do this culturally. When we live and breathe, we must do this culturally. There is more socialising with family and extended family. Respect the elderly. When they’re doing things the ladies all get together, in groups and do it. Cut the breadfruit, and preserve the breadfruit and pandanus. They come together and do it. Same as fishing, building houses, building canoes. They use and speak the language often spoken by the older people. There are words that people in the outer islands use and understand language regularly applied by the elderly. Respect elderly and leaders more i.e., chiefs (iroj), commoners (alap), and the workers on the land (ri-jerbal) (social layer under the commoners). All the kids, they gather with their families, and go and visit the chiefs and alap, and take gifts from their land, first produce/food from the plantation (eojōk). Tommy Almet The people are more connected to the culture in the outer islands because they help one another. They don’t have to always buy things by themselves, everyone contributes to the occasion. For instance, for birthdays, boys go fishing, others contribute and all share with everyone. Kanne Lobal is a practice that can bring people together – leaders, teachers, stakeholders. We want our colleagues to keep strong and work together to fix problems like students and teachers’ absenteeism which is a big problem for us in schools. Demetria Malachi The culture in the outer islands are more accessible and exposed to children. In Majuro, there is a mixedness of cultures and knowledges, influenced by Western thinking and practices. Kanne Lobal is an idea that can enhance quality educational purposes for the RMI. We, the school leaders who did GCSL, we want to merge and use this idea because it will help benefit students’ learning and teachers’ teaching. Kanne Lobal will help students to learn and teachers to teach though traditional skills and knowledge. We want to revitalize our ways of life through teaching because it is slowly fading away. Also, we want to have our own Marshallese learning process because it is in our own language making it easier to use and understand. Essentially, we want to proudly use our own ways of teaching from our ancestors showing the appreciation and blessings given to us. Way Forward To think of ways forward is about reflecting on the past and current learnings. Instead of a traditional discussion within a research publication, we have opted to continue our bwebwenato by sharing what we have learnt through the Graduate Certificate in School Leadership (GCSL) programme. Our bwebwenato does not end in this article and this opportunity to collaborate and partner together in this piece of writing has been a meaningful experience to conceptualise and unpack the Kanne Lobal framework. Our collaborative bwebwenato has enabled us to dig deep into our own wise knowledges for guidance through mediating and negotiating the challenges in education and leadership (Sanga & Houma, 2004). For example, bwe-jen-lale-rara reminds us to inquire, pay attention, and focus on supporting the needs of others. Through enra-bwe-jen-lale-rara, it reminds us to value cultural exchange and reciprocity which will strengthen the development and maintaining of relationships based on ways we continue to honour each other (Nimmer, 2017). We not only continue to support each other, but also help mentor the next generation of school leaders within our education system (Heine, 2002). Education and leadership are all about collaborative partnerships (Sanga & Chu, 2009; Thaman, 1997). Developing partnerships through the GCSL was useful learning for us. It encouraged us to work together, share knowledge, respect each other, and be kind. The values of jouj (kindness, love), kautiej (respect), and jouj eo mour eo (reciprocity) are meaningful in being and becoming and educational leader in the RMI (Jetnil-Kijiner, 2014; Miller, 2010; Nimmer, 2017). These values are meaningful for us practice particularly given the drive by PSS for schools to become accredited. The workshops and meetings delivered during the GCSL in the RMI from 2018 to 2019 about Kanne Lobal has given us strength to share our stories and experiences from the meeting with the stakeholders. But before we met with the stakeholders, we were encouraged to share and speak in our language within our courses: EDP05 (Professional Development and Learning), EDP06 (School Leadership), EDP07 (School Management), EDP08 (Teaching and Learning), and EDP09 (Community Partnerships). In groups, we shared our presentations with our peers, the 15 school leaders in the GCSL programme. We also invited USP RMI staff. They liked the way we presented Kannel Lobal. They provided us with feedback, for example: how the use of the sail on the canoe, the parts and their functions can be conceptualised in education and how they are related to the way that we teach our own young people. Engaging stakeholders in the conceptualisation and design stages of Kanne Lobal strengthened our understanding of leadership and collaborative partnerships. Based on various meetings with the RMI Pacific Resources for Education and Learning (PREL) team, PSS general assembly, teachers from the outer islands, and the PSS executive committee, we were able to share and receive feedback on the Kanne Lobal framework. The coordinators of the PREL programme in the RMI were excited by the possibilities around using Kanne Lobal, as a way to teach culture in an inspirational way to Marshallese students. Our Marshallese knowledge, particularly through the proverbial meaning of Kanne Lobal provided so much inspiration and insight for the groups during the presentation which gave us hope and confidence to develop the framework. Kanne Lobal is an organic and indigenous approach, grounded in Marshallese ways of doing things (Heine, 2002; Taafaki & Fowler, 2019). Given the persistent presence of colonial processes within the education system and the constant reference to practices and initiatives from the US, Kanne Lobal for us provides a refreshing yet fulfilling experience and makes us feel warm inside because it is something that belongs to all Marshallese people. Conclusion Marshallese indigenous knowledge and practices provide meaningful educational and leadership understanding and learnings. They ignite, inspire, and transform thinking and practice. The Kanne Lobal conceptual framework emphasises key concepts and values necessary for collaborative partnerships within education and leadership practices in the RMI. The bwebwenato or talk stories have been insightful and have highlighted the strengths and benefits that our Marshallese ideas and practices possess when looking for appropriate and relevant ways to understand education and leadership. Acknowledgements We want to acknowledge our GCSL cohort of school leaders who have supported us in the development of Kanne Lobal as a conceptual framework. A huge kommol tata to our friends: Joana, Rosana, Loretta, Jellan, Alvin, Ellice, Rolando, Stephen, and Alan. References Benson, C. (2002). Preface. In F. Pene, A. M. Taufe’ulungaki, & C. Benson (Eds.), Tree of Opportunity: re-thinking Pacific Education (p. iv). Suva, Fiji: University of the South Pacific, Institute of Education. Bessarab, D., Ng’andu, B. (2010). Yarning about yarning as a legitimate method in indigenous research. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies, 3(1), 37-50. Fa’avae, D., Jones, A., & Manu’atu, L. (2016). Talanoa’i ‘a e talanoa - talking about talanoa: Some dilemmas of a novice researcher. AlterNative: An Indigenous Journal of Indigenous Peoples,12(2),138-150. Heine, H. C. (2002). A Marshall Islands perspective. In F. Pene, A. M. Taufe’ulungaki, & C. 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This study investigates the concept of perceived value on the customers' intention to revisit Malaysian green resorts. It is a cultural case that happened in Malaysia. The perceived value would be assessed in a formative manner based on a multi-dimensional scale, which includes the dimensions of functional, social, emotional, and epistemic. This research was applied to a survey method. The unit of analysis is the resort customers, with distributed questionnaires to customers who have stayed in one of the selected green resorts and have consumed the products and services at these resorts for at least two days. This study provides significant insights and pertinent recommendations to the hospitality industry and extends the existing body of knowledge by assessing perceived value as an integrated formative construct and examining customers' overall perceived value towards green resorts. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the importance of green resorts associated with the communities, groups, and individuals from one generation to the next. Also, this study can be a benchmark, provide guidance, and the basis for future directions of future studies that are similar. It can contribute to providing a broader perspective on the issue. This study also addresses what academicians can do to teach students in the field of hospitality and tourism, create awareness among individual consumers and finally, to promote sustainability for tourists, travelers, as well participants in the field of hospitality. Next, attention is also given to the teaching of the hospitality and tourism areas in the lodging, meetings and events, and foodservice segments of the industry. Sustainability education in lodging operations includes ensuring that students understand that "green" lodging professionals participate. The paper estimates the demand for customers' intention to revisit the green resort in Malaysia. The originality of this paper comes out to the need to identify the application of green initiatives in the hospitality industry continues to rise in their contribution to preserve the environment as well as meeting the demands of environmentally-conscious customers.

The aim of this study was to determine the influences and impacts of the socioeconomic status (SES) of families on university students and their studies during anti-pandemic measures resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. Another aspect of the study was to investigate the various educational elements used during the course of distance teaching. This research was performed on a sample of 1280 respondents. Statistically significant differences in the case of SES grades were observed only with the following variables: (i) difficulty factor for the combined education form, (ii) age, and (iii) the duration of the teaching practice (p<0.05). The post-hoc analysis (LSD test) did not show a linear trend in the sense that the values of the respective variables also increased as the SES increased. These data proved that the higher the economic status of the family, the lower the value of the variable.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore three diverse case studies in higher education that provide learners with innovative, disruptive and potent ways of seeing, thinking and acting. It considers pedagogical structure and phenomenological dimensions over an array of study abroad and immersive learning conditions. This paper illustrates rich and impactful ways that learning can unfold, including the unintended consequences of education that opens eyes, changes perspectives and builds empathy. Methodology This paper deploys a case study method whereby three unique programs for studio education are critically considered/analyzed. The research connects cases and delineates approaches in environmental design, whereby greater understanding and deeper knowledge can be attained. Findings This paper, through study of cases of immersive learning, reveals effective ways in which studio teaching can serve to heighten sensitivity, construct rich self/world views and render visible more profound knowledge. Such knowledge transcends disciplinary boundaries and professional borders – encompassing a fuller spectrum of awareness that includes the social, the cultural and the spiritual. Research limitations/implications This paper investigates studio-based graduate education in Environmental Design, with a particular focus on Architecture/Planning. As such, there are limitations to the applicability of discoveries and revelations. That said, the general model for teaching and learning may have value across disciplines well beyond those examined in the current research. Practical implications In an increasingly complex world, where cultures and values routinely collide, the research presents pedagogical approaches that promise to erode walls, dissolve barriers and counter fragmentation. The case studies illustrate effective ways to heighten learning beyond the ethos of traditional classes and conventional classrooms. Originality/value This paper proffers bold creative models for teaching that defy everyday strategies. It encourages moving students to places/spaces, both concrete and abstract, that challenge their assumptions, test their capabilities and permit exceptional personal/professional growth.

The unique cultural space of each country is comprised of the cultural diversity of its regions with the cultural heritage hidden in the outskirts and border areas of the country. The regional traditions make up an important source of value and knowledge for ensuring cultural sustainability. In teacher education this problem can be treated either in a transmissive or transformative way. It can be seen as performing particular rituals and respecting norms, or cultural values that are personally experienced and highly evaluated, as one’s internally motivated involvement in exploration, cultivation, cooperation and creativity in own community without losing the national and global context.The aim of the study is to investigate the tendencies in teacher education for promoting primary school students’ regional cultural understanding in teaching practice.To pursue the set aim, the concept of regional cultural understanding (RCU) was analysed, the ways of introducing regional cultural understanding in teacher education curriculum including the factors facilitating or hindering the development of regional cultural understanding in teacher education were identified.The comparative case analysis of good practice examples in three countries was carried out to show regularities, differences and similarities of possible pedagogical approaches.Methods: content analysis of educational documents and semi-structured interviews with teacher educators.Sample: teacher education institutions in three countries: Latvia, Lithuania and Norway.Results: structured suggestions for content of the studies and pedagogical approaches for development of preservice teachers’ readiness to realize regional cultural understanding in their teaching practice.

Teaching religious tolerance should be conducted from early childhood, but studies and references on religious tolerance among young children are limited. This study explores how to implement religious tolerance in schools and find out how early Muslim children instill religious values as a response to diversity. This study was an exploratory case study deploying an ethnographic classroom approach conducted in a playgroup and kindergarten in Semarang city, Central Java, Indonesia. The participants consisted of the school principal, teachers, Play Group students, and Kindergarten children, while the empirical data of this research were gathered through observation and interview. The findings showed that religious tolerance at the early childhood education level was enacted by celebrating religious events and conducting school activities containing togetherness. Additionally, the inculcation of religious teachings that supported religious tolerance was carried out during religious lessons and worship. Religious tolerance and religious values inculcation prepare children to encounter and respond to diversity in a real-life setting. This study contributes to understanding the implementation of religious tolerance in schools and recommends teachers design lesson plans that include inculcating the values of religious tolerance.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the operation and activation of effective technical curriculum education in the school field by developing middle school technical curriculum teaching tools and facilities standards for future technical education. Methods To this end, the basic direction of the study was derived through analysis of the technical curriculum, consideration of the future education paradigm, prior research related to the technical lab, and literature analysis. Through the analysis of 12 kinds of technology and home textbooks and the analysis of teaching aids and facilities standards of 17 metropolitan and provincial offices of education, the theoretical basis for the development of teaching aids and facilities standards for middle school technology subjects was established. To this end, the FGI Expert Council, two FGI surveys, and validity verification using CVR values were conducted. Results Through the FGI Expert Council consisting of 10 technical education and engineering education experts, we discussed classification of areas of teaching and equipment standards, importance of safety-related teaching tools and facilities, textbook analysis, and modernized technology room case studies. The developed draft conducted a Delphi survey of 20 technical education experts to verify the validity. For each item of the draft parish and facility standards, the validity average, standard deviation, consensus and convergence, and CVR values were analyzed, and the final version of the middle school technical curriculum was developed by reflecting expert opinions. Conclusions First, the standards for teaching aids and facilities of technical subjects need to be revised according to the revision of curriculum and textbooks in the same way as other subjects (science, physical education, early childhood, special, etc.). Second, it is necessary to flexibly apply it according to the size and characteristics of the school, referring to the specifications, required standards, and essential/recommended conditions along with the items in the notice of teaching aids and facilities of the metropolitan and provincial offices of education. Third, since this study developed the minimum parish and facility standards for conducting practical activities, unit schools need to have parish tools and facilities other than the suggested standards as necessary.

Currently, all members of the educational community have a relevant role in the development of professional competences on the sustainability of students. This is supported by the findings obtained by different research studies carried out in different countries and which show the need to characterize and evaluate the practice of EGS as key agents in the training and counseling of teachers on sustainability topics, which, in turn, is the goal of this study. To address this, we have conducted an exploratory study based on the case study of EGS members in the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain) that has helped us to profile the professional practice of its members in the development of professional competences in Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Answers to a questionnaire provided by 43 teachers who are linked to the EGS have been investigated in addition to an interview to six formal members of the EGS. Results evidence that transmit some values over others correlates positively with the type of competences for sustainability that they promote. Therefore, this shows the interrelation of these competencies with the teaching-learning process and, consequently, with the promotion of an education for sustainability. We conclude that counseling on participatory methodologies, working on values, competences, and curricular sustainability, as well as the cross-curricular nature of the content that is imparted, are the most effective ways from which these teacher guidance services can promote the development of professional competences linked to sustainability in schools.

Rwandan Education System gives equal chances to all students to access schooling regardless of their background including students with physical disability by empowering them with well-equipped skills, values, attitude and knowledge needed for every child without any discrimination. The main target of this research project was to examine the effect of learning and teaching barriers in inclusive education for physically impaired students on their academic performance in selected secondary schools of Bugesera District, Rwanda. The researcher adopted the descriptive survey design because the study sought to gain insight or perception into a phenomenon as a way of providing basic information in an area of study and the population of this study comprised of 647 respondents including 185 teachers, 15 head teachers, 432 students 15 deputy head teachers in charge of studies. The Researcher used simple random sampling technique to choose students, Stratified sampling technique was used to select teachers and the researcher used purposive sampling to select head teacher and deputy head teachers. The researcher used Yamane formula to determine the sample size population. Objective one was based on the identification of teaching and learning barriers therefore The findings revealed that the teaching and learning barriers were inadequate school infrastructures barriers, inappropriate teaching and learning approaches used by the teachers, lack of parents engagement and teachers qualification. Objective two was based on the impact of teaching and learning barriers on physically impaired students ‘academic performance therefore results indicated that 95.9% of respondents highlighted that they affect students’ academic performance negatively. Therefore it was indicated with the Pearson correlation coefficient(r) of 0.941 to indicate that they were strongly positively and statistically significant means that the well-dressed teaching and learning barriers in inclusive education for physically impaired students enhance the students’ academic performance in secondary schools of Bugesera District, Rwanda. It was shown by the regression analysis model with R Square of 0.886 means that more strategies to prevent teaching and learning barriers were appreciated to enhance, promote the Students’ academic performance in Rwanda. The Researcher recommended that government should continue advocating for the physically impaired students for the betterment of their academic performance, Ministry of education should organize CPDs for the teachers on how to identify and support the SEN, and Government should promote job creation for the SEN students after completion of their education. Keywords: Teaching and Learning Barriers, Inclusive Education, Impaired Students, Academic Performance, Physically Impaired Students.

Education is a vitally essential social activity with the primary goal of enriching the social situation. Therefore, education that emphasizes building an inclusive and open attitude, particularly in religious matters, is crucial, particularly in the lives of a diverse society. This study aims to demonstrate how teaching selected passages from the Quran and the Ḥadīth in classrooms might help foster an inclusive mentality. This study used a qualitative approach with analytical descriptive research methods. A total of thirteen people participated in this study; eleven students from the Aliyah level and two educators from the MAN 1 Yogyakarta. The data was acquired through a combination of observation and semi-structured interviews. The study results indicated that the formation of inclusive religious attitudes through Quranic teaching and Ḥadīth could be accomplished using an integrative learning methodology based on historical approach, values analysis and case studies geared toward an inclusive model. Thus, students will automatically develop an inclusive and open attitude toward a variety of multicultural thoughts, including in matters of religion. As a result, it will allow them to build social groups of people living in harmony and may provide a way to solve various conflicts and hostility.

Background: CRP, an acute phase reactant, is known to increase up to 1000 folds following inflammation and/or infection, but it’s utility as a significant predictor of difficult LC or need for conversion to OC still remains controversial. Limited studies on levels of hsCRP and its association with difficult cholecystectomy are available in literature, especially in Indian context. It is hypothesized that levels of hsCRP pre-operatively for a given population or an individual patient if high would help a surgeon anticipate better a difficult LC, avoid excessive intra-operative manipulations, go for conversion early, reduce time of surgery and hence also minimise post-operative complications.Methods: The present included 30 clinically diagnosed ‘cholecystitis with cholelithiasis’ patients, and 30 healthy individuals. For accurate comparison of hsCRP levels, a fasting and post-operative, 6 and 12 hours, blood samples were analyzed by ELISA test. Pre-and post-operative hsCRP values were recorded and analyzed using multi-user licensed SPSS- Version 21.0.Results: The mean value of hsCRP in controls was 1.43mg/L. In study group, in pre-operative serum samples, the concentration was 20.46 mg/l. At 6 and 12 hours post-operative periods, the mean values observed were 24.4mg/L and 23.7 mg/L respectively. Compared with controls, the mean values are fairly high and statistically also significant (p-values <0.0001). For the study group comparison of hsCRP value pre-operative and post-operatively 6 hours, using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test has given the p-value <0.001 indicating that the increased hsCRP concentration in patients’ circulation is highly significant as a predictor of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Similarly, Comparison of hsCRP value pre-operative and post-operative 12 hours, using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test revealed the p-value <0.007 showing it as highly significant and a predictor of difficult LC requiring conversion. The preoperative value of 20.46% is significant for an individual planned for LC who may require conversion.Conclusions: The preoperative hsCRP value of 20.64mg/L, as per our study results, can be relied upon as predictors of difficult LC and/or need for conversion not only in the study group in the given population but also in individual cases. Such a value of 20.64mg/L is definitely important for an individual case management. Knowing the preoperative values beforehand and if found high, it places a surgeon on a cautious note to avoid too much of LC manipulations intra-operatively, take an early decision to go for conversion, reduce the time of surgery, minimise post-operative complications and hence also morbidity.

The article studies and analyses interculturality in ELT by means of intertextuality.The main focus of this paper is onthe integration of an intercultural approach in the content of modern academic curricula, as well as the intertextual features of texts in a foreign language classroom. The precedent texts, representing the phenomenon of intertextuality, developinterculturality in education via reflexive understanding of the Self and the Other on the border of cultures and values. Thus, the concepts of “intertextuality” and “interculturality” are analyzed in this article, their interrelation is shown, some ways of understanding of the precedent texts and implementation of interculturality in ELT are offered.The article focuses on the linguistic features of educational texts, not so much on the traditional and stereotyped cultural and value differences between the representatives of different nationalities, which leads to the establishment of barriers in interpersonal interaction, but rather on the cultivation of similarity, acceptance of cultural diversity, and awareness of Self and one's own identity.There are many effective ways to develop intercultural skills, applying such methods as CLIL, case-study, role-plays, lapbooking, projects. The conclusion reflects the main results of the research, revealing the essence of transformations of precedent texts, which form the students’ image of the world and affect the addressee in the way, necessary for the addresser.

Alaogbaga was/is an arbitrator of justice and morality. This deity was revered and respected by the people unlike today where the deity is relegated to the background. This research work discusses deities and their symbolic representation in an Igbo community focusing on Alaogbaga deity in Chokoneze Ezinihitte Mbaise local government area. The data collected were analyzed using the area cultural approach. In the course of the study, the researcher found out that Christianity, modernization and globalization are the agents that contributed to the weakening of the cultural heritage of Chokoneze people and the destabilization liturgical worship of Alaogbaga. The assimilation of these agents brought about negligence and abuse of the deity by different cadre. The effect of this negligence led to the weakening of the cultural heritage and in consequence the weakening of the moral practices associated with the traditional norms. This research will be beneficial to different cadre and will help enlighten and awaken the minds of the people. The researcher recommends that the people should go back to their root and reconcile with the positive traditions and moral values of their forefathers to help reduce the increasing rate of immorality. The Christian community together with the traditionalist should try to incorporate the teaching of the positive traditions of the community in their different organizations. Cultural studies should be included in the educational curriculum at all levels. This will help awaken the interest of the youths towards their cultural heritage and in turn give them a sense of identity.

Studies on positive education that integrates traditional education with happiness and well-being is increasing rapidly. Unlike previous studies that were conducted in context of the Western world, the study aims to examine the relevance of special positive education to the education system in Indonesia particularly at pesantren. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design examining the concept of positive education offered by Seligman and its relevance to the education system at pesantren. The results show that the positive education program was designed at pesantren to teach well-being and achievement. Its implementation consists of several stages: teaching, embedding, and living positive education. The education system at pesantren is carried out in a curriculum namely the academic curriculum and the hidden curriculum. The hidden curriculum becomes a medium for transformation of santri character, values, morals, resilience, and the meaning of life based on religious values. There is a relevance relationship between the education system offered in positive education and the education system applied at pesantren. Pesantren in fact have implemented the principles offered by positive education although they have not taught specifically in one material about well-being, happiness and resilience as programmed in the implementation of positive education.

The rapid development of the times has led to the emergence of new challenges for the world of education. The government continues to make various efforts to produce quality graduates to face the challenges of the times. Through the policy of implementing a character education curriculum by integrating character values ​​into intra-curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities, this is one of the efforts made by the government through madrasas to realize quality graduates with good character according to national education goals. This study aims to analyze and obtain information regarding the Implementation of the Bandung Mayor's Regulation Number 004 of 2019 regarding the Implementation of the Character Education Curriculum in improving the quality of graduates in Madrasah. This research uses a case study approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. the character education curriculum has been well prepared by the madrasah by involving all madrasah stakeholders and referring to the vision and mission, 2) implementation of the character education curriculum by integrating character values ​​that have been determined according to the needs of madrasahs through learning, extracurricular, and habituation activities, 3) supervision of the character education curriculum is carried out directly by the head of the madrasa who is assisted by wakamad and teachers continuously either directly or indirectly, and 4) Supporting and inhibiting factors for the character education curriculum come from both internal and external sources. Supporting factors are in the form of cooperation that exists between the madrasah, parents, and the community, as well as moral and material support. While the inhibiting factors, there are still students who violate the rules, busy parents, the influence of social media and the environment

Purpose The purpose of this study is to offer exploration of pedagogic frailty as a framework to support professional development of university teachers in a personalised and discipline-sensitive way. Design/methodology/approach The method involves participants constructing a concept map for each dimension of the model. These maps must have high explanatory power to act as a frame for developing a personal narrative to support reflection on practice. This reflection starts from the academic’s current knowledge structure and provides a bespoke, individualised focus for further learning. Findings This conceptual paper is informed by case studies of academics’ interactions with the frailty model that have helped to refine it as a faculty development tool. This is clarified by providing explicit requirements of an “excellent” map, and places the reflective process within a learning theory that is aligned with the values that underpin the model. Originality value The type of rhizomatic learning that is supported by the model, in which there are no imposed learning outcomes or strictly delineated pathways to success, is particularly suited to support the professional development of more senior academics. This represents an innovative approach to faculty development.

Objective: Ethical dilemmas continue to be an extremely complex area of health and social care practice and concerns have been expressed that ethics teaching is often not sufficiently adequate in preparing students. A particular criticism has been that didactic teaching methods privilege the assessment of knowledge over assessment of the ability to apply that knowledge. In response, a range of approaches to teaching ethics have been proposed. This study investigated the use of an innovative online platform – the Values-Exchange™(VX™) – to explore the manner in which speech and language therapy students approached cases focused on an ethical dilemma, which they are likely to encounter in practice. Method: Participants (n=37) were Year Two and Year Four students enrolled on a four-year BSc Speech and Language Therapy programme, who completed two case studies through the VX™. Main results: The results indicate that Year Two students tended toward an absolutist approach, while Year Four students appreciated the nuances of the ethical considerations that practitioners must grapple with. Conclusion: The encouraging of peer-learning across programme years and the incorporating of opportunities for help-seeking may contribute to reducing absolutist approaches, and online platforms such as the VX™ may prove useful for collaboration and structured reflection.

Background: In traditional lecture method of teaching most of the time there is time consumption, duplication and overlapping of topics taught in the MBBS course. Integration (both horizontal and vertical) of subjects improves the cognitive and psychomotor domains of students to enhance their skills to correlate clinically to obtain an accurate diagnosis.Methods: The present study comprised of 96 students of 3rd semester MBBS course. A pretested questionnaire was given to study their existing level of knowledge and attitude regarding antenatal care. The students were divided into two groups by simple random method - a study group of 48 students, who receive integrated teaching including didactic lectures, case studies and live demonstrations by department of Community Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, whereas the control group of 48 students received only didactic lectures. Post test was conducted after 3 days. The mean knowledge and attitude scores of pre-test and post-test of the two groups were analyzed by using Z- test.Results: In the post test, the mean knowledge score between traditional and integrated groups were 12.40 and 14.46 respectively with standard deviation of 1.869 and 1.864. Whereas the mean values of attitude is 36.95 and 60.00 with standard deviation of 1.972 and 1.977. There was a significant improvement in both knowledge and attitude of students of integrated group as compared to traditional group (P<0.001).Conclusions: Integrated method of teaching was found to be more effective than traditional lecturing method.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the conditions and challenges that facilitate teacher professional learning through the implementation of pedagogical mentoring (PM) within the Chilean school context.Design/methodology/approachThis study employed a qualitative methods approach, utilizing an instrumental case study. As the primary data source, researchers conducted 14 individual, semistructured interviews. Participants included two comentors, six mentor teachers and six mentee teachers from two K-8 focal school sites. Data were examined using the content analysis method.FindingsResults revealed five aspects that contributed to PM's execution: the voluntary participation model, the reflective emphasis, the focus on teaching and learning, the facilitating role of the principal and comentor support. At the same time, the findings indicated three factors that hindered PM's success: interruptions due to schedule conflicts, limited dissemination throughout the school community and assimilation of the values embedded in the Chilean teacher evaluation system.Practical implicationsPM holds great potential for collaborative professional development and continuous improvement of teachers' instructional practices, drawing on their experiences and resources and leading to the strengthening sense of professionalism in teaching and in teachers' social esteem.Originality/valueThis is the first research to address a formal PM project in Chile aimed specifically at in-service teachers. Previous projects in the country have focused on novice teachers. Unlike other initiatives in the region, this project does not focus on teacher induction but on capacity building within schools through collaborative work. This research also adopts an approach based on support for teachers' professional development, while in Chile the main policies currently focus on teacher evaluation.

The aim of this research is to determine the professional development of social studies teachers in accordance with their views on the in-service education program. The research was carried out with the case study design, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research was composed of 30 social studies teachers working in the Bergama district of Izmir province, who were selected by purposeful sampling method. The opinions of the teachers were collected through structured interview forms. When the findings were examined, the educational titles were shaped in the field of social studies and pedagogy. Gaining professional experience, deciphering new teaching methods, being aware of current developments, searching for solve to problems in teaching, increasing general culture, seeing ways to communicate with students and getting acquainted with issues such as university education. The field-specific expectations are; learning field-specific methods, seeing ways to popularize the course, recognizing new approaches to field courses, evaluating textbooks, attaching importance to values education, proposing concrete and feasible solutions to problems, being applicable, and being aware of new developments. As a result, it was found that the teacher education workshop largely meets the expectations of teachers, and teachers are willing to apply what they have learned from these trainings in their classrooms. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bu araştırmanın amacı sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin mesleki gelişimlerini hizmet-içi eğitim programına ilişkin görüşleri doğrultusunda belirlemektir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması deseni ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu amaçlı örneklem yöntemiyle seçilen İzmir ili Bergama ilçesinde görev yapmakta olan 30 sosyal bilgiler öğretmeni oluşturmuştur. Öğretmenlerin görüşleri, yapılandırılmış görüşme formları aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Bulgular incelendiğinde, eğitim başlıkları alan eğitimi ve pedagoji alanında şekillenmiştir. Mesleki deneyim kazanma, yeni öğretim yöntemlerini tanıma, güncel gelişmelerden haberdar olma, öğretimdeki sorunlarına çözüm yolları arama, genel kültür artışı, öğrencilerle iletişim kurma yollarını görme ve üniversite eğitimi gibi konularda bilgilenme olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Alana özgü beklentileri ise; alana özgü yöntemleri öğrenme, dersi sevdirme yollarını görme, alan derslerine yönelik yeni yaklaşımları tanıma, ders kitaplarını değerlendirme, değerler eğitimine önem verme, sorunlara somut ve uygulanabilir çözüm önerileri getirme, uygulanabilir olma ve yeni gelişmelerden haberdar olma bakımından ifade edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, öğretmen eğitimi atölyesinin, büyük ölçüde öğretmenlerin beklentilerini karşıladığı ve öğretmenlerin bu eğitimlerden öğrendiklerini kendi sınıflarında uygulamakta istekli olduğu saptanmıştır.

Introduction: Looking at the health status of our country Nepal, iron deficiency anemia fits rightly in our socioeconomic status and dyslipidemia is the rising one along with being more highlighted these days. Some studies show an association between iron deficiency anemia and dyslipidemia but the data are controversial. Therefore, this study is aimed to find the relationship between iron deficiency anemia and serum lipid profile in the Nepalese context.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from June 2019 to August 2020. 76 Iron deficiency anemia and 75 age and sex-matched healthy control were investigated for any possible changes in serum lipid profile: triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol.Results: The mean triglyceride in case and control was 92.96 mg/dl and 99.87 mg/dl respectively. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p=<0.001). Moreover, serum total cholesterol level in the case (138.82 mg/dl) was significantly lower than the control (146.67 mg/dl). The mean high-density lipoprotein was almost the same in anemic and non-anemic groups, p=<0.001. While the mean low-density lipoprotein in theiron-deficiency anemia group was significantly lower than the control group (p=<0.001).Conclusions: In this study, the values of the lipid profile parameters: triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol in cases were found to be lower than those in the controls.

<div>Indonesia is a religion based country. Religion studies should be positioned as school’s curriculum priority, both in public and private school. Integrated Christianity and moral studies might be the solution of conflicts within family, school, community, both national and international societies. One of many values that urgently needs to be promoted is an attitude of tolerance in facing our multicultural society. School as an educational institution has an important role in teaching tolerance skill to students as early age. One of the challenges is finding the right method to deliver the abstract concepts to children who are in the stage of pre-operational concrete. This research has done an introductionary study towards the bullying case that happened earlier in the researchers workplace 4^th and 5^th graders within 4 months. Therefore, this research address the urgency of an integrated curriculum of Christianity studies with moral studies practices, specifically on multicultural values through experiential learning with filmed role-play. Research was conducted in XYZ School for primary 3, 4 and 5. This instructional strategy resulted in increase of attitude of tolerance both in cognitive and behavior domain, but has no increase in the affective domain. All respondents agree by implementing filmed role-play has contributed to their deeper understanding towards the concept of tolerance.</div>

PurposeLed by the rapid advancement of information technology in engineering, business and creative industries, the emergence of new technology such as virtual reality (VR) and its use in education and practices are clearly observed. Although widely spread in industry practices, technology-led innovation is applied rather slowly in the tertiary real estate education. This paper examines the integrative effect of VR technology in a real estate course.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a case study approach. Using an experimental course design and delivery in a business school real estate programme from Hong Kong, this paper shows the design, development and implementation of an innovative teaching model with VR being integrated. A survey was conducted to gain feedback information from participating students towards teaching innovation. It identifies the role and values of adopting VR technology in real estate education as pedagogical tool.FindingsA new teaching model integrated with VR technology to deliver a real estate course has demonstrated its ability and potential to assist the development and enhancement of student's sense of value and place, as well as improving communicative efficiency of property investigation and the analysis of trade process. Findings from the study have implications for future global real estate industry practice and education.Originality/valueThe critical role of information technology to revolutionise the global economy and its real estate sector is apparent. Few studies have inquired about attempts and experience of integrating VR technology in real estate education towards direct link to industry practice. This paper is a major attempt to bring attention to this important concern.

Teaching adult learners is not an easy mission for instructors. Among many factors affecting adult learners' learning, motivation seems to be the most significant. Studies on adult learners' motivation, especially on Vietnamese ones who pursue political science programs to become leaders in government offices and in the private sector, are still limited. Accordingly, this current study was conducted to investigate what motivates adult learners to be successful in their learning. Forty-six instructors who have worked with adult learners in political science programs for at least five years participated in this study to provide their perceptions of adult learners' reasons for taking an advanced political science course. A sixteen-item questionnaire was used to collect the quantitative data on teachers' perception of learners' motivators, and two focus group interviews were conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of the motivators stimulating learners to get involved and thrive in their study program. According to the survey results, the instructor participants perceived the desire to serve the community and the country and the trust of beloved people as the primary motivators for encouraging adult learners to continue their learning. Additionally, personal advancement and selfinterest were also believed to have a remarkable impact on adult learners' learning motivation. The research context contributes to an explanation of why these motivators were highly perceived as adult learners' motivators. The results also stated the important role of institutional support for them to stay focused on their learning and foster the values of their school comeback.

Data from the Ministry of ATR/BPN shows that most waqf lands have legal certainty problems. This article wants to look at the case of delaying the certification of waqf land for the Baitussalam Mosque in Semarang City due to the unclear toll road expansion project. The discussion is related to Gustav Radbruch's theory of three fundamental legal values. This paper uses an empirical juridical approach with a qualitative descriptive-analytical research specification. Data were obtained through interviews with several key informants and supported by legal materials obtained from literature studies. The results showed that the delay in certifying the waqf land of Baitussalam Mosque at the Semarang City Land Office was due to legal concerns by residents if the land was affected by the expansion of the toll road project. This article proves that Gustav Radbruch's standard priority teachings, which prioritize justice over expediency and legal certainty, are irrelevant and not ideal. The case of Baitussalam Mosque places legal certainty through waqf land certification as a top priority that must be carried out. Thus, this study confirms the teaching of casuistic priority in the theory of modern legal goals.

In the study reported on in this article, we explored the preparation practices used to prepare student teachers to use English language skills in disciplinary content teaching. Despite studies which emphasise generic academic literacy where language is a subset of this field discourse, there is a dearth of research studies on the use of English in the specific context of disciplines in initial teacher education (ITE), which is addressed here. Guided by social constructivism, we collected data from 102 purposively selected student teachers from 3 universities. A qualitative multiple case study design was used as the methodological tool, and data from focus group discussions and document analysis were collected, documented and analysed. The results of the analysis show that the student teachers were prepared using structured and unstructured English Across the Curriculum (EAC) pedagogical activities. Structured activities are content oriented learning processes that are largely rigid and prescriptive, while unstructured activities are rooted in the academic values and identity that are held in the institution. Although drawn from a relatively small sample, these findings may assist ITE institutions to develop a curriculum that attends to multiple strategies for developing student teachers’ strategic competence in EAC.

Responding to heightened global interest in and concern for the sustainability of the planet and our ways of life on it, The United Nations’ Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2015) came out as a very ambitious and historic global agreement. The agenda identified what have become known as the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), along with their detailed targets to mobilize and guide global efforts toward ending poverty, fostering peace, safeguarding human rights and protecting the planet. Education for Sustainable Development forms part of Target 4.7 of Sustainable Development Goal 4, which seeks to “ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, among others, through education for sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles…”Departing from the Brundtland Commission’s (1987) definition of sustainable development as a paradigm of resource use that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,” universities have progressively been incorporating sustainability values, practices and initiatives into their activities, throughout the realm of what they do in teaching, research, administration and operational systems. Indeed, Commitment to sustainability at universities worldwide dates back to the 1980’s, with a number of landmarks and declarations such as the Magna Charta of European Universities (1988), and the Talloires Declaration of University Presidents for a Sustainable Future (1990).However, the debate so far has centered mostly on the rationale and reasoning for broad adoption, rather than the various actions to be undertaken by higher education institutions (HEIs). Moreover, Efforts and initiatives to integrate sustainability into higher education in the developing world have been ad-hoc, modest and small (Mohamedbhai 2012). We could only find a few research studies covering such efforts and initiatives anyways (Awuzie & Emuze, 2017; Bhat et al., 2017; Khalaf-Kairouz, 2012).This paper aims to describe sustainable practices of higher education institutions in the developing world, via a case study of Rafik Hariri University in Lebanon. The authors utilize the 12 Features of Sustainable Society, developed by the Forum for the Future (2003) as an analytical framework, based on the Five Capitals Model. The research instrument was a questionnaire derived from the 12 Features of a Sustainable Society and designed to identify the strategies, policies, values and practices pursued by the university to contribute to sustainable development.The outcome is a detailed level analysis into the ways in which a small institution of higher education in a developing country contributes to the betterment of the world via engagement in sustainability. Keywords Sustainability; Sustainable Development; Higher Education; Developing World; Higher Education for Sustainable Development; Rafik Hariri University; Lebanon; ESD; SDG; HESD