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Miklaszewicz, Przemyslaw, and Marek Safjan. "Horizontal Effect of the General Principles of EU Law in the Sphere of Private Law." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 3 (June 1, 2010): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010037.
Анотація:
Abstract: This paper examines aspects of the substantive general principles of EU law concerning fundamental rights. The main issue is how fundamental rights and basic treaty freedoms may be invoked in the context of relations between individuals subject to EU law mechanisms. In this respect, direct and indirect horizontal effects of the general principles of EU law are discussed, and their relationship with basic treaty freedoms is taken into account. In particular, two models of resolving conflicts between treaty freedoms and fundamental rights are displayed, namely conflict resolution within the treaty system (Community method) and granting primacy to one of the protected values in the case of a genuine conflict between them. Furthermore, a question is raised whether a fundamental right resulting from specific ‘non-public regulation’, such as the internal rules adopted by football associations, could be effectively opposed to a treaty freedom. Finally, negative effects of the horizontal application of EU general principles are discussed. More specifically, it is argued that the extensive application of the principle of equality in the realm of private law creates a risk of infringing the very core of private autonomy and depriving individuals of the necessary freedom to shape their relations individually and in line with their subjective preferences. Résumé : Le présent article analyse les aspects des principes généraux de droit de l’Union européenne de nature matérielle, notamment ceux qui expriment les droits fondamentaux. La question principale est de savoir comment les droits fondamentaux et les libertés fondamentales consacrées par le traité peuvent être invoqués dans le contexte des relations entre les individus soumis au droit de l’Union européenne. À cet égard, les effets directs et indirects des principes généraux de droit de l’Union européenne sont discutés. En outre, le texte prend note des relations entre lesdits principes et les libertés fondamentales reconnues dans le traité. En particulier, deux modèles de résolution de conflits entre les libertés fondamentales garanties par le traité et les droits fondamentaux sont présentés, notamment la résolution des conflits au sein du système du traité (la méthode communautaire) et la technique qui consiste à accorder la primauté à une des valeurs protégées en conflit. Ensuite, la question est de savoir si un droit fondamental résultant d’une réglementation non publique, telle qu’adoptée par les associations de football, pourrait effectivement être opposé à une liberté fondamentale consacrée par le traité. De plus, les effets négatifs de l’application horizontale des principes généraux de l’Union européenne sont discutés. Plus particulièrement, il est soutenu que l’application extensive du principe d’égalité en droit privé crée un risque d’enfreindre le noyau dur de l’autonomie privée et de priver les particuliers d’une liberté nécessaire pour modeler individuellement leurs relations avec les autres suivant leurs préférences subjectives.
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Lusztig, Michael. "Charter Creep: Creeping Precommitment and the Threat to Liberal Republicanism." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 3 (September 2010): 689–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000673.
Анотація:
Abstract. At the heart of constitutionalism lies a fundamental flaw, what Stephen Holmes calls the paradox of democracy. On one hand precommitment—the constitutional entrenchment of certain fundamental rules and values—represents a restriction upon the ability of otherwise self-governing citizens to govern themselves. On the other, absent precommitment, self-governance becomes a precarious proposition. In this article I distinguish between “good” precommitment, whereby values to be protected are generally considered to be more prized than the short-term values that threaten them, and “bad,” precommitment to values in the absence of general and ordinal preferences. Specifically, I examine judicially mandated, creeping precommitment in the context of abortion and free speech rights in Canada.Résumé. Il y a au cœur du constitutionnalisme un défaut fondamental, ce que Stephen Holmes appelle le paradoxe de la démocratie. D'une part, le préengagement (precommitment) – la constitutionnalisation de certaines règles et valeurs morales fondamentales – représente une contrainte limitant la capacité des citoyens autrement autonomes à se gouverner eux-mêmes. D'autre part, sans cet engagement préalable, l'autonomie devient une proposition précaire. Dans cet article, je fais la distinction entre le «bon» préengagement, portant sur des valeurs morales à protéger qui sont généralement considérées comme étant plus précieuses que les valeurs à court terme qui les menacent, et le «mauvais» préengagement, portant sur des valeurs morales non tranchées par des préférences générales et ordinales. J'examinerai spécifiquement le préengagement rampant, judiciairement autorisé, dans le contexte des droits à l'avortement et à la liberté d'expression au Canada.
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Orange, J. B. "Robert H. Binstock, Stephen G. Post and Peter J. Whitehouse (eds.). Dementia and Aging: Ethics, Values and Policy Changes. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 184." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 15, no. 1 (1996): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800013374.
Анотація:
RÉSUMÉCet ouvrage, rédigépar Binstock, Post et Whitehouse, découle d'une série de colloques tenus aux États-Unis ayant pour thème les questions éthiques, morales, biomédicales, personnelles etpolitiques fondamentales touchant les soins offerts aux personnes atteintes de démence. Les rédacteurs et les auteurs ayant contribué à la publication proviennent de nombreux domaines et professions, notamment des secteurs de l'éthique, du droit, de la médecine, des soins infirmiers, de la philosophie, de la théologie, des sciences politiques, de la psychiatrie et de la psychologie Outre les faits présentés par les divers auteurs de cet ouvrage, le lecteur découvrira d'importantes questions qui l'aideront à saisir davantage certains des principaux points ayant trait aux soins humains offerts aux personnes atteintes de démence.
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Amri, Kais. "Ressorts comiques et valeurs rhétoriques des contributions verbales violentes dans le théâtre moliéresque." Verbum et Lingua, no. 22 (June 30, 2023): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/vel.vi22.217.
Анотація:
Le discours violent dans le théâtre de Molière se présente comme le résultat des conflits d’ordres variés. L’échange de violences peut être centré sur des rivalités qui opposent des protagonistes qui se disputent les mêmes objets de désir : argent, femme, pouvoir ou idées.[1] Ces mêmes conflits peuvent être aussi la conséquence d’un comportement « excentrique » comme la jalousie, l’avarice, la prétention, le libertinage, l’hypocondrie, etc., qui mènent leurs auteurs à agir d’une façon qui s’oppose aux règles et aux canons du bon sens. Dans les deux cas, les contributions violentes de tels ou tels personnages s’agencent selon un pur travail sur « les ressources du langage » ; un travail qui accorde au discours agressif littéraire des valeurs rhétoriques qui le distinguent du discours violent ordinaire. Dans le cadre d’un théâtre comique, cet arsenal langagier est naturellement mobilisé pour provoquer le rire chez le spectateur ; l’on rit des « parlures » et des caractères grossis, des inconséquences et des incohérences des personnages dépeints de manière intentionnellement exagérée. Toutefois, il existe non-équivalence fondamentale dans l’usage de la violence verbale entre les personnages forts et les personnages faibles. Si les forts usent d’une impolitesse directe et s’affirment à travers la prise en charge de leur discours agressif, les faibles recourent à des stratégies discursives plus prudentes comme la « « fausse politesse » et l’ « hyper-politesse » pour attaquer sans risquer d’être découverts. Ces échanges agressifs servent une sorte de « catharsis comique », qui en mobilisant la violence verbale de part et d’autres, divertissent le spectateur en le poussant à rire sur le compte des personnages jugés comme excentriques. Cela se fait donc dans la bonne intention de ramener ces personnages malades au bon sens et au juste milieu.
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Hammell, Karen R. Whalley. "Client-centred occupational therapy in Canada: Refocusing on core values / Recentrer l’ergothérapie au Canada sur les valeurs fondamentales de la pratique centrée sur le client." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 80, no. 3 (June 2013): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417413497906.
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Romano, Floriana, and Oriana Maria Todaro. "Le ragioni del volontariato: dare o ricevere?" PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 1 (September 2010): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2010-001014.
Анотація:
La ricerca esplora le motivazioni che stanno alla base dell'impegno personale in attivitŕ di volontariato e le relazioni tra queste motivazioni, il sistema valoriale e la struttura di personalitŕ. I partecipanti alla ricerca sono 104 volontari che operano in diverse associazioni di volontariato. Gli strumenti utilizzati sono il Voluntary Function Inventory, il Portrait Values Questionnaire, il Big Five Observer. Dai risultati č emerso che le donne fanno volontariato in percentuale maggiore rispetto agli uomini; si rileva una correlazione inversa tra l'etŕ e la funzione utilitaristica orientata alla carriera; soprattutto la funzione sociale č alla base delle azioni di volontariato. Il contesto si č rivelato fondamentale per promuovere l'impegno nel volontariato, al contrario, valori ed aspetti della personalitŕ si sono rilevati non influenti.
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Yrondi, Antoine, Djamila Bennabi, Emmanuel Haffen, Delphine Quelard, Ludovic Samalin, Julia Maruani, Etienne Allauze, et al. "Treatment-Resistant Depression in a Real-World Setting: First Interim Analysis of Characteristics, Healthcare Resource Use, and Utility Values of the FondaMental Cohort." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120962.
Анотація:
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders. One-third of patients are usually unresponsive to several lines of treatment. This study aimed to describe the FondaMental French cohort of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and to estimate utility and healthcare resource use outcomes. Methods: Patients with TRD were evaluated prospectively over four years (baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months) in a real-world clinical setting. Interim analyses focused on the first two consecutive years. Four MDD-related states (major depressive episode (MDE), response, remission, recovery) were defined based on the MADRS (Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale) and other clinical events. Health status was assessed with the EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Utility values were estimated as preference measures that the patients assigned to their overall health status. Results: This study was based on 252 patients with TRD. The mean utility value by health state was 0.41, 0.63, 0.80, and 0.90, for MDE, response, remission, and recovery, respectively. At baseline, 59% of patients had an MADRS score of at least 28. Their baseline average utility value was lower compared to the other patients (0.43 versus 0.58, p < 0.001). This significant difference persisted at the following visits. The rate of patients in MDEs having at least one hospitalisation for depression or other reasons than depression was generally higher than that in the other health states. Conclusion: This study documented patterns in healthcare resource consumption, quality of life, and other characteristics in patients with TRD, both globally and by health state and depression severity.
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Mathieu-Colas, Michel. "Syntaxe du Trait D'union." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.1.10mat.
Анотація:
Syntax of the Hyphen: Complex Patterns Among the different values of the hyphen in French (typographical uses, grammatical uses, lexical uses, etc.), this study focuses on a specific set of complex patterns. Three models are developed: a) correlative models, based on the particle mi- (mi-sérieux, mi-plaisant); b) juxtaposed models, particularly the pattern NO N1-N2 (V opposition consonne-voyelles, le vol Paris-Londres), which allows a typological description based on the nature of the introductory term (NO); c) double-compound models (conférence de presse-marathon, ex-homme de gauche), characterized by a form of discrepancy between the morphological pattern and the graphic boundaries (*presse-marathon, *ex-homme). They can combine with the first two models (mi-salle de billard, mi-cabinet de travail; l'interaction recherche fondamentale-recherche appliquée). These patterns are analyzed with a view to an automatic treatment of hyphenated forms.
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GESTRI, MARCO. "MASSIMO IOVANE, La tutela dei valori fondamentali nel diritto internazionale (The Protection of Fundamental Values in International Law), Napoli, Editoriale Scientifica, 2000, pp. 590." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 10, no. 1 (2000): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161300x00275.
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Angelini, Valeria. "School as a political agent: the formative and recurring role of schools in society." Form@re - Open Journal per la formazione in rete 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/form-15082.
Анотація:
The paper aims to explore the political role of schools and the importance of democratic education in the contemporary context. Education is a crucial factor in shaping future generations for change in societies. School, as a central institution in the educational process, plays a fundamental role in promoting democratic values and providing individuals with the necessary skills to actively participate in political life. It takes a critical and reflective perspective on the political role of schools and the importance of democratic education for the development of more inclusive, balanced and democratic societies. La scuola come agente politico: il ruolo formativo e ricorrente della scuola nella società. Il contributo si propone di esplorare il ruolo politico della scuola e l’importanza dell’educazione democratica nel contesto contemporaneo. L’educazione è un fattore cruciale nella formazione delle future generazioni per il cambiamento delle società. La scuola, come istituzione centrale nel processo educativo, svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel promuovere valori democratici e fornire agli individui le competenze necessarie per partecipare attivamente alla vita politica. Si pone come una prospettiva critica e riflessiva sul ruolo politico della scuola e sull’importanza di un’educazione democratica per lo sviluppo di società più inclusive, equilibrate e democratiche.
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Kymlicka, Will. "Testing the Liberal Multiculturalist Hypothesis: Normative Theories and Social Science Evidence." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 2 (May 28, 2010): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000041.
Анотація:
Abstract. For much of the 1990s, the academic literature on multiculturalism was heavily normative, dominated by political philosophers who developed idealized theories of a distinctly liberal–democratic form of multicultural citizenship. This “liberal multiculturalism hypothesis”—the notion that multiculturalism policies can be adopted without jeopardizing core liberal–democratic values—has been quite influential, shaping debates not just within the field of philosophy, but more widely in academia and indeed in public life. Many social scientists, however, question whether multiculturalism in the real world has been so benign. This paper considers the available evidence, empirically testing the liberal multiculturalism hypothesis, both in Canada and cross-nationally. What does this evidence tell us about the prospects for liberal–democratic multiculturalism and about the impact of multicultural policies on liberal–democratic values?Résumé. Au cours des années 1990, la littérature académique sur le multiculturalisme était décidément normative, dominée par des philosophes politiques qui ont développé des théories idéalisées d'une forme de citoyenneté multiculturelle nettement libérale-démocrate. Cette «hypothèse du multiculturalisme libéral» – la notion que des politiques de multiculturalisme peuvent être adoptées sans compromettre les valeurs fondamentales de la démocratie libérale – s'est avérée très influente, structurant les débats non seulement dans l'enceinte de la philosophie, mais aussi dans l'arène plus vaste du milieu académique et même dans la vie publique. Plusieurs chercheurs en sciences humaines, cependant, se demandent si le multiculturalisme dans le monde réel a été si bénin. Cet article examine la preuve disponible tout en évaluant empiriquement l'hypothèse du multiculturalisme libéral, tant au Canada qu'ailleurs. Que nous indique cette preuve concernant l'avenir du multiculturalisme libéral démocratique et l'impact des politiques multiculturelles sur les valeurs de la démocratie libérale?
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Hamanaka, Hiroaki, and Koji Otaki. "Generating the raison d’être of logical concepts in mathematical activity at secondary school: Focusing on necessary/sufficient conditionsGénérer la raison d’être des concepts logiques dans l’activité mathématique à l’école secondaire: se concentrer sur les conditions nécessaires / suffisantes." Educação Matemática Pesquisa : Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação Matemática 22, no. 4 (September 15, 2020): 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/1983-3156.2020v22i4p438-453.
Анотація:
AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the absence of the raison d’être for logical concepts, especially regarding necessary conditions and sufficient conditions, in mathematics at secondary schools. We investigated the fundamental role of these concepts in the mathematical organisation of mathematicians, which is related to their protomathematical and paramathematical values. Then we designed, implemented, and analysed a study and research activity with the aim to activate their functionality.Keywords: Logical concepts, Anthropological theory of the didactic, Necessary/sufficient conditions.RésuméCet article porte sur l’absence de la raison d’être des concepts logiques, en particulier des conditions nécessaires et des conditions suffisantes, dans les mathématiques secondaires au Japon. Nous étudions le rôle fondamental de ces concepts dans l’organisation mathématique de mathématiciens, qui est lié à leurs valeurs protomathématiques et paramathématiques. Ensuite, nous concevons, mettons en place et analysons une activité d’étude et de recherche ayant pour but d'activer leur fonctionnalité.Mots-clés: Concepts logiques, Théorie anthropologique de la didactique, Conditions nécessaires / suffisantes.
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Holden, Michael, and Julian Kitchen. "Access and Equity in Ontario Teacher Education: Teacher Candidates’ Perceptions." Alberta Journal of Educational Research 65, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55016/ojs/ajer.v65i1.56453.
Анотація:
Access, equity, and equitable representation are ongoing challenges in teacher education. While many Canadian teacher education programs identify equity and diversity as key values, these values do not always result in rates of representation that reflect the student population. Minoritized teacher candidates also experience our programs in unique ways, creating gaps between university equity statements and the lived experiences of our students. This study therefore examines the perspectives of 13 teacher candidates who self-identify as members of various underrepresented groups. Participants’ experiences offer key insights into the challenge of achieving equitable and diverse representation. The presented findings will be of interest to teacher educators and other stakeholders committed to addressing the complex task of increasing equity and access for underrepresented groups in their programs. L’accès, l’équité et la représentation équitable constituent des défis constants en formation des enseignants. Alors que plusieurs programmes de formation des enseignants identifient comme valeurs fondamentales l’équité et la diversité, l’adoption de ces valeurs ne mène pas toujours à des taux de représentation qui reflètent la population des étudiants. Les candidats minoritaires au programme de formation à l’enseignement vivent l’expérience du programme différemment, ce qui crée des écarts entre l’énoncé de l’université sur l’équité et le vécu des étudiants. Cette étude porte sur la perspective de 13 étudiants candidats au programme de formation à l’enseignement qui s’auto-identifient comme membres de divers groupes sous-représentés. Ces expériences offrent des aperçus essentiels sur le défi d’atteindre une représentation équitable et diverse. Les résultats sauront intéresser les formateurs d’enseignants et d’autres parties prenantes qui s’engagent à aborder la tâche complexe qui est celle d’augmenter l’équité et l’accès à leurs programmes pour les étudiants sous-représentés. Mots clés : accès; équité; formation des enseignants; groupes sous-représentés; admissions
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McCormick, Peter. "JUDGING SELECTION: APPOINTING CANADIAN JUDGES." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v30i2.4368.
Анотація:
Since the 1970s, the appointment of trial judges in Canada has generally involved an arms-length committee of professionals, although the structure of these committees and their role in the process has varied from province to province, as well as evolving over time. Yet these “new” structures and “new” processes did not prevent a major judicial appointment scandal in the province of Quebec in 2010, culminating in the formation of the Bastarache Committee to recommend changes. This paper summarizes the forty-year history of Canadian judicial appointment committees, identifies the major challenges that face those committees, and suggests the basic values toward which reforms to the appointment process might be directed.Depuis les années 1970, la nomination des juges de première instance au Canada a généralement mis à contribution un comité de professionnels indépendants, bien que la structure de ce comité et son rôle dans le processus de nomination aient varié d’une province à l’autre et évolué avec le temps. Ces « nouvelles » structures et « nouveaux » processus n’ont certes pas empêché l’éclatement du scandale sur la nomination des juges au Québec en 2010. Ce scandale a donné lieu à la formation de la Commission Bastarache qui avait notamment le mandat de recommander des changements. La présent document résume les quarante ans d’histoire des comités canadiens de nomination des juges, recense les principaux défis que ces comités doivent relever, et propose les valeurs fondamentales qui devraient inspirer les réformes du processus de nomination.
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Grabczan, Robert. "Faire bouger les lignes." lieuxdits, no. 25 (June 10, 2024): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/ld.vi25.84153.
Анотація:
Résumé. Trois propositions de logement servent d’appui pour revisiter le processus pionnier mené il y a bientôt cinquante ans par le célèbre architecte Luigi Snozzi dans le village suisse italien de Monte Carasso. Ces exemples mettent en lumière son approche singulière et inspirante du projet, en tant que méthode souple et exigeante dans la transformation spatiale des lieux de vie. Cette contribution invite aussi à des lectures progressives, rencontrant des valeurs multiples (voire fondamentales) dans chacun des projets évoqués. La posture transgressive empruntée par Snozzi rappelle l’indispensable décloisonnement des échelles de travail à maintenir lors de tout processus de conception. Cet article est également l’occasion de rendre hommage à ce maître de l’école tessinoise disparu lors de la pandémie en 2020. Abstract. Three housing proposals are taken as points of reference to revisit the pioneering process led almost fifty years ago by famous architect Luigi Snozzi in the Swiss-Italian village of Monte Carasso. These examples highlight his singular and inspiring design approach, as a flexible and strength method for qualitative transformation of living spaces. This contribution also invites to gradual readings, showing numerous (or even essentials) values in each selected project. This transgressive position taken by Snozzi reminds the vital removal of partitions regarding levels of work during every design process. This article is also an opportunity to pay tribute to this leader of Ticinese school disappeared during the pandemic in 2020.
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Bellanca, Calogero, Susana Mora Alonso-Muñoyerro, and Cecilia Antonini Lanari. "Accessibility of cultural heritage." Protection of Cultural Heritage, no. 13 (January 7, 2023): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/odk.2941.
Анотація:
Accessibility is a fondamental point to enjoy cultural heritage. An operative aspect which with different theoretical methodologies and practical projects can reach critical-conservative solutions.
A first step may be to conserve the different stratification, all historic periods, and the impact in the surroundings for single preexistences and archeological sites.
For archeological sites, it is necessary not to forget historical solutions which contributed to inspire the Venice Charter.
A second step is an urban dimension for the accessibility in the historic centres and the pedestrian itineraries.
To summarize the values Riegl, as we know, divided them in two main groups: the memorial values as age value, historical value and intended memorial value; and the present day values as use value, art value, newness value and relative art value.
And when there is a conflict between use value and historical value, the treatment of a monument should, above all, take into account the age value.
This will be a principal for the guidelines in the problem of accessibility.
Many of these problems can be resolve with an appropriate design.
This reintegration of the image even for the urban restoration than for the conservation of environment.
In this paper, we want to present different ways of making the cultural heritage accessible to everyone, not only the obvious priorities of physical accessibility, but also accessibility in the form of understanding and experienced.
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Adinolfi, Adelina. "Il ruolo dell’Ue nella diffusione dei diritti fondamentali in Stati terzi: strumenti vincolanti e adeguamento “spontaneo” agli standard dell’Unione." La Nuova Giuridica 3, no. 1 (September 11, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/lng-2308.
Анотація:
Il Trattato dell’UE prevede che l’Unione debba promuovere i propri valori nelle relazioni con i Paesi terzi al fine di consolidare e sostenere il rispetto dei diritti umani. Questo ruolo è svolto dall’Unione mediante una varietà di strumenti che, fondandosi sulla rilevanza del mercato interno e sui meccanismi della politica commerciale comune, stabiliscono regole (in accordi o atti normativi) volte a promuovere il rispetto dei diritti umani e a contrastarne le violazioni. Nella prassi recente, a questi meccanismi di natura vincolante si accompagnano dinamiche di natura “spontanea” che favoriscono la diffusione in Stati terzi degli standard di tutela dei diritti fondamentali accolti dall’Unione. L’articolo si propone una ricognizione delle diverse modalità attraverso le quali avviene tale diffusione, considerando sia i comportamenti posti in essere da soggetti privati, sia i fattori che possono favorire l’adozione in Stati terzi di soluzioni normative che ricalcano il modello europeo di regolazione. È infine rilevata una (emergente) tendenza dell’Unione a costruire, in alcuni ambiti strategici, un proprio ruolo di regolatore globale, sia entrando nella competizione normativa con i Paesi leader nello sviluppo tecnologico, sia facendo ricorso a strumenti di cooperazione e di dialogo politico con Stati terzi e nell’ambito di organizzazioni internazionali.
The EU Treaty requires the Union to promote its values in the relations with third countries to consolidate and support respect for human rights. This role is performed by the Union through a set of different tools which, grounding on the relevance of the internal market and on the mechanisms of the common commercial policy, establish rules (through international agreements or legislation) aimed at promoting respect for human rights and combating violations of the same. In recent practice, these tools having binding force are complemented by new paths of a "spontaneous" nature which favor the diffusion in third countries of the standard of protection of fundamental rights accepted by the Union. The article proposes a survey of the different ways in which this diffusion takes place, considering both the behaviors put in place by private subjects and the factors that can favor the adoption of regulatory solutions that follow the European regulatory model. Finally, the article detects an (emerging) tendency for the Union to build, in some strategic areas, its own role as a global regulator, both by entering into regulatory competition with the leading countries in technological development, and by resorting to policy dialogue and cooperation instruments with third countries and within international fora.
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Pirrone, Pasquale. "Attuazione delle risoluzioni del Consiglio di sicurezza contro il terrorismo e tutela giurisdizionale dei diritti fondamentali nell'ordinamento comunitario: la sentenza della Corte di giustizia relativa ai casi Kadi e Al Barakaat." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 1 (April 2009): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2009-001003.
Анотація:
- UN Security Council antiterrorism measures pose the classic problem to reconcile two different values: security and human rights protection. Furthermore, the implementation of Security Council resolutions gives rise to a multilevel phenomenon, which involves three legal systems (UN - EC - Member State) with different degrees of human rights protection. Particularly, while EC legal order provides for a judicial protection of fundamental rights, in the UN legal system there is no similar kind of protection. So, as far as the EC is concerned, there is the need to ensure its ordinary level and instruments of human rights protection and, at the same time, to enable the Member States to comply with their obligations deriving from UN legal system. Legal solutions to the problem to reconcile the abovementioned values and needs were pointed out, at first, by the Court of First Instance. It stated that EC is bound to abide by UN Security Council resolutions and, consequently, community courts cannot review the legality of the EC regulations implementing Security Council resolutions. They only can value, albeit indirectly, the lawfulness of these resolutions with regard to international peremptory norms. This approach clearly favours the international security and the observance of UN legal system obligations. The ECJ has reversed the abovementioned approach. It has stated that EC regulations implementing UN Security Council resolutions, as all the other community acts, are subjected to the EC principles concerning human rights and to the jurisdiction of community courts. Moreover, striking a dualistic attitude, it has stated that even if it declares the EC regulation implementing a Security Council resolution to be void, that does not compromise the validity and primacy of this resolution. This approach seems to favour human rights protection rather than the value of international security and the need for the Member States to comply with their obligations deriving from UN legal system. Nevertheless, some statements and, above all, some concrete solutions show that the Court does not neglect this value and this need.
19
Sersiron, Augustin. "La dimension institutionnelle refoulée du Bitcoin." Revue d'économie financière N° 150, no. 2 (July 17, 2023): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecofi.150.0307.
Анотація:
Le Bitcoin se fonde avant tout sur la logique du contrat et de la libre adhésion individuelle, mais il recouvre aussi une dimension collective que l’approche institutionnaliste de la monnaie permet d’éclairer. Le système alternatif de paiement qu’il propose nécessite comme tout autre système de paiement une centralisation des informations sur l’ensemble des transactions effectuées, pour que chacune d’elles soit validée aux yeux de tous les membres de la communauté. C’est le respect des règles communes inscrites dans le logiciel qui donne sens à chaque transaction bilatérale, en l’incluant dans ce rapport social « orthogonal » qu’est le système des paiements. La décentralisation apparente du Bitcoin n’évite pas non plus l’émergence de coalitions d’acteurs et d’instances de régulation. Enfin, l’absence de lien à l’État, loin d’illustrer la thèse « émergentiste » d’une monnaie « anétatique », est précisément ce qui empêche ce système de paiement de remplir les fonctions fondamentales de la monnaie. Cela nous amène à réévaluer le rôle de l’État dans la théorie monétaire institutionnaliste d’André Orléan. Classification JEL : B52, E05, E42, G28 .
20
Aubry, Gwenaëlle. "Harmonisation, hiérarchisation ou neutralisation ? Plotin et Proclus lecteurs de Métaphysique Lambda." Les Études philosophiques N° 146, no. 3 (August 2, 2023): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/leph.233.0117.
Анотація:
Les lectures plotinienne et proclusienne de Métaphysique Λ ne se résolvent pas dans ces résultats doctrinaux que sont la hiérarchisation de l’Intellect et de l’Un-Bien et l’harmonisation des causalités efficiente et finale. Pour les saisir tant dans leur différence que dans celle qui les oppose toutes deux aux lectures concordistes, il faut déplacer l’analyse du plan des doctrines à celui des concepts. Plus précisément, il faut demander comment Plotin et Proclus intègrent le concept qui, en Métaphysique Λ, condense la charge polémique portée par Aristote contre Platon, à savoir le concept d’energeia. Ce dernier engage en effet une conception radicalement antiplatonicienne du principe premier, dont on montre qu’elle s’articule en quatre critiques fondamentales. On analyse dès lors les stratégies de lecture de Λ mises en oeuvre par Plotin et Proclus de façon à évaluer les angles de contreattaque qu’elles déterminent. Plutôt qu’à une harmonisation ou à une simple hiérarchisation, on a affaire, dans les deux cas quoique sous des modalités différentes, à une intégration dialectique qui en passe par la neutralisation de la charge polémique du concept d’energeia ainsi que par sa réélaboration, elle-même solidaire de modèles causaux distincts tant de celui de Platon que de celui d’Aristote.
21
Piccioli, Marianna. "Words imprison or grant freedom? Outcomes of an almost experimental study on the use of violent communication." Form@re - Open Journal per la formazione in rete 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/form-15051.
Анотація:
Communication plays an important role in the construction of democratic societies and the dissemination of values such as freedom and equality. The use of language is a fundamental part of human development, both historically and culturally. Words, as constantly evolving organisms, possess immense power, and their usage should be responsible, especially during formative processes. The contribution aims to provide some answers to the questions that guided it. What kind of learning does exposure to ‘violent’ communication generate? To what extent do individuals exposed to this type of communication feel free to express themselves, or are they confined to judgmental categories and trapped within them? What type of communication causes suffering in individuals undergoing formation? Le parole imprigionano o danno libertà? Esiti di uno studio quasi sperimentale sull’uso della comunicazione violenta. La comunicazione ha un ruolo importante nella costruzione delle società democratiche e nella diffusione dei valori di libertà e uguaglianza e l’uso del linguaggio è parte fondamentale dello sviluppo dell’uomo sia dal punto di vista storico che culturale. Le parole, organismi in continua evoluzione, hanno perciò un potere immenso e il loro utilizzo dovrebbe essere responsabile soprattutto durante i processi formativi. Il contributo intende fornire alcune risposte alle domande che lo hanno guidato. Che tipo di apprendimento genera l’esposizione ad una comunicazione violenta? Quanto le persone esposte a questa tipologia di comunicazione si sentono poi libere di esprimersi oppure relegate in categorie giudicanti e ingabbiate in queste stesse categorie? Quale tipologia di comunicazione genera sofferenza nei soggetti in formazione? Il contributo intende fornire alcune risposte alle domande che lo hanno guidato. Che tipo di apprendimento genera l’esposizione ad una comunicazione ‘violenta’? Quanto le persone esposte a questa tipologia di comunicazione si sentono poi libere di esprimersi oppure relegate in categorie giudicanti e ingabbiate in queste stesse categorie? Quale tipologia di comunicazione genera sofferenza nei soggetti in formazione?
22
Gorgoni, Antonio. "Autodeterminazione, dignità e vita nel suicidio assistito e nell’eutanasia." La Nuova Giuridica 3, no. 1 (September 11, 2023): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/lng-2309.
Анотація:
La legge n. 219/2017 (“Norme in materia di consenso informato e disposizioni anticipate di trattamento”) rappresenta un tappa significativa del percorso di affermazione della centralità della persona anche nelle scelte sulla fine della propria vita. Il suo pregio è di aver bilanciato, con equilibrio, i quattro valori fondamentali che vengono in rilievo: vita, salute, dignità e autodeterminazione. Il saggio muove da questo dato, metodologicamente necessario, per riflettere sul rapporto tra potere legislativo e ambito di intangibilità/incoercibilità della sfera decisionale del paziente, seguendo un filo storico-evolutivo normativo e giurisprudenziale. Questo approccio consente non solo di individuare il fondamento di alcune disposizioni della legge citata, ma anche di intravedere le prospettive de jure condendo alle quali il legislatore non può più sottrarsi.
The law n. 219/2017 (“Regulations on informed consent and advance treatment provisions”) represents a significant step in the process of affirming the centrality of the person also in choices about the end of one’s life. Its merit is that it has balanced, with balance, the four fundamental values that are highlighted: life, health, dignity and self-determination. The essay starts from this datum, methodologically necessary, to reflect on the relationship between legislative power and the area of intangibility/incoercibility of the patient’s decision-making sphere, following a historical-evolutionary regulatory and jurisprudential thread. This approach allows not only to identify the basis of some provisions of the aforementioned law, but also to glimpse the de jure condendo perspectives from which the legislator can no longer escape.
23
Ferretti, Federico. "A European Perspective on Data Processing Consent through the Reconceptualization of European Data Protection's Looking Glass after the Lisbon Treaty: Taking Rights Seriously." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 2 (April 1, 2012): 473–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012028.
Анотація:
Abstract: EU data protection law is undergoing a process of reform to meet the challenges of the modern economy and rapid technological developments. This study re-conceptualizes data protection in the EU in light of the enactment of the Treaty of Lisbon and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. It focuses on data subjects' consent as a key component of data processing legislation - alongside the principles of purpose specification and data quality - to reinforce the view that it is a necessary, though not sufficient, tool to guarantee the declared high level of protection of individuals. To prevent confusion, conflation, or abuse of consent and safeguard the fundamental values to which it is tied, this paper puts forward that additional legal constraints and qualifications would be necessary for the enhancement of its application and enforcement. Soft or libertarian paternalism may be the key to nudge individuals towards the desired social outcome while preserving their individual autonomy. The ultimate suggestion is that EU policy makers should take rights seriously and not be seduced by and surrender to conflicting economic interests. Résumé: La loi européenne sur la protection des données est en train de subir un ensemble de réformes afin de pouvoir faire face aux défis de l´économie moderne et des développements technologiques rapides. La présente étude re-conceptualise la protection des données dans l´UE à la lumière de l´adoption du Traité de Lisbonne et de la Charte des Droits Fondamentaux de l´UE. Elle se concentre sur le principe du consentement comme étant un composant-clé de la législation sur le traitement des données pour renforcer l´idée qu´il est un instrument nécessaire, bien qu´insuffisant, pour garantir le niveau dit élévé de protection des individus. Afin de prévenir la confusion, l'amalgame ou l'abus de consentementet de sauvegarder les valeurs fondamentales auxquelles il est lié, le présent article indique que des contraintes et des qualifications legislatives supplémentaires seraient nécessaires pour l'amélioration de son application et de son exécution. Un paternalisme souple ou libertaire pourrait être la solutionpour amener des individus vers le résultat social désiré tout en préservant leur autonomie individuelle. La dernière suggestion est de convaincre les décideurs de l´UE de prendre les droits au sérieux et dene pas se laisser séduire, ou soumettre, par des intérêts économiques incompatibles.
24
Furfari, Angela, and Valeria Caggiano. "INTRAPRENEURSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONS." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 4, no. 1 (November 29, 2016): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2014.n1.v4.637.
Анотація:
Abstract.The subject of entrepreneurship is an area in constant evolution, is a valid form of combating the phenomenon of unemployment, representing a virtuous response against a labor market that requires high flexibility to all parties who work there. For Schwartz “value” is a concept that an individual has a trans-situational purpose, he argues that the values being desirable states transcend specific situations and depict regulatory models used to judge and choose between different ways of behaving, so act from the principles driving in people’s lives. The present study aims to investigate the presence of significant relationships between the variables related to entrepreneurial skills and values . The sample is represented by a group of 101 Italian workers including 85 men ( 84%) and 15 women (16 %), all day between the ages of 30 and 39 who work in the public transport company ATAC S.p.A. The focus of this study is represented by the subject and his being intra-company both within the working environment, with its action and its influence on the economy and the social reality in which it operates.Keywords: Intrapreneurship,organizations, valuesAbstract.Il tema dell’imprenditorialità è un’area in costante evoluzione, la quale viene coinvolta ed utilizzata sia dalla disciplina psicologica, economica,ma anche sociale per ovviare al fenomeno della disoccupazione. Un altro costrutto preso in considerazione è il ‘’valore’’il quale secondo Schwartz è un concetto che un individuo ha di uno scopo transituazionale, egli sostiene che i valori essendo stati desiderabili trascendono le specifiche situazioni e raffigurano modelli normativi impiegati per giudicare e scegliere tra diversi modi di comportarsi, e fungono, quindi, da principi guida nella vita delle persone. La presente ricerca si pone l’obiettivo di indagare la presenza di relazioni significative tra le variabili legate alle competenze imprenditoriali ed i valori, secondo la teoria di riferimento legata ai valori di Schwarz, S. H. e Bilsky, W. (1987). Partendo da quanto proposto da Lidaka (2012), ci si propone di individuare influenze significative da parte dei valori, sui tratti imprenditoriali considerati nella presente ricerca.Si vogliono pertanto esplorare i legami tra questi due aspetti fondamentali dell’essere umano: valori da una parte, tratti caratteriali e competenze imprenditoriali, dall’altra.Il campione è rappresentato da un gruppo di 101 soggetti, ai quali è stato misurato, attraverso la somministrazione del questionario, sia i valori che le competenze imprenditoriali che si inseriscono nella scelta lavorativa. I dati sono stati raccolti su un campione di 101 lavoratori italiani di cui 85 uomini (84%) e 15 donne (16%), tutti dì età compresa tra i 30 ed i 39 anni. Il focus di questo studio, dunque, è rappresentato dal soggetto e dal suo essere intraimprenditoriale all’interno del contesto lavorativo, dalla sua azione e dall’influenza sull’economia e sulla realtà sociale nella quale opera (Battistelli, Favretto, 2003).Keywords: Intrapreneurship- Entrepreneurship- Values- Locus of control- Self-efficacy-Engagment- Employ-ability- Proactive personality.
25
Klein, Alana. "(2012) 30 Windsor Y B Access Just 247 SO LONG AS YOU HAVE YOUR HEALTH: HEALTH CARE DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA AND PROCEDURALIST HUMAN RIGHTS." Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 30, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/wyaj.v30i2.4377.
Анотація:
Health resource distribution in Canada has been criticized for being opaque and increasingly inequitable, with its disproportionate emphasis on curative over preventive care. Yet there has been relatively little scrutiny of priority-setting in publicly funded health care in Canada from bodies monitoring the international human right to health. Recently, however, domestic health governance on the one hand, and international health and human rights on the other, have converged around the promotion of evidence-based policy, accountability, transparency and participation as drivers of more equitable distribution of health care resources. This paper tracks the paths toward this convergence. The emphasis in health policy was largely driven by cost containment and service integration concerns, while democratic and institutional concerns around socio-economic rights protection are at the root of the health and human rights shift toward proceduralist approaches. This shared emphasis nonetheless opens new terrains of struggle for human rights approaches to health care distribution in Canada, around (i) managing indeterminacy in social determinants of health; (ii) addressing power imbalances that shape how health information is produced, communicated, and acted upon and (iii) the role of fundamental normative values that limit substantive policy around health.La distribution des ressources en santé au Canada a été critiquée en raison de son caractère opaque et de plus en plus inéquitable, et de l’importance disproportionnée accordée aux soins curatifs par rapport aux mesures préventives. De plus, relativement peu d’études concernant les priorités établies en matière de services de santé publics au Canada ont été faites par des organismes de contrôle du droit, reconnu dans des instruments internationaux, de tout être humain à la santé. Cela dit, récemment, la gouvernance nationale de la santé, d’une part, et le droit à la santé et les droits de la personne au niveau international, d’autre part, ont convergé et mis l’accent sur la nécessité de promouvoir des politiques fondées sur des données probantes, la responsabilisation, la transparence et la participation, facteurs qui sont aptes à assurer une distribution plus équitable des ressources en santé. Le document suit le cheminement vers cette convergence. Les politiques en matière de santé étaient largement fondées sur des préoccupations liées à la limitation des coûts et à l’intégration des services, alors que les préoccupations démocratiques et institutionnelles à l’égard de la protection des droits socio-économiques sont à l’origine du virage du droit à la santé et des droits de la personne vers des approches procéduralistes. Ces priorités communes ouvrent néanmoins la porte à de nouvelles luttes visant des approches axées sur les droits de la personne en ce qui a trait à la distribution des services de santé au Canada, luttes qui impliqueront les actions suivantes : (i) gérer l’indétermination dans les déterminants sociaux de la santé; (ii) corriger les déséquilibres de pouvoir qui déterminent la façon dont l’information en matière de santé est produite et communiquée et les réactions qu’elle entraîne, et (iii) éclaircir le rôle des valeurs normatives fondamentales qui limitent les politiques de fond en matière de santé.
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Varano, Vincenzo. "Mauro Cappelletti. Maestro fiorentino aperto al mondo." La Nuova Giuridica 3, no. 1 (September 11, 2023): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/lng-2315.
Анотація:
Mauro Cappelletti è stato uno dei maggiori giuristi italiani del ‘900, fra i più noti anche fuori dai confini nazionali. È stato fra i Padri Fondatori della moderna scienza della comparazione giuridica: allievo di Piero Calamandrei, amava definirsi “processualcomparatista” piuttosto che “processualcivilista”, proprio per sottolineare la sua propensione all’utilizzazione del metodo comparativo nelle sue ricerche. In questo scritto a lui dedicato si cerca di sintetizzare i caratteri principali del suo metodo di lavoro. Innanzitutto, Cappelletti, è anche costituzionalista, nel senso che egli vede sempre fusi processo e valori costituzionali nell’ottica della comparazione. Cappelletti, che non sorprendentemente, afferma il suo netto rifiuto del formalismo e del dogmatismo ancora imperanti nella scienza giuridica del ‘900, intende la comparazione come “politica del diritto”, il cui fine ultimo è la ricerca della soluzione migliore, la “promising solution” a un problema sociale dato. Altro carattere fondamentale del pensiero di Cappelletti, è la sua capacità di anticipare l’importanza e l’attualità di alcuni grandi problemi sociali, e il suo impegno per la riforma. Infine, l’orizzonte della sua comparazione è tendenzialmente universale, la sua osservazione non si limita cioè a questo o a quell’ordinamento, magari a quelli culturalmente più vicini, ma tende ad allargarsi all’intero pianeta. Basti ricordare che Cappelletti è stato promotore di monumentali progetti di ricerca internazionali, primo fra tutti il celebre “Florence Access-to-Justice Project”, contribuendo così alla notorietà della Facoltà giuridica fiorentina nel mondo.
Mauro Cappelletti, a pupil of Piero Calamandrei, has been one of the most important Italian jurists of the 20th century, very well known also beyond the national borders. He has been one of the Founding Fathers of modern legal comparison, and as such he preferred to qualify himself as a comparative procedural lawyer rather than a procedural lawyer. But he was also a comparative constitutional lawyer, in the sense that his study of procedure was never disconnected from the study of constitutional values and guarantees of fair procedure. Not surprisingly, Cappelletti rejects the formalistic and dogmatic approach which was still pervading Italian legal science in the 20th century. This reflects also in his conception of comparative law, whose purpose is political, i.e. the search for the “promising solution” to a given social problem. Another fundamental aspect of Cappelletti’s legal thought is his “vision”, i.e. his attitude to anticipate the importance of some great social problems and his commitment to law reform. Last but not least, Cappelletti aims at a worldwide comparison, in other words he does not limit himself to one or two legal systems, possibly those culturally closer, but tends to look at the entire planet. Suffice here to remember that Cappelletti has promoted monumental research projects, such as the much celebrated “Florence Access-to-Justice Project”, thus contributing to the notoriety of Florence Law School throughout the world.
27
Oyebamiji, N. A., O. O. Ojekunle, O. O. Opanike, and J. A. Yisau. "Effects of pre-sowing techniques on selected seeds of savanna agroforestry tree species." Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 19, no. 1 (May 16, 2023): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v19i1.3.
Анотація:
The ability of a forest ecosystem to regenerate is crucial for its sustainable exploitation and conservation. Hence, seed is a fundamental material for regeneration. Germination requirements of seeds were investigated at the Forest Nursery Unit of Federal University Dutsin-Ma to assess the effects of presowing techniques on selected seeds of savanna agroforestry tree species. A 5 x 5 factorial in randomized complete block design was used for this experiment in four replicates. The factors were agroforestry tree seeds (AFTS); Acacia nilotica (AN); Parkia biglobosa (PB); Diospyros mespiliformis (DMk); Detarium microcapum (DMt); Adansonia digitata (AD) and pre-sowing treatments; Seeds soaked in 60 % diluted Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H2SO ) (A); mechanical scarification (Ms); hot water at 600 C (HW); seeds soaked in water for 24 hours (W); control (C). AD seeds had significantly higher values (13.84, 4.64, and 10.50) on the wet weight of shoot (WWS), dry weight shoot (DWS), and wet weight of root (WWR) at 10 weeks after sowing (WAS), respectively. A. digitata seeds experienced consistent significantly higher values (13.81. 13.84, 13.89, 13.89 and 13.81, and 4.62, 4.72, 4.60, 4.57 and 4.71) on WWS and DWS at 10 WAS respectively. Mechanically scarified seeds had significantly higher value (2.11) on DWS at 10 WAS. Therefore, mechanical scarification significantly affects the agroforestry tree species of A. digitata among others. Based on this, we recommend mechanical scarification as an effective pre-sowing technique to break seed dormancy and increase seedling biomass.
La capacité d’un écosystème forestier à se régénérer est cruciale pour son exploitation et sa conservation durables. Par conséquent, la semence est un matériau fondamental pour la régénération. Les exigences de germination des graines ont été étudiées à l’unité de pépinière forestière de l’Université fédérale Dutsin-Ma pour évaluer les effets des techniques de pré-semis sur des graines sélectionnées d’espèces d’arbres agroforestiers de savane. Un factoriel de 5 x 5 dans une conception en blocs complets randomisés a été utilisé pour cette expérience en quatre répétitions. Les facteurs étaient les semences d’arbres agroforestiers (AFTS); Acacia nilotica (AN); Parkia biglobosa (PB); Diospyros mespiliformis (DMk); Detarium microcapum (DMt); Adansonia digitata (AD) et traitements de pré-semis; Graines trempées dans de l’acide tétraoxosulfate (VI) dilué à 60 % (H2SO4) (A); scarification mécanique (Ms) ; eau chaude à 600 C (EC); graines trempées dans l’eau pendant 24 heures (W); contrôle (C). Les graines AD avaient des valeurs significativement plus élevées (13,84, 4,64 et 10,50) sur le poids humide de la pousse (WWS), le poids sec de la pousse (DWS) et le poids humide de la racine (WWR) à 10 semaines après le semis (WAS), respectivement. Les graines d’A. digitata ont présenté des valeurs significativement plus élevées (13,81, 13,84, 13,89, 13,89 et 13,81, et 4,62, 4,72, 4,60, 4,57 et 4,71) sur WWS et DWS à 10 WAS respectivement. Les graines scarifiées mécaniquement avaient une valeur significativement plus élevée (2,11) sur DWS à 10 WAS. Par conséquent, la scarification mécanique affecte de manière significative les espèces d’arbres agroforestiers d’A. digitata entre autres. Sur cette base, nous recommandons la scarification mécanique comme technique de présemis efficace pour briser la dormance des graines et augmenter la biomasse des semis.
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Fregonara, Elena, and Alice Barreca. "Economics for sustainability: impacts on the real estate appraisal and economic evaluation of projects." Valori e Valutazioni 29 (January 2022): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20212903.
Анотація:
The aim of this piece of work is to present the recent developments of the discipline of Real Estate Appraisal and Economic Evaluation of Projects in relation to Sustainable Architecture and its design. The focus is on the principles borrowed from economics and, in particular, on the transition from a linear to a circular thinking and the related impacts on estimative theories and practices. Starting from the urgency of the underlying problems, Life Cycle Thinking is recalled within which the theories of the Green Economy, the Circular Economy and, recently, the Helical Economy are developed. The reasoning then recalls some passages of disciplinary evolution to include the public, environmental and social dimension. A methodological survey follows with attention to the recent – and now almost consolidated – approaches for projects evaluation and market analysis, attributable to international energy-environmental policies. In terms of the evaluation of new construction projects or retrofitting existing assets, the transition from the financial perspective, in terms of Linear Economy, to the perspective of economic-energy-environmental sustainability, from a Circular Economy perspective, is a central point. From the point of view of market analysis, the importance of exploring the impact of sustainable architecture on the values and dynamics of supply and demand is underlined. The results of the work show that the use of life cycle valuation is essential for the reuse of resources, but also for the containment of their consumption in the production phase. The use of tools capable of jointly analyzing energy and costs could guide decision-making processes between different design options, encouraging conversion and efficiency strategies, even in contexts of weak sustainability. Obiettivo del lavoro è presentare i recenti sviluppi espressi dalla disciplina dell’Estimo e Valutazione Economica dei Progetti in relazione all’Architettura sostenibile e alla sua progettazione. L’attenzione è posta sui principi mutuati dall’Economia e, in particolare, sul passaggio dalla visione lineare alla visione circolare e i relativi impatti sulle teorie e pratiche estimative. A partire dall’urgenza dei problemi sottostanti, viene richiamato il Life Cycle Thinking in seno al quale si sviluppano le teorie dell’Economia Verde, dell’Economia Circolare e, recentemente, dell’Economia Elicoidale. Il ragionamento richiama poi alcuni passaggi dell’evoluzione disciplinare per includere la dimensione pubblica, ambientale e sociale. Segue una ricognizione metodologica con attenzione agli approcci recenti - ma ormai consolidati - per la valutazione dei progetti e per le analisi di mercato, riconducibili alle politiche internazionali in materia energetico-ambientale. Sul versante della valutazione dei progetti di nuova costruzione o di retrofit del patrimonio esistente, centralità è posta sul passaggio dalla prospettiva finanziaria, in ottica di Economia Lineare, alla prospettiva della sostenibilità economico-energetico-ambientale, in ottica di Economia Circolare. Sul versante delle analisi di mercato, è rimarcata l’importanza di esplorare l’impatto dell’architettura sostenibile sui valori e sulle dinamiche della domanda e dell’offerta. I risultati del lavoro evidenziano come l'impiego della valutazione nel ciclo di vita sia fondamentale per il riuso delle risorse, ma anche per il contenimento del loro consumo in fase produttiva. L’uso di strumenti capaci di analizzare congiuntamente l’energia e i costi potrebbe orientare i processi di decisione fra opzioni progettuali diverse, incentivando strategie di conversione e efficienza, sia pure in contesti di sostenibilità debole.
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Matunguru, Joseph M., Gabriel M. Okito, Franck Lutili, Sharon Indasi Lubembe, Claver Sibomana, Mbalassa Mulongaibalu, Lina A., Venant M. Nshombo, Jean-Claude Micha, and Gaspard Ntakimazi. "Reproduction de Bagrus bajad (Fabricius, 1775, Bagridae) du Lac Albert, Bassin du Nil, République Démocratique du Congo (RDC)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 18, no. 40 (December 31, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n40p77.
Анотація:
Le Bagrus bajad figure parmi les espèces des poissons très pêchées dans les cours d’eau tropicaux d’Afrique dont les informations sur la reproduction sont rares. Quelques paramètres de reproduction de Bagrus bajad du Sud-ouest du Lac Albert ont été étudiés durant cette recherche. Les échantillons ont été collectés entre décembre 2019 et décembre 2020 au moyen des éperviers, des palangres et des filets maillants de maille standard (20,2, 25,4 et 30,5 mm). Au total, 520 spécimens dont 283 femelles et 237 males ont été étudiés. Les informations sur le sex-ratio, le stade de maturité sexuelle, le rapport gonadosomatique, le rapport hepathosomatique, la fécondité et le facteur de condition ont été analysés. L’étude a révélé l’égalité entre les mâles et les femelle parmi les individus, même si les femelles étaient supérieurs aux mâles (1: 0,84; p-value<0.05). Tous les poissons étudiés ont présenté tous les stades de maturité sexuelle (I, II, III, IV, et V). Les matures (III, IV et V) ont une plus grande proportion (III, IV et V) par rapport aux immatures (I et II). Les mâles ont une taille de première maturité sexuelle de 43.5 cm contre 44 cm pour les femelles. Les valeurs mensuelles des indices gonadosomatiques et celles des stades gonadiques macroscopiques prouvent que B. bajad a trois périodes de fraie au cours de l’année : (i) Janvier-Avril ; (ii) Juin-Août et (iii) Octobre-Novembre alternées par une période d’un mois de repos en mai, septembre et décembre. La fécondité absolue est de 525 à 34440 ovocytes mais n’est pas significativement corrélées avec la longueur totale (R2=0,002) et le poids (R2=0,12). Les connaissances de la présente étude constituent une base fondamentale pour assurer la surveillance des risques d’épuisement du stock potentiel cette espèce et orienteront les décideurs à développer des politiques et stratégies efficaces garantissant l’exploitation et la conservation rationnelle de cette espèce.
Bagrus bayad is one of the highly fished fish species in tropical African rivers for which information on reproduction is scarce. Some reproduction parameters of B. bayad from the southwest of Lake Albert were studied. The samples were collected between December 2019 and December 2020 using cast nets, longlines, and standard mesh gillnets (20.2, 25.4, and 30.5 mm). A total of 520 specimens including 283 females and 237 males were examined. Information on sex ratio, stage of sexual maturity, gonadosomatic ratio, hepatosomatic ratio, fecundity, and condition factor was analyzed. The study revealed equality between males and females among individuals, although females were superior to males (1:0.84; p-value<0.05). All fish investigated showed all stages of sexual maturity (I, II, III, IV, and V). The mature (III, IV and V) have a greater proportion (III, IV and V) compared to the immature (I and II). Males have a size at first sexual maturity of 43.5 cm against 44 cm for females. The monthly values of gonadosomatic indices and those of macroscopic gonad stages show that B. bajad has three spawning periods a year: (i) January-April; (ii) June-August and (iii) October-November, alternated by a one-month rest period in May, September, and December. Absolute fecundity varies between 525 and 34440 oocytes but is not significantly correlated with total length (R2=0.002) and weight (R2=0.12). Knowledge from this study constitutes a fundamental basis for ensuring the monitoring of the risks of depletion of the potential stock of this species and will guide decision-makers in developing effective policies and strategies guaranteeing rational exploitation and conservation of this species.
30
Franca Peri Giglio. "Modelo Educativo sustentado en Valores Espirituales para la vida, la autorrealización y trascendencia." GACETA DE PEDAGOGÍA, no. 48 (January 23, 2024): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56219/rgp.vi48.2438.
Анотація:
La espiritualidad es la cualidad propia de la naturaleza trascendente del ser humano que define su sentido y propósito de vida. La educación juega un rol fundamental en este mecanismo de autoco-nocimiento y autorrealización ya que su finalidad no es sólo educare -instruir, entrenar- sino también educere -sacar a la luz, hacer salir-. Al respecto, la presente investigación desarrolló un modelo que operacionaliza lo espiritual a través de valores centrados en el autoconocimiento y la emancipación del Ser, e incorpora a los actores del hecho educativo como participantes activos del proceso en el marco de la educación permanente. El diseño se nutrió de referencias exitosas en el mundo donde las prácticas pedagógicas desarrollan cualidades que promue-ven la integridad y autonomía. Se concluyó que esta propuesta podrá validarse en tanto evidencie transformación interna y externa de los involucrados, en las instituciones y espacios de la sociedad de la cual forman parte. ABSTRACT Spirituality is the quality proper to the transcendent nature of human beings that defines their meaning and purpose in life. Education plays a fundamental role in this mechanism of self-know-ledge and self-realization since its purpose is not only educare -to instruct, to train- but also educere -to bring to light, to bring out-. In this regard, the present research developed a model that operationalizes the spiritual through values centered on self-know-ledge and emancipation of the Self, and incorporates the actors of the educational process as active participants in the process within the framework of lifelong education. The design was nourished by successful references in the world where pedagogical practices develop qualities that promote integrity and autonomy. It was concluded that this proposal can be validated as long as it evidences internal and external transformation of those involved, in the institutions and spaces of the society of which they are part. Key words: Self-realization, Self-knowledge, Spiritual Values, Educational Models, Pedagogy of Being, Continuing Education RESUMO A espiritualidade é a qualidade da natureza transcendente dos seres humanos que define seu significado e propósito na vida. A educação dessempenha um papel fundamental nesse mecanismo de autoconhecimento e autorrealização, uma vez que seu propósito não é apenas educare - instruir, treinar - mas também educere - trazer à luz, trazer à tona. A esse respeito, a presente pesquisa desenvolveu um modelo que operacionaliza o espiritual por meio de valores centrados no autoconhecimento e na emancipação do eu, e incorpora os atores do processo educacional como participantes ativos do processo dentro da estrutura da aprendizagem ao longo da vida. O projeto foi alimentado por referências bem-sucedidas no mundo em que as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvem qualidades que promovem a integridade e a auto-nomia. Concluiu-se que essa proposta pode ser validada desde que evidencie a transformação interna e externa dos emvolvidos, nas instituições e nos espaços da socie-dade da qual fazem parte. Palavras-chave: Autorrealização, Autoconhecimento, Valores Espirituais, Modelos Educacionais, Pedagogia do Eu, Educação ao Longo da Vida RÉSUMÉ La spiritualité est la qualité de la nature transcendante des êtres humains qui définit le sens et le but de leur vie. L'éducation joue un rôle fondamental dans ce mécanisme de conna-issance et de réalisation de soi, puisque son but n'est pas seulement educare - instruire, former - mais aussi educere - mettre en lumière, faire ressortir. À cet égard, la présente recherche a développé un modèle qui opérationnalise la spiritualité à travers des valeurs centrées sur la connaissance de soi et l'émancipation du moi, et qui intègre les acteurs du processus éducatif en tant que participants actifs au processus dans le cadre de l'apprentissage tout au long de la vie. La com-ception a été nourrie par des références réussies dans le monde où les pratiques pédagogiques développent des qualités qui promeuvent l'intégrité et l'autonomie. Il a été conclu que cette pro-position peut être validée tant qu'elle témoigne d'une transformation interne et externe des personnes impliquées, dans les institutions et les espaces de la société dont elles font partie. Mots-clés: Réalisation de soi, connaissance de soi, valeurs spirituelles, modèles éducatifs, pédagogie du soi, éducation tout au long de la vie.
31
Rodríguez, Isabel, Alfonso Valero-Valenzuela, and David Manzano-Sánchez. "Elaboración de una escala para el análisis de los valores adquiridos con el Modelo de Responsabilidad Personal y Social en el entorno escolar (ECVA-12)." Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 21, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/cpd.459221.
Анотація:
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue el diseño y la validación de una escala que permitiera analizar los valores adquiridos con el Modelo de Responsabilidad Personal y Social en escolares, en comparación con la metodología impartida previamente por el docente (ECVA-12) desde las diferentes materias del currículum escolar.
El estudio de carácter transversal y descriptivo se llevó a cabo en varias fases y con muestras diferentes: con una muestra de 127 estudiantes entre 9 y 15 años, validez de contenido mediante la técnica Delphi con 11 jueces expertos, validez de comprensión, análisis de la estabilidad temporal y validez de constructo mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Posteriormente, y en este caso con una muestra de 76 estudiantes de entre 12 y 15 años, se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, mostrando valores de ajuste adecuados en un modelo de 2 factores y 12 ítems, con saturaciones e índices de consistencia interna elevados tanto en escala como en las sub-escalas. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que el instrumento diseñado cumple con los criterios de validez y fiabilidad establecidos, capaz de medir el grado de satisfacción y los cambios percibidos en el comportamiento de los estudiantes, convirtiéndolo en una herramienta básica para investigaciones relacionadas con la aplicación de este modelo de enseñanza. The objective of this research was the design and validation of a scale that would allow the analysis of the values acquired with the Model of Personal and Social Responsibility in schoolchildren, in comparison with the methodology previously taught by the teacher (ECVA-12) from the different subjects of the school curriculum.
The cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in several phases and with different samples: with a sample of 127 students between 9 and 15 years old, content validity using the Delphi technique with 11 expert judges, comprehension validity, analysis of the temporal stability and construct validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis. Subsequently, and in this case with a sample of 76 students between 12 and 15 years old, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed, showing adequate adjustment values in a 2-factor and 12-item model, with saturations and high internal consistency indices both in scale as in the subscales. The results obtained confirm that the designed instrument meets the established validity and reliability criteria, capable of measuring the degree of satisfaction and the perceived changes in the behavior of students, making it a basic tool for research related to the application of this teaching model. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca è stato quello di progettare e validare una scala che permettesse l'analisi dei valori acquisiti con il Modello di Responsabilità Personale e Sociale nei bambini in età scolare, rispetto alla metodologia precedentemente insegnata dall'insegnante (ECVA-12) dalle diverse materie del curriculum scolastico. Lo studio trasversale e descrittivo è stato condotto in diverse fasi e con diversi campioni: con un campione di 127 studenti tra i 9 e i 15 anni, validità dei contenuti con la tecnica Delphi con 11 giudici esperti, validità della comprensione, analisi della stabilità temporale e validità dei costrutti con l'Analisi Fattoriale Esplorativa. In seguito, e in questo caso con un campione di 76 studenti tra i 12 e i 15 anni, è stata eseguita un'Analisi Fattoriale di Conferma, che ha mostrato valori di fit adeguati in un modello a 2 fattori e 12 voci, con saturazioni elevate e indici di consistenza interna sia in scala che in subscale. I risultati ottenuti confermano che lo strumento progettato soddisfa i criteri di validità e affidabilità stabiliti, in grado di misurare il grado di soddisfazione e i cambiamenti percepiti nel comportamento degli studenti, rendendolo uno strumento fondamentale per la ricerca legata all'applicazione di questo modello didattico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o desenho e validação de uma escala que permitisse a análise dos valores adquiridos com o Modelo de Responsabilidade Pessoal e Social em escolares, em comparação com a metodologia previamente ensinada pelo professor (ECVA-12) das diferentes disciplinas do currículo escolar.
O estudo transversal e descritivo foi realizado em várias fases e com amostras distintas: com amostra de 127 alunos entre 9 e 15 anos, validade de conteúdo pela técnica Delphi com 11 juízes especialistas, validade de compreensão, análise de estabilidade temporal e validade de construto por meio da Análise Fatorial Exploratória. Posteriormente, e neste caso com uma amostra de 76 alunos entre 12 e 15 anos, foi realizada uma Análise Fatorial Confirmatória, mostrando valores de ajuste adequados em um modelo de 2 fatores e 12 itens, com saturações e altos índices de consistência interna ambos em escala como nas subescalas. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que o instrumento elaborado atende aos critérios de validade e confiabilidade estabelecidos, capazes de medir o grau de satisfação e as mudanças percebidas no comportamento dos alunos, tornando-se uma ferramenta básica para pesquisas relacionadas à aplicação deste modelo.
32
Bannerman, Sara. "Same-Sex Marriage, Social Cohesion, and Canadian Values: A Media Analysis." Canadian Journal of Communication 36, no. 4 (January 17, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2011v36n4a2416.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT This article considers issues of social cohesion, national identity, and national values as they appeared in Canadian newspaper coverage of the same-sex marriage debate between September 2003 and the federal election of June 2004. Media reports in Canada about the issue of same-sex marriage reflected a range of reactions. For some, same-sex marriage was a symbol of fracture, of a split in the country over core values—a split that could undermine the very commonality that makes Canada a society. For others, same-sex marriage was an affirmation of the high value Canadians place on equality and diversity. This article examines the roles played by newspapers in their coverage of same-sex marriage as it relates to Canadian values and social cohesion.RÉSUMÉ Cet article considère les questions de cohésion sociale, d’identité nationale, et de valeurs nationales telles qu’elles figuraient dans la couverture des journaux canadiens en ce qui concernait le débat sur le mariage entre conjoints de même sexe entre septembre 2003 et l’élection fédérale de juin 2004. Les informations diffusées par les médias au Canada sur la question du mariage entre conjoints de même sexe reflètaient toute une gamme de réactions. Pour certains, le mariage entre conjoints de même sexe était un symbole de la fracture, d’une scission dans le pays par rapport aux valeurs fondamentales—une scission qui pourrait saper la communité qui fait du Canada une société. Pour d’autres, le marriage entre conjoints de même sexe était une affirmation de la grande valeur qu’accordent les Canadiens et Canadiennes à l’égalité et à la diversité. Dans cet article, j’examine le rôle joué par les journaux dans leur couverture du mariage entre conjoints de même sexe en tant qu’une question de valeurs canadiennes et de cohésion sociale.
33
Pouwels, Jan. "Citizenship Education in Post Modern Society." Comparative and International Education 34, no. 1 (June 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v34i1.9055.
Анотація:
Dealing with citizenship education as a part of formal education, I argue that the international human rights culture and human rights education can serve as a fundamental reference for contemporary citizenship education and that conflict pedagogy is an adequate teaching strategy. I try to draw a picture of how such education can be perceived from a pedagogical and didactical point of view, making a set of recommendations to actualize this perspective on values and citizenship education. Dans l’optique que l’éducation à la citoyenneté est une composante de l’éducation formelle, je mets en évidence que la culture internationale des droits humains et que l’éducation aux droits de l’homme peuvent servir de référence fondamentale. Je démontre aussi que la pédagogie de la résolution des conflits est une stratégie d’enseignement adéquate. Je dresse le portrait de la perception d’une telle éducation du point de vue pédagogique et didactique, tout en formulant une série de recommandations en vue d’actualiser cette perspective à l’éducation aux valeurs et à la citoyenneté.
34
Worts, Douglas. "Transformational Encounters: Reflections on Cultural Participation and Ecomuseology." Canadian Journal of Communication 31, no. 1 (March 30, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2006v31n1a1772.
Анотація:
Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between cultural participation, community wellbeing and global sustainability. By reframing notions of cultural participation within a perspective that stresses interconnection and deep reflection as key to wellbeing, the author questions the core values that guide, govern and fund cultural organizations, policies and practices. The paper presents ten quasi-fictive scenarios that explore the dynamics of meaningful participation. They creatively illustrate the importance of an ecomuseological perspective in which culture is understood as the foundation for increased human consciousness and responsible action to share limited planetary resources.
Résumé : Cette communication explore les rapports entre la participation culturelle, le bien-être de la communauté, et la viabilité globale. L’auteur remet en question les valeurs fondamentales qui guident, gouvernent et subventionnent les organisations culturelles, les principes de fonctionnement et les pratiques courantes. À cette fin, il utilise une tactique qui consiste à reformuler les notions de participation culturelle à partir d’un point de vue qui met l’accent sur les liens étroits et la réflexion profonde afin de favoriser une situation de bien-être. On y retrouve dix scénarios quasi fictifs qui explorent une dynamique de participation impliquée. Ceux-ci illustrent l’importance d’une perspective écomuséologique selon laquelle on voit la culture comme étant la base d’une connaissance humaine accrue qui nous permettra de partager des ressources planétaires limitées.
35
Howard, Pat. "The Confrontation of Modern and Traditional Knowledge Systems in Development." Canadian Journal of Communication 19, no. 2 (February 1, 1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjc.1994v19n2a808.
Анотація:
Abstract:
The development project in both capitalist and socialist contexts has augmented the power of technocrats while invalidating alternative knowledge systems rooted in the traditions of local communities, thereby disenfranchising them. Recreating space for the autonomy of such communities requires cross-cultural communication in a collaborative effort to examine the limitations of the reductionist sciences and how they have
shaped the development effort. Alternative ways of knowing and
ways of sharing knowledge so as to reinforce core community values
need to be explored. The paper concludes with a brief description
of such an effort between First Nations in British Columbia and
minority nations in Yunnan, China.
Résumé:
Les projets de développement promus autant par capitalistes que
socialistes ont augmenté le pouvoir de technocrates tout en
rabaissant des systèmes de connaissances alternatives fondés sur les traditions de communautés locales, démunissant ainsi ces dernières. Pour redonner de l'autonomie à de telles communautés, il faut communiquer entre cultures et collaborer, afin d'examiner les limites des sciences réductionnistes et leur impact sur les projets de développement. Il est nécessaire aussi d'explorer les connaissances alternatives et en arriver
à un partage de ces connaissances dans le but de renforcer des valeurs communautaires fondamentales. L'article conclut avec une brève description d'un effort de collaboration entre les peuples autochtones de la Colombie-Britannique et des nations minoritaires de Yunnan, Chine.
36
Garosi, Linda. "Painting with words. Some considerations on the picture of women from The Child of Pleasure to The Virgins of the Rocks by Gabriele D’Annunzio." Estudios Románicos 30 (July 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/er.456141.
Анотація:
Il saggio si occupa di un aspetto fondamentale della ricerca compiuta da D’Annunzio che è la fusione di scrittura e arte figurativa, e della sua declinazione secondo i dettami dell’estetismo finisecolare. Lo studio intende mettere in luce non solo le modalità stilistiche e compositive, ma anche la finalità poetica e le valenze ideologiche, della sperimentazione ecfrastica realizzata nel passaggio tra il romanzo di debutto (Il piacere) e il romanzo del superomismo (Le vergini delle rocce). L’analisi testuale prenderà in esame come i ritratti dei personaggi femminili, costruiti attraverso la comparazione con oggetti d’arte, poggino altresì sulla narrazione dell’effetto prodotto sull’io del protagonista che sceglie e guarda tali opere d’arte. La visione viene cristallizzata nelle immagini verbali che ornano le pagine del libro, il quale, a sua volta, diventa museo e si offre allo sguardo del lettore del tempo proponendogli un nuovo canone estetico di Bellezza. The essay deals with a fundamental aspect of D'Annunzio’s research which is the fusion of writing and figurative art, and its declination according to the dictates of end-century aesthetics. The study intends to highlight the stylistic and compositional modalities, in addition to the poetic purpose and ideological values, of the ecphrastic experimentation carried out in the transition between the debut novel (The Child of Pleasure) and the novel of superomismo (The Virgins of the Rocks). The textual analysis will examine how the portraits of female characters, constructed through the comparison with objects of art, rest at the same time on the narration of the effect produced on the Self of the protagonist who chooses and looks at these works of art. The vision turns out to be crystallized in verbal images which adorn the pages of the book which in turn becomes a museum and offers itself to the eye of the reader of the time, proposing a new aesthetic canon of Beauty. Il saggio si occupa di un aspetto fondamentale della ricerca compiuta da d’Annunzio che è la fusione di scrittura e arte figurativa, e della sua declinazione secondo i dettami dell’estetismo finisecolare. Lo studio intende mettere in luce le modalità stilistiche e compositive, oltre alla finalità poetica e le valenze ideologiche, della sperimentazione ecfrastica realizzata nel passaggio tra il romanzo di debutto (Il piacere) e il romanzo del superomismo (Le vergini delle rocce). L’analisi testuale prenderà in esame come i ritratti dei personaggi femminili, costruiti attraverso la comparazione con oggetti d’arte, poggino al tempo stesso sulla narrazione dell’effetto prodotto sull’io del protagonista che sceglie e guarda tali opere d’arte. La visione viene cristallizzata nelle immagini verbali che ornano le pagine del libro, il quale, a sua volta, diventa museo e si offre allo sguardo del lettore del tempo proponendogli un nuovo canone estetico di Bellezza.
37
Anyangwe, Carlson. "The normative power of the right to selfdetermination under the African Charter and the principle of territorial integrity: competing values of human dignity and system stability." African Human Rights Yearbook / Annuaire Africain des Droits de l’Homme 2 (March 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.29053/2523-1367/2018/v2n1a3.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT: This article considers the interaction between the right of selfdetermination and the principle of territorial integrity, two powerful norms seemingly pulling in opposite directions, with reference to relevant texts and decisions of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. It posits that the enjoyment of complete self-determination is constrained by the somewhat skewed interpretation given to the norm by the Commission. The basic argument canvassed is that the right of self-determination is an enabling, ongoing collective human right applicable in colonial and certain post-colonial contexts. The case-law on self-determination shows that while the Commission readily upholds the right of internal self-determination it always declines claims to external self-determination. The dubious reasoning of the Commission is that this variant of self-determination is unavailable in post-colonial Africa because of its incompatibility with the principle of territorial integrity. And yet the right of self-determination is available to other oppressed peoples even in a non-colonial context to assert their humanity, dignity and freedom. The author concludes that while selfdetermination and territorial integrity appear to be pulling in opposite directions, in fact the two norms are not always in conflict. Sometimes they complement each other and are mutually reinforcing. Sometimes also, one norm yields to the other as a matter of law. In circumstances where the law is silent on the question of which norm prevails over the other, it seems meaningful that self-determination should prevail over territorial integrity on account of the fact that it is people who determine the destiny of territory and not the other way round.
TITRE ET RÉSUMÉ EN FRANCAIS: Le pouvoir normatif du droit à l’autodétermination dans la Charte africaine et le principe d’intégrité territoriale: l’opposition entre les valeurs de dignité humaine et de la stabilité du système
RÉSUMÉ: Cet article examine l’interaction entre le droit à l’autodétermination et le principe d’intégrité territoriale, deux normes fondamentales qui, en référence aux textes et décisions pertinents de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, semblent chacune tirer dans sa direction. Cet article suggère que la jouissance d’une autodétermination complète est limitée par l’interprétation quelque peu biaisée donnée à la norme par la Commission. L’argument principal est que le droit à l’autodétermination est un droit de l’homme collectif applicable dans les contextes coloniaux et dans certains contextes postcoloniaux. La jurisprudence en matière d’autodétermination montre que, si la Commission soutient facilement le droit à l’autodétermination interne, elle refuse toujours les demandes d’autodétermination externe. Le raisonnement douteux de la Commission est que cette variante de l’autodétermination n’est pas disponible dans l’Afrique postcoloniale en raison de son incompatibilité avec le principe de l’intégrité territoriale. Et pourtant, le droit à l’autodétermination est ouvert à d’autres peuples opprimés, même dans un contexte non colonial, pour affirmer leur humanité, leur dignité et leur liberté. L’auteur conclut que, alors que l’autodétermination et l’intégrité territoriale semblent aller dans des directions opposées, en réalité, les deux normes ne sont pas toujours en conflit. Parfois, ils se complètent et se renforcent mutuellement. Parfois aussi, l’une des normes cède la place à l’autre en droit. Dans les cas où la loi reste muette sur la question de savoir quelle norme prévaut sur l’autre, il semble logique que l’autodétermination l’emporte sur l’intégrité territoriale, du fait que ce sont les personnes qui déterminent le destin du territoire et non l’inverse.
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Viegas, José, and Rosário Macário. "Price Acceptability in Transport Systems (PATS)." Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport - Scientific Papers in Transportation 40 | 2001 (November 30, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/cst.11994.
Анотація:
The European Commission regularly submits White papers that all stress the need to change the price of road usage in order to As these base it on fairer and more efficient criteria. transformations may not be widely accepted, because of acceptability problems, have been specific studies on the general topic of equity them, which has initiated. In the report of one of PATS consortium been conducted within the (Price Acceptability in Transport Systems), the authors clearly show that road pricing cannot be assimilated to the pricing of any good. Indeed freedom of movement is one of the basic values of Western democracies. Moreover, people and goods mobility is required for economic principle of growth to occur. Beyond the economic have to be taken optimisation, other requirements creation of road into account for so that the pricing is accepted as far as political, social and institutional criteria are concerned. Les Livres blancs que publie régulièrement la Commission européenne sur le secteur des transports insistent tous sur la nécessité de fonder la tarification d’usage de la route sur des critères plus justes et plus efficaces. Comme ces évolutions se heurtent à des problèmes d’acceptabilité, des études spécifiques ont été lancées sur la problématique générale de l’équité. En rendant compte de l’une d’elles, conduite dans le cadre du consortium PATS, les auteurs montrent clairement que la tarification de la route ne se pose pas de la même manière que la tarification d’un bien quelconque. La liberté de circulation est en effet une valeur fondamentale des démocraties occidentales et la mobilité des personnes et des biens constitue en outre une condition nécessaire de la croissance économique. Au delà de la logique économique d’optimisation, d’autres exigences doivent être prises en compte pour que la mise en œuvre d’une tarification soit acceptable du point de vue des critères politiques, sociaux et institutionnels.
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Ortega Ruiz, Pedro, and Ramón Mínguez Vallejos. "Familia y transmisión de valores." Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria 15 (November 13, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/3022.
Анотація:
RESUMEN: En este artículo se hace una breve exposición de la «situación» de la familia en el contexto de la sociedad occidental. La «crisis» de la familia y los diferentes modelos de la estructura familiar son abordados, desde una perspectiva sociológica, como marco real para una educación en valores en el ámbito de la familia. Se defiende el papel fundamental de la familia como estructura de acogida, de reconocimiento del recién nacido. En ella encuentran los hijos las «condiciones ambientales» imprescindibles para el aprendizaje de los valores: el clima moral, de seguridad y confianza, de diálogo y responsabilidad que haga posible, desde la experiencia, la apropiación del valor. No se contemplan otros enfoques de carácter cognitivo en la educación familiar. Se parte de la necesidad de hacer de la experiencia en el ámbito familiar la situación privilegiada e insustituible para el aprendizaje de los valores morales. La familia educa más por lo que «hace» que por lo que «dice».ABSTRACT: This article makes a brief presentation of the family situation in the Western Society. The family crisis and several other family structure models are delt here from a sociological perspective, e. e., as a true framework for an education in terms of family. The family role is defended as a framework of protection in favour of the newborn. Therefore children can find an environment with «suitable conditions» that are of vital importance for learning of values that bear: morality, protection and assurance, dialogue and responsibility hence making the appropiation of values possible based on experience. No other focal points are contemplated that are cognitive in the family education except for the need to make the family environment a privileged and irreplaceable experience for the learning of moral values. The family brings up a child correctly for what it does rather than what it preaches.SOMMAIRE: Dans cet article on fait une brève exposition de la situation de la famille dans le contexte de la société occidentale. La «crise» de la famille et les différents modèles de la structure familiale sont abordés d'un point de vue sociologique, comme cadre réel pour une education en valeurs au sein de la famille. On defend le rôle fondamental de la famille comme structure d'accueil, de reconnaissance de l'enfant que vient de naître. Au sein de la famille les enfants trouvent «les conditions d'atmosphère » indispensables pour l'apprentissage des valeurs: le climat moral, de sécurité et de confiance, de dialogue et de responsabilité qui rende possible a partir de l'expérience, l'appropiation de la valeur. On n'envisage pas d'autres aspects de caractère cognitif dans l'éducation familiale. On part de la nécessité de faire de l'expérience dans le cadre familiale la situation privilégiée et irremplaçable pour l'apprentissage des valeurs morales. La famille enseigne plus parce ce qu'elle «fait» que ce qu'elle «dit».
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Zanchini di Castiglionchio, Francesco. "Riflessioni sul “giusto processo” in diritto canonico, sullo sfondo del riequilibrio in corso fra diritti e poteri nella Chiesa cattolica." Stato, Chiese e pluralismo confessionale, November 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/1971-8543/19076.
Анотація:
Riflessioni sul “giusto processo” in diritto canonico, sullo sfondo del riequilibrio in corso fra diritti e poteri nella Chiesa cattolica *
Reflections on due process in canon law, against the background of the ongoing rebalancing of rights and powers in the Catholic Church *
SOMMARIO: 1. Tra ‘agàpe’ e storia. Una premessa neotestamentaria - 2. (segue) Potere giudiziario e sovranità binaria. Il diritto divino dei vescovi - 3. “Heri dicebamus”? Sul tentativo curiale di ridurre il Vaticano II a mero evento culturale - 4. Origini e sviluppo dell’opposizione anticonciliare: il terreno del processo - 5. La prima controriforma vaticana: la “Nova agendi ratio in doctrinarum examine” - 6. Resilienze (non sopprimibili) di una costituzione materiale parallela? - 7. Persistenze storico-culturali di fatti compiuti prevaricanti e diritto di resistenza - 8. (segue): a) Su un “golpe Gasparri” in danno di due diversi progetti di giustizia amministrativa - 9. b) … e sulla “falsa” giustizia amministrativa del card. Grocholewski (e suoi) - 10. c) Lo sconcerto della scoperta nel clero di pratiche corruttive su minori - 11. (segue) … e l’abnorme deriva inquisitoria dei processi de delictis gravioribus - 12. Sulla voluta inattuazione dei tribunali amministrativi interdiocesani - 13. Sulle odierne, inedite sperimentazioni in tema di contenzioso matrimoniale - 14. Tra rescritti di giustizia e giurisdizione inter partes: un sottaciuto tema fondamentale - 15. Dalla frammentazione (relitto amaro di incertezze strategiche) a un ritorno al Lateranense IV?
ABSTRACT: The essay notes a continuity, starting with the Tridentine, in the deviation from the fundamental principles of what we today call 'due process', imposed by Innocent III since the Council Lateran IV. The progressive spread of special jurisdictions seemed to express the degradation of certain principles and values of medieval common law, from which canon law was gradually moving away. The 1917 code is to be seen as the final sanction and ratification of that involutional process. The author then examines the 1983 reform, which moved between reforming timidity and curial overbearingness: the special jurisdictions were untouchable; the planned chapter on administrative tribunals was deleted in extremis. The impression is that no serious follow-up has been given to the reforms ordered by Paul VI in fulfilment of the Council mandate, starting with the Doctrinal Dicastery. In fact, the centralist innovation as codified in 1917 substantially persists. It is to this petrified block, rebuilt under the two pontificates following Pope Montini, that Pope Francis I attempts to react with innovative ideas that however appear technically imprecise, and in many ways inadequate to the actual dimensions of the Holy See's overall non-fulfilment of the conciliar mandate. Against the backdrop of these perhaps promising innovative signs, Pope Francis appears on the other hand invariably opposed by the Curia, both in the field of substantive and procedural law.
41
Kanyou, Claude, Etienne Kouokam, and Yves Emvudu. "Epidemic threshold : A new spectral and structural approach of prediction." Revue Africaine de Recherche en Informatique et Mathématiques Appliquées Volume 38 - Special issue... (December 5, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/arima.11186.
Анотація:
Epidemiological modelling and epidemic threshold analysis in the networks are widely used for the control and prediction of infectious disease spread. Therefore, the prediction of the epidemic threshold in networks is a challenge in epidemiology where the contact network structure fundamentally influences the dynamics of the spread. In this paper, we design and experiment a new general structural and spectral prediction approach of the epidemic threshold. This more captures the full network structure using the number of nodes, the spectral radius, and the energy of graph. With data analytic and data visualization technics, we drive simulations overall on 31 different types and topologies networks. The simulations show similar qualitative and quantitative results between the new structural prediction approach of the epidemic threshold values compared to the earlier MF, HMF and QMF widely used benchmark approaches. The results show that the new approach is similar to the earlier one, further captures the full network structure, and is also accurate. The new approach offers a new general structural and spectral area to analyse the spreading processes in a network. The results are both fundamental and practical interest in improving the control and prediction of spreading processes in networks. So these results can be particularly significant to advise an effective epidemiological control policy. La modélisation épidémiologique et l'analyse du seuil épidémique dans les réseaux sont largement utilisées pour le contrôle et la prévision de la propagation des maladies infectieuses. Par conséquent, la prédiction du seuil épidémique dans les réseaux est un challenge en épidémiologie où la structure du réseau de contact influence fondamentalement la dynamique de la propagation. Dans cet article, nous concevons et expérimentons une nouvelle approche générale de prédiction structurelle et spectrale du seuil épidémique. Cette approche capture davantage la structure complète du réseau en utilisant le nombre de nœuds, le rayon spectral et l'énergie du graphe. Grâce à des techniques d'analyse et de visualisation des données, nous effectuons des simulations sur 31 types et topologies de réseaux différents. Les simulations montrent des résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs similaires entre la nouvelle approche de prédiction structurelle des valeurs seuils épidémiques et les approches de référence MF, HMF et QMF largement utilisées précédemment. Les résultats montrent que la nouvelle approche est similaire à la précédente, qu'elle capture davantage la structure complète du réseau et qu'elle est également précise. La nouvelle approche offre un nouveau domaine structurel et spectral général pour analyser les processus de diffusion dans un réseau. Les résultats présentent un intérêt à la fois fondamental et pratique pour l'amélioration du contrôle et de la prévision des processus de propagation dans les réseaux. Ces résultats peuvent donc être particulièrement importants pour être support d'une politique de contrôle épidémiologique efficace.
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Gambino, Gabriella. "La legge 40/2004: principi e prospettive alla luce del dibattito referendario." Medicina e Morale 54, no. 5 (October 30, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2005.379.
Анотація:
Il 12 e il 13 giugno 2005 si sono svolti in Italia i referendum parzialmente abrogativi della Legge 40/2004 sulla procreazione medicalmente assistita. La facoltà di astensione, esercitata dalla maggioranza degli italiani, ha consentito di salvaguardare quei principi biopolitici fondamentali dei quali la legge si è fatta espressione, tutti riconducibili a imprescindibili valori costituzionali. Tuttavia, nonostante l’esito referendario, la legge 40 continua a sollecitare approfondimenti e dibattiti, soprattutto tra chi – insoddisfatto per i limiti che impone – vorrebbe modificarla in tempi brevi. Eppure, a ben vedere, questa legge tanto criticata e contestata è stata il frutto di precise scelte attuate dal Legislatore, ben consapevole dei principi in gioco innanzi al prevalere della tecnologia riproduttiva nella trasmissione della vita umana. In particolare, due sono le questioni di fondo che ancor oggi ritornano nel dibattito: la violazione della libertà di autodeterminazione procreativa della coppia; e la richiesta di una legittimazione di desideri procreativi, che si vorrebbe trasformare in “diritti”: il “diritto alla salute riproduttiva”, il “diritto al figlio sano”, il “diritto all’eugenetica prenatale”. In tale contesto, la riflessione filosofico-giuridica sul significato del progetto procreativo della coppia e sulle dinamiche relazionali che attiva può consentire di recuperare quella dimensione di autentica responsabilità e di amore donativo, che dovrebbe costituire il presupposto etico per compiere delle scelte procreative, nel pieno rispetto di tutti i soggetti coinvolti nelle tecniche che la medicina riproduttiva mette oggi a disposizione e, prima ancora, nel pieno rispetto della propria dignità umana. ---------- On June 12th and 13th, 2005 partially abrogative referendum about the law 40/2004 on medically assisted reproduction took place in Italy. The faculty of abstention, exercised by the main part of Italian people, allowed safeguarding those fundamental biopolitical principles expressed in the law, all of them coming from absolute constitutional values. However, although the referendary outcome, the law 40/2004 continues to request deepening and debates, specially among those who – unsatisfied of the limits which it imposes – would like to modify it in a short time. And yet, this law, so criticized and contested, was the fruit of precise choices made by the Legislator, well aware of the principles at stake in front of prevailing of reproductive technology in the transmission of human life. Particularly, the fundamental questions which are debated still today are two: violation of the liberty of couple’s procreative self-determination; and the request of a legitimating of procreative desires, which one’s would like to transform in “rights”: the “reproductive health right”, the “right of having a healthy child”, the “prenatal eugenic right”. In this contest, philosophical-juridical reflection on the meaning of the couple’s procreative project and on its relational dynamics can allow to recover that dimension of authentic responsibility and donative love, which should constitute the ethical presupposition to do procreative choices, in the full respect of every subject involved in the technique that reproductive medicine offers today and, more before, in the full respect of one’s own human dignity.
43
Probst, Charles, and Giovanni Fantacci. "L’eutanasia in Svizzera e le esperienze internazionali." Medicina e Morale 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2008.293.
Анотація:
Nell’articolo si esaminano i valori etici fondamentali in gioco nel dibattito sull’eutanasia. La precisa definizione dei concetti deve contribuire a far chiarezza nella discussione. Gli autori osservano i vari tentativi di legalizzazione dell’eutanasia attiva in atto a livello internazionale. La prassi eutanasia dei Paesi Bassi esercita un particolare influsso in Svizzera. Nel dibattito pubblico occorre distinguere nettamente tra medicina palliativa, in grado di attenuare le sofferenze dei malati terminali e eutanasia. Purtroppo questa distinzione spesso non si fa. Per effetto della confusione che regna in materia la Svizzera registra la più alta percentuale di casi di assistenza al malato terminale fra i sei paesi europei comparati. Ciò si spiega con la tendenza a sospendere anzitempo e senza vera necessità le terapie. In Svizzera operano varie organizzazioni per il suicidio assistito: esse sfruttano una lacuna legale esistente. L’assistenza al suicidio è infatti perseguita unicamente se è stata prestata per motivi egoistici. I fautori dell’eutanasia cercano di preparare il terreno per altre forme di eutanasia attiva approfittando di questo vuoto legislativo. Negli ultimi anni si è così sviluppato un inquietante “turismo suicida”: da tutta Europa giungono in Svizzera persone che desiderano porre fine alla propria vita; nel solo cantone di Zurigo i casi di suicidio assistito sono triplicati. In nessun altro paese si assiste a un incremento così rapido del fenomeno. L’assistenza al malato terminale dipende essenzialmente da due fattori: la situazione e la problematica del paziente interessato nonché il valore di fondo che si attribuisce alla vita umana. Il nostro giudizio si fonda sul diritto naturale e la Rivelazione cristiana con il decalogo. ---------- The article examines in detail the various ethical values at stake in the euthanasia debate. Clarity in the discussion is to be obtained by clearly defining terms. The authors review various international endeavours to legalise active euthanasia. The practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands in particular is very influential in Switzerland. In the public debate palliative medicine, which mitigates the suffering of terminally ill patients, must be clearly differentiated from euthanasia. Unfortunately this distinction is often not made. It is symptomatic of this confusion that Switzerland has the largest rate of “non treatment decisions” among six European countries compared with one another. This is due to improper handling of treatment discontinuation in routine clinical practice. In Switzerland various euthanasia organisations are active which exploit a loophole in the law. Assisting a suicide leads to criminal prosecution only if done for selfish reasons. In this way advocates of euthanasia seek to prepare the ground for other forms of active euthanasia too. “Euthanasia tourism” to Switzerland from all over Europe has developed alarmingly in the last years and tripled according to the figures in Canton Zurich alone. In no other country assisting a suicide has increased so rapidly. Paramount in palliative care are the particular patient’s individual circumstances and problems and the valuing of human life as a matter of principle. This we assert on the basis of natural law and the Christian revelation with the decalogue.
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Admin, Admin, OUEDRAOGO Ningwendé P.F, NDIAYE Abdoulaye, NDOYE Jean M. N, DIA Abdarahmane, SANE André D, KINKPE Charles V.A, and GUEYE Alioune B. "Etude radiologique de la pente tibiale en fonction de la présence ou non d’une atteinte du ligament croisé antérieur." Journal Africain d'Imagerie Médicale (J Afr Imag Méd). Journal Officiel de la Société de Radiologie d’Afrique Noire Francophone (SRANF). 12, no. 1 (April 13, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.55715/jaim.v12i1.65.
Анотація:
An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a multifactorial event influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. While extrinsic factors can be changed, the same is not true for factors intrinsetics. Recently, the geometry of the proximal tibia is considered a possible risk factor for an ACL injury. Hypothesis: A high tibial slope is associated with a high risk of an ACL laceration. Materials and method: We compared two groups: the first of 32 patients with break of ACL and the second of 32 patients without ACL lesions. All patients received a profile knee x-ray. These profile x-rays were used to calculate the tibial slope using three methods according to the chosen tibial axis (anterior cortical, proximal tibia Dejour and Bonnin, posterior cortical). The values of the tibial slopes were captured on Excel and analyzed with the Stata version 15 software. Results: The averages of the tibial slope measured in group 1 were 16.40 degrees depending on the anterior cortical; 12.54 degrees on the anatomical axis of Dejour and Bonnin and 8.92 degrees on the posterior cortical. The averages in group 2 were 13.37 degrees depending on the anterior cortical; 9.80 degrees on the anatomical axis of Dejour and Bonnin and 6.96 degrees according to the posterior cortical. Comparative analysis between the tibial slopes of group 2 and those of group 1, showsa statistically significant increase in tibial slope for the three tibial slopes. Conclusion: It appears from these results that the value of the tibial slope is correlated with the break of the ACL. This is a fundamental consideration in ligament surgeries, but also in any knee surgery. Résumé Une lésion du ligament croisé antérieur (LCA) est un événement multifactoriel influencé par des facteurs de risque intrinsèques et extrinsèques. Si les facteurs extrinsèques peuvent être modifiés, il n’en est pas de même pour les facteurs intrinsèques. Récemment, la géométrie du tibia proximal est considérée comme un facteur de risque possible pour une lésion du LCA. Hypothèse : Une pente tibiale élevée est associée à un risque élevé d’une lésion du LCA. Matériel et méthode : Nous avons comparé deux groupes : le premier de 32 patients avec rupture du LCA et le second de 32 patients sans lésion du LCA. Tous les patients ont bénéficié d’une radiographie du genou de profil. Ces radiographies de profil ont permis de calculer la pente tibiale selon trois méthodes en fonction de l’axe tibial choisi (corticale antérieure, tibial proximal de Dejour et Bonnin, corticale postérieure). Les valeurs des pentes tibiales ont été saisies sur Excel et analysées avec le logiciel Stata version 15. Résultats : Les moyennes de la pente tibiale mesurée dans le groupe 1 étaient de 16,40˚ selon la corticale antérieure ; 12,54˚ selon l’axe anatomique de Dejour et Bonnin et 8,92˚ selon la corticale postérieure. Les moyennes dans le groupe 2 étaient de 13,37˚ selon la corticale antérieure ; 9,80˚ selon l’axe anatomique de Dejour et Bonnin et 6,96˚ selon la corticale postérieure. L’analyse comparative entre les pentes tibiales du groupe 2 et celles du groupe 1, montre une majoration de la pente tibiale statistiquement significative pour les trois pentes tibiales. Conclusion : Il apparaît, à travers ces résultats, que la valeur de la pente tibiale est corrélée à la rupture du LCA. C’est une donnée fondamentale à prendre en considération lors des plasties ligamentaires, mais aussi dans toute chirurgie du genou.
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Rodríguez, Gonzalo Herranz. "La deontología médica desde la tradición hipocrática al Cristianismo." Medicina e Morale 59, no. 3 (June 30, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2010.211.
Анотація:
L’obiettivo fondamentale di questo articolo è quello di confrontare due versioni del giuramento di Ippocrate: quello famoso pagano e il “Giuramento secondo Ippocrate per come dovrebbe essere prestato da un cristiano”, pressocché sconosciuto. L’atteggiamento dei primi cristiani verso la medicina è stata guidata dalla loro memoria viva di Gesù, che, come guaritore e consolatore, non ha mai negato il suo aiuto ai malati, non solo ebrei, ma anche samaritani o pagani. I primi medici cristiani, di conseguenza, non ponevamo i pazienti in una posizione preferenziale, e quindi erano in grado di sviluppare una sintesi specifica di abilità professionale, di amore fraterno e il senso salvifico della sofferenza. Essi hanno risposto alla malattia umana non con esorcismi e magia, ma con la medicina e con un’etica medica sorprendentemente “moderna”. La versione cristiana del Giuramento presenta, nonostante l’accoglienza alla lettera di molti principi del giuramento pagano, alcune novità rivoluzionarie. La sostituzione nel giuramento alle divinità pagane con l’invocazione a Dio Padre e la dichiarazione di “non mentire” pone la nuova formula in una prospettiva di trascendenza e l’eternità. L’alleanza tra maestro e discepolo con l’aggiunta dei propri doveri di aiuti finanziari e dipendenza pratica si è mutata in un aperto riconoscimento del reciproco rispetto tra insegnante e studente. Nel nuovo contesto, l’essere posseduti da una forte vocazione professionale, diventa l’unico requisito per l’accesso all’apprendimento dell’arte medica. Ora la lealtà verso il paziente ha la precedenza sulla sottomissione al maestro: il corporativismo medico è bandito. La versione cristiana omette anche la la “clausola chirurgica”, così che le vecchie barriere alla pari dignità di tutte le specialità mediche sono state rimosse. In considerazione di questi e di altri valori del Giuramento cristiano, l’autore si rammarica della quasi universale ignoranza di questo importante documento, e della scarsità di studi dedicato alla sua storia e ai suoi contenuti. Il confronto delle due versioni, pagana e cristiana, aiuta a comprendere l’impatto emotivo e permanente che i medici cristiani dell’antichità hanno determinato all’etica della medicina. ---------- The basic aim of this article is to compare two versions of the Hippocratic Oath: the famous pagan one and the almost unknown “Oath according to Hippocrates in so far as a Christian may swear it”. The attitude of early Christians toward medicine was guided by their lively remembrance of Jesus, who, as healer and comforter, never denied his help to the sick, not only Jews, but also Samaritans or Pagans. Early Christian physicians, in consequence, placed patients without discrimination in a preferential position, and so they were able to develop a specific synthesis of professional prowess, brotherly love and a redemptive sense of suffering. They responded to human disease not with exorcisms or magic, but with medicine and with a surprisingly “modern” medical ethics. The Christian version of the Oath introduces, despite its literal acceptance of many tenets of the Pagan Oath, some revolutionary novelties. The substitution of the swearing by the pagan deities for the invocation to God the Father and the declaration “I lie not” places the new formula in a perspective of transcendence and eternity. The old covenant between master and disciple with its added duties of financial help and practice dependence is changed to an open recognition of mutual respect between teacher and student. In the new circumstances, to be possessed by a strong professional calling becomes the only requirement for access to the medical art’s learning. Now loyalty to the patient takes precedence over submissiveness to the master: medical corporativism is banished. The Christian version omits also the “surgery clause”, so the old barriers to the equal dignity of all medical specialties are removed. In view of these and other values of the Christian Oath, the author regrets the almost universal ignorance surrounding this important document, and the scarcity of studies devoted to its history and contents. All the same, the comparison of both versions, Pagan and Christian, of the Oath helps to understand the impressive and permanent impact that Christian physicians of the Antiquity brought about to the ethics of medicine.
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Villanueva Canadas, Enrique. "Derecho versus bioética en las tomas de decisiones médicas en torno a casos límites." Medicina e Morale 60, no. 3 (June 30, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2011.164.
Анотація:
L’autore riflette sui dilemmi etici dei medici odierni e su quali siano le misure che devono individuare per risolverli. Nega che la bioetica sia la panacea per risolvere queste questioni come pure che la legge rappresenti l’ultima istanza dell’ideale di giustizia. La risposta risiede nella ricerca che ciascuno fa nella ricerca della soluzione ottimale di un problema. L’autore è particolarmente critico con linee di pensiero che difendono una visione neutrale della giustizia nelle questioni morali, lasciando che gli individui agiscano secondo le proprie credenze; accusa il liberalismo neutrale di creare una società senza valori e di promuovere leggi che stanno trasformando la società; esplora il futuro dell’umanità minacciato da tecniche che possono modificare il genoma e con essa creare nuovi tipi di esseri umani; riflette sul rapporto scienza-etica-legge per dimostrare che sia la bioetica che la legge dovrebbero avere solidi fondamenti scientifici. A titolo di esempio, egli ricorda come le leggi fondamentali per la procreazione assistita e la ricerca biomedica in Spagna, 14/2006 e 14/2007, si basavano su una sola Commissione senza una garanzia scientifica. L’autore sottolinea come l’aspetto essenziale per legiferare sulla natura giuridica dell’embrione umano è quello di stabilire scientificamente ed inequivocabilmente quando comincia la vita umana. Dopo aver preso in considerazione le diverse opinioni egli fa notare come tutti gli argomenti scientifici che supportano la natura giuridica dell’embrione e molte leggi sull’aborto che negano la personalità dell’embrione sino a un certo periodo dell’impianto, si basano sulle stesso tipo di speculazione mai provata. Nel 1922 G.W. Corner mise in relazione la struttura delle membrane fetali (corialità, amnios) con le differenti fasi ipotetiche di duplicazione embrionale. Corner presentò la sua teoria come una proposta teorica, una speculazione. (We may permit ourselves to (…) indulge in a brief speculation regarding the morphogenesis of human monochorionic twins). Un autore moderno, Rowena Spencer ha dimostrato che questa teoria non è affatto vera. L’autore conclude dicendo che solo una società che considera l’uomo come fine per se stesso senza considerare le circostanze sarà salva dall’autodistruzione. ---------- The author reflects upon the ethical dilemmas of nowadays doctors and which are the measures they have to try to solve them. He denies that bioethics is the panacea for solving these issues as well as the consideration of law as the last instance of the ideal of justice. The answer everybody looks for in the quest for the optimal resolution of a problem. The author is specially critical with lines of thought that advocate a neutral kind of Justice in moral issues letting individuals act according to their own believes. The author accuses neutral liberalism of creating a society without values and of promoting laws that are transforming society. The author explores the future of humanity threatened by techniques that may modify the Genome and therewith create new types of human beings. The author reflects upon the relation Science-Ethics-Law to demonstrate that both bioethics and law should have solid scientific foundations. As an example, the author mentions how the Fundamental Laws for assisted human reproduction and biomedical research in Spain 14/2006 and 14/2007 were based on the opinion of a sole commission without scientific warrant. The author outlines how the essential aspect in order to be able to legislate about the juridical nature of the human embryo is to establish scientifically and unequivocally when does a human life begin. After considering different opinions he analyzes that all the scientific arguments that support the juridical nature of the embryo and most abortion laws denying personhood of the embryo until after a certain period of implantation, are based upon the same type of never proven speculation. In 1922 G. W. Corner put in relation the structure of fetal membranes (chorionicity, amnion) with different hypothetical stages of embryonic duplication. Corner presented his theory as a theoretical suggestion, a speculation. (We may permit ourselves to (…) indulge in a brief speculation regarding the morphogenesis of human monochorionic twins). Modern author, Rowena Spencer has demonstrated that this theory is far from true. The author finishes by saying that only a society that considers man, as an end in itself notwithstanding circumstances will be saved from self-destruction.
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Laffitte, Jean. "Creati per amare: la sessualità umana secondo Giovanni Paolo II." Medicina e Morale 56, no. 5 (October 30, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2007.303.
Анотація:
A partire dalla seconda metà del secolo scorso, la Chiesa si è trovata a dover ripensare i rapporti tra fede, teologia e antropologia in problematiche nuove come, ad esempio, la sessualità umana. Interprete privilegiato di questa rielaborazione è stato, senza dubbio, Giovanni Paolo II che in più occasioni ha avuto modo di riflettere e illustrare la teologia, la antropologia e l’etica che sostengono la visione cristiana della sessualità umana. Di questa vasta produzione, l’articolo prende in esame soprattutto le Catechesi di Giovanni Paolo II con frequenti richiami e illustrazioni del pensiero del filosofo Karol Wojty´la. L’analisi dell’autore prende le mosse dall’esposizione di Giovanni Paolo II dei dati creaturali dei tre primi capitoli del libro della Genesi, esaminando, in particolar modo, i significati fondamentali della solitudine originaria dell’uomo verso la creazione e poi il rapporto maschio-femmina. Vengono illustrati quindi l’esperienza dell’amore e l’ethos del dono: l’esperienza cristiana è presentata dal Pontefice come evento e saggezza e legata all’esperienza di amore che l’uomo sperimenta nel rapporto di filiazione che lo unisce a Dio; l’esperienza dell’amore coniugale ruota attorno alla corporeità umana e ai suoi valori/significati. Il corpo assume dunque un significato sponsale che conserva anche dopo la caduta, testimonianza dell’innocenza originaria e della libertà del dono. In tale contesto l’esperienza dell’amore è vissuta come mediazione di una conoscenza che va al di là della persona dell’amato aprendo l’orizzonte al dono divino anteriore. Nella seconda parte del contributo si prendono in esame i significati dell’amore e l’esperienza etica della sessualità così come sviluppati da Giovanni Paolo II: nella corporeità umana, in cui è impressa la complementarietà biologica, vi è una chiamata alla comunione che non è solo comunione tra i due sessi, ma che rimanda a una divina comunione di Persone. L’autore esamina anche l’esercizio della sessualità in rapporto alla legge naturale intesa come conformità alla ragione umana protesa verso la verità. Tale conformità conduce alla retta comprensione dell’intima struttura dell’atto coniugale, la cui “verità ontologica” si manifesta nell'inscindibilità delle due dimensioni unitiva e procreativa. In questa ampia visione della sessualità è compreso anche il mistero dell’amore nuziale tra Cristo e la Chiesa: la comunione di vita e d’amore tra l’uomo e la donna ha come missione propria di significare e rendere attuale l’unione tra Cristo e la sua Chiesa. L’articolo termina con l’analisi del legame tra corpo e sacramento e della dimensione sacrificale e nuziale del dono eucaristico. ---------- Since the second half of the last century, the Church has found herself having to rethink the relationship between faith, theology, and anthropology within new problems concerning, for example, human sexuality. Without any doubt, a privileged interpreter of this reprocessing was John Paul II, who on more occasions had a way of reflecting upon and illustrating the theology, anthropology, and ethics that support the Christian vision of human sexuality. Out of the vast work produced, the article examines especially the Catecheses of John Paul II with frequent appeals to and illustrations of the thought of Karol Wojty´la. The author’s analysis begins its quest with John Paul II’s exposition of creatural data in the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis, examining in particular the fundamental meanings of the original solitude of man toward creation and then the relationship between male and female. The experience of love and the ethos of gift thus come to be illustrated: Christian experience is presented by the Pontiff as event and wisdom and is connected to the experience of love that man experiences in the relationship of filiation that unites Him to God. The experience of conjugal love revolves around human corporeity and its values/meanings. The body thus assumes a spousal meaning that remains even after the Fall, serving as testimony of original innocence and the freedom of gift. Within such a context, the experience of love is lived out as the mediation of knowledge that goes beyond the person of the loved, opening up the horizon to the earlier divine gift. In the second part of this contribution, the meanings of love and the ethical experience of sexuality as such are examined as developments by John Paul II: In human corporeity, upon which biological complementarity is impressed, there is a call to communion that is not only communion between the two sexes, but which refers back to a divine communion of Persons. The author also examines the exercise of sexuality in relation to a natural law intended as conformity to a human reason reaching toward truth. Such conformity leads to the proper understanding of the intimate structure of the conjugal act, whose “ontological truth” manifests itself through the inseparability of the two dimensions: unitive and the procreative. Within this comprehensive vision of sexuality also resonates the mystery of nuptial love between Christ and the Church: The communion of life and love between man and woman that has as its own mission to signify and render present the union between Christ and His Church. The article ends with an analysis of the connection between body and sacrament and of the sacrificial and nuptial dimension of the Eucharistic gift.
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Masiero, Érico, and Léa Cristina Lucas de Souza. "ESTABILIDADE ATMOSFÉRICA E COMPORTAMENTO DE ZONAS CLIMÁTICAS LOCAIS EM SÃO JOSÉ DO RIO PRETO - SP." Revista Brasileira de Climatologia 15 (April 15, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/abclima.v15i0.36455.
Анотація:
RESUMOEste estudo investiga a influência do grau de estabilidade atmosférica para a detecção de microclimas urbanos. O enfoque é verificar a variação de temperatura entre a área rural e urbana em condição de atmosfera estável e instável, segundo a classificação de Pasquil, Guifford e Turner, para fins de análise aplicada ao planejamento microclimático do ambiente térmico urbano. Tanto o ambiente construído quanto as condições do tempo meteorológico são responsáveis pelas variações de temperatura e umidade no ambiente urbano. Desta forma, se torna necessário aprimorar os métodos de recortes de tempo e espaço para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre clima urbano. Cinco sensores termo higrométricos foram distribuídos em diferentes Zonas Climáticas Locais – LCZs – na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil, sendo, uma área rural, uma próxima a um corpo d´água, uma no centro urbano e outras duas em um bairro residencial periférico. As variações de temperatura foram monitoradas de acordo com duas condições atmosféricas distintas, uma instável e outra estável subsequentemente. Os resultados indicaram que, sob condições de instabilidade atmosférica, a diferença entre o comportamento de temperatura nos cinco pontos foi menor que 2°C e, sob condições atmosféricas estáveis a diferença tende a aumentar. Destaca-se que, as maiores diferenças detectadas entre os valores de temperatura ocorreram entre a área ao redor do corpo d’água e o bairro periférico. Tais diferenças evidenciam a expressiva influência dos elementos urbanos sobre o microclima, principalmente durante o período mais estável da atmosfera. Conclui-se que, para o período mais instável da atmosfera, a absorção de energia pelo ambiente construído e a pluma de umidade exercida pelo corpo d’água sobre a cidade ficam menos perceptíveis e a variação de temperatura entre os pontos avaliados tende a se aproximar. Assim, a cuidadosa seleção, tanto do recorte de tempo quanto do recorte de espaço em pesquisas sobre clima urbano, se torna fundamental para a avaliação de microclimas urbanos. Palavras chave: microclima, estabilidade atmosférica, ambiente térmico urbano. Atmospheric Stability and Behavior of Local Climate Zones in São José do Rio Preto – SP ABSTRACTThis study investigates the degree influence of the atmospheric stability on the urban microclimate detection. The main focus is to check the temperature variation between rural and urban areas in conditions of stable and unstable atmosphere, according to the Pasquil Guifford and Turner classification, for urban microclimate planning and thermal environment analysis. Thus, it is necessary to improve the clippings methods of time and space for the research development on urban climate. Five thermo-hygrometer sensors were distribute in different Local Climate Zones – LCZ – in the city of São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, being one in a rural area, another near a water body, one in the city center and other two in a peripheral residential neighborhood. The temperature variations were monitored according to two different atmospheric conditions, an unstable and another one stable thereafter. The results indicated that, under unstable atmospheric conditions, the difference between the behavior of the five points of temperature was less than 2°C, under stable atmospheric conditions, the difference tends to increase. It is noteworthy that the greatest detected differences between the temperature values occurred between the area around the water body and the peripheral area. Such differences highlight the significant influence of urban elements on microclimate, especially during the most stable period of the atmosphere. It is concluded that for the most unstable period of the atmosphere, the energy absorption by the built environment and the carried moisture plume by the water body over the city are less noticeable, and the temperature variation between the points tends to be closer. Thus, careful selection as much as the clipping time as the cutout space on urban climate research becomes essential for the evaluation of urban microclimates. Estabilidad Atmosférica y el Comportamento de Zonas Climáticas Locales em São Jose do Rio Preto – SP ResumenEl presente estudio investiga la influencia del grado de estabilidad atmosférica para la detección de microclimas urbanos. El enfoque es verificar la variación de temperatura entre el área rural y urbana en condiciones de atmósfera estable e inestable, según la clasificación de Pasquil, Guifford y Turner, con el fin de realizar análisis aplicados a la planeación micro-climática del ambiente térmico urbano. Tanto el ambiente construido como las condiciones de tiempo meteorológico son responsables por las variaciones de temperatura y humedad en el ambiente urbano. De esta forma, se hace necesario mejorar los métodos de recortes de tiempo y espacio para el desarrollo de investigaciones sobre clima urbano. Cinco sensores termo-higrométricos fueron distribuidos en diferentes Zonas Climáticas Locales – LCZs- en la ciudad de São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil, siendo, una área rural, una próxima a un cuerpo de agua, una en el centro urbano e otras dos en un barrio residencial periférico. Las variaciones de temperatura fueron monitoreadas de acuerdo con dos condiciones atmosféricas distintas, una inestable y otra estable subsecuentemente. Los resultados indicaron que, bajo condiciones de inestabilidad atmosférica, la diferencia entre el comportamiento de la temperatura en los cinco puntos fue menor a 2°C y que, bajo condiciones atmosféricas estables la diferencia tiende a aumentar. Es importante destacar que las mayores diferencias detectadas entre los valores de temperatura ocurrieron entre el área alrededor del cuerpo de agua y el barrio periférico. Tales diferencias evidencian una expresiva influencia de los elementos urbanos sobre el microclima, principalmente durante el periodo más estable de la atmósfera. Se concluye que para el periodo más inestable de la atmosfera la absorción de energía por el ambiente construido y la columna de humedad ejercida por el cuerpo de agua sobre la ciudad son menos perceptibles y la variación de temperatura entre los puntos evaluados tiende a aproximarse. Así, la cuidadosa selección, tanto del recorte de tiempo como del recorte de espacio en investigaciones sobre clima, es fundamental para la evaluación de microclimas urbanos. Palabras clave: microclima, la estabilidad atmosférica, ambiente térmico urbano. Stabilité atmosphérique et comportement de zones climatiques locales de São José do Rio Preto - SP RÉSUMÉCette étude analyse l’influence du degré de stabilité atmosphérique sur la détection de microclimats urbains. Il s’agit précisément de vérifier les variations de température entre zone rurale et zone urbaine dans des conditions atmosphériques stables et instables, conformément à la classification de Pasquil, Guifford et Turner, afin de mener une analyse appliquée à la planification microclimatique de l’environnement thermique urbain. Aussi bien l’environnement bâti que les conditions météorologiques sont responsables des variations de température et d’humidité en milieu urbain. Il est donc nécessaire d’améliorer les méthodes de découpage du temps et de l’espace pour la mise en œuvre de recherches sur le climat urbain. Cinq capteurs thermo-hygrométriques ont été répartis dans différentes zones climatiques locales – LCZ – de la ville de São José do Rio Preto, État de São Paulo-Brésil : un en zone rurale, un à proximité d’un corps d’eau, un au centre-ville et deux dans des quartiers résidentiels périphériques. Les variations de température ont été relevées en fonction de deux conditions atmosphériques distinctes, stable et instable. Les résultats ont indiqué que dans des conditions d’instabilité atmosphérique, les différences de température entre les cinq zones étaient inférieures à 2°C, et qu’avec des conditions atmosphériques stables, cette différence avait tendance à augmenter. Il convient de souligner que les plus grandes différences de température détectées l’ont été entre la zone proche du corps d’eau et un des quartiers périphériques. De telles différences mettent en évidence l’influence significative des éléments urbains sur le microclimat, principalement en période de stabilité atmosphérique. On en a conclu que lors de périodes plus instables de l’atmosphère, l’absorption d’énergie par l’environnement bâti et la crête d’humidité provoquée par le corps d’eau sur la ville sont moins perceptibles et que la variation de température entre les points de contrôle tend à diminuer. Ainsi, dans le cadre des recherches sur le climat urbain, la sélection rigoureuse du découpage aussi bien temporel que spatial constitue un élément fondamental de l’évaluation des microclimats urbains. Mots-clés : microclimat, stabilité atmosphérique, environnement thermique urbain.