Статті в журналах: "Vacuum optical thin-film coating"

1

SHI, X., Y. H. HU, and L. HU. "TETRAHEDRAL AMORPHOUS CARBON (Ta-C) ULTRA THIN FILMS FOR SLIDER OVERCOAT APPLICATION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2002): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202010683.

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Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon (ta-C) thin film by using Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) technique has proven to be wear-resistive and corrosion resistant for a wide range of electrical, optical, and mechanical applications. Many investigations have shown that the ta-C film prepared by the FCVA technique can provide a superior ultra thin overcoat for the sliders and media compared to ECR-CVD and IBD coating technology. The ta-C film excels in terms of the film density, hardness, surface roughness and corrosion resistance. Nanofilm Technology International (NTI) has successfully developed and commercialized the FCVA coating system (FS series) for the slider overcoat application, which provides a good quality film with a high hardness (~50 GPa), low stress (2~3 GPa), low macro-particle density (~1/cm2 for particles > 0.3 μm), good uniformity (< 4%$ in 8 inch coating area) and high production repeatability (< 5%).

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D'Alessandro, Carmine, Davide de Maio, Daniela de Luca, Emiliano di Gennaro, Mariano Gioffrè, Mario Iodice, Marilena Musto, Giuseppe Rotondo, Davide Dalena, and Roberto Russo. "Solar Selective Coating for Thermal Applications." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.316.

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We present the results obtained using Cr2O3 as selective absorbing layer on aluminium film substrate. The thin films were deposited by electron beam evaporation using a multiple crucible e-gun able to deposit 4 materials in sequence without breaking the vacuum. Optical characterization of the multilayer films is based on ellipsometry and hemispherical reflectivity. The complex refractive index has been determinate and it has been used to design a selective solar absorber with high absorptance.

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SHARMA, SUDHIR KUMAR, V. K. SHARMA, and K. N. TRIPATHI. "FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTILAYER WAVEGUIDE FOR INTEGRATED OPTICS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 11, no. 02 (June 2002): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863502000936.

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We report on our systematic and detailed study of fabrication and characterization of polyaniline (PA) prepared by vacuum deposition and polystyrene (PS) prepared by dip coating method thin film optical waveguides. The four-layer consisting of substrate (glass)/PA/PS/air has been used for demonstrating polarization filter action.

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Şenay, Volkan, Soner Özen, Suat Pat, Birol Geçici, and Şadan Korkmaz. "A new method for titania thin film production." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 6 (November 5, 2015): 808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715614060.

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In this research, transparent titania (TiO2) thin films were deposited on a glass microscope slide and on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate under a high vacuum condition by means of the thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) method in a very short period of time (60 s). Optical properties and surface properties of the coated TiO2 surfaces are related to the structural changes of the coated layers due to ion energies and substrate effect. But obtained results are closely linked to literature values. Our analysis showed that the TVA method is an alternative method for low-temperature coatings and the produced films present important advantages for optical and industrial applications.

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Dang, Jun-Po, Xiu-Juan Jiang, and Zhen-Hua Tang. "Technique of TiNi-based shape memory alloy thin film coating on optical fibers." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 3 (2022): 030701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20211437.

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<sec>Intelligent, integrated and cost-effective micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and micro sensors can be developed with TiNi-based memory alloy thin film and optical fibers. Such devices can work in harsh environment, like in deep sea, in space with flammable or explosive objects, or with strong electromagnetic interference; and examples of their possible applications include gas concentration detection in underground mines, dynamic detection of production parameters in oil or gas mining, etc. As TiNi-based memory alloy thin film possesses good biocompatibility, such devices can also be used in intracranial/endocardial pressure test, surgical resection, early cancer assessment, etc. The successful development of the above MEMS and micro sensors involve optical fibers coated with memory alloy films. However, unlike the common planar substrates, optical fiber is of a cylinder with a small diameter, and how to grow good-quality memory alloy film on its surface remains to be explored.</sec><sec>In this work, the silica fibers are coated with TiNi memory alloy films by magnetron sputtering. How to choose the proper operating parameters in the sputtering process, and also the effects of subsequent annealing treatment on the films, are discussed in detail. Uniform thin films are grown on the 125-μm-diameter cylindrical surfaces of optical fibers with our built coating mask device specially designed for fibers. The experiments show that when target-substrate distance, background vacuum degree, Ar gas flow and sputtering time are fixed in the sputtering process, the sputtering power can be optimized, while a higher sputtering pressure results in lower film deposition rate but better surface roughness. The thin film is well crystallized under annealing, and the major martensite B19′ phase and minor austenite B2 phase coexist in the Ti<sub>49.09</sub>Ni<sub>50.91</sub> film. In the experiments, with the optimal operating parameters (sputtering power of 150 W and sputtering pressure of 0.23 Pa), TiNi memory alloy film about 852.2 nm in thickness is grown on the fiber at a deposition rate of 0.118 nm/s, and surface root mean square roughness of the unannealed film is 15.1 nm. Annealing at temperatures of 500, 550 and 600 ℃ are respectively tried, and such a thermal treatment evidently refines the crystalline grains inside the film. Surface root mean square roughness of the film annealed at 600 ℃ is reduced to 6.32 nm.</sec><sec>This work indicates that a glass fiber can be coated with high-quality TiNi-based memory alloy film, and it thus forms a part of the bases of further development of relevant MEMS and micro sensors.</sec>

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Zhang, Yu, Jiancang Su, Xudong Qiu, Rui Li, Liang Zhao, Binxiong Yu, Jie Cheng, Bo Zeng, and Xiudong Xu. "The effects of cathode electrodeposited polymer film on the long vacuum gap breakdown." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 81, no. 2 (February 2018): 21301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018170306.

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Vacuum surface discharge is one of the most important issues for vacuum insulation. In this paper, a method for breakdown field strength enhancement of long vacuum gap is put forward, through depositing polymer dielectric coating on the electrode surface. The physical mechanism that the polymer film changes the electrode surface state is analyzed. After a layer of polymer film is deposited on the electrode surface, the decreased surface field strength and improved micro-surface state both help to suppress the field electron emission from the cathode. The technique of cathode electrodeposition for high polymers such as epoxy resin (ER), epoxy acrylate (EA), polyimide (PI) and poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) was explored, and the thickness of the electrodeposited coating can reach 20–50 µm. The effects of the electrodeposited polymer coatings of electrodes on the 2.5 cm vacuum gap breakdown were studied under a high-voltage vacuum experiment platform. Experimental results showed that when ER, EA and PEEK coatings with thickness of 25–45 µm were respectively electrodeposited on the 95 cm2 plate cathode, the initial-breakdown field strengths of the 2.5 cm vacuum gap were enhanced by 20.7%–22.4%. The enhancement of the initial-breakdown field strength was restricted by the coating defects, grain boundary defects on the cathode surface, and the micro-triple-point emission after the fusing of some local coating points due to the electron bombardments.

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Venugopal, N., and Anirban Mitra. "Plasmonics Properties of ZnO/Ag/ZnO Multilayer Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.214.

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The optical properties of ZnO (Zinc Oxide)/Ag (silver)/ZnO (Zinc Oxide)/glass multilayer structure have been investigated. These properties could be tuned using the plasmonic properties of the intermediate Ag layer. ZnO thin film of 80 nm thickness has been deposited using Spray Pyrolysis on Glass Substrate. Prior to the deposition of approximately same thickness of ZnO like the previous one, a thin layer of Ag with thicknesses varying from 0.5 nm to 10 nm have been deposited using Vacuum Deposition. We have correlated the properties of multilayer thin film with thickness and morphology of the intermediate silver layer. Crystallographic properties of thin films have been characterized using XRD (X-ray Diffraction). Surface Morphology of Ag layer on ZnO has been studied using AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy). UV-VIS Spectrometer has been used to measure the optical transparency of these multilayer thin films. It has been observed that optical transparency of ZnO/Ag/ZnO/Glass thin film on glass substrate slightly enhanced compared to ZnO/ZnO/Glass. We interpret these experimental results with Maxwell-Garnett theory. The simulated and experimental SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) positions of ZnO/Ag/ZnO thin films are well matched. We expect that MG Theory interpretation of these kind Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric multilayer thin films were applicable only for Metallic Island thin films deposited using Vacuum coating method. We also describe the influence of Ag thickness on optical properties of the ZnO/Ag/ZnO composite and suggest a mechanism of tunability influenced by surface plasmons.

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Durisch, W., F. von Roth, and W. J. Tobler. "Advances in Gas-Fired Thermophotovoltaic Systems." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 4 (May 16, 2007): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2770749.

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In a first and completely new approach, a vacuum plasma-spray coating technique was used to deposit selective emitting rare-earth oxide films of ytterbia (Yb2O3) on porous silicon-infiltrated silicon carbide foams (Si–SiC). The plasma-spray coating technique offers a new and promising way to produce selective emitting coatings on different refractory substrates with complex geometries. The adhesion and thermal shock stability were tested until a film thickness of 130μm was achieved; the selective emittance of the oxide coating has been found to be dependent on the film thickness. The material combination Si–SiC and Yb2O3, however, needs some major improvement regarding high-temperature stability and high thermal cycling loads. In a different approach, the advantage of low emitting Al2O3 fibers and good thermal matching was combined with Yb2O3 slurry coating of flexible alumina (Al2O3) fiber bundles, formed into a cylindrical shape. The thin fiber structure tried to imitate the famous incandescent mantle emitters of Auer von Welsbach, but with a more rugged structure. Even though the fibers of the woven emitter were thin, the low thermal conductivity of Al2O3 led to a distinct reduction of the surface temperature and emittance, and a shielding effect of the radiation emanating from the hot inner walls by the cooler outer grid structure was inevitable. Optical filters consisting of a water film and of transparent conducting oxides (TCO) have been developed and tested to protect the photocells against overheating and to reflect nonconvertible off-band radiation back to the emitter. The water film led to a significant reduction of the cell temperature and increased cell performance, whereas with the TCO filters only a reduction of the cell temperature was observed.

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Lv, Qinghua, Jiachen Cui, Hasila Jarimi, Hui Lv, Zhongsheng Zhai, Yuehong Su, Saffa Riffat, and Shijie Dong. "Theoretic analysis and experimental evaluation of the spectrum transmission coefficient of a multilayer photovoltaic vacuum glazing." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 4 (September 15, 2020): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctaa026.

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Abstract This paper introduces an innovative thin film PV vacuum glazing (PV-VG) technology. In addition to electricity generation, the PV-VG glazing can also reduce heat loss from the building in winter and reduce heat gain in summer. In building integrated photovoltaics application, optical characterization of the PV glazing is important in determining the solar ray transmission and thermal transfer process of the glazing. This paper discusses the optical properties of the PV-VG glazing by considering the different layers of the glazing unit that includes a self-cleaning glass, a thin film PV glass and a low-e vacuum glazing. Based on the optical transfer matrix, the transmission coefficients of different film layers were deduced. The theoretical calculations were then validated against the transmission coefficient experiment of the PV-VG using an EDTM SS2450 Solar Spectrum Meter. The calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the single-layer glazing is generally within 5%, the calculation error of the transmission coefficient of the integrated PV-VG glazing is about 6%. The results show that the average visible light transmission coefficient, the average infrared light transmission coefficient and the overall transmission coefficient of PV-VG glazing are 19%, 16% and 12%, respectively. The study is important to optimize the visible light transmission of the PV-VG glazing; the optical model obtained above lays a solid foundation for further study of transmission coefficient analysis of different functional coating of PV-VG glazing.

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Dahan, Nathaniel, Nick Donaldson, Stephen Taylor, and Nuno Sereno. "Prolonging the Lifetime of PEEK Packages for Implantable Electronic Devices Using Commercially Available Vacuum Thin Film Coatings." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 11, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.417.

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For short term applications (less than three years), it may be possible to replace traditional long term packaging materials such as titanium with a biocompatible polymer such as PEEK. This paper investigates the use of commercially available thin films to decrease the water vapor permeation rate through the walls of a PEEK package. It was found that most physical vapor deposition (PVD) and plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition (PaCVD) coatings tested did not provide a significant improvement in lifetime, due to the porosity of the films produced. This is mostly linked to the morphology of the films (i.e., growth in columns which are poorly bonded together, creating a porous structure) and is exacerbated by the high surface roughness of the machined substrates. Applying a lacquer before coating reduces this effect significantly, and we found that the time constant of our coated packages was improved by a factor of 2.3. Based on the findings of our group's previous work and this paper, the maximum achievable lifetime of PEEK packages with a thin film coating and desiccant is presented. As an example, a coated cylindrical PEEK package (using atomic layer deposition, ALD) with a uniform wall thickness of 2 mm, an internal cavity size of 1.5 cm3, filled with 20% of desiccant, has a lifetime of 18.8 mo (27.2 mo with 30% of desiccant). This would be sufficient for a range of applications and provide a cheaper and more versatile packaging alternative to traditional packages.

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Zahid, Muhammad Aleem, Shahzada Qamar Hussain, Young Hyun Cho, and Junsin Yi. "Optical Properties of CaF2 Thin Film Deposited on Borosilicate Glass and Its Electrical Performance in PV Module Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 5647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165647.

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Calcium fluoride (CaF2) is deposited via vacuum thermal evaporation on borosilicate glass to produce an anti-reflection coating for use in solar modules. Macleod’s essential simulation is used to optimize the thickness of the CaF2 coating on the glass. Experimentally, a 120 ± 4 nm-thin CaF2 film on glass shows an average increase of ~4% in transmittance and a decrease of ~3.2% in reflectance, respectively, when compared to that of uncoated glass (Un CG), within the wavelength spectrum of approximately 350 to 1100 nm. The electrical PV performance of CaF2-coated glass (CaF2-CG) was analyzed for conventional and lightweight photovoltaic module applications. An improvement in the short-circuit current (Jsc) from 38.13 to 39.07 mA/cm2 and an increase of 2.40% in the efficiency (η) was obtained when CaF2-CG glass was used instead of Un CG in a conventional module. Furthermore, Jsc enhancement from 35.63 to 36.44 mA/cm2 and η improvement of 2.32% was observed when a very thin CaF2-CG was placed between the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and solar cell in a lightweight module.

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Chotirat, Ladawan, Sutham Niyomwas, Witthawat Wongpisan, and Sitthisuntorn Supothina. "Low-Temperature Synthesis of Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films by Sol-Gel Dip Coating Method." Journal of Nanotechnology 2021 (June 17, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4868152.

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The vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films were synthesized by sol-gel dipping on a glass slide substrate at low temperature of 500°C in a vacuum tube furnace at a pressure of 2 × 10−3 mbar by 2-step calcination without an intermediate gas purging. Synthesis conditions, including temperature, vacuum pressure, and calcination steps in the vacuum tube furnace, were investigated to find the optimum condition that promoted the formation of VO2 phase. It was found that the 2nd calcination step was very important in realizing the monoclinic vanadium dioxide (VO2 (M)). The results of the valence electron analysis revealed the outstanding phase of VO2 and a small amount of V2O5 and V2O3 phases. The small crystallites of the VO2 were homogeneously distributed on the surface, and the grain was of an irregular shape of ∼220−380 nm in size. The film’s thickness was in a range of 69−74 nm. The film exhibited a metal-to-insulator transformation temperature of ∼68oC and good thermochromic property. Visible optical transmittance remained at ∼40−50% when the sample’s temperature changed from 25 to 80°C for a near infrared (NIR) region.

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Kari, Nuerguli, Marco Zannotti, Rita Giovannetti, Patigu Maimaiti, Patima Nizamidin, Shawket Abliz, and Abliz Yimit. "Sensing Behavior of Metal-Free Porphyrin and Zinc Phthalocyanine Thin Film towards Xylene-Styrene and HCl Vapors in Planar Optical Waveguide." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071634.

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The sensing behavior of a thin film composed of metal-free 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (p-hydroxy phenyl) porphyrin and zinc phthalocyanine complex towards m-xylene, styrene, and HCl vapors in a homemade planar optical waveguide (POWG), was studied at room temperature. The thin film was deposited on the surface of potassium ion-exchanged glass substrate, using vacuum spin-coating method, and a semiconductor laser light (532 nm) as the guiding light. Opto-chemical changes of the film exposing with hydrochloric gas, m-xylene, and styrene vapor, were analyzed firstly with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The fabricated POWG shows good correlation between gas exposure response and absorbance change within the gas concentration range 10–1500 ppm. The limit of detection calculated from the logarithmic calibration curve was proved to be 11.47, 21.08, and 14.07 ppm, for HCl gas, m-xylene, and styrene vapors, respectively. It is interesting to find that the film can be recovered to the initial state with trimethylamine vapors after m-xylene, styrene exposures as well as HCl exposure. The gas-film interaction mechanism was discussed considering protonation and π-π stacking with planar aromatic analyte molecules.

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14

Liu, Ji Wan, Gui Lin Chen, Wei Feng Liu, Guo Shun Jiang, and Chang Fei Zhu. "Facile Synthesis of Cu₂SnSe₃ Thin Film via Sol-Gel Process." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 774–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.774.

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A low-cost non-vacuum process for fabrication of Cu2SnSe3 film by sol-gel method and knife-coating process is described. First, a certain amount of Copper (I) chloride and tin (IV) tetrachloride was dissolve into the mixture of water and alcohol and then some Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) was added to the solution to obtain based colloidal solution. Next, precursor thin layer was deposited by knife-blading technique on soda-lime glass (SLG). Finally, precursor layer was annealed at selenium flow atmosphere carried by Ar gas at 550oC. Through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectra, it is found that pure Cu2SnSe3 film was prepared successfully. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–vis–NIR absorbance spectroscopy were used to characterize its morphology and optical bandgap.

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15

Yadav, J. B., R. K. Puri, and V. Puri. "Optical and mechanical properties of vacuum evaporated vapour chopped polyaniline thin film." Applied Surface Science 253, no. 20 (August 2007): 8474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.04.022.

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Barth, K. L., and W. S. Sampath. "Environmentally benign vacuum deposition with air-to-vacuum-to-air technology." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 3 (March 1995): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0493.

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The deposition of thin films and coatings frequently results in the generation of toxic waste, volatile organic compounds, or large amounts of waste water and sludge. Vapor deposition in vacuum offers a more environmentally benign alternative, but is not prevalent outside of the microelectronics industry due to economic reasons. However, vacuum coating could be more widely accepted, and could potentially replace nonvacuum deposition methods, if either the cycle time or costs associated with vacuum coating were reduced. In order to reduce the cycle time for vacuum deposition, a robust system for continuous air-to-vacuum-to-air (AVA) transportation of discreet substrates has been developed and constructed in this study. This technology allows the insertion of discrete components into vacuum at high rates, without the need for venting the deposition chamber. Substrates have been repeatedly transported from atmosphere to 10−5 Torr in under a second. The capability of the AVA technology was studied through the deposition and characterization of CdS and CdTe films and photovoltaic devices. With the AVA technology, the need for venting the vacuum chamber to insert the substrates and subsequent pumping of the system for deposition is eliminated. The AVA technology could be applied to the processing of silicon wafers, compact disks, optical components, solar cells, cutting tools, and fasteners.

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Zinchenko, V. F., V. E. Chygrynov, and Ie V. Timukhin. "CVD – Composites as Perspective Materials for Interference Optics of an IR Spectrum Range (Review)." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.2.307-315.

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The general mechanism of thermal evaporation in vacuum of chalcogenide (oxide) metal − germanium composites is established. Thermodynamic calculations define values of conditional temperatures which are essentially lower in comparison with such for initial components. Possibility of formation at condensation on a substrate of thin-film coatings which possess high optical and operational parameters is revealed.

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18

Alrobei, Hussein, Adnan Maqbool, Muhammad Asif Hussain, Rizwan Ahmed Malik, Muhammad Ramzan Abdul Karim, Ibrahim AlBaijan, Azeem Hafiz, and Muhammad Latif. "Single-Step Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoscale Cu Thinfilms for Optoelectronic Applications." Crystals 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010062.

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Nanostructured materials with optical transmittance with sufficient electrical conductivity are feasible for the transparent electrical devices and optoelectronic applications. Copper (Cu) possesses inherent superior electrical conductivity. Cu thin films on glass substrates provide the basic design understanding of the transparent electrodes for humidity sensors and solar cells applications. To understand the fundamental fabrication and electrical properties, a single-step facile fabrication approach was applied for Cu nanofilms through the DC sputtering method. Correlation of thickness of Cu nanofilms with optical and electrical properties was established. Parameters such as current, voltage, vacuum pressure, and time of coating were varied to develop different thickness of metal coating. Under optimized conditions of 10−1 torr vacuum, 1.45 KV voltage, and 4–6 min coating time, a conductive path is successfully established. A 1 min coated sample demonstrated resistance of 4000 ohm and conductance of a 6 min coated sample was raised to 56 m-mho. A higher surge of voltage assisted the production of relatively thick and uniform coatings with the crystallite size of 12 nm. The average coating thickness of 19.8 nm and roughness of 4.5 nm was obtained for a 5 min coated sample through AFM analysis. Further, it was observed that uniform nanostructured coating is essential to establish a mean free path of coated particles.

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Inoue, Satoshi, Yoshiaki Hattori, and Masatoshi Kitamura. "Organic monolayers modified by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation for solution-processed organic thin-film transistors." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, SE (April 5, 2022): SE1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac4b92.

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A trimethylsilyl-monolayer modified by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light has been investigated for use in solution-processed organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The VUV irradiation changed a hydrophobic trimethylsilyl-monolayer formed from hexamethyldisilazane vapor into a hydrophilic surface suitable for solution processing. The treated surface was examined via water contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An appropriate irradiation of VUV light enabled the formation of a dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) film on a modified monolayer by spin-coating. Consequently, the C8-BTBT-based OTFT with a monolayer modified for an optimal VUV irradiation time exhibited a field-effect mobility up to 4.76 cm2 V−1 s−1. The partial monolayer modification with VUV can be adapted to a variety of solution-processes and organic semiconductors for prospective printed electronics.

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Arbab, Mehran. "Sputter-Deposited Low-Emissivity Coatings on Glass." MRS Bulletin 22, no. 9 (September 1997): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033972.

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Low-emissivity (low-E) and solarcontrol coatings increase the energy efficiency of clear float soda-lime-silicate glass for architectural and automotive window applications. At the same time, coated glass largely maintains its neutral color and high visible transmittance. Two major classes of coated products are currently available for the architectural market: The more durable chemicalvapor- deposition (CVD) coatings are deposited on float glass as it is formed. The vacuum deposited low-E coatings, which are the subject of this article, have superior spectral performance and are deposited off-line by the sputter-deposition process. Many elements of this subjecthave been discussed in the literature, covering energy efficiency for windows, specific examples of low-E coating, a J2 6 brief outline of the deposition techniques, and a more detailed account of optical design considerations for low-E thin-film coatings, particularly for single metal-layer systems. This article briefly discusses aspects of these coatings that relate to their design, performance, and preparation. More attention is given to the materials that constitute the different layers of these coatings and to their specific properties and function.

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Кузин, С. В., С. А. Богачев, Н. Ф. Ерхова, А. А. Перцов, И. П. Лобода, А. А. Рева, А. А. Холодилов та ін. "Солнечный телескоп вакуумного ультрафиолетового диапазона для наноспутников". Журнал технической физики 91, № 10 (2021): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2021.10.51355.115-21.

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Within the Universat program, a set of solar vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) telescopes has been developed for deployment on 6U nanosatellites. Telescopes are designed to get images of the solar corona. The spectral ranges of observations is considered, the characteristics of the nanosatellite from the point of view of the observations feasibility are opmized, the optical scheme of the telescope and VUV multilayer mirrors coatings and thin-film filters are modelled.

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Martinez, Manuel F., Shaimum Shahriar, Donato Kava, Cheik Sana, Vanessa Castaneda, Jose Galindo, and Deidra R. Hodges. "Effects of Processing Parameters on Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Single Solution Deposition." MRS Advances 1, no. 47 (2016): 3199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.328.

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ABSTRACTZinc oxide thin films were prepared via the sol-gel spin-coating method with the use of a spin processor. The film’s annealing parameters were varied to study their impact on the final film morphology and electrical properties. Characterization of the structural properties of the samples was carried on a X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. Electrical characterization was obtained with the use of a four point probe. Optical characterization of the samples was carried on a UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer. Samples annealed under a cover are observed to have a higher transmission percentage on the visible light range while having a very small grain size and small relative resistivity. Samples annealed under standard atmospheric conditions show a larger grain size and resistivity, and correlated to it, a smaller transmission percentage. Samples annealed under vacuum prove to have a much more reduced optical, electrical, and structural properties when compared to the rest of the samples.

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23

Sionova, Marcela, Martin Vala, Jozef Krajčovič, and Martin Weiter. "Optical and Optoelectronic Characterization of Novel Diketopyrrolopyrroles for Organic Electronics and Photonics." Materials Science Forum 851 (April 2016): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.851.183.

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Organic molecules are potential materials for cheap organic electronics and photonics. Small molecules have some major benefits when compared to polymeric materials (a perfectly defined chemical structure, purification of a single molecule is easier, the analysis of the relationship between structure and properties is more straightforward, etc.) and this has led to greater interest in these materials. The aim of this study was to synthesize and characterize novel DPP with N,N-substitution for use in organic electronics and photonics. The easy solubility of some prepared materials facilitates the preparation of thin film structures, e.g. by printing technology which is appropriate for their possible future commercial production. The materials were characterized with respect to their molecular structure. Optical and electrical properties of the devices were investigated. These small molecule thin films were prepared by spin-coating and vacuum evaporation. Their optical properties were studied by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, the electrical conductivity was studied by steady state current-voltage characterization. Photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and photoluminescence lifetime was measured as well. Subsequently, the different structures of organic solar cells were prepared and their photovoltaic properties were studied.

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24

U. S. Sarma. "Metal Coated Coir Fiber for Smart Textile Applications." CORD 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v26i1.135.

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Thermo regulated textiles attracted attention in cold countries for outdoor activities in extreme winter conditions. Temperature regulation of textiles for use in adverse environmental condition can be achieved by integrating heat regulated natural fibers into textile construction. Coir being an abundantly available, cheap and biodegradable natural fiber seems to be a material worthy of investigation. Light weight and insulation of coir fiber add to the comfort of the wearer in textile application. In this study, coir surface is made conductive by metal coating and temperature regulation is achieved by applying a small voltage. Copper, aluminium and silver metals are used for coating the coir fiber surface. Thin film coating on one side of coir fiber is done by vacuum deposition technique. Temperature regulation of upto 12 degrees is found to be possible by the application of a potential of about 1 Volt. Analysis of variance is used to compare the effect of thickness of coating and type of coating material on heat production with respect to voltage. Metal coating on coir fiber is found to provide a versatile combination of physical, thermal and optical properties and can be subjected to textile processing without any problem for the development of smart textiles.

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25

Glosse, Philipp, Stefan Denneler, Oliver Stier, and Ralf Moos. "Investigation of the Powder Aerosol Deposition Method Using Shadowgraph Imaging." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102502.

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The powder aerosol deposition method (PAD) is a vacuum-based spray coating technology. It allows for production of highly dense coatings at room temperature, especially of brittle-breaking materials. This yields new options for coating substrate materials that even melt at low temperatures. The film formation mechanism is called room temperature impact consolidation (RTIC). The occurrence of this mechanism is strongly linked to the gas jet used in the process. The velocity and direction of the particles in the gas jet forming between the nozzle orifice and the substrate are the main factors influencing the quality of the coating. This dependency aimed to be elaborated with a measurement setup and coating experiments and is shown in this work. We investigated the gas jet formation using a shadow optical imaging system. Regions of different gas density are visualized by this technique. Several parameter sets, in particular gas flow rates and chamber pressures, were investigated. In addition, coatings were produced on glass substrates with the same parameters. As a coating material, the superconducting ceramic-like magnesium diboride (MgB2) was chosen. A correlation between shadow images and thickness profiles of the coatings shows how the gas jet formation affects the uniformity of thickness. Shadow optical images provide valuable information on the flight direction of the particles and allow validation of simulation results.

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26

Vishwakarma, Ankit Kumar, Nitish Kumar Yadav, and Lallan Yadava. "Detection of Toluene Using CdS–TiO2 Thin Film Gas Sensor." Sensor Letters 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 804–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2019.4149.

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In recent years, significant interest has been shown in the design and development of sensing devices which can be used to identify toxic, combustible gases and organic vapors. The detection of air pollutants such as hydrocarbons, which often has to face in everyday life, is the necessity of mankind. In the present study, undoped and the CdS-doped titanium dioxide (CdS–TiO2) thin film has been fabricated on the glass substrate by the thermal evaporation method using High Hind Vacuum coating unit model number 12 A4D. The several samples of different thickness lie in rang (450 μm to 500 μm) were fabricated. The sensing properties of fabricated CdS-doped TiO2 thin film were examined for toluene gas at room temperature (300 K). The response and recovery time of the sensor were measured varying the concentration of toluene (0–5000 ppm) in air ambient and it is 22 for undoped TiO2 and 38 for CdS–TiO2 thin film. The response and recovery time of the sensors is the 70 s and 125 s for exposed toluene gas at room temperature. We observed that the fabricated CdS–TiO2 thin film is a suitable detector for detection of toluene gas at room temperature.

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27

Xu, Zhujing, Zubin Jacob, and Tongcang Li. "Enhancement of rotational vacuum friction by surface photon tunneling." Nanophotonics 10, no. 1 (September 18, 2020): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0391.

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AbstractWhen a neutral sphere is rotating near a surface in vacuum, it will experience a frictional torque due to quantum and thermal electromagnetic fluctuations. Such vacuum friction has attracted many interests but has been too weak to be observed. Here we investigate the vacuum frictional torque on a barium strontium titanate (BST) nanosphere near a BST surface. BST is a perovskite ferroelectric ceramic that can have large dielectric responses at GHz frequencies. At resonant rotating frequencies, the mechanical energy of motion can be converted to electromagnetic energy through resonant photon tunneling, leading to a large enhancement of the vacuum friction. The calculated vacuum frictional torques at resonances at sub-GHz and GHz frequencies are several orders larger than the minimum torque measured by an optically levitated nanorotor recently, and are thus promising to be observed experimentally. Moreover, we calculate the vacuum friction on a rotating sphere near a layered surface for the first time. By optimizing the thickness of the thin-film coating, the frictional torque can be further enhanced by several times.

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28

Starodubov, Andrey V., Stanislav Andreevich Makarkin, Alexey Alexandrovich Serdobintsev, Anton Mikhailovich Pavlov, Victor Vladimirovich Galushka, and Ilya Olegovich Kozhevnikov. "STUDY OF RESISTIVE THIN-FILM COATINGS FOR APPLICATION IN MILLIMETER-BAND VACUUM POWER AMPLIFIERS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 105 (2020): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierc20041604.

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29

Zinchenko, V. F., I. R. Magunov, O. V. Mozkova, O. V. Sviridova, and T. Truglas. "Amorphous nano-structured coatings prepared from CVD-composites." Himia, Fizika ta Tehnologia Poverhni 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/hftp12.04.301.

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The main idea of the work is the development of a cheap and easy method for the manufacture of nanostructured systems based on the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Beginning with a new class of materials for interference optics in the infrared (IR) range of the spectrum, the evaporation of composites of systems germanium-metal chalcogenide (oxide), in particular, of the Ge-ZnS and Ge-Sb2Se3 systems was studied. They evaporate in vacuum congruently, and upon condensation on substrates form nano-structured thin-film coatings. In the first of these systems, the coating has an X-ray amorphous nature: the formation of a nano-dispersed composite in a Ge-ZnS film is confirmed by the absence of characteristic peaks of Ge and ZnS in X-ray diffraction patterns, but the formation of a characteristic halo takes place. At the same time, upon evaporation and condensation of a sample of the Ge-Sb2Se3 system, a glassy structure is formed; this is confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), where no crystalline regions were found. The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy measurements of the coating (about 10 at.% of Ge, 40 at.% of Sb and Se, respectively) indicate a certain deviation from the stoichiometry compared to the initial sample of the system. This may indicate a slightly lower volatility of germanium selenides compared to antimony selenides. The EDX line scans along the cross-section of the coating exhibited strong fluctuations in the concentration of elements, and, consequently, the heterogeneity of the coating in terms of composition. Both coatings have high mechanical strength (group 0). At the same time, their optical properties differ significantly: the refractive indices are 3.00 and 3.66 for the Ge-ZnS and Ge-Sb2Se3 systems, respectively. It is believed that nano-structuring in the above systems is due to the high capability of germanium to amorphize upon condensation on a glass substrate.

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30

Roth, Stephan. "In-situ grazing incidence scattering in information and communication technology." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314091244.

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Novel functional materials rely on a profound understanding of nanoscale structure and processing. Employed as multilayered thin films and coatings, they find applications in smart sensors, organic electronics, organic photovoltaics and barrier layers. To create such organic and inorganic multilayers a multitude of deposition methods is used. These include processing from liquid phase, such as ink-jet printing, spray-coating, spin-coating, as well as vacuum deposition. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) is a very powerful tool to investigate processes in-situ and in-operando and in real-time [1,2,3]. GIXS allows for combining with micro- and nanofocused X-ray beams as well as complementary investigation tools at the same time. Therefore one obtains full structural and morphological understanding of functional materials and to correlate this knowledge with the desired functionality. I will present selected examples for application of GIXS in information and communication technology. This comprises vacuum deposition with millisecond time resolution and on functional materials. Combining GIXS and imaging ellipsometry, we are able to follow in-situ the installation of functional thin films by droplet casing. Furthermore, this powerful combination allows for examining the stability of nanostructure and optical constants in nanostructured polymeric films for high temperature applications. I complement my talk with the example of GIXS and spray deposition as one rapid deposition method to obtain functional coatings.

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31

Aiempanakit, K., Supattanapong Dumrongrattana, and P. Rakkwamsuk. "Influence of Structural and Electrical Properties of ITO Films on Electrochromic Properties of WO₃ Films." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.921.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) films had been deposited on glass substrate without substrate heating and then tungsten oxide (WO3) films were deposited on ITO films by DC magnetron sputtering. In this work, we present the annealing ambient effect of ITO substrate on electrochromic properties of WO3 films. The ITO films were annealing in air and in vacuum at 350°C before coating with WO3 films. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of ITO films for as-deposited, annealing in air and in vacuum were investigated by X-ray diffraction, UV-VIS-NIR spectroscope and four point probe. The ITO films had a better crystallinity and lager grain size after annealing in air and in vacuum. The resistivity of ITO films increase with annealing in air, but decrease with annealing in vacuum. The WO3 films show difference surface morphology with higher grain size and surface roughness when coating on annealed ITO films in both cases. The electrochemical properties of film systems were characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The film systems of ITO plus WO3 showed that the charge capacity of ITO substrate annealing in vacuum was higher than the as-deposited ITO substrate and the ITO substrate annealing in air, respectively. This result corresponded to electrical conductivity of each ITO substrate.

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32

Zhang, Jing, De Gui Sun, Xiu Hua Fu, and Dong Mei Liu. "Study and Fabrication of Multi-Band Filter Film on ZnS Substrate." Key Engineering Materials 552 (May 2013): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.552.147.

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In order to satisfy the special requirements of IR optical instrument, multi-band filter film on the substrate of ZnS is deposited by adopting electron beam vacuum depositing method with the ion assistant deposition technology. At incident angle of 0°～25°, 660nm high reflection and 1064nm and 3～5μm high transmission are realized. ZnS and YbF3 are selected as the high and low refractive index materials, and the film structure prepared easily is getting by optimizing the film system design curve ceaselessly. The precision of thickness control has been improved by adjusting film process parameters and improving film thickness control methods. The adhesion and firmness of film and substrate has been increased by pre-coating and mixed evaporation technology, and the laser induced damage threshold of film has been improved with vacuum annealing. The deposited film can endure the environmental tests such as rain pour, salt fog, and high and low temperature etc, and meet its practical requirement.

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33

Bastawros, A. F., and K. S. Kim. "Experimental Study on Electric-Current Induced Damage Evolution at the Crack Tip in Thin Film Conductors." Journal of Electronic Packaging 120, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792646.

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The time dependent temperature distribution induced by electric current heating in a double edge cracked, unpassivated thin aluminum or gold film interconnect lines is monitored using a high resolution infrared imaging system. A pure aluminum or gold film, with a thickness of 0.2 μm, is deposited by high vacuum evaporation coating and patterned into test structures of varying widths. The operative mechanisms of mass transport are assessed in view of the monitored temperature profile. The pre-cracked aluminum film shows fine crack growth towards the positive electrode, which originates from the initial crack tips. The crack-tip temperature is close to melting, during propagation. After the initial crack propagation, a hot spot is formed between the two elongated cracks, and leads to failure. The crack growth generates a backward mass flow towards the negative electrode. The gold film shows a different pattern, in which the original cracks propagate towards each other with a slight tilt towards the negative electrode. The tip temperature is lower than the melting temperature. These time dependent failure mechanisms are rationalize using a proposed critical current intensity factor and a normalized current intensity rate, similar to the fracture toughness KIC for brittle fracture.

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34

Tanaka, Kunihiko, Masatoshi Oonuki, Noriko Moritake, and Hisao Uchiki. "Cu2ZnSnS4Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cells prepared by non-vacuum processing." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93, no. 5 (May 2009): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.009.

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35

Tumbul, Ahmet, Abdullah Göktaş, Maharram Z. Zarbali, and Ferhat Aslan. "Structural, morphological and optical properties of the vacuum-free processed CZTS thin film absorbers." Materials Research Express 5, no. 6 (June 13, 2018): 066408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aac80e.

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36

Biswas, S., M. F. Hossain, T. Takahashi, Y. Kubota, and A. Fujishima. "Photocatalytic activity of high-vacuum annealed CdS–TiO2 thin film." Thin Solid Films 516, no. 21 (September 2008): 7313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2008.01.006.

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37

Wu, G., A. M. Valente, H. L. Phillips, H. Wang, A. T. Wu, T. J. Renk, and P. Provencio. "Studies of niobium thin film produced by energetic vacuum deposition." Thin Solid Films 489, no. 1-2 (October 2005): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.04.099.

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38

Stanculescu, Anca, Marcela Socol, Ana Maria Albu, O. Rasoga, Florin Stanculescu, I. Ionita, and Ionut Enculescu. "Investigations of the Correlation between the Preparation Method and the Properties of Anilinic Derivative Functionalised Polymer Thin Films for Non-Linear Optical Applications." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.798.

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This paper presents a study of two copolymers, maleic anhydride and methylmethacrilate/maleic anhydride and vinyl benzyl chloride, functionalised with polar chromophoric groups such as 2,4 dinitroaniline. Thin films have been prepared by vacuum evaporation and spin coating methods on silicon and glass substrates. UV-VIS, FTIR, XRD and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy have been used to comparatively investigate the effect of the preparation method on the properties of the thin films obtained with functionalized copolymer. SEM has evidenced differences in the morphologies of the layers suggesting a degradation of the polymeric chain during the evaporation process to fragments that conserve unchanged the chromophoric group. This explains the presence of two types of non-linear phenomena, the second harmonic emission and two-photon luminescence emissions for both vacuum evaporated and spin coated films.

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39

Gadalla, Atef S., Hamdan A. S. Al-shamiri, Saad Melhi Alshahrani, Huda F. Khalil, Mahmoud M. El Nahas, and Mohamed A. Khedr. "Epitaxial Growth and Optical Properties of Laser Deposited CdS Thin Films." Coatings 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12010087.

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In this study, cadmium Sulfide (CdS) thin films were synthesized on quartz substrates using an infrared pulsed laser deposition (IR-PLD) technique under high vacuum (~10−6 Torr) conditions. X-ray diffraction was used to evaluate the structural features. According to X-ray analysis, the deposited CdS films are crystalline and have a favored orientation on a plane (110) of an orthorhombic. The peak intensity and the average crystallite size increases with increasing the film thickness. After annealing at 300 °C, the orthorhombic phase transformed into a predominant hexagonal phase and the same result was obtained by SEM photographs as well. Spectrophotometric measurements of transmittance and reflectance of the CdS films were used to derive optical constants (n, k, and absorption coefficient α). The optical band gap energy was found to be 2.44 eV. The plasma plume formation and expansion during the film deposition have also been discussed. The photocurrent response as a function of the incident photon energy E (eV) at different bias voltages for different samples of thicknesses (85, 180, 220 and 340 nm) have been studied, indicating that the photocurrent increases by increasing both the film thickness and photon energy with a peak in the vicinity of the band edge. Thus, the prepared CdS films are promising for application in optoelectronic field.

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40

Liu, Han Wu, Wen Jing Sun, and Shuai Gao. "Study on the Experimental Preparation of the SiO₂ Minus Reflection Film of the Solar Spectrum Selective Absorption Coating." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.182.

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In order to meet the applications of the solar power air-conditioning, solar power generation and in the high-end flat plate collector domestic market and architecture, the study on the middle-high temperature solar selective absorption coating has attracted people's attention. In this paper, SS-N-O and SiO2 were used as the absorption and the minus reflection film. The high-performance middle-high temperature flat solar selective absorption coating with excellent optical properties (absorption ratio was greater than 0.92 and the launch ratio was less than 0.09), strong oxidation resistance and weather resistance was prepared by the use of magnetron sputtering technique. By controlling the process parameters and the experimental tests of the optical properties, a good performance SiO2 minus reflection film was obtained, and then combined it with SS-N-O to form a relatively inexpensive gradient coating which could meet the relevant performance requirements. The experimental results show that: in the conditions of that the vacuum degree was 2.8 × 10-3 Pa, sputtering voltage was 268 V, argon gas flow was 4.0 sccm, oxygen flow rate was 0.7 sccm and the sputtering current was 1.3 A, borosilicate glass 3.3 was used as a carrier, the SiO2 minus reflection film which reflectance and transmittance were respectively 0.121 and 0.740 was obtained by 30 minutes of stable magnetron sputtering. This minus reflection film was combined well with the gradual double-layer absorption film SS-N-O, and the absorption rate was increased by 0.049.

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41

Marszałek, Konstanty, Paweł Winkowski, and Marta Marszałek. "Antireflective bilayer coatings based on Al2O3 film for UV region." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0011.

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AbstractBilayer antireflective coatings consisting of aluminium oxide Al2O3/MgF2 and Al2O3/SiO2 are presented in this paper. Oxide films were deposited by means of e-gun evaporation in vacuum of 5 × 10-3 Pa in the presence of oxygen, and magnesium fluoride was prepared by thermal evaporation on heated optical lenses made from quartz glass (Corning HPFS). Substrate temperature was maintained at 250 _C during the deposition. Thickness and deposition rate were controlled with a thickness measuring system Inficon XTC/2. The experimental results of the optical measurements carried out during and after the deposition process have been presented. Physical thickness measurements were made during the deposition process and resulted in 44 nm/52 nm for Al2O3/MgF2 and 44 nm/50 nm for Al2O3/SiO2 system. Optimization was carried out for ultraviolet region with minimum of reflectance at 300 nm. The influence of post deposition annealing on the crystal structure was determined by X-ray measurements. In the range from ultraviolet to the beginning of visible region, the reflectance of both systems decreased and reached minimum at 290 nm. The value of reflectance at this point, for the coating Al2O3/MgF2 was equal to R290nm = 0.6 % and for Al2O3/SiO2R290nm = 1.1 %. Despite the difference between these values both are sufficient for applications in the UV optical systems for medicine and UV laser technology.

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42

MOSHABAKI, AREZOO, ERFAN KADIVAR, and ALIREZA FIROOZIFAR. "INFLUENCE OF PROCESS PARAMETERS ON OPTICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ITO THIN FILM." Surface Review and Letters 27, no. 07 (December 17, 2019): 1950183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x1950183x.

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Indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films have been deposited on glass substrate by DC magnetron sputtering in the presence and absence of oxygen gas flux. Subsequently, some of the samples have been annealed in vacuum or air oven at [Formula: see text]C for 20[Formula: see text]min. The optical, surface morphology and electrical characteristics have been examined by spectrophotometry, atomic force microscope, field emission scanning electron microscopy, four-point probe and Hall effect measurements as a function of argon gas flux, film thickness, deposition rate and substrate temperature. Experimental results indicate that the surface roughness increases by decreasing the argon gas flow rate and deposition rate. The result revealed that the lowest surface roughness of 1.07[Formula: see text]nm is achieved at zero oxygen gas flux, argon gas flow 20[Formula: see text]sccm and deposition rate [Formula: see text] Å/s. We have found that the maximum value of merit figure is related to the argon gas flow rate 30[Formula: see text]sccm. In order to obtain a very smooth surface, finally, the ITO thin films have been processed with alumina polishing solution by ultrasonic method. Our experimental results indicate that surface roughness decreases and merit figure increases after polishing process.

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43

Peng, Yu Ming, Yan Kuin Su, and Ru Yuan Yang. "Influence of Annealing Atmosphere on the Characteristics of Sol-Gel Derived ITO Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 684 (April 2013): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.279.

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In this paper, the Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) thin ﬁlms were prepared by a sol-gel dip coating method and then annealed at 600°C under different atmosphere (vacuum, N2 and 96.25%N2+3.75%H2). Their microstructure, optical and electrical properties were investigated and discussed. Suitable atmosphere can improve the crystalline of the ITO films, therefore the optical and electrical properties of the ITO films are improved. The uv-vis results showed the maximum of transmittance in the visible range (380-780 nm) of 85.6% and the lowest resistivity of 4.4×10-2 Ω-cm when the ITO films were annealed under 96.25% N2 with 3.75% H2 atmosphere.

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44

Bunshah, R. F., and C. V. Deshpandey. "Evaporation Processes." MRS Bulletin 13, no. 12 (December 1988): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400063673.

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Physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology consists of the basic techniques of evaporation deposition and sputter deposition. PVD is used to deposit films and coatings or self-supported shapes such as sheet, foil, tubing, etc. The thickness of the deposits can vary from angstroms to millimeters.Applications range widely, from decorative to utilitarian and over significant segments of the engineering, chemical, nuclear, microelectronics, and related industries. They have been increasing rapidly because modern high technology demands multiple and often conflicting sets of properties from engineering materials, e.g., combination of two or more of the following: high temperature strength, impact strength, specific optical, electrical or magnetic properties, wear resistance, fabricability into complex shapes, biocompatibility, cost, etc. A single or monolithic material cannot meet such demands. The solution is a composite material, a core material and a coating each having the requisite properties to meet the specifications.This article will review evaporation-based deposition technologies, theory and mechanisms, processes, deposition of various types of materials, and also the evolution of the microstructure and its relationship to the properties of the deposits.The first evaporated thin films were probably prepared by Faraday in 1857 when he exploded metal wires in a vacuum. The deposition of thin metal films in vacuum by Joule heating was discovered in 1887 by Nahrwold and was used by Kundt in 1888 to measure refractive indices of such films. In the ensuing period, the work was primarily of academic interest, concerned with optical phenomena associated with thin layer of metals, research into kinetics and diffusion of gases, and gas-metal reactions.

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45

Shukla, Gaurav, and Alika K. Khare. "Effect of Annealing on Structural and Optical Properties of Pulsed Laser Deposited Titanium Dioxide Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 67 (April 2009): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.67.65.

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TiO2 is a widely studied material for many important applications in areas such as environmental purification, photocatalyst, gas sensors, cancer therapy and high effect solar cell. However, investigations demonstrated that the properties and applications of titanium oxide films depend upon the nature of the crystalline phases present in the films, i.e. anatase and rutile phases. We report on the pulsed laser deposition of high quality TiO2 thin films. Pulsed Laser deposition of TiO2 thin films were performed in different ambient viz. oxygen, argon and vacuum, using a second harmonic of Nd:YAG laser of 6 ns pulse width. These deposited films of TiO2 were further annealed for 5hrs in air at different temperatures. TiO2 thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction, SEM, photoluminescence, transmittance and reflectance. We observed effect of annealing over structural, morphological and optical properties of TiO2 thin films. The anatase phase of as-deposited TiO2 thin films is found to change into rutile phase with increased annealing temperature. Increase in crystalline behaviour of thin films with post-annealing temperature is also observed. Surface morphology of TiO2 thin films is dependent upon ambient pressure and post- annealing temperature. TiO2 thin films are found to be optically transparent with very low reflectivity hence will be suitable for antireflection coating applications.

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Hozuki, Nana, Kenichi Kaminaga, Shingo Maruyama, Daisuke Shiga, Hiroshi Kumigashira, Hidetaka Takato, Michio Kondo, and Yuji Matsumoto. "Room-Temperature Preparation of Ta Ions-Containing Ionic Liquid and its Vapor Deposition toward Ta-Oxide Film Coating." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 013504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac48c5.

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Ta ions-containing solutions, which are brown in color with no precipitation, were successfully prepared through an electroelution process with ionic liquid (IL). An as-delivered Ta metal plate covered with a passivation oxide film could be easily eluted even at room temperature by simply applying an anodic potential of, e.g. +2.2 V vs Ag in [Bmim][PF6] IL. According to the quantity of electric charge required for oxidation of Ta, most Ta ions in the IL were suggested to be in an oxidation state of +5, which was also confirmed by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Ta ions in IL were found to thermally evaporate together with IL molecules by heating in a vacuum, forming a deposit of the Ta ions-containing IL on a substrate. The Ta concentrations in the deposits were reduced uniquely by about one order of magnitude from those in the original bulk source through the evaporation process under the present conditions. Furthermore, a possibility of the formation of thin film-like Ta oxide from such a Ta ions-containing IL deposit and its bulk droplet prepared on substrates by annealing in air at 1000 °C will be discussed.

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47

Abbas, Lamiaa K. "Annealing effect on the optical properties of organic semiconductor Alq3: C60 blend thin films." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 16, no. 39 (January 5, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v16i39.96.

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The effect of heat treatment using different annealing temperatures on optical properties of bulk heterojunction blend (BHJ) Alq3: C60 thin films which are fabricated by the spin coating technique were investigated in this study. The films have been coated on a glass substrate with speed of 2000 rpm for one min and treated with different annealing temperature (373, 423 and 473) K under vacuum. The optical properties and the chemical bonds structure of blends as-deposited and heat treated have been studied by UV-Vis spectroscopic and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) measurements respectively. The results of UV visible show that the optical energy gap decreasing with increasing the annealing temperature for the ratio (100:1) while decreasing with increasing the annealing temperature for ratio (100:10). The FTIR spectra measurement were applied to know the type of the bonds of Alq3: C60 BHJ thin films.

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48

Bwayo, Edward, Willy Okullo, Daniel Mukiibi, Denis Okello, Robert Lugolole, and Tumps Winston Ireeta. "Dependence of reflectance on angular deposition and film thickness of ZnS/Ag nanolayers." Engineering and Applied Science Letters 4, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 26–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30538/psrp-easl2021.0078.

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This paper presents the spectral reflectance of thermally evaporated ZnS/Ag nanostructures. The coating of ZnS/Ag nanostructures was performed in two steps while varying the film thickness and deposition angle. Silver metal wire (99.99% purity) was heated under vacuum at a pressure of $2.5 \times 10^{-5}$ mBars and deposited on glass slide substrates in the diffusion pump microprocessor vacuum coater (Edwards AUTO 306). Pieces of zinc sulphide (99.99% purity) were heated and deposited to the glass slides previously coated with silver to form the ZnS/Ag/glass composite. The optical reflectance of the samples was studied by the UV/Vis/NIR spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 19) with UV-WinLab software. The reflectance was measured at angles of incidence between $15^o$ and $75^o$. Spectrophotometric studies showed that reflectance decreased with decrease in film thickness and decreased with increase in deposition angle of silver nanoparticles. The reflectance of ZnS/Ag nanostructures decreased with increase in deposition angle of zinc sulphide.

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49

Nishitani, Mikihiko, Mitsusuke Ikeda, and Takahiro Wada. "CdS/CdTe thin film solar cell fabricated by hot wall vacuum evaporation." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 35 (September 11, 1994): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-0248(94)90151-1.

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50

LAI, S., M. CHEN, YU N. KHANIN, K. S. NOVOSELOV, and D. V. ANDREEVA. "ENHANCEMENT OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE BOLOMETRIC PHOTORESPONSE VIA ADDITION OF GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS." Surface Review and Letters 28, no. 08 (July 17, 2021): 2140011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x21400114.

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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has attracted interest in its potential application in large area photodetectors owing to its ease of manufacture and wideband optical absorbance. Here, we report that thin rGO films produced via vacuum filtration of GO followed by reduction by immersion in L-ascorbic acid are capable of sensing light through a bolometric mechanism. The photoresponse of these rGO thin films can be further enhanced by dropcasting graphene quantum dots (GQDs) on the rGO surface. These GQDs were observed to increase the opacity of the rGO film and hence its absorptivity of light, thereby enabling a significant increase in the photoresponse of the device.

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