Статті в журналах: "V-groove joint"

1

Foroutan, M., M. E. Aalami-Aleagha, and S. Pirmoradi. "Investigation of Joint Groove Geometry Effect on the Residual Stresses in Circumferentially Butt-Welded Steel Pipes by the FEM Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.229.

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In this paper effect of joint groove geometry on the residual stresses in circumferentially butt-welded still pipes is investigated by the finite element simulation. The elements birth and death technique is used for modeling of filling metal and joint groove geometry. The electrode heat power is modeled by a moving heat source which has a Gaussian distribution on a spherical domain. By using a transient region, elements near the welding zone are refined in a good manner. For validation of the proposed model, results obtained from model are compared with experimental data. Then three different joint geometry; V-joint, U-joint and X-joint are studied by the presented model.

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2

Dhiman, Rajat, Sorabh Singhal, and Ravindra K. Saxena. "Joint-design effect on the metallurgical and mechanical behavior of duplex stainless steel welds." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 14, no. 2 (November 3, 2022): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v14i2.3.

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In the present investigation, the influence of joint design on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel welds are reported. Plates with two different joint designs were welded using the gas tungsten arc welding process. To investigate the sole effect of joint design, the joints were designed in such a way that both joints have similar groove volumes. The weldments were investigated for microstructural characterization, ferrite content, and microhardness study; later, they were subjected to Charpy V-notch impact test, transverse tensile test, and fatigue testing in order to investigate the mechanical performance. Both the weld joints were able to achieve 100% joint efficiency in view of the transverse tensile test. Different weld joint configurations demonstrated the influence of the differential heat dissipation characteristics of the joints, evident from different morphological features revealed through optical microscopy of the weldment. The welding affected the ferrite(α)-austenite(γ) ratio of the weld metals and differed the welds in terms of ferrite content in the root and weld pass. The weld zone of the U-joint showed a 65.8% ferrite fraction and thus showed 18% more hardness as compared to the V-joint, while the V-joint had the highest yield stress of 617 MPa. The study revealed that the U-joint performed better in comparison to the V-joint in terms of microhardness, impact toughness, and fatigue behavior. The U-joint could resist around 15% more fatigue cycles than the V-joint under high cycle fatigue.

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3

Sh. Hasan, Aysha, Obed M. Ali, and Adnan M. Alsaffawi. "Effect of Welding Current on Weldments Properties in MIG and TIG Welding." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.37 (December 13, 2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24099.

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Welding is an important process commonly used to join the different materials together. There are many methods for welding process;therefore, the specifications of weldments will depend on the type of welding process. In this study, investigation of the effect of electrical current on the weldment mechanical propertieswas conducted. Medium carbon steel & stainless steel were welded using two types of joints (single Lap joint and single v-groove Butt joint). The results showedthat the temperature increased with increasing the electrical current. A significant effect of electrical current on the ultimate tensile strength of the weldments is obtaineddepending on the joint type rather than welding type.Furthermore, there was a noticeable effect for the joining method on the heat generated.The heat generated increases with increasing the electrical current for all weldments (lap & butt) joint in both TIG & MIG welding process. However,the amount of heat generated was for TIG welding process specimens higher than from MIG welding process specimens for Butt and Lap type joints.

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4

Ahmed, Mohamed M. Z., Khaled A. Abdelazem, Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman, Bandar Alzahrani, Kamel Touileb, Nabil Jouini, Ismail G. El-Batanony, and Hussein M. Abd El-Aziz. "Friction Stir Welding of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel: Feasibility of Butt Joint Groove Filling in Comparison to Gas Tungsten Arc Welding." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 4597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164597.

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This work investigates the feasibility of using friction stir welding (FSW) process as a groove filling welding technique to weld duplex stainless steel (DSS) that is extensively used by petroleum service companies and marine industries. For the FSW experiments, three different groove geometries without root gap were designed and machined in a DSS plates 6.5 mm thick. FSW were carried out to produce butt-joints at a constant tool rotation rate of 300 rpm, traverse welding speed of 25 mm/min, and tilt angle of 3o using tungsten carbide (WC) tool. For comparison, the same DSS plates were welded using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). The produced joints were evaluated and characterized using radiographic inspection, optical microscopy, and hardness and tensile testing. Electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) was used to examine the grain structure and phases before and after FSW. The initial results indicate that FSW were used successfully to weld DSS joints with different groove designs with defect-free joints produced using the 60° V-shape groove with a 2 mm root face without root gap. This friction stir welded (FSWed) joint was further investigated and compared with the GTAW joint. The FSWed joint microstructure mainly consists of α and γ with significant grain refining; the GTWA weld contains different austenitic-phase (γ) morphologies such as grain boundary austenite (GBA), intragranular austenite precipitates (IGA), and Widmanstätten austenite (WA) besides the ferrite phase (α) in the weld zone (WZ) due to the used high heat input and 2209 filler rod. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation of the FSWed joint are enhanced over the GTAW weldment by 21%, 41%, and 66% and over the BM by 65%, 33%, and 54%, respectively. EBSD investigation showed a significant grain refining after FSW with grain size average of 1.88 µm for austenite and 2.2 µm for ferrite.

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5

Wahyu Restu Widodo, Eriek, Vuri Ayu Setyowati, Suheni, and Ahmad Rilo Hardianto. "Influences of Groove Angles and Filler Metals on 304L Stainless Steel to AISI 1040 Carbon Steel Dissimilar Joint by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001008.

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Dissimilar joint commonly applied on pressure vessel application in power plan field as joining between the tank and the stanchion of pressure vessel. This paper presents the investigations carried out to study the influence of groove angles and filler metals on 304L Stainless Steel to AISI 1040 Carbon Steel dissimilar joints. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with 120 A of current was used on this research, joined the two different metals. The 30°, 45°, and 60° were used in this welding as parameters of V-groove angles. ER 308L-16 filler metal of stainless steel and ER 70S-6 filler metal of carbon steel were used as filler metals. Tensile test was conducted to obtain tensile strength of joint and to analysis of the effect of the welding parameters to the mechanical properties. The highest tensile strength was obtained from the 60° groove angle using ER 308L-16 filler metal of 614.54 MPa. In the other hand, 45° groove angle using ER 70S-6 filler metal obtained the lowest tensile strength of 578.66 MPa. The joining process of dissimilar welding using ER 308L-16 filler metal, filler metal for stainless steel, has obtained the highest tensile strength with wider groove angle as well.

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6

Kiran, Bandaru, Dega Nagaraju, Senthil Kumaran Selvaraj, and Baye Molla. "Experimental and Mathematical Studies for Optimality of GTAW Parameters on Similar and Dissimilar Steel Substrates." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (April 13, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5118566.

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Argon arc welding is a frequently used process, to assist various manufacturing processes. The paper highlights the postweld experimental results of similar (EN 10025 Steel-Grade S295) and dissimilar (D36 shipbuilding steel) materials, which possess a wide range of applications in manufacturing industries. In this work, experimental studies are carried out for optimality of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) parameters on a butt joint with single and double V 45° groove angles using Taguchi orthogonal L9 array design. The welding is carried out using the back hand technique, and the filler rod is taken as ER303L to obtain finer welded joints. After the weld, residual stresses, microhardness, and geometrical properties of weld are studied at varied zones, that is, weld zone, HAZ, and base metal to examine the weld efficiency with specific predefined weld parameters. Furthermore, tensile tests are carried out for the weldments with optimal predefined weld parameters, and subsequently, the welded specimens with better tensile strength are discussed in the results. Genetic algorithm and mathematical modelling are opted for selecting the final optimal welding parameters. As per the obtained results of residual stresses, hardness, and tensile tests, dissimilar double V groove butt joint is projected to have more effective weld joint.

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7

Ahn, Soo Deok, Young Tae Cho, and Yoon Gyo Jung. "Analysis of Induction Heating according to Coil Shapes on the V-groove Weld Joint." Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 32, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2015.32.2.167.

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8

Suheni, A. A. Rosidah, D. P. Ramadhan, T. Agustino, and F. F. Wiranata. "Effect of Welding Groove and Electrode Variation to the Tensile Strength and Macrostructure on 304 Stainless Steel and AISI 1045 Dissimilar Welding Joint Using SMAW Process." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2117, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2117/1/012018.

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Abstract AISI 1045 and 304 stainless steel are widely used in automotive and industrial fields However, both of these steels have their own advantages and disadvantages. AISI 1045 is not resistant to corrosion but has good wear resistance and low price. Meanwhile, the 304 stainless steel provides good corrosion resistance and mechanical properties but is costly. Their combination is able to provide a good property and reduce the costs. Thus, in order to combine these two metals, shield metal arc welding is carried out using welding groove and electrode variation. The groove variations used were double bevel, V, and double V-groove, additionally, the electrode variations used were E6013 and E7016. Then, the welding results were characterized using the tensile strength and macrostructure analysis. The results revealed that the specimen using E7016 electrode for the double V-groove resulted in the highest tensile test results the value of 270.48 MPa yield strength, 411.49 MPa tensile strength, and 19.81% elongation. The macrostructure analysis showed that the specimens using E7016 electrode gave a narrow HAZ that led to higher mechanical properties.

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9

Yang, J., T. Sanderson, G. Graham, and C. Ume. "Laser Phased Array Measurement of Simulated Solidified Weld Penetration Depth." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831020.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation of the use of an optical fiber laser phased array to measure solidified weld pool penetration depth in butt and v-groove joints. The purpose was to determine the optimum distances between the ultrasound source (the array), receiver, and the weld joint, in order to measure weld penetration depth. The relationship between penetration depth and wave amplitude was approximately linear. A narrow range of distances between the ultrasound receiver and weld joint permitted the ultrasonic system to detect penetration depth over the entire thickness of the base metal. Maximum resolution in measuring penetration depth was achieved by keeping the distance between the array and the weld joint as small as possible.

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10

Han, Liang. "Simulation of temperature field and stress field of v-groove butt joint." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 612 (October 19, 2019): 022059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/612/2/022059.

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11

LEE, Sanglim, and Suk Ha JEON. "Locking of the Metacarpophalangeal Joint of the Thumb Caused by Entrapment of the Radial Sesamoid Bone." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 27, no. 03 (June 2022): 580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835522720274.

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Locking of metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the thumb may be a consequence of dorsal subluxation from hyperextension injury. The joint is locked in mild hyperextension and cannot flex actively or passively. We report four patients with locked MCP joint of the thumb due to radial sesamoid entrapment after hyperextension or forced flexion injury. All patients had a prominent radial condyle of the metacarpal bone. Three patients had a deformity of the longitudinal groove on which the sesamoid was overlaid. The radial sesamoid was entrapped proximal to the radial condyle which could result in limited extension and hinged flexion of the joint. Excision of the radial sesamoid could release the locked joint. The radial sesamoid should be assessed if the motion of the thumb MCP joint is limited after flexion or extension injury. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic)

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12

Kurniawan, Anjas Nurcahyo, Suharno Suharno, and Indah Widiastuti. "THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN THE SHAPE OF THE SEAM ON MICROSTRUCTURE, HARDNESS AND TENSILE STRENGTH IN THE WELDING PROCESS OF STEEL SS400 WITH THE SMAW METHOD." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Vocational Education (JoMEVE) 1, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jomeve.v1i2.27282.

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<p>The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of groove weld type on the welding joint to the physical and mechanical characteristic using the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) method. The welding process causes the around metal has thermal cycles and then resulting metallurgical changes, deformations and thermal stresses. Because of these structural changes, the mechanical characteristic will change as well.</p><p>This research use experimental method that is researcher doing butt joint welding with X, V and ½ V groove weld type by using low carbon steel SS400 with carbon content 0,1% then testing micro structure, hardness and tensile strength.</p>Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the results of microstructure test showed improvement of acicular structure of ferrite and pearlite after welding. In raw material, the grain boundary structure of ferrite is evenly distributed. Hardness values on welding results indicate a different level of violence. The specimen with V type has the highest hardness of 248,6 VHN, then the specimen with ½ V form is 233,7 VHN and the specimen with the X type is 228,6 VHN while the raw material has hardness value 200,58 VHN. The value of tensile strength on the welding results indicates a difference. The specimen with the V type have the highest tensile strength level of 430,97 MPa and strain 18,11% then the ½ V type is 419,93 MPa and strain 15,52% followed by the X type with the average of tensile strength 414,88 MPa and strain 14,92% and on raw material has a tensile strength value 401,94 MPa and strain 13,26%. This study shows that welding using variations of groove weld type changes the microstructure and affects the hardness and tensile strength of SS400 Steel

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13

Mamat, Mohd Fauzi, and Esah Hamzah. "Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Welded Joint in NaCl Solution." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.173.

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The corrosion behavior of low carbon steel welded joint was performed using salt spray and immersion test which is follow ASTM G-31 and B-117 standards. Four different edge shape designs for weld joint preparation was selected namely; straight, single V, double V and single groove edge were selected to weld 12 mm low carbon steel plate. The duration of exposure time was 7 days in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution to simulate marine environment application. After corrosion test the surface degradation of the welded joint was studied by visual inspection and SEM analysis. The experimental results show that the corrosion behavior of welded joint was more severe under salt spray test compared with of immersion test particularly because difference environment mechanism. The morphological characteristics of the surface of welded joint show difference in pit characteristics.

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14

Kusdiyarto, Prihatno, and Riswan Dwi Djatmiko. "Analisis Variasi Included Angle terhadap Distorsi pada Sambungan Las SMAW." Jurnal Dinamika Vokasional Teknik Mesin 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/dinamika.v3i1.19112.

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The aim of this study is to determine the effects of included angle dimension on the distortion of carbon steel V-groove butt joint using a single pass welding methods. Specimens being studied were AISI 1025 low carbon steel in the form of 1/2 inch-thick plates. The steels were easily weld and were assumed as homogeneous and isotropic; therefore, three specimens for each treatment are adequate. The experiment treated the v-groove shape as independent variable and the distortion as dependent variable. The results show that there is an effect of v-groove dimensions on the distortion of the carbon steels butt joint.. The distortion and their respective angle dimensions are 0.58˚ for the 55˚ angle, 0.78˚ for the 60˚ angle, and 1.02˚ for the 65˚ angle. The magnitude of the distortions are well below 3˚, which is the permissible amount for the butt joint distortion criteria.Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya pengaruh dimensi included angle (bentuk kampuh) terhadap distorsi pada sambungan ujung baja karbon dengan metode pengelasan SMAW single pass. Dalam penelitian ini obyek yang diteliti adalah baja karbon rendah type AISI 1025 yang berupa plat strip dengan ketebalan 1/2 inchi. Baja jenis ini merupakan bahan yang mudah dilas dan diasumsikan homogen dan isotropic, sehingga sampel yang diambil cukup tiga buah pada masing-masing perlakuan. Bentuk included angle merupakan variabel bebas dan distorsi adalah variabel terikat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya pengaruh dimensi included angle terhadap distorsi pada sambungan ujung baja karbon. Besarnya distorsi pada sambungan dengan dimensi sudut 55˚ sebesar 0,58˚, 60˚ sebesar 0,78˚, 65˚ sebesar 1,02˚. Hal ini memberikan informasi bahwa variasi sudut included angle tersebut menghasilkan distorsi di bawah 3˚, sehingga masih termasuk dalam batas yang diijinkan persyaratan kelolosan sambungan las.

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15

Lee, Hyung Won, Jiyoung Yu, Gwang-Gook Kim, Young-Min Kim, Insung Hwang, Seung Hwan Lee, and Dong-Yoon Kim. "Convolutional Neural Network Model for the Prediction of Back-Bead Occurrence in GMA Root Pass Welding of V-groove Butt Joint." Journal of Welding and Joining 39, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2021.39.5.1.

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Gas metal arc (GMA) welding is widely used in the machinery industry. The quality of a welded joint is affected by the penetration of root pass welding in the V-groove joint. Automation using GMA welding is continuously required, and root pass welding automation is required to automate the entire welding process. In particular, the development of a prediction model that can ensure full penetration back-bead is required for the automation of root pass welding. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model was applied to predict the occurrence of back-bead in V-groove butt joint GMA root pass welding. The bead profile was measured using a laser vision sensor system and it was used as the input data for the prediction model, and the bead occurrence was used as the output data for the model. A total of 12,873 bead profiles were extracted and pre-processed through cutting, resizing, and thresholding. The CNN model consists of nine layers, and performs three convolution and two pooling operations. The accuracy of the prediction model was 99.5%, and through this study, it was demonstrated that the quality of root-pass welding can be controlled by using convolutional neural network and it can contribute to automation.

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16

Li, Gang, Jufeng Song, Xiaofeng Lu, Xiaolei Zhu, Shengyu Xu, and Yupeng Guo. "Investigation on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu butt joints by CMT method in asymmetrical V-groove configuration." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 3 (2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2020028.

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It is a challenge work for joining of Al to Cu by conventional fusion welding method. This study investigates butt joining of 6061 Al alloy to pure copper using cold metal transfer (CMT) process in asymmetrical V-groove configuration. The microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu butt joints are revealed. The microstructure in the fusion zone mainly consists of α (Al) and Al2Cu phase accompanied with Si phase. The two-layer intermetallic compound (IMC) layers are exhibited at the Al/Cu interface. The first IMC layer near the copper is a thin layer in thickness of less than 5 μm. The second IMC layer is in the irregular non-linear and zigzag shape with some particles dispersed at the boundaries. XRD analysis shows that the IMCs in the joints mainly contain Al2Cu, AlCu, Al3Cu4 and Al4Cu9 phase. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the joints could reach 108 MPa. The fracture paths of the joints are along the Al/Cu interface. The pores and IMCs are main factors to determine the strength of the joints. Since the pores are at the Al/Cu interface, the UTS of the joint is lowered at low wire feed rate. The joints break along the Al/Cu interface due to the brittle IMC layer at high wire feed rate. It can be achieved Al/Cu butt joints with sufficient strength in asymmetrical V-groove configuration.

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17

Yun, Seok-Chul, and Jae-Woong Kim. "Selection of Optimal Welding Condition in Root-pass Welding of V-groove Butt Joint." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2009): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2009.27.1.095.

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18

Sepe, Raffaele, M. Laiso, A. de Luca, and Francesco Caputo. "Evaluation of Residual Stresses in Butt Welded Joint of Dissimilar Material by FEM." Key Engineering Materials 754 (September 2017): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.754.268.

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The study proposed within this paper deals with an application of finite element techniques to the thermo-structural analysis of a dissimilar butt-welded joint. Residual stresses induced by the fusion arc-welding of steel joints in power generation plants are a concern to the industry. Nowadays, the application of finite element method appears to be a very efficient method for the prediction and the investigation of the weld-induced residual stresses, nevertheless the detailed modelling of all phenomena involved in such process is still challenging. The structural integrity assessment of welded structures strongly requires a deep investigation of weld-induced residual stresses in order to be compliant with safety requirement of power plant. The longitudinal and transversal residual stresses in dissimilar material butt joints of 8 mm thick for V-groove shape were studied. The developed thermo-mechanical FE model as well as the simulation procedures are detailed and results are discussed. As a result of such work, it has been found out that residual stresses in the two dissimilar plates are characterized by very different magnitudes and distribution.

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Yun, Seok-Chul, and Jae-Woong Kim. "Selection of optimal welding condition for GTA pulse welding in root-pass of V-groove butt joint." Metals and Materials International 16, no. 6 (December 2010): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12540-010-1218-x.

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20

Sankar, Nallasamy, Sudersanan Malarvizhi, and Visvalingam Balasubramanian. "Mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of rotating arc-gas metal arc welded carbon steel joints." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2021-0006.

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Abstract The main problem associated with high thickness carbon steel plate's narrow range or “V” groove welding in conventional welding processes is the sagging of the molten pool due to gravity, which in turn leads to defects formation and deteriorates mechanical properties. This problem could be overcome by the rotating arc gas metal arc welding (RA-GMAW) technique. This investigation aims to evaluate mechanical properties and metallurgical characteristics of high thickness IS2062 Gr-B carbon steel joints welded by RA-GMAW technique. The experimental results show that RA-GMAW joint exhibited higher (598 MPa) tensile strength, higher hardness (220 HV) at weld metal region, and lower impact toughness (137 J) than the unwelded base metal. This is due to the presence of fine acicular ferrite and widmanstatten ferrite matrix mixed with fine lamellar pearlite microstructure in the weld metal region.

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Tarmizi, Tarmizi, Nabil Aga Hananda, and Irfan Irfan. "The Effect of Heat Input on Welding Combination of GTAW and SMAW SA537 Material on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure." Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kapal.v19i2.45028.

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The combination of GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding) and SMAW (Shield Metal Arc Welding) processes on SA537 Class 2 carbon steel using variations of heat input is the main choice to get the best quality welded joints. This research aims to joint SA537 Class 2 material using the GTAW and SMAW process with heat input variations to get the best joint and determine the joint results mechanical properties and microstructure analysis. The experimental method uses a combination of GTAW and SMAW processes with a single V butt joint design, groove angle of 60o, root face 2 mm and root gap of 4 mm as many as 7 passes, and variations in heat input of 2.5 kJ/mm, 2.8 kJ/mm and 3.2 kJ/mm. According to ASME section IX, the mechanical testing results showed that the specimen with a heat input of 2.8 kJ/mm gave optimum results with the highest tensile strength of 480 MPa compared to the other two specimens, and there were no cracks when tested for bending The higher the heat input, the greater the decrease in the percentage of ferrite. Using a heat input of 2.8 kJ/mm in this study provides a weld result with better mechanical properties and microstructure than the use of heat input of 2.5 kJ/mm and 3.2 kJ/mm.

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Seong, Woo-Jae. "Prediction and Characteristics of Angular Distortion in Multi-Layer Butt Welding." Materials 12, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091435.

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Multi-layer welding involves the process of stacking many beads, so it requires much time and effort to predict the deformation through experimentation or numerical analysis. In this study, a systematic method for predicting transverse angular distortion in multi-layer butt welding has been proposed. First, the database was established through bead-on-plate welding experiments, which consisted of the relationship between welding conditions, the bead geometry, the material thickness, and the angular distortion. Then, when the arbitrary welding conditions and the shape of the butt joint were input, the method calculated the angular distortion per pass using the geometric principle and the database. The obtained prediction curves were verified with the V-groove welding experimental results. In addition, the characteristics of angular distortion in multi-layer butt welding were discussed. It was found that the angular distortion curve is a function of the number of passes and groove geometry. This algorithm is based on a numerical approach that saves computational time using databases and geometry, so it is suitable for industrial applications.

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Jung, Taek Kyun, Hiroaki Matsumoto, Tadasu Abumiya, Naoya Masahashi, Mok Soon Kim, and Shuji Hanada. "Mechanical Properties-Graded Ti Alloy Implants for Orthopedic Applications." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.205.

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. Low Young’s modulus is attained by controlling phase stability of  (bcc) Ti-Nb-Sn alloys consisting of non-cytotoxic elements, based on experimental results that Young’s modulus decreases with decreasing temperature toward ” (orthorhombic) martensitic transformation start temperature (Ms). Cold groove rolled, metastable  (Ti-35%Nb)-4%Sn alloy exhibits low Young’s modulus of about 40 GPa at 297 K, measured by the free resonance vibration method. This value is much lower than that of Ti-6%Al-4%V and close to that of human cortical bone. By heating one edge of the groove rolled rod to 573 K for 4 h, hardness and Young’s modulus are found to increase significantly at the heated zone and to change depending on distance from the heated zone. The increase in hardness is explained mainly by fine  precipitation and additionally by microstructure refinement through reverse transformation ”→ of deformation-induced martensite. From these results, an advanced stem having high strength at the necked part can be developed for a new artificial hip joint, keeping low Young’s modulus at the distal part implanted in a femur.

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Oktadinata, Herry, Winarto Winarto, Dedi Priadi, Eddy S. Siradj, and Ario S. Baskoro. "Impact Toughness Characteristics of SM570-TMC Steel Joint Using Welding Wire Containing 0.4% Nickel at Different Level of Heat Input." Key Engineering Materials 867 (October 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.867.117.

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The study was conducted to evaluate the impact toughness of flux-cored arc welded of SM570-TMC steel joint under different heat inputs, 0.9 kJ/mm (low heat input) and 1.6 kJ/mm (high heat input). Welding wire containing 0.4%Ni was selected on this experiment. Multi-pass welds were performed on SM570-TMC steel plate of 16 mm in thickness with a single V-groove butt joint on flat position (1G). The evaluation consists of observations on microstructure using an optical microscope and SEM-EDS, and mechanical properties including tensile, microhardness Vickers and Charpy V-notch (CVN) impact test at temperatures of 25, 0 and-20 °C. Results showed that the impact toughness of the base metal (BM) was higher than the weld metal (WM) at all test temperatures. Hardness and impact toughness of WM at low heat input was observed higher than when applied a high heat input. The welded samples at low and high heat inputs had high of tensile strength, and the fracture seemly occurs on the BM. Microstructure observation showed that at a high heat input, larger grains and microsegregation were observed. It might affect on decreasing their impact property.

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25

Goo, Byeong Choon. "An Estimation Formula of the Stress Concentration Factor of the Butt-Welded Joint." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1995.

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The purpose of this paper is to develop an estimation formula of stress concentration factors of butt-welded components under tensile loading. To investigate the influence of weld bead profiles on stress concentration factors of double V groove butt-welded joints, butt-welded specimens were made by CO2 gas metal arc welding. And the three main parameters, the toe radius, flank angle and bead height were measured by a profile measuring equipment. By using the measured data, the influence of three parameters on the stress concentration factors was investigated by a finite element analysis. It is shown that the three parameters have similar effects on the stress concentration factors. According to the simulation results, a formula to estimate the stress concentration factors of butt-weld welded structures was proposed and the estimated concentration factors from the formula were compared with the results obtained by the finite element analysis. The two results are in a good agreement.

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26

Jiang, Jiu Hong, Qiang Wang, and Wen Lv. "Analysis on the Welding Thermal Field and Residual Stress of Thick Plate." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.693.

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A 60mm Q345 rigid thick plate with V groove welding connection was modeled in order to simulate the welding residual stress by finite element method. Both element birth and death technique and double ellipse heat source model were introduced to simulate the welding process. The welding thermal field and residual stress of thick steel plate were analyzed by finite element simulation software ANSYS.Then the thermal field and residual stress distribution were visually demonstrated. The result shows that the thermal field shaped like a spindle during welding period and the residual stress at the mid-section in lateral, longitudinal and thickness direction of the welding joint is lower than the stress at the surface of the welding connection.

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Sauraw, Anupam, Atul Kumar Sharma, Dariusz Fydrych, Sachin Sirohi, Ankur Gupta, Aleksandra Świerczyńska, Chandan Pandey, and Grzegorz Rogalski. "Study on Microstructural Characterization, Mechanical Properties and Residual Stress of GTAW Dissimilar Joints of P91 and P22 Steels." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 6591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216591.

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This article deals with the dissimilar joining of two different grade Cr-Mo steel (2.25Cr-1Mo: P22 and modified 9Cr-1Mo: P91) for power plant application. The dissimilar butt-welded joint was produced for conventional V groove design by using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process with the application of an ERNiCrMo-3 Ni-based super alloy filler. A microstructure characterization was performed to measure the inhomogeneity in the microstructure and element diffusion across the interface in a welded joint. The experiments were also performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the dissimilar welded joint in as-welded (AW) and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) conditions. An acceptable level of the mechanical properties was obtained for the AW joint. After PWHT, a significant level of the element diffusion across the interface of the weld metal and P22 steel was observed, resulting in heterogeneity in microstructure near the interface, which was also supported by the hardness variation. Inhomogeneity in mechanical properties (impact strength and hardness) was measured across the weldments for the AW joint and was reduced after the PWHT. The tensile test results indicate an acceptable level of tensile properties for the welded joint in both AW and PWHT conditions and failure was noticed in the weak region of the P22 steel instead of the weld metal.

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Li, Ying, Zhi Qiang Zhang, Jian Liu, Hua Yin, and Chang Shu He. "Natural Aging Behavior of Double-Sided MIG Welded A7N01-T5 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1155.

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A heat treatable A7N01 (Al-Zn-Mg) aluminum alloy mainly used to fabricate high-speed train body structures was double-sided welded by MIG welding. The natural aging behavior of the joint was systematically studied by local and global mechanical property testing method. Based on TEM observation and EPMA analysis, the key factors that lead to different natural aging behavior among various regions of the joint were discussed. The global tensile strength of the joints increased obviously after natural aging. All the joint samples fractured in the weld zone, which demonstrated the weld zone was the weakest zone of the joints. And the strength of the global welds were depended on the microstructure and natural aging ability of the weld zone. Moreover, the increase of the tensile property of the three local regions in the weld zone after post natural aging decreased as Middle>lower>upper. The above phenomenon was also further confirmed by microhardness measurement. The age hardening behavior is greatly influenced by the concentration of strengthening precipitates forming element Zn. The Zn content in the weld zone determined by EPMA showed that element Zn was dispersed unevenly, which is attributed to the double V-groove design used in this work and Zn vaporization in the molten pool during welding. The Zn content in the middle layer metals is higher than that of the upper and lower layers, resulting in the remarkable hardening response for the middle layer of the weld zone during natural aging process. Additionally, the solution zone containing the same Zn content as the base metal and undergoing sufficient solid solution during welding was found to possess the high hardening ability after natural aging process.

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Shahriari, D., J. Jodaki, V. Jandaghi Shahi, and J. Darban Falak. "Development of an Expert Engineering Module for Determination of Ultrasonic Probe Position on the Weld Joint of Plate." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 1306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.1306.

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Ultrasound based inspection techniques are used extensively throughout industry for detection of flaws in engineering materials. The range and variety of imperfections encountered is large and critical assessment of location, size, orientation and type is often difficult. The research presented in this paper has resulted in a knowledge-based engineering module, which was developed software for determining ultrasonic probe location precisely and detecting of the welded sections completely. The criteria for diagnosing these positions, which have been classified into different groups, included in type of material, thickness, geometry of welded section, couplant material, angle probes and etc. The expert system can display the limits that probe must be moved which caused an inspection welded section thoroughly. This study was conducted using three samples including different materials with V groove welded sections for verifying this expert system. Finally this module is very suitable in Q.C. labs and different industries for detection of flaws.

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Shiedieque, Apang Djafar, Amri Abdulah, Dede Ardi Rajab, and Jefri Jafarudin. "Analisis Kekuatan Mekanis A304 menggunakan Logam Pengisi E308 pada Pengelasan GTAW dengan Variasi Parameter." Metal Indonesia 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32423/jmi.2021.v43.17-26.

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AbstrakTeknologi pengelasan adalah metode penyambungan material yang umum digunakan di industri, konstruksi, dan manufaktur. Makalah ini membahas Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) menggunakan logam pengisi ER308 untuk menyambung logam dasar A304. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kekuatan tarik dan lentur dari bahan dengan variasi tipe v-groove dan arus pengelasan sebagai parameter pengelasan. Jenis sambungan yaitu butt-welds dengan 45° v-groove, 60° v-groove, dan 60 ° double v-grooves, sedangkan arus pengelasan bervariasi antara 75A, 100A dan 125A. Uji kuat tarik menggunakan HUNG TA-520 dengan kapasitas mesin 500 kN. Hasil kekuatan puncak masing-masing capaian berada pada 645,70 N / mm2, 633,16 N / mm2, dan 613,89 N / mm2. Kemudian pada hasil uji tekuk retakan terbesar pada sampel terjadi pada arus 75A. Dari hasil ini lebih baik menggunakan arus 100A. AbstractWelding technology is a method of joining materials commonly used in industry, construction, and manufacturing. This paper discusses Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) using ER308 filler metal to join the A304 base metal. This study aims to examine the strength and bending test of the variation of the v-groove type and welding current as welding parameters. Types of joints are butt-welds with 45 ° v-grooves, 60 ° v-grooves, and 60 ° double v-grooves, while the welding current varies between 75A, 100A, and 125A. Tensile strength test using HUNG TA-520 with an engine capacity of 500 kN. The peak strength results of each achievement are at 645.70 N / mm2, 633.16 N / mm2, and 613.89 N / mm2. Then the bending test results, the largest cracks in the sample, occurred at a current of 75A. From these results it is better to use a current of 100A.

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Pardi, Pardi. "PENGARUH ARUS PENGELASAN TERHADAP KEKUATAN PADA PROSES LAS SMAW MENGGUNAKAN ELEKTRODA TYPE E6013." INOVTEK POLBENG 9, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/ip.v9i2.1143.

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Salah satu proses pengelasan yang banyak digunakan dalam kontruksi baja adalah proses SMAW (Shield metal arc welding). Salah satu komponen penentu kualitas sambungan proses ini adalah jenis elektoda. Sementara itu elektroda yang beredar dipasaran biasanya produsen merekomendasikan penggunaan arusnya dalam rentang amper tertentu, sehingga hal tersebut sering membuat welder yang tidak memiliki WPS kesulitan untuk memilih arus yang optimal. Dalam penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh besarnya arus pengelasan terhadap kekuatan las SMAW menggunakan Elektroda E6013. Pengelasan dilakukan menggunakan material mild steel ketebalan 8 mm dengan proses pengelasan SMAW tipe mesin las DC dengan variasi arus 50A, 60A, 70A, 80A dan 90A. Jenis sambungan butt joint single V groove, dengan metode pengujian hasil lasan menggunakan visual test. Spesimen dilakukan uji bending untuk melihat hasil kekuatan sambungan las. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian pada jenis elektroda A didapat kekuatan uji bending tertinggi dengan nilai beban patah 12969,31N dilas menggunakan besar arus 90A. Sedangkan pada jenis elektroda B dengan didapat uji bending tertinggi dengan nilai beban patah 23398.83N dilas dengan arus 90A.

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YOSHIZU, Toshihiro, Motoomi OGATA, and Hideharu INUJIMA. "STEEL BARS WELDING JOINT FROM OF CONSTRUCTION WORK OF EXAMINATION : A proposal of execution single V groove method of the site weld ioint." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 7, no. 13 (2001): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.7.25_2.

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33

Tarmizi, Tarmizi, Kevin Daniel Sianturi, and Irfan Irfan. "Effect of Current on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Aluminum 6061 with Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process." Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan 17, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kapal.v17i3.30054.

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Aluminum 6061 is an aluminum alloy that is widely used in various industrial fields, which heat treatable. However, it can be joined using a welding process. Aluminum joining using the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process has become the option to produce good quality joints. This research aims to get optimum welding parameters by knowing the mechanical properties and microstructure of the welding results. The GTAW process uses a 25-volt voltage, Argon protective gas flow rate of 15 liters per minute with filler rod ER 5356 with 2.4 mm diameter and electrodes tungsten 2.4 mm in diameter. This process uses a single V butt joint and groove angle of 60° with variations in the current of 100, 110 and 120 A. The results indicate that specimens with a variety of current of 110 A give better results in the absence of defects, have a tensile strength of 152 MPa, and get a hardness value of 87.55 HV, which is the highest compared to the other two specimens. Whereas specimens with the current variation of 100 and 120 A have defects in the weld area. The optimum parameters of the 6061 aluminum GTAW process with a thickness of 6 mm using a current of 110 A bring on better outcomes and mechanical properties than the use of currents of 100 and 120 A.

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Panji, M., A. S. Baskoro, and A. Widyianto. "Effect of Welding Current and Welding Speed on Weld Geometry and Distortion in TIG Welding of A36 Mild Steel Pipe with V-Groove Joint." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 694 (November 21, 2019): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/694/1/012026.

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35

Pratikno, Herman, Abdullah Husin Baredwan, and Wimala Lalitya Dhanista. "Effect of Preheating Process and V Groove Type on the Tensile and Metallography Test of ASTM A53 with A36 Weld Joint Using FCAW Method." International Journal of Offshore and Coastal Engineeing 6, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j25800914.v6i2.14769.

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36

Khair Junaidi, Abdul, Machdalena Machdalena, Weriono Weriono, and Firdaus M. "The Effect of GTAW Welding Current on the Strength of AISI Steel 1045." Journal of Ocean, Mechanical and Aerospace -science and engineering- (JOMAse) 66, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36842/jomase.v66i1.279.

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Welding is a process of joining materials by melting metal at high temperatures. Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is one of welding method to join metals. This welding process will affect the mechanical properties of a material. So, it is necessary to conduct a study on changes in mechanical properties that occur. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties of AISI 1045 medium carbon steel using the GTAW welding process with a current variation of 80 A and 100 A. The welding was used the AWS EWTh-1 tungsten electrode and ER70S-G filler wire. The type of connection was used a butt weld joint and a single V groove seam with an angle of 60o. The standard of ASTM E8 was used for the manufacture of tensile test specimens. The results of tensile testing with welding current of 80 A was obtained an average stress of 518.463021 N/mm2 and the strain of 19.55%. For welding with a current of 100 A, the average stress was 548.814727 N/mm2 and the strain of 26.44%. Based on the fracture that occurred in the specimen, the critical area for fracture was the Heat Affecting Zone (HAZ), which the area has undergone a phase change during the cooling process. The weld area of connection part in the welding process has higher strength than the HAZ area.

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Li, Peng, Zhenglong Lei, Xinrui Zhang, Enze Cai, and Yanbin Chen. "The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Spot Laser Welded-Brazed Ti/Al Butt Joints with Different Groove Shapes." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 12, 2020): 5105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225105.

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Laser welding-brazing was performed to join Ti and Al together. The dual-spot laser beam mode was selected as the heat source in this study. Ti-6Al-4V and 6061-T6 Al alloys were selected as the experimental materials. Al-12Si welding wire was selected as the filler material. The effect of groove shape on the weld appearance, microstructure, temperature field, and mechanical performance of Ti/Al welded-brazed butt joints was investigated. The interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the Ti/Weld brazing interface was inhomogeneous in joints with I-shaped and Y-shaped grooves. In Ti/Al joints with V-shaped grooves, the homogeneity of temperature field and IMC layer was improved, and the maximum thickness difference of IMC layer was only 0.20 μm. Nano-sized granular Ti7Al5Si12, Ti5Si3, and Ti(Al,Si)3 constituted the IMCs. The tensile strength of Ti/Al joints with V-shaped grooves was the highest at 187 MPa. The fracture mode transformed from brittle fractures located in the IMC layer to ductile fractures located in the Al base metal, which could be attributed to the improvement of the IMC layer at the brazing interface.

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Oktadinata, Herry, Winarto Winarto, and Eddy S. Siradj. "Investigations on Impact Toughness and Microstructure Characteristics of Gas Metal Arc Welded HY-80 Steel Plate." Materials Science Forum 964 (July 2019): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.964.68.

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HY-80 is the high yield steel that commonly used for naval ship and submarine. Arc welding operations are critical stage in fabrication of this steel. During welding, the problem may occur in the heat affected zone due to the high temperature makes the microstructure suddenly changes. Coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) develops close to the fusion line, steel become brittle and the impact toughness decrease. This research investigated the microstructure of HY-80 weldment, impact toughness at sub-zero temperatures, and hardness distribution along cross-section of the welded joint. ER100S welding wire, Ar+10%CO2 shielding gas mixture and single V-groove butt joint with an angle of 60° were selected prior to welding. 12 mm thick of HY-80 steel plate that used in this experiment was multipass welded by gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Impact toughness at sub-zero temperature, hardness and microstructure evolutions of base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM) were observed. The result shows at a temperature of-80 °C, the lowest impact toughness was measured at WM (61 J) as compared to fusion line (101 J) and BM (217 J). The hardness measurement shows the maximum hardness was measured in CGHAZ followed WM and BM. Vickers hardness test result of weld joint at bottom area are higher than top area. It may caused of the low heat input of back weld compared to other passes. The lower heat input, cooling rate increased and initiate the formation of hard phase. The microstructure of WM shows acicular ferrites and non-metallic inclusions, these inclusions may deteriorate the impact toughness.

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Zhang, Yang, Xiaoqing Lv, Lianyong Xu, Hongyang Jing, and Yongdian Han. "A segmentation planning method based on the change rate of cross-sectional area of single V-groove for robotic multi-pass welding in intersecting pipe-pipe joint." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 101, no. 1-4 (October 30, 2018): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2932-7.

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40

Pratikno, Herman, Andrea Novia Samiyono, and Wimala Lalitya Dhanistha. "Analyzing the Effect of Variation in Shielding Gas Flow Rate and V Groove Type Towards Tensile and Metallographic Testing of GMAW Weld Joint of ASTM A53 and A36." International Journal of Offshore and Coastal Engineeing 4, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j2580-0914.v4i1.8706.

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41

Balcarek, Peter, and Felix Zimmermann. "New trochlea - old patella. Do both fit together?" Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 6_suppl4 (June 1, 2019): 2325967119S0023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00230.

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Aims and Objectives: Trochlear dysplasia has been established as the most common and impactful predisposing factor of lateral patellar dislocation (LPD). In addition, a clear correlation between trochlear dysplasia and the development of cartilage defects and osteoarthritis in the patellofemoral joint has been established. Though current literature increasingly supports trochleoplasty procedures for the treatment of LPD only few data evaluated the actual improvements of the cartilaginous patella-trochlea congruence after deepening trochleoplasty procedure. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the patella-trochlea congruence before and after a deepening trochleaplasty and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction in severe trochlear dysplasia. The hypothesis was that the deepening trochleoplasty and MPFL reconstruction is able to correct patella-trochlea congruence to physiological parameters. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 20 patients. All patients suffered recurrent LPD due to severe trochlear dysplasia and underwent a deepening ‘Bereiter’ trochleoplasty and MPFL reconstruction. Pre- and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations were used to assess the patella-trochlea contact ratio, the posterior patellar edge - trochlea groove ratio, and the lateral patellar inclination angle (patellar tilt). Measurements were obtained using open-source PACS workstation software (OsiriX v. 5.8.5, Pixmeo SARL, CH1233 Bernex, Switzerland). All parameters were compared to a control group of 20 at random selected patients without any medical history related to the patellofemoral joint. A paired two-tailed t-test was used to test for differences between the pre- and postoperative measurements within the study group. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferoni post-test adjustment was used to test for differences between all measurement series. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: Preoperatively, all parameters of the study group were significantly different when compared to the control group. This meant a reduced patella-trochlea contact ratio (0.38 ± 0.13 vs. 0.67 ± 0.09; p<0.001), an increased patellar lateralization (0.81 ± 0.10 vs. 0.98 ± 0.03; p<0.001), and increased patellar tilt (27.1° ± 7.7° vs. 9.4° ± 5.7°; p<0.001). Postoperatively, all parameters showed a significant improvement. The patella-trochlea contact ratio increased to a mean of 0.65 ± 0.11 (p<0.0001), patellar lateralization improved to a mean posterior patellar edge - trochlea groove ratio of 0.94 ± 0.06 (<0.0001), and patellar tilt reduced to a mean of 15.05° ± 4.2° (p< 0.0001). All parameters reached normal values when compared to the control group (all p >0.05). Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that in severe trochlear dysplasia deepening trochleoplasty and MPFL reconstruction is able to correct patellar alignment und patellar-trochlear congruence to normal values.

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ADEWUYI, Reuben Adebare, and Jacob Olayiwola AWEDA. "CHARACTERIZATION OF WELD HEAT INPUT EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Cr-Mo STEEL BAR USING TIG WELDING PROCESS." European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 4 (December 21, 2021): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ejmse.2021.06.04.192.

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Welding as an energy-consuming process is inevitable as-welded joint can be subject to various loads without failure. Therefore, this paper presents the welding thermal cycle of Cr-Mo steel bar (ASTM A304) of dimensions 100 by 50 and various thicknesses of 5, 10- and 15-mm. Pure tungsten with 2% thoriated TIG electrodes sizes 1.6 mm X 175 mm, 2.4 mm X 175 mm, and 3.2 mm X 175 were used without filler materials for the welding process. A double V-groove weld joint, with a moving heat source, was employed to determine the temperature fields and transformation in the single-pass butt-welded joint. A calibration process was attached at each point of interest using a datalogger type K-type thermocouple 3-channel–LU-MTM-380SD during the welding process on the Cr-Mo steel bar. The results showed that the welding temperature became higher at the welding centreline and decreased towards the edges of the bar. An indication that a weld thermal cycle is a veritable tool, a function of heat input to access likely consequence of the welding process at both welded and parent metal portions of steel bar. Design of Experiment using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array matrix L9(3^4), Factors:4 and Runs:18 in Minitab 17 Taguchi Design Method that suited the experimental method used. Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array to restrict the number of experimental runs was used for the design of the experiment (DOE). Mechanical and Microstructure tests were carried out on the samples to investigate the effect of weld heat input. The hardness test result showed that samples C15 and D15 have the highest hardness values 165.0HV and 164.0HV respectively at Base metal (BM) 20mm away from weld centreline and it was also observed that samples C15 and D15 have the highest impact values 48.53J and 48.7J respectively. The microstructure of the C15 at the weld zone WZ, which consists majorly of pearlite and less ferrite, BM shows the appearance of alpha ferrite and pearlite and heat-affected zone HAZ consists majorly of pearlite and a very small proportion of ferrite resulted in increased hardness and impact values at the HAZ.

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Tiyasri, Nusara, and Bovornchok Poopat. "Welding Procedure Development for Welding of High Strength Carbon Steel Cladded with Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L by Using Overmatching Filler Metal." Key Engineering Materials 545 (March 2013): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.545.182.

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This work aims to develop welding procedure for small diameter longitudinal welded clad pipe made from clad plate. High strength carbon steel base metal bonded with 316L stainless steel clad layer was used in this study. The dissimilar materials at the weld joint and accessibility limitation of small diameter present difficulty in welding process selection to achieve weld soundness. The joint and welding se¬quence are designed to avoid solidification cracking. Nickel base over matching filler is used on the clad side. Typical joint configuration is double V groove weld without clad peel back to minimize the number of passes inside the pipe. Firstly, welding is done on the carbon steel side by using Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) with carbon steel electrodes. Then, welding on the clad side is done by using ERNiCrMo-3 filler metal. Two different procedures for the clad side are studied. The first procedure is to weld the clad side by using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) and Gas Metal Arc Welding pulse current (GMAW-pulse) and another procedure is to weld the clad side by using the SAW procedure. Hot cracking was observed in the case of SAW procedure at the clad weld centerline due to high heat input and high level of dilution. Mechanical properties and microstructure are evaluated. Clad weld by use of GTAW and GMAW-pulse could give sound weld metal. The tensile and yield strength of all weld metal were found to be greater than that of base metal and 100% shear failures were observed. Charpy impact energy of weld and HAZ at -10°C was found to be over 100 joules. Hardness of weld and HAZ area are surveyed over the weld cross section to determine local hardening. Additionally intergranular corrosion testing was carried out on the clad weld side and then bend testing was done. No crack was observed. Therefore, GTAW and GMAW-pulse clad weld procedure could give required properties according to clad line pipe standard, reduce cost of production and increase productivity compared to the peel back method.

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44

Mawahib, M. Zaenal, Sarjito Jokosisworo, and Hartono Yudo. "Pengujian Tarik Dan Impak Pada Pengerjaan Pengelasan SMAW Dengan Mesin Genset Menggunakan Diameter Elektroda Yang Berbeda." Kapal: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Kelautan 14, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kpl.v14i1.15533.

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Pengaruh hasil sumber daya listrik yang dihasilkan dari mesin genset yaitu kemungkinan terjadinya lubang cacing dan retak, dan apabila arus yang terlalu rendah akan mengakibatkan kurangnya penembusan dan kemungkinan terak terperangkap tinggi, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan kekuatan dari sambungan lasan yang rendah. Pengujian pada sambungan pengelasan yang berbeda diameter elektroda dengan menggunakan mesin genset, akan diperoleh kekuatan tarik dan kekuatan impak maksimum dari masing-masing material uji dan dapat diketahui pemilihan diameter elektroda yang paling baik digunakan untuk masing-masing pelat. Pengelasan menggunakan jenis sambungan butt joint (single V-groove) dengan sudut 600, dengan diameter elektroda 3,2 mm dan 4 mm dengan tebal masing-masing material uji 8 mm dan 10 mm. Hasil pengujian didapatkan kuat tarik dari diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 443,747 N/mm2, diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 435,187 N/mm2, diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 447,23 N/mm2, dan diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 447,07 N/mm2. Hasil penelitian, modulus elastisitas dan tegangan luluh sama-sama memiliki kenaikan nilai, serta nilai pada regangan menurun. Sedangkan hasil pengujian impak didapatkan energi impak dari diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 90,67 Joule, diameter elektroda 3,2 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 295,9 Joule, diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 8 mm adalah rata-rata 44,91 Joule, dan diameter elektroda 4 mm tebal material 10 mm adalah rata-rata 273,83 Joule.

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45

Zhong, Z. W., S. C. Lim, and A. Asundi. "Optical Fiber Shifts and Shear Stains in V-Groove Arrays for Optical MEMS Packaging." Journal of Electronic Packaging 127, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1846063.

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The objective of this study is to investigate optical fiber shifts and shear stains in V-groove arrays for optical microelectromechanical system packaging, when the arrays are subjected to temperature cycling. Thermally induced optical fiber shifts in the joints consisting of an optical fiber, epoxy adhesive, and silicon substrate were simulated using a finite element analysis (FEA) package ANSYS. Experiments using real-time Moire´ interferometry were also performed at temperatures of 25, 40, 60, 85 and 100°C for confirmation of the analysis results. The study revealed that thermally induced fiber shifts increased with the number of V-groove channels. The shear strains at the fiber and silicon interface in the fiber joints increased as the V-groove channel was further away from the neutral point of the fiber array packages. The optical coupling loss is the greatest during thermal loading for the outer fiber in the four channel V-groove array. Optical loss of 0.334 and 0.346 dB was calculated using the fiber shift values obtained from the FEA and experimental results, respectively. The effect of fiber shifts, especially the shift of the fiber that is positioned at the outermost V-groove in the array, cannot be ignored.

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46

Ebefors, Thorbjörn, Edvard Kälvesten, and Göran Stemme. "Dynamic actuation of polyimide V-groove joints by electrical heating." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 67, no. 1-3 (May 1998): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-4247(97)01769-x.

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47

Kumar, Ravi Ranjan, and P. K. Ghosh. "Fracture Mechanics of Conventional and Narrow Groove Pulse Current Gas Metal Arc Welds of HSLA Steel." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.451.

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Mechanical and fracture properties of 20MnMoNi55 grade high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel welds have been studied. The weld joints were made using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Pulse Gas Metal Arc Welding (P-GMAW) methods on conventional V-groove (V-Groove) and Narrow groove (NG-13). The base metal and weld metal were characterised in terms of their metallurgical, mechanical and fracture toughness properties by following ASTM procedures. The J-Integral fracture test was carried out using compact tension C(T) specimen for base and weld metal. The fracture toughness and tensile properties of welds have been correlated with microstructure. In conventional V-groove welds prepared by P-GMAW shows the improvement in initiation fracture toughness (JIC) as compared to the weld prepared by SMAW. Similar improvements in tensile properties have also been observed. This is attributed to reduction in co-axial dendrite content due to lower heat input during P-GMAW process as compared to SMAW. In the narrow groove P-GMA weld prepared at f value of 0.15 has shown relative improvement of JIC as compared to that of the weld prepared by SMAW process.

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48

Mishra, Rohit, Avani Kumar Upadhyay, Amneesh Singla, and Yashvir Singh. "Effect of Groove Designs on Residual Stress and Transverse Shrinkage in GMAW and PGMAW of A333 Seamless Steel Pipes." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 19, no. 04 (December 2020): 799–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686720500377.

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The effectiveness of weld joints primarily depends on the fusion of base metal, minimum heat-affected zone (HAZ) and lesser residual stresses. The severity of thermomechanical effects e.g. weld shrinkages and residual stresses is significantly minimized by narrow gap welding technique over the traditional welding. This work describes the welding of A333 Grade 3 steel pipes by the application of GMAW and PGMAW techniques. The analysis is made to capture the effects of groove designs on residual stress and transverse shrinkage. The process parameters used for the analysis are voltage, current and welding speed. In this work, narrow groove design using PGMAW process is capable of reducing the number of passes and area of weld deposit by 35–40% by volume. In PGMAW, decrement in residual stresses is observed with a narrow groove compared to conventional V groove technique. The results are validated by metallurgical and mechanical investigation of welded joints. This work will help other researchers to understand the effect of narrow gap welding using an optimum number of passes for thick pipes.

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49

Yamane, Satoshi, Toru Nakajima, Hikaru Yamamoto, Yasuyoshi Kaneko, and Kenji Oshima. "Cooperative Control of Robotic Welding System in One Side Backingless V Groove Welding." Materials Science Forum 580-582 (June 2008): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.580-582.339.

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The formation of stable back beads in the first layer weld during one side multilayer welding is important to achieve high quality welded metal joints. The authors thus employed the switch back welding method for the welding of V groove joints without backing plates. In this method, the personal computers control a welding robot, a digital welding power source and a wire feeder, simultaneously. Each unit is connected together with Ethernet and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). The personal computer for controlling the welding robot is synchronized with other computers. The suitability of the welding conditions for each root gap was verified by observation of the arc, molten pool and external appearance of back beads.

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50

Martinez, Alejandro Morales, Francesco Caliva, Valentina Pedoia, Drew Lansdown, and Nikan Namiri. "Poster 242: Deep Learning for Identifying Patellofemoral Measurements Associated with Cartilage Lesions on MRI." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 7_suppl5 (July 1, 2022): 2325967121S0080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00803.

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Objectives: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables patellofemoral joint (PFJ) geometric measurements that may guide metrics of operative treatments, such as anteromedialization osteotomy, offloading stress on PFJs with chondral defects. However, utilization of MRI is limited due to expense required in manual image annotation. Preliminary work in small cohorts has suggested differences in PFJ measurements involving the anterior tibia and trochlea among symptomatic and control patients. Recently, deep learning (DL) has been used to perform accurate, automated segmentation of knee MRI. Herein, our aim was to develop a DL algorithm to segment the bony structures in knee MRIs and determine the relationship between PFJ geometries and cartilage lesions in a large, longitudinal cohort. Methods: Subjects: We obtained data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), a multi-institutional study conducted between 2005 and 2006, consisting of 4796 participants aged 45 to 80 years (NCT#00080171, on ClinicalTrials.gov). Eligible participants had osteoarthritis (OA) or elevated risk of OA in at least one knee at baseline. Each participant was assessed yearly with questionnaires, radiographs, and MRI. MRI sequences: MRIs were obtained using 3T scanners (Siemens Trio, Germany) on both right and left knees. From the OAI database, we accessed 3D sagittal double echo steady-state volumes with the following parameters: resolution=0.365×0.456×0.7mm, field of view=14cm, repetition time/echo time=16.2/4.7ms, matrix=384×307×160, bandwidth=62.5kHz. Radiologist grading: A subset of knee MRIs from OAI were graded according to MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) as part of several previous studies and shared publicly. A centralized group performed the grading through direct supervision of two musculoskeletal radiologists with more than nine years of training in grading knee OA with semi-quantitative scoring systems. Clinical data and case-control status were not made available to the radiologists during grading. In total, 2653 unique participants received imaging at either or both of two visits (baseline and 4 years), resulting in gradings for 4413 knee MRIs from 3117 unique knees. Automated segmentation: We built a DL segmentation model to determine the locations of patella, femur, and tibia within the double echo steady-state MRIs. The model utilized a 3D V-Net architecture, and training was performed on 40 manually annotated MRIs. We then used the trained model to segment femur, tibia, and patella bone from the radiologist MOAKS-graded subset of the OAI. Geometric measurements: We measured the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TTTG) length, sagittal tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (sTTTG) length, trochlear sulcus angle, trochlear dysplasia, Caton-Deschamps index, and flexion angle using the bone segmentations of the MOAKS-graded cohort. The trochlea was chosen using the axial slice of the segmentation with the largest femur width. The tibial tubercle was chosen using the anterior-most point of the axial cut 13.8mm superior to the inferior-most axial cut of the segmentation. This axial cut of the tibia was chosen using the average axial location of the tibial tubercle in 15 randomly selected segmentations. Statistical analysis: Dice score determined accuracy of the segmentation model on the holdout set of manually segmented images. Kruskal-Wallis H-test compared differences in demographics, radiographic findings, and geometric measurements between subjects without and with PFJ OA. PFJ OA was defined as having a MOAKS score greater than 2 in one or more of the following articular surfaces of the PFJ: anterior medial femur, anterior lateral femur, medial patella, lateral patella. Controls with no PFJ OA were classified as MOAKS score less than or equal to 2 in all four PFJ articular surfaces. Two-tailed p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed in Python (version 3.6.5; Python Software Foundation, Beaverton, Ore); important packages included numpy, pandas, and scipy. Results: Baseline demographics for all subjects were as follows: women=1868, men=1243, age (mean(SD))=62.7(8.9), BMI=28.7(4.8). Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grades of the knees were KL0=1106, KL1=590, KL2=695, KL3=493, KL4=194. Dice scores of the model on the holdout test set were 97.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 96.6-97.7%), 97.3% (95% CI: 96.6-97.9%), and 96.0% (95% CI: 95.2-96.7%) for femur, tibia, and patella, respectively. A total of 2051 knees did not have PFJ OA, while 1060 knees possessed PFJ OA (Table 1). Subjects with PFJ OA were older, had greater female predominance, greater BMI, greater KL scores, greater pain levels, and greater proportion of total knee replacement at 8 years. Knees without PFJ OA had a greater sTTTG (-8.2(5.7) mm) compared to subjects with PFJ OA (-9.8(5.8) mm) (p<0.001), indicating a more anteriorly-positioned tibial tubercle for those subjects without PFJ OA. There were no differences in TTTG (9.2(4.2) mm v. 9.4(4.9) mm, p=0.12) and sulcus angle (145.7(9.1) degrees v. 146.0(9.6) degrees, p=0.41) among knees without and with PFJ OA. Conclusions: We used DL to segment bony structures within knee MRIs and compare PFJ geometric measurements with presence of OA. Knees with PFJ OA were associated with a more posteriorly positioned tibial tubercle; however, we found no differences in TTTG and sulcus angle in knees with and without OA. This relationship of the tibial tubercle and trochlea in the sagittal plane is consistent with prior smaller case series, though the methodology of this study allows for evaluation of these measurements on a much broader scale in this large cohort. Understanding the geometric measurements of knees without chondral defects may serve as metrics for correctional chondral deformity operations. [Table: see text]

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