Дисертації з теми "Usine urbaine"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся з топ-50 дисертацій для дослідження на тему "Usine urbaine".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Переглядайте дисертації для різних дисциплін та оформлюйте правильно вашу бібліографію.
Lefort, Anne-Cécile. "L' usine en périphérie urbaine 1860-1920 : Histoire des établissements classés en proche banlieue parisienne." Paris, CNAM, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CNAM0416.
In the second half of the 19th century, the inner parisian suburb has been touched by a brutal development of industry. Under the weight of a strong demographic pressure, the inner north-east outskirt got violently urbanized, without physical planing or territorial organization. A large part of suburbanite industries produced classified goods coming under regulation established by the 15th october 1810 decree. This regulation has been enforcing for more than hundred fifty years. This regulation has been implemented in a specific way in the department of Seine. State and departmental authorities used it in order to discharge insalubrius activities and undesirable productions out of the capital. Prestigious parisian ambitions came true to the detriment of inner suburb. The north-east quarter received all kinds of productions needed by Paris and saw it landscape changing gradually. The inner suburb has been reacting to the situation little by little and denouncing it since 1880
Ijassi, Walid. "Usines urbaines - caractérisation et circularité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALI014.
The demand for manufactured goods continues to grow in urban areas, particularly due to the rapid and continuous evolution of the urban population. However, today, most factories are located outside urban areas, and sometimes even beyond national borders, leading to transportation issues and limiting the circularity of goods. In this context, the concept of urban factories was introduced in 2016. It proposes a model of factories located inside urban areas that leverage local resources and stakeholders to create value in a sustainable way.This thesis aims to propose a method to improve the sustainability of urban factories.To achieve this, we first proposed a characterization method for urban factories through a systematic literature review and case studies, which we confronted with a value chain model. Key variables were identified and used to characterize sustainable urban factory models. The characterization method was tested in the urban area of Grenoble, with the participation of 46 urban factories. Principal component analysis of the variables revealed 16 profiles of urban factories in Grenoble.We then proposed a database of best practices to lead to solutions for urban factories that can better valorize urban waste through circular strategies. We introduced a circularity design method based on the principles of systemic design, that covers various circular strategies. Workshops were conducted to test the design method. A case study on an urban factory in Grenoble was presented in this thesis to illustrate the contribution of the method to improving its sustainability.To promote this approach and disseminate the concept of sustainable urban factories, we implemented a roleplay approach that was tested with engineering students
Terral, Roméo. "La rénovation urbaine de Pointe-à-Pitre du départ de Félix Eboué (1938) à la fermeture de l'usine Darboussier (1981)." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0615/document.
Urban renewal of Pointe-à-Pitre (1961-1981) was one of the 1argcstever conducted in France during the years (1961- . 1981) and the fust programmed overseas territories. 1'0 respond to the housing crisis and renovate parts of unhealthy ceUsthat had spread in an uncontroUed manner on wetlands located around the city it was intended to. Urban renewal was not simply a development operations because it served as a frontier laboratory and the actors of the urban composition overseas by sctting up public bodies to which the State gave a functional competence develop the territory. On this occasion were introduced in Guadeloupe, a new architecture and new urbanism reflection of modernity
Wilkinson, David M. "Modelling light attenuation by urban trees." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316648.
Defrocourt, Stéphane. "Automatisation d'un poste de pontier dans une usine d'incinération d'ordures ménagères." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMP783S.
BARBOSA, Gustavo de Souza. "A Usina Central Barreiros e as implicações socioeconômicas no espaço urbano de Barreiros, Pernambuco." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2014. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/11013.
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-06T12:10:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Gustavo de Souza Barbosa.pdf: 2669298 bytes, checksum: e777516c93926ae903907beda421ae36 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26
O trabalho aborda as implicações socioeconômicas no espaço urbano do município de Barreiros, Pernambuco, a partir da atividade sucroalcooleira desenvolvida pela sua principal indústria, a Usina Central Barreiros, considerando tanto seu período de funcionamento quanto os anos posteriores ao seu fechamento. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso baseado no método materialista dialético sendo realizada a partir da análise de dados obtidos por meio de documentação indireta através de pesquisa documental em leis e da pesquisa bibliográfica em livros, artigos, periódicos, monografias, dissertações, teses, documentos e sites oficiais de órgãos governamentais, assim como a partir da análise baseada em documentação direta obtida em visita ao município e por meio da realização de entrevistas com os moradores da zona urbana. Como resultado constata-se que a atividade açucareira durante grande parte do século XX mostrou-se de extrema importância para o ritmo econômico e social de Barreiros sendo responsável, contraditoriamente, pelas mais importantes transformações e permanências observadas no espaço urbano e na vida de seus habitantes. Conclui-se que a atividade imprimiu significativas mudanças no espaço urbano municipal, sobretudo no âmbito das edificações e no cotidiano de seus habitantes influenciando diretamente tanto a qualidade quanto o ritmo de vida destes. Com o encerramento das atividades da indústria sucroalcooleira associada a demais alterações relacionadas ao contexto estadual e mesmo nacional o município vem apresentando no espaço urbano importante modificação em sua estrutura socioeconômica.
Thaumaturgo, Leila Regina Youssef [UNESP]. "A expansão urbana e o crescimento populaconal em áreas do entorno de grandes reservatórios: o caso de Foz do Iguaçu." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106437.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Para atender a demanda energética de um país em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, considerando a sua diversidade regional, uma das alternativas é implantar várias usinas hidrelétricas de médio e grande porte para a produção de energia limpa e renovável. A implantação da usina de Itaipu foi necessária para cobrir o déficit de produção de energia no país. Porém a implantação e a operação da usina causam significativos impactos de natureza socioambiental. Na década de 70, o município de Foz do Iguaçu não estava preparado para receber a massa trabalhadora para a construção da usina. Sem infraestrutura e planejamento urbano, Foz do Iguaçu foi extremamente impactada com o elevado crescimento demográfico e alto índice de urbanização. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivos realizar levantamento histórico da implantação da usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu, avaliar a formação da cidade com base na dinâmica populacional e avaliar a expansão da malha urbana, considerando o período de 1960 a 2007. Durante o período de 1960 a 2007, o município de Foz do Iguaçu passou por grandes transformações tais como: redução da área territorial em 14,91 %, crescimento populacional na ordem de 920,12 % e crescimento da malha urbana 10.520,00 %. Por outro lado o município recebeu da Itaipu compensações financeiras na ordem de US$ 190,54 milhões Em face dos atuais problemas que o município vem enfrentando na área social, como favelização crescente, elevados índices de violência e déficit de moradia e alto índice de desemprego. Impactos socioambientais podem ser minimizados se aplicado ferramentas adequadas de gestão publica nos municípios situados na área do entorno do reservatório
To reach the energy demands of a developing country, an alternative is to implant several large production hydroelectric plants for the production of clean and renewable energy, such as Itaipu hydroelectric plant. The construction of this plant caused significant environmental and social impacts in the Western region of Paraná State, mainly in the Foz do Iguazu County. In the 1970’s, the city was not prepared to receive the large numbers of workers for the plant’s construction, which arrive in Foz do Iguazu from different regions of Brazil. Without infrastructure and urban planning, the town of Foz do Iguazu was highly impacted due to the elevated population growth and the high rate of urbanization. Therefore, this thesis has as main goals to undertake a historical survey of implementation of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant, to analyze the population growth and the expansion of the urban area of the Foz do Iguazu town considering the period between 1960 and 2007. During this period, Foz do Iguazu County has suffered several changes such as: reduction of its surface area of 14,91%, population growth of 920,12% and growth of urban area of 10.520,00 %. On the other hand, the county has received financial compensation in the order of US$ 263 million. Despite receiving these funds, the county has been facing problems in the social area, such as growing slums, high levels of violence, large housing deficit and high unemployment rate. Social impacts can be minimized if applied appropriate tools for managing public administration in the counties situated around the reservoir
Thaumaturgo, Leila Regina Youssef. "A expansão urbana e o crescimento populaconal em áreas do entorno de grandes reservatórios : o caso de Foz do Iguaçu." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106437.
Coorientador: Isabel Cristina de Barros Trannin
Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho
Banca: Luiz Roberto Carrocci
Banca: Sueli Yoshinaga Pereira
Banca: Marcelo dos Santos Targa
Resumo: Para atender a demanda energética de um país em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, considerando a sua diversidade regional, uma das alternativas é implantar várias usinas hidrelétricas de médio e grande porte para a produção de energia limpa e renovável. A implantação da usina de Itaipu foi necessária para cobrir o déficit de produção de energia no país. Porém a implantação e a operação da usina causam significativos impactos de natureza socioambiental. Na década de 70, o município de Foz do Iguaçu não estava preparado para receber a massa trabalhadora para a construção da usina. Sem infraestrutura e planejamento urbano, Foz do Iguaçu foi extremamente impactada com o elevado crescimento demográfico e alto índice de urbanização. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivos realizar levantamento histórico da implantação da usina hidrelétrica de Itaipu, avaliar a formação da cidade com base na dinâmica populacional e avaliar a expansão da malha urbana, considerando o período de 1960 a 2007. Durante o período de 1960 a 2007, o município de Foz do Iguaçu passou por grandes transformações tais como: redução da área territorial em 14,91 %, crescimento populacional na ordem de 920,12 % e crescimento da malha urbana 10.520,00 %. Por outro lado o município recebeu da Itaipu compensações financeiras na ordem de US$ 190,54 milhões Em face dos atuais problemas que o município vem enfrentando na área social, como favelização crescente, elevados índices de violência e déficit de moradia e alto índice de desemprego. Impactos socioambientais podem ser minimizados se aplicado ferramentas adequadas de gestão publica nos municípios situados na área do entorno do reservatório
Abstract: To reach the energy demands of a developing country, an alternative is to implant several large production hydroelectric plants for the production of clean and renewable energy, such as Itaipu hydroelectric plant. The construction of this plant caused significant environmental and social impacts in the Western region of Paraná State, mainly in the Foz do Iguazu County. In the 1970's, the city was not prepared to receive the large numbers of workers for the plant's construction, which arrive in Foz do Iguazu from different regions of Brazil. Without infrastructure and urban planning, the town of Foz do Iguazu was highly impacted due to the elevated population growth and the high rate of urbanization. Therefore, this thesis has as main goals to undertake a historical survey of implementation of the Itaipu hydroelectric plant, to analyze the population growth and the expansion of the urban area of the Foz do Iguazu town considering the period between 1960 and 2007. During this period, Foz do Iguazu County has suffered several changes such as: reduction of its surface area of 14,91%, population growth of 920,12% and growth of urban area of 10.520,00 %. On the other hand, the county has received financial compensation in the order of US$ 263 million. Despite receiving these funds, the county has been facing problems in the social area, such as growing slums, high levels of violence, large housing deficit and high unemployment rate. Social impacts can be minimized if applied appropriate tools for managing public administration in the counties situated around the reservoir
Doutor
Tian, Geng. "Analysis of the unsteady boundary-layer flow over urban-like canopy using large eddy simulation." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0062/document.
The rapid development of urbanization raises social and environmental challenges related to air pollution and urban climate. Understanding the physical processes of momentum, heat, and mass exchanges between the urban canopy and the atmospheric boundary-layer is a key to assess,predict and prevent negative impacts of urbanization. The turbulent processes occurring in the urban boundary-layer are investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The unsteady flow over an urban-like canopy modelled by a staggered arrangement of cubes is simulated using large eddy simulation (LES). Considering the highspatial and temporal in homogeneity of the flow, a dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model is implemented in the code to allow energyback scatter from small to large scales. The Reynolds number based on the domain height and free-stream velocity is 50000. The near-wall viscous sub-layers are resolved and the grid is refined in the canopy resulting in about 28 million grid cells. LES results are assessed by comparison with literature and data recently acquired in the wind tunnel of the LHEEA. The turbulent kinetic energy budget in which all contributions are independently computed is investigated. These rarely available data are used to analyse the turbulent processes in the urban canopy. By taking advantage of the three-dimensionality of the simulated flow, the complex 3D time-averaged organization of the flow (recirculation, vorticesor singular points) is analyzed in relation with production of turbulence. Finally a drag approach where obstacles are replaced by an equivalent drag force is implemented in the same domain and results are compared to obstacle-resolved data
Gamez, serna Citlalli. "Towards visual urban scene understanding for autonomous vehicle path tracking using GPS positioning data." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA004/document.
This PhD thesis focuses on developing a path tracking approach based on visual perception and localization in urban environments. The proposed approach comprises two systems. The first one concerns environment perception. This task is carried out using deep learning techniques to automatically extract 2D visual features and use them to learn in order to distinguish the different objects in the driving scenarios. Three deep learning techniques are adopted: semantic segmentation to assign each image pixel to a class, instance segmentation to identify separated instances of the same class and, image classification to further recognize the specific labels of the instances. Here our system segments 15 object classes and performs traffic sign recognition. The second system refers to path tracking. In order to follow a path, the equipped vehicle first travels and records the route with a stereo vision system and a GPS receiver (learning step). The proposed system analyses off-line the GPS path and identifies exactly the locations of dangerous (sharp) curves and speed limits. Later after the vehicle is able to localize itself, the vehicle control module together with our speed negotiation algorithm, takes into account the information extracted and computes the ideal speed to execute. Through experimental results of both systems, we prove that, the first one is capable to detect and recognize precisely objects of interest in urban scenarios, while the path tracking one reduces significantly the lateral errors between the learned and traveled path. We argue that the fusion of both systems will ameliorate the tracking approach for preventing accidents or implementing autonomous driving
Bourki, Amine. "Towards scalable, multi-view urban modeling using structure priors." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1062/document.
In this thesis, we address the problem of 3D reconstruction from a sequence of calibrated street-level photographs with a simultaneous focus on scalability and the use of structure priors in Multi-View Stereo (MVS).While both aspects have been studied broadly, existing scalable MVS approaches do not handle well the ubiquitous structural regularities, yet simple, of man-made environments. On the other hand, structure-aware 3D reconstruction methods are slow and scale poorly with the size of the input sequences and/or may even require additional restrictive information. The goal of this thesis is to reconcile scalability and structure awareness within common MVS grounds using soft, generic priors which encourage : (i) piecewise planarity, (ii) alignment of objects boundaries with image gradients and (iii) with vanishing directions (VDs), and (iv) objects co-planarity. To do so, we present the novel “Patchwork Stereo” framework which integrates photometric stereo from a handful of wide-baseline views and a sparse 3D point cloud combining robust 3D plane extraction and top-down image partitioning from a unified 2D-3D analysis in a principled Markov Random Field energy minimization. We evaluate our contributions quantitatively and qualitatively on challenging urban datasets and illustrate results which are at least on par with state-of-the-art methods in terms of geometric structure, but achieved in several orders of magnitude faster paving the way for photo-realistic city-scale modeling
Li, Zhaoyang. "Monitoring urban sprawl using RGB images." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för teknik och miljö, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9276.
Li, Qi. "Urban mobility sensing fortraffic using sparseprocessing." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183586.
Stesenko, О. M. "Using round forms in urban planning." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/42118.
The round shape has a natural township and city, which was a lot built in the history of mankind. For the construction of defensive structures circle is the most economical form. In the territories where the landscape allowed, the cities sought to round outlines, even the presence of a hill of rivers or riverand were not for the form of a circle obstacle. Like the rings in trees, as well as in historical development round city increases the ring residential quarters, protective and social buildings. Round form was associated with the minimum length of the city walls, which significantly saves the effort on their erection. A circulate shape is very simple to create on the terrain with one rather long rope. This form is readily achieved, which also speaks of its economic effectiveness.
Pereira, Marcelo Divino Ribeiro. "Os impactos socioeconômicos e o processo indenizatório das comunidades ribeirinhas atingidas pela usina hidrelétrica de Estreito – Maranhão." Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/233.
The construction of large hydroelectric projects in Brazil from the last quarter of the twentieth century is directly related to the process of industrialization, from the aforementioned century, will be impacted by the oil crisis of the 70s of last century, when the government decides to invest in alternative sources of energy and, among them, the implementation of large hydropower plants in virtually all regions of Brazil. With the implementation of these large hydroelectric power plants in the south and northeast, at first, and studies for the hydroelectric plants of other watersheds located mainly in the north of Brazil, appears also on a regional scale, the Movement of People Affected by Dams (MAB) consisting of numerous coastal communities that were dispossessed of their means of livelihood due to the construction of large hydroelectric projects. Describe and analyze the socioeconomic impacts the sociopolitical process of financial compensation of coastal communities affected by HPP Strait, one of the major projects sponsored by the Brazilian government is the main objective of this research. The hydroelectric plant Narrow focus of this case study is located in the city of Strait in the south of Maranhão. From the questionnaires for a socioeconomic characterization of the affected communities, we seek to understand the extent to which their representations social, political, economic and cultural might have influenced the compensation process. Through the interpretation of the data, it was noticed that the relative position of individuals in the communities analyzed, supported in capital economic, political, social and cultural, not influenced in compensation, whereas the Strait Energy Consortium (CESTE), opted for compensation-patrimonial territory.
Wright, George T. "Helicopter Urban Navigation Training using virtual environments." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA379671.
Weijermars, Wilhelmina Adriana Maria. "Analysis of urban traffic patterns using clustering." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2007. http://doc.utwente.nl/57837.
Yousif, Osama. "Urban Change Detection Using Multitemporal SAR Images." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168216.
QC 20150529
Holt, Steven. "Using urban triage to plan for walkability." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19051.
Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Mary C. Kingery-Page
Literature shows that walkable neighborhoods have the potential to significantly decrease the carbon footprint of cities by lessening the need to drive, as well as providing many health, economic, and social benefits to society. The goal of this research, therefore, was to devise a practical strategy to create walkable places in the car-oriented city of Wichita, Kansas. A necessary component of this strategy is an “urban triage,” described by Jeff Speck in Walkable City as identifying streets with the most existing potential and concentrating limited resources to their improvement (2012, 254). This report employed an urban triage of Wichita at two scales based on three central characteristics of walkability: urban fabric, dense street network and connectivity. Comparing block length and link to node ratio, I built a case for downtown, which is organized on a traditional grid of streets, over a typical shopping district organized around the more modern hierarchical pattern of streets. Within downtown, I further narrowed the study area primarily based on urban fabric, the degree to which streets are enclosed by buildings. I created a method to measure urban fabric, using aerial imagery and street views, taking into account the consistency of the street wall, height of buildings and foreground. The strongest complete corridor, in terms of urban fabric, and three potential links between that corridor and downtown’s largest event space, became the study area for further analysis. A rubric, based on characteristics of walkability extrapolated from literature, served as the instrument to measure the attributes of each block in the study area. Each attribute, as well as the characteristics that they create, yielded a map, contrasting strong and weak blocks. This analysis provided the detailed information necessary to create an informed conceptual strategy to resolve these weaknesses. Selective building infill resolved gaps in the urban fabric, road diets and improved crossings restored modal balance to the street, and a new pedestrian corridor completed a broken street and activated an existing park.
Hopkins, Michael Ian Wilhem. "Using fringe belts to examine the relationships between urban morphology and urban ecology." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403474.
Holgate, Briana Kate. "Using ecoacoustic monitoring of biodiversity to inform urban development in peri-urban settings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/133766/1/Briana_Holgate_Thesis.pdf.
Rosa, Altair. "Bioretention for diffuse pollution control in SUDS using experimental-adaptive approaches of ecohydrology." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-24032017-100208/.
Problemas decorrentes do uso e ocupação do solo em áreas urbanas podem dificultar a infiltração da água, aumentando o escoamento superficial. Técnicas de bioretenção são soluções decorrentes do campo da hidrologia para mitigar as consequências resultantes da crescente urbanização, entre elas, enchentes e contaminação de rios. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é estudar a eficiência generalizada de Técnicas Compensatórias (TCs) experimentais, adaptáveis combinadas de detenção e bioretenção para controle da poluição difusa da drenagem urbana. Objetivos específicos são definidos em cada capítulo e relacionam-se com o dimensionamento e monitoramento de modelagem de sistema de bioretenção, localizado no Sudeste do Brasil, São Paulo – São Carlos. O Primeiro capítulo apresenta a introdução geral da tese, objetivos e hipóteses, bem como, descreve a metodologia geral para construção da tese e relação dos objetivos com os respectivos capítulos. O Segundo capítulo discute os alcances e limitações de nomenclaturas sobre termos frequentemente utilizados na temática drenagem urbana sustentável. Este capítulo de certa forma aporta os demais capítulos que compõe esta tese, por propiciar vasto banco de dados referenciais. O Terceiro capítulo apresenta os critérios de dimensionamento utilizados para a construção de um sistema de bioretenção experimental e uma comparação com o dimensionamento com o modelo HEC – HMS - Hydrologic Engineering Center - Hydrologic Modeling System. O Quarto capítulo discorre sobre critérios de escolha de áreas propicias para a construção de sistemas de bioretenção usando Sistemas de Informações Geográficas para a caracterização de áreas, utilizando indicadores ecohidrológicos, considerando os aspectos de quantidade e de qualidade na drenagem urbana. O Quinto capítulo demonstra o uso do modelo PCSWMM – Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model, na simulação de cenários futuros assumindo expansões modulares progressivas da TC, modelando a eficiência para os aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos da poluição difusa para os 2015, 2025, 2050, 2100. Conclui-se com esta pesquisa que técnicas compensatórias podem ser empregadas não só para avaliação dos impactos da poluição difusa provindos da drenagem urbana, mas como forma de contribuir com a sustentabilidade de bacias hidrográficas e para mitigação de riscos de extremos advindos do aumento da demanda de drenagem urbana.
Fang, Yi. "An urban traffic network model using GIS technology." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845978.
Department of Urban Planning
Zamora, Mero Willian Jesús. "Crowdsensing solutions for urban pollution monitoring using smartphones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/115483.
La contaminació ambiental és un dels principals problemes que afecten el nostre planeta. El creixement industrial i els aglomerats urbans, entre altres, estan contribuint al fet que aquest problema es diversifique i es cronifique. La presència de contaminants ambientals en nivells elevats afecta la salut humana, sent la qualitat de l'aire i els nivells de soroll exemples de factors que poden causar efectes negatius en les persones, tant psicològicament com fisiològicament. No obstant això, la ubiqüitat de les microcomputadores i l'augment dels sensors incorporats als nostres telèfons intel·ligents han fet possible l'aparició de noves estratègies per a mesurar aquesta contaminació. Així, el mobile crowdsensing s'ha convertit en un nou paradigma mitjançant el qual els telèfons intel·ligents emergeixen com a tecnologia habilitadora, i l'adopció generalitzada d'aquest proporciona un enorme potencial per al seu creixement, ja que permet operar a gran escala i amb uns costos assumibles per a la societat. A través del crowdsensing, els telèfons intel·ligents poden convertir-se en unitats de detecció flexibles i multiús que, a través dels sensors integrats en els esmentats dispositius, o combinats amb nous sensors, permeten monitoritzar regions d'interès amb una bona granularitat, tant espacial com temporal. En aquesta tesi ens centrem en el disseny de solucions de crowdsensing usant telèfons intel·ligents, on abordem problemes de contaminació ambiental, específicament del soroll i de la contaminació de l'aire. Amb aquest objectiu, s'estudien, en primer lloc, les propostes de crowdsensing que han sorgit en els últims anys. Els resultats del nostre estudi demostren que encara hi ha molta heterogeneïtat en termes de tecnologies utilitzades i mètodes d'implementació, encara que els dissenys modulars en el client i en el servidor semblen ser dominants. Pel que fa a la contaminació de l'aire, proposem una arquitectura que permeta mesurar la contaminació d'aquest, concretament de l'ozó, dins d'entorns urbans. La nostra proposta utilitza telèfons intel·ligents com a centre de l'arquitectura, sent aquests dispositius els encarregats de llegir les dades d'un sensor mòbil extern, i d'enviar després aquestes dades a un servidor central per al seu processament i tractament. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que l'orientació del sensor i el període de mostratge, dins de certs límits, tenen molt poca influència en les dades capturades. Pel que fa a la contaminació acústica, proposem una arquitectura per a mesurar els nivells de soroll en entorns urbans basada en crowdsensing, i la característica principal de la qual és que no requereix intervenció de la persona usuària. En aquesta tesi detallem aspectes com ara el calibratge dels telèfons intel·ligents, la qualitat de les mesures obtingudes, l'instant de mostratge, el disseny del servidor i la interacció client-servidor. A més, hem validat la nostra solució en escenaris reals per a demostrar el potencial de la solució assolida. Els resultats experimentals mostren que, amb la nostra proposta, és possible mesurar nivells de soroll en diferents zones urbanes o rurals amb un grau de precisió comparable al dels dispositius professionals, tot això sense requerir intervenció de l'usuari o usuària, i amb un consum reduït quant a recursos del sistema. En general, les diferents contribucions d'aquesta tesi doctoral ofereixen un punt de partida per a nous desenvolupaments, i ofereixen estratègies de calibratge i algorismes eficients amb vista a realitzar mesures representatives. A més, un important avantatge de la nostra proposta és que pot ser implementada de forma directa tant en institucions públiques com no governamentals en poc de temps, ja que utilitza tecnologia accessible i solucions basades en el codi obert.
Environmental pollution is one of the main problems that affect our planet. Industrial growth and urban agglomerations, among others, are contributing to the diversification and chronification of this problem. The presence of environmental pollutants at high levels affect human health, with air quality and noise levels being examples of factors that can cause negative effects on people both psychologically and physiologically. Traditionally, environmental pollution is measured through monitoring centers, which are usually fixed and have a high cost. However, the ubiquity of microcomputers and the increase in the number of sensors embedded in our smartphones, have paved the way for the appearance of new strategies to measure such pollution. Thus, Mobile Crowdsensing has become a new paradigm through which smartphones emerge as an enabling technology, and whose widespread adoption provides enormous potential for growth, allowing large-scale operations, and with costs acceptable to our society. Through crowdsensing, smartphones can become flexible and multipurpose detection units that, through the sensors integrated into these devices, or combined with new sensors, allow monitoring regions of interest with good spatial and temporal granularity. In this thesis, we focus on the design of crowdsensing solutions using smartphones. We deal with environmental pollution problems, specifically noise and air pollution. With this objective, the crowdsensing proposals that have emerged in recent years are studied in the first place. The results of our study show that there is still a lot of heterogeneity in terms of technologies used and implementation methods, although modular designs at both client and server seem to be dominant. Concerning air pollution, we propose an architecture that allows measuring air pollution, specifically ozone, in urban environments. Our proposal uses smartphones as the center of the architecture, being these devices responsible for reading the data obtained by an external mobile sensor, and then sending such data to a central server for processing and analysis. In this proposal, several problems have been analyzed with regard to the orientation of the external sensor and the sampling time, and the proposed solution has been validated in real scenarios. The results obtained show that the orientation of the sensor and the sampling period, within certain limits, have very little influence on the captured data. Also, by comparing the heat maps generated by our solution with the data from the existing monitoring stations in the city of Valencia, we demonstrate that our approach is capable of providing greater data granularity. Concerning noise pollution, we propose an architecture to measure noise levels in urban environments based on crowdsensing, and whose main characteristic is that it does not require user intervention. In this thesis, we detail aspects such as the calibration of smartphones, the quality of the measurements obtained, the sampling instant, the server design, and the client-server interaction. Besides, we have validated our solution in real scenarios to demonstrate the potential of the proposed solution. Experimental results show that, with our proposal, it is possible to measure noise levels in different urban or rural areas with a degree of precision comparable to that of professional devices, all without requiring the intervention of the user, and with reduced consumption of system resources. In general, the different contributions of this doctoral thesis provide a starting point for new developments, offering efficient calibration strategies and algorithms to make representative measurements. Besides, a significant advantage of our proposal is that it can be implemented straightforwardly by both public and non-governmental institutions in a short time, as it relies on accessible technology and open source software
Zamora Mero, WJ. (2018). Crowdsensing solutions for urban pollution monitoring using smartphones [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/115483
TESIS
Greenberg, Joshua David. "Analysis of urban-rural gradients using satellite data /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5498.
Sarma, Vaibhav Yuan Xiaohui. "Urban surface characterization using LiDAR and aerial imagery." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12196.
Sarma, Vaibhav. "Urban surface characterization using LiDAR and aerial imagery." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12196/.
TRAN, TRUNG HIEU. "Integrity Monitoring Using ARAIM Algorithm in Urban Environment." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2714403.
Jacob, Alexander. "Multitemporal Remote Sensing for Urban Mapping using KTH-SEG and KTH-Pavia Urban Extractor." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147159.
QC 20140625
Albilani, Mohamad. "Neuro-symbolic deep reinforcement learning for safe urban driving using low-cost sensors." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAS008.
The research conducted in this thesis is centered on the domain of safe urban driving, employing sensor fusion and reinforcement learning methodologies for the perception and control of autonomous vehicles (AV). The evolution and widespread integration of machine learning technologies have primarily propelled the proliferation of autonomous vehicles in recent years. However, substantial progress is requisite before achieving widespread adoption by the general populace. To accomplish its automation, autonomous vehicles necessitate the integration of an array of costly sensors, including cameras, radars, LiDARs, and ultrasonic sensors. In addition to their financial burden, these sensors exhibit susceptibility to environmental variables such as weather, a limitation not shared by human drivers who can navigate diverse conditions with a reliance on simple frontal vision. Moreover, the advent of decision-making neural network algorithms constitutes the core intelligence of autonomous vehicles. Deep Reinforcement Learning solutions, facilitating end-to-end driver policy learning, have found application in elementary driving scenarios, encompassing tasks like lane-keeping, steering control, and acceleration management. However, these algorithms demand substantial time and extensive datasets for effective training. In addition, safety must be considered throughout the development and deployment phases of autonomous vehicles.The first contribution of this thesis improves vehicle localization by fusing data from GPS and IMU sensors with an adaptation of a Kalman filter, ES-EKF, and a reduction of noise in IMU measurements.This method excels in urban environments marked by signal obstructions and elevated noise levels, effectively mitigating the adverse impact of noise in IMU sensor measurements, thereby maintaining localization accuracy and robustness. The algorithm is deployed and tested employing ground truth data on an embedded microcontroller. The second contribution introduces the DPPO-IL (Dynamic Proximal Policy Optimization with Imitation Learning) algorithm, designed to facilitate end-to-end automated parking while maintaining a steadfast focus on safety. This algorithm acquires proficiency in executing optimal parking maneuvers while navigating static and dynamic obstacles through exhaustive training incorporating simulated and real-world data.The third contribution is an end-to-end urban driving framework called GHRL. It incorporates vision and localization data and expert demonstrations expressed in the Answer Set Programming (ASP) rules to guide the hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) exploration policy and speed up the learning algorithm's convergence. When a critical situation occurs, the system relies on safety rules, which empower it to make prudent choices amidst unpredictable or hazardous conditions. GHRL is evaluated on the Carla NoCrash benchmark, and the results show that by incorporating logical rules, GHRL achieved better performance over state-of-the-art algorithms
Wang, Ruisheng. "Towards urban 3D modeling using mobile LiDAR and images." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104755.
Cette thèse s'intéresse au défi de la modélisation de bâtiments 3D photoréalistes en utilisant la photographie et la télémétrie par laser (LiDAR) mobile. Nous traiterons des techniques d'acquisition au sol en deux étapes. Dans la première étape, je vais présenter deux méthodes utilisant seulement la photographie ou le LiDAR mobile pour la modélisation urbaine 3D. Les limites de chaque type de données utilisé indépendamment sont discutés; ce qui mènera à la fusion des deux techniques d'acquisitions par la suite. Dans la seconde étape, j'introduis des méthodologies pour maximiser la synergie en fusionnant les images photographique et le LiDAR mobile afin de suréchantillonner les données télémétriques dans le but de générer des modèles 3D urbains photoréalistes.Il existe plusieurs défis de recherche fondamentale associés à chaque niveau de cette thèse. Dans la première étape, j'adresse le problème mal posé de définir la quantité d'information 3D qui peut être inférée à partir d'une seule image. Une nouvelle approche de modélisation est proposée afin de reconstruire un modèle 3D de bâtiment à partir d'une seule image. Contrairement aux autres méthodes, cette méthode ne requiert pas de projeter un modèle sur une image ou d'autres procédures d'ajustement. La méthode proposée est également plus précise que les méthodes se basant sur les points de fuites. À-propos des données LiDAR, je présente une approche automatique de détection de fenêtres sur des données LiDAR mobile. Je propose d'utiliser une combinaison d'approche ascendante et descendante pour l'extraction de la façade d'un bâtiment, suivi d'une méthode robuste de détection de fenêtres. Dans la deuxième étape, j'adresse le problème des capteurs virtuelles et propose une solution alternative à la technologie « NAVTEQ TRUE ». Pour ce faire, j'adresse en premier le problème du recalage multimodal. Notre algorithme traite automatiquement des données LiDAR et des images panoramiques obtenues sur une échelle métropolitaine. À notre connaissance, c'est le premier exemple qui valide l'enregistrement d'informationsmutuelles sur une grande échelle. Par la suite, j'adresse le problème du suréchantillonnage. Une nouvelle méthode de suréchantillonnage est proposée pour des données de LiDAR mobile utilisant des images panoramiques et incorporant l'information de visibilité du LiDAR. Une nouvelle méthode de calcul de visibilités est présentée, qui se base sur des cartes de profondeurs multirésolutions générées à partir d'une application « Quadrilaterized Spherical Cube ». Pour interpoler les données, j'utilise un tracé de rayons qui incorpore des contraintes sur la couleurs d'images sphériques afin de suréchantillonner les données spatiales sporadiques du LiDAR. Les expérimentations démontrent que la méthode de suréchantillonnage est amélioré en utilisant l'information provenant de la couleur des images. En résumé, nous proposons un ensemble d'algorithme pour la modélisation urbaine 3D utilisant du LiDAR mobile et la photographie. Ces techniques sont utiles à la fois pour des applications du monde réel, telle que la modélisation urbaine 3D, et comme alternative à la technologie « NAVTEQ TRUE ».
Wilson, Saul Kriger. "Exploring urban activity patterns using electric smart meter data." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107028.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 109-111).
This thesis uses electricity consumption data from household and enterprise-level smart meters in County B, Country A, and Turin, Italy, to explore temporal and geographic variations in urban energy consumption and thus urban activity. A central question is whether electricity consumption patterns vary between different economic sectors, across space, and between different days of the week and times of year. This data shows clearly that Country A activity patterns are roughly similar across all seven days of the week, whereas Italian electricity consumption declines markedly on weekends, particularly Sundays. In general, and particularly in Italy, this thesis shows strong seasonality to electricity consumption, with clearly identifiable seasons and high correlation in consumption patterns within each season. This thesis focuses on user type variation in Country A, where although certain patterns are more widespread in some sectors than others, there is significant overlap between pairs of sectors. Hence this thesis is able only to classify land use between residential and industrial sectors, and is unable to classify land use to a meaningful degree of accuracy by analyzing electricity consumption. It is, however, possible to detect geographic variation: urban and industrial centers consume a higher percentage of their electricity on weekdays and during regular work hours than rural areas. In addition, the impact of various special occurrences on urban behavior is probed. This thesis provides measurement of the impact of various holidays on economic activity, using electricity consumption as a proxy. Large (industrial) consumers are generally much more sensitive to holidays than small (residential) consumers are, except during the summer months in Italy. In general, consumption declines on a single holiday are highly correlated with consumption declines on other holidays. Furthermore, using observations at 15-minute intervals, I attempt to measure the short-term behavior shifts caused by daylight savings time's start and finish.
by Saul Kriger Wilson.
S.M.
Chen, Ziyue. "Modelling 3D urban landscape ecology using airborne lidar data." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648551.
Dearden, J. "Using interactive data visualisation to explore dynamic urban models." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1356102/.
Kabir, Shahid. "Textural analysis for urban class discrimination using IKONOS imagery." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2407.
Maxter, Melissa. "Sustainable Urban Development : Development Option Using Nature-based Solutions." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-33925.
20180620
Tang, Hui. "Urban Transportation Analysis Using Taxi Trajectory and Weather Data." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1477912608486516.
Huang, Yong. "VIrginia Urban Dynamics Study Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Imagery." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104235.
Master of Science
Urban areas concentrate built environment, population, and economic activities, therefore, generating urban sprawl is a simultaneous result of land-use change, economic growth, population growth and so on. Remote sensing has been used to map urban sprawl within individual cities for a long time, while there has been less research focused on regional scale urban dynamics. However, the regional scale urban dynamics for economics, formulating policies, and land use planning has been increasingly important, and monitoring regional scale urban dynamics has become an urgent need in recent years. Here, we illustrated the use of multi-temporal United States Air Force Satellites data to help monitor urban sprawls by delineating urban patches and we measured a variety of urban changes, such as urban population growth and land cover change within Virginia based on the delineation. For doing so, digital number values, which measures the brightness of satellite imagery, were extracted and other relative index values were calculated based on digital number values, and these processes were applied in a time series from 2000 to 2010. Spatial patterns of digital number values change and the variation of another light index values indicate that human activities were increasing during the 10 years in Virginia.
Gundogdu, Didem. "Quantifying Urban Social Well-Being using Mobile Phone Data." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368976.
Gundogdu, Didem. "Quantifying Urban Social Well-Being using Mobile Phone Data." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/2878/1/GUNDOGDU_PhD_Thesis.pdf.
Harris, Amanda M. "Designing With Climate: Using Parking Lots to Mitigate Urban Climate." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35785.
Urban areas are known to have different climatic conditions than their rural counterparts including higher temperatures, greater wind speeds, and increased precipitation otherwise known as urban heat islands, urban wind, and urban precipitation. These phenomena are all caused by the design and form of the city. Large amounts of impervious surface area, obtrusive buildings, and a lack of vegetation in the urban landscape all contribute to these problems. Landscape architects have the potential to mitigate urban heat islands, urban wind, and urban precipitation by understanding what causes these phenomena and knowing a few key principles by which to mitigate them.
Parking lots can cover up to half of the land area in cities and offer a great opportunity to correct urban climate problems. This thesis looks at current United States parking lot ordinances to determine if and how well principles of designing with climate have been incorporated. Guidelines are then given to help in the construction of a parking lot ordinance that aims to ameliorate the city's mesoclimate. A design is then created that shows how these parking lot guidelines could be incorporated into a functional, aesthetically pleasing parking lot.
Master of Landscape Architecture
Mambretti, Isabella Margherita. "Urban parks between safety and aesthetics : exploring urban green space using visualisation and conjoint analysis methods /." Zürich : ETH / Institut für Raum- und Landschaftsentwicklung, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17071.
Scott, Jacobus Olivier. "A living tower: Using architecture for sustainable future growth." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24371.
Sanyé, Mengual Esther. "Sustainability assessment of urban rooftop farming using an interdisciplinary approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/308336.
La agricultura urbana está floreciendo en las ciudades de países desarrollados como respuesta al aumento de población urbana, la creciente concienciación ambiental sobre el sistema industrial alimentario i la necesidad de resolver ciertas problemáticas sociales. Estos nuevos sistemas de producción local de alimentos tienen como objetivo desarrollar modelos sostenibles que restablezcan las relaciones entre productores y consumidores, a la vez que impulsan las economías locales y reducen el transporte asociado a los alimentos. Por otro lado, la reciente crisis económica y la expansión de espacios abandonados en las ciudades ha revitalizado los proyectos de agricultura urbana, no sólo a nivel de autogestión (comunitario, privado) sino también a nivel comercial. En particular, los nuevos profesionales y agricultores urbanos han encontrado en las terrazas y cubiertas de la ciudad un espacio vacío donde situar la producción de alimentos, dando lugar al desarrollo de la agricultura urbana en cubierta. Consecuentemente, granjas, invernaderos y jardines han colonizado las cubiertas de los edificios. No obstante, una evaluación específica de la potencial implementación y el perfil de sostenibilidad de las diferentes formas de agricultura urbana en cubierta. En este contexto, la presente tesis trata de responder a dos preguntas de investigación: “¿Cuál es el potencial de la agricultura urbana en cubierta en términos cualitativos y cuantitativos?” y “¿Cuáles son los impactos ambientales y los costes económicos de las diferentes formas de agricultura urbana en cubierta?”. Con este objetivo, se propone un marco metodológico y se analizan tres casos de estudio que son pruebas piloto de diferentes formas de agricultura urbana en cubierta. La producción de alimentos en ciudades es un sistema complejo que implica varios actores sociales, tiene múltiples escalas y afecta a las tres dimensiones de la sostenibilidad (medio ambiente, economía y sociedad). Por lo tanto, una evaluación exhaustiva debe combinar varias disciplinas para abordar estos sistemas. Esta tesis sigue un marco interdisciplinar que incluye (a) investigación cualitativa, para profundizar en las percepciones de los diferentes actores sociales relacionados con la agricultura urbana y la agricultura urbana en cubierta; (b) sistemas de información geográfica (SIG), para identificar y cuantificar las cubiertas disponibles y viables para la implementación de la agricultura en cubierta; (c) el análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV), para la cuantificación de los impactos ambientales de los sistemas de agricultura en cubierta; y (d) el análisis de costes de ciclo de vida (ACCV), para cuantificar los costes económicos de la agricultura en cubierta. Este marco metodológico permite evaluar la agricultura urbana en cubierta des de la escala ciudad (por ejemplo, des de la perspectiva de planeamiento) a la escala sistema (por ejemplo, producto alimentario). Un análisis de las percepciones de los distintos actores sociales a través de entrevistas cualitativas desveló que el desarrollo de la agricultura urbana en cubierta en Barcelona se enfrenta actualmente a ciertas limitaciones, principalmente a causa de la falta de apoyo de algunos actores. Las principales barreras son la falta de una definición común de agricultura urbana, el origen específico de la agricultura urbana en Barcelona y su morfología urbana, y la limitada aceptación social de algunas técnicas de cultivo. No obstante, los actores sociales valoran los beneficios sostenibles (ambientales, económicos y sociales) vinculados a la agricultura urbana en cubierta, en particular en el contexto del desarrollo de una economía verde local. En términos cuantitativos, la agricultura urbana en cubierta muestra un gran potencial para aumentar la actual producción local de alimentos y reducir las cargas ambientales del flujo de alimentos de la ciudad. Un conjunto de criterios es necesario para identificar las cubiertas técnica y económicamente viables para la implementación de invernaderos en cubierta comerciales: la disponibilidad de espacio, la luz solar, la resistencia y la pendiente, y los requisitos legales y de planificación. Los parques comerciales muestran un mayor potencial a corto plazo (53 a 98%) que los parques industriales (8%), debido a una arquitectura más resistente, aunque los parques industriales son de gran interés para un plan de implementación de agricultura urbana en cubierta a gran escala debido a su extensa área. La potencial implementación de invernaderos en cubierta integrados, los cuales aprovechan los flujos residuales del edificio (es decir, el calor y CO2 residuales, agua de lluvia), es una forma innovadora de agricultura en cubierta. Los beneficios de estos sistemas varían en las regiones cálidas (por ejemplo, el Mediterráneo), donde la producción pasiva en invernaderos se puede realizar, y las regiones frías (por ejemplo, Países Bajos), donde los invernaderos requieren calefacción. La preferencia entre las regiones para la implementación de invernaderos integrados se basa, por tanto, en si el objetivo es aumentar la producción de alimentos (en zonas cálidas, la productividad puede aumentar) o reducir las cargas ambientales (es decir, en zonas frías, el consumo de energía para calefacción se puede sustituir). Desde una perspectiva de ciclo de vida, la tesis analiza el invernadero en cubierta del Rooftop Greenhouse lab (RTG-Lab) (Bellaterra, España), el jardín comunitario en cubierta de Vía Gandusio (Bolonia, Italia) y un jardín privado en cubierta en el centro de Barcelona (España). La agricultura urbana en cubierta puede ser una opción sostenible para desarrollar la agricultura urbana y los sistemas alimentarios locales en las ciudades. Sin embargo, los resultados dependen de la forma de agricultura en cubierta, el tipo de cultivo y el sistema de cultivo. Los proyectos piloto evaluados en esta tesis muestran unas primeras tendencias, que permiten listar recomendaciones para el desarrollo de la agricultura en cubierta. En cuanto a la producción de alimentos en invernaderos en cubierta, el propio invernadero es el principal elemento en los impactos ambientales (41,0-79,5%) y el coste económico (64%), como en la agricultura convencional. Aunque un invernadero en cubierta tiene mayores impactos ambientales (entre 17 y 75%) que un invernadero convencional, la producción de tomate en el RTG-Lab en Barcelona resultó tener menores impactos ambientales que un invernadero convencional, no sólo en finalizar la producción (entre 9 y 26% menor) sino también cuando llega al consumidor (entre 33 y 42% menor). En cuanto al coste económico, pese a que la producción de tomates en cubierta resulta un 21% más cara, cuando se considera toda la cadena de suministro convencional, se pone de manifiesto la competitividad de los invernaderos en cubierta como sistemas de producción local. En cuanto a los jardines en cubierta, los consumos del cultivo (es decir, agua, fertilizantes, energía) tienen el papel más relevante. El jardín comunitario en cubierta emplea elementos reutilizados en su diseño (por ejemplo, pallets) y el riego fue la etapa más impactante (60-75%). En el jardín privado en cubierta, la fertirrigación (entre 33 y 46%) y la estructura del jardín (entre el 28 y el 35%) fueron los principales contribuyentes al impacto ambiental. La recolección de agua de lluvia para el suministro de la demanda de agua de los cultivos y la integración de elementos reutilizados en las estructuras de cultivo podrían aumentar la sostenibilidad de los jardines al disminuir el consumo de recursos del sistema. La comparación de las diferentes técnicas de cultivo en el caso de estudio comunitario destacó la mayor eco-eficiencia de la producción en suelo, en comparación con las técnicas hidropónicas (es decir, la técnica de película de nutrientes, sistema flotante). La evaluación de los diferentes cultivos mostró el mismo patrón en los jardines en cubierta comunitario y privado. Los cultivos con fruto (por ejemplo, el tomate) tienen unos impactos ambientales más bajos que los cultivos de hoja (por ejemplo, la lechuga), ya que las productividades son más altas. Sin embargo, estas formas de agricultura en cubierta realizan policultivo, cuyo diseño está habitualmente orientado a las hortalizas de fruto dando lugar a una densidad de plantación más baja de la que se puede realizar para cultivos de hoja. Un diseño mejorado, que divide el jardín según cultivos, podría mejorar y equilibrar estas divergencias entre los tipos de cultivo. Esta tesis contribuye a la comprensión del proceso de desarrollo de una agricultura urbana y agricultura urbana en cubierta competitiva y sostenible en las ciudades de los países desarrollados mediante el avance en aspectos metodológicos y la generación de nuevos datos sobre el tema. Los métodos y resultados amplían el conocimiento y la comprensión de la agricultura en cubierta, la agricultura urbana y la producción local de alimentos para dar apoyo a los procesos de toma de decisiones en el diseño y desarrollo de futuros proyectos de agricultura en cubierta. Futuras investigaciones deberían centrarse en la evaluación de las percepciones de los actores sociales en otras ciudades, focalizando en aspectos específicos como la aceptación social; en cuantificar el potencial de la agricultura en cubierta de otras áreas urbanas y ciudades; y en evaluar más casos de estudio y formas de agricultura urbana en cubierta desde una perspectiva de sostenibilidad, haciendo especial énfasis en la integración de los aspectos sociales.
Urban agriculture (UA) is blooming around cities of the developed world as a response to the increasing urban population, the growing environmental awareness of the industrial food system and the need of addressing social gaps. These new local food systems aims to develop sustainable pathways that re-establish the relations between producers and consumers while boosting local economies and minimising food-miles. Furthermore, the recent financial crisis and the spread of vacant lands have revitalised UA projects, not only at the self-managed level (i.e., community, private) but also at the commercial one. In particular, UA practitioners and farmers have found in the roofs of the city a vacant space for placing food production leading to the development of urban rooftop farming (URF). Consequently, rooftop farms, rooftop greenhouses and rooftop gardens have colonized buildings. Nevertheless, specific assessment of the potential implementation and the sustainability performance of different URF forms, cultivation techniques and crops, are necessary. To address these gaps, this dissertation seeks to answer two main research questions “What is the potential of urban rooftop farming in qualitative and quantitative terms?” and “What are the environmental impacts and economic costs of urban rooftop farming systems?”. With this goal, a methodological framework is proposed and three case studies are analysed, which are pilot experiences of different forms of urban rooftop farming. Food production in cities is a complex system that involves several stakeholders, has multiple scales and affects the three dimensions of sustainability (environment, economy, society). Thus, a comprehensive assessment might combine different disciplines to approach such topic. This dissertation follows an interdisciplinary framework that includes (a) qualitative research, to deepen in the perceptions of the different stakeholders related to UA and URF; (b) geographic information systems (GIS), to identify and quantify the available and feasible roofs for implementing rooftop farming; (c) life cycle assessment (LCA), to quantify the environmental burdens of rooftop farming systems; and (d) life cycle costing (LCC), to quantify the economic costs of URF. This framework enables to approach URF from the city scale (e.g., planning perspective) to the system scale (e.g., food products). A stakeholders’ analysis through qualitative interviews unravelled that the development of rooftop farming in Barcelona is currently facing some limitations mainly due to a constrained support from some stakeholders. The main barriers to supporting urban rooftop farming are the lack of a common definition of urban agriculture, the specific origin of UA in Barcelona and its urban morphology and the limited social acceptance of some food production techniques. However, stakeholders valued the sustainability benefits (i.e., environmental, economic and social) linked to urban rooftop farming, particularly in the context of the development of a local green economy. In quantitative terms, urban rooftop farming shows a great potential for increasing the current local production and reducing the environmental burdens of the city’s “foodprint”. A multicriteria set is needed to identify the technically and economically feasible roofs for the implementation of commercial rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) (i.e., availability of space, sunlight, resistance and slope, and legal and planning requirements). Industrial parks and retail parks are here analysed and compared. Retail parks show a greater short-term potential (53-98%) than industrial parks (8%) due to a more resistant architecture, although industrial parks are of great interest for large-scale URF implementation plans due their extensive area. The potential implementation of integrated rooftop greenhouses (i-RTGs) which take advantage from the residual flows from the building (i.e., residual heat and CO2, rainwater) is an innovative way of rooftop farming. Benefits of i-RTGs vary in warm regions (e.g., Mediterranean), where unheated production can be performed, and cold regions (e.g., The Netherlands), where greenhouses requires heating. The preference between regions for implementing i-RTGs is based, thus, on whether the goal is increasing food production (i.e., higher crop yields in warm areas) or reducing environmental burdens (i.e., substitution of energy consumption for heating in cold areas). From a life cycle perspective, the rooftop greenhouse lab (RTG-Lab) (Bellaterra, Spain), the community rooftop garden in Via Gandusio (Bologna, Italy) and a private rooftop garden in the city centre of Barcelona (Spain) are analysed. URF can become an environmentally-friendly option for further develop urban agriculture and local food systems in cities. However, results depend on the type of rooftop farming, the crop and the growing system. The pilot projects assessed in this dissertation unravelled some trends and drawn some recommendations for the development of rooftop farming. Regarding food production in rooftop greenhouses, the greenhouse structure plays a major role in the environmental impacts and the economic costs (41.0-79.5%), as in conventional agriculture. Although the greenhouse structure of RTGs have greater environmental impacts than multi-tunnel greenhouses (between 17 and 75 %), tomatoes from an RTG in Barcelona are more environmentally-friendly not only at the production point (between 9 and 26% lower) but also at the consumer (between 33 and 42 % lower). Although tomato production results in 21% higher cost than conventional tomatoes, the consideration of the entire supply-chain highlights the competitiveness of RTGs as local food systems. Regarding rooftop gardens, crop inputs are the most contributing elements. The community garden employed re-used elements in their design (e.g., pallets) and irrigation was the most contributing stage (60-75%). In the private garden, fertirrigation (between 33 and 46%) and the structure of the garden (between 28 and 35%) (i.e., made of raw wood) were the main contributors. Rainwater harvesting for supplying the water demand of the crops and the integration of re-used elements in the cultivation structures might enhance the sustainability of gardens by decreasing the resources consumption of the system. The comparison of different growing techniques in the community garden highlighted the higher eco-efficiency of soil production, when compared to hydroponic techniques (i.e., nutrient film technique, floating system). The assessment of different crops showed the same pattern in the community and private rooftop gardens. Fruit vegetables have lower environmental burdens than leafy vegetables since they yield better. However, these rooftop farming forms perform polyculture, the design of which is commonly oriented to fruit vegetables, resulting in a low plant density for leafy vegetables. An improved design, which divides the garden, could then improve and balance these divergences among crop types. This dissertation contributes to the comprehension of the development process of competitive and sustainable urban agriculture and urban rooftop farming in cities of developed countries by developing methodological aspects and generating new data on the topic. The methods and results advance in the knowledge and understanding of rooftop farming, urban agriculture and local food in order to support decision-making processes in the design and development of future rooftop farming projects. Future research and strategies might focus on assessing the perceptions of stakeholders in other case studies, while focusing on specific aspects such as social acceptance; quantifying the potential of rooftop farming in other urban areas and cities; and assess more case studies and URF forms from a sustainability perspective, paying particular attention to the integration of the social aspects.
Popoola, Olalekan Abdul Muiz. "Studies of urban air quality using electrochemical based sensor instruments." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/243620.
Plowright, Andrew Alexander. "Assessing and analyzing urban tree condition using airborne remote sensing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58511.
Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
Friberg, Oscar. "Investigating urban perception using procedural street generation and virtual reality." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189450.
Då virtual reality och interaktionsmöjligheterna inom spelteknologi utvecklas och blir mer användarvänliga, mer tillgängliga och billigare, blir denna teknik plötsligt användbar inom yrkesområden som traditionellt sett inte har använt dem, där ett exempel är stadsplanering. Genom att använda en spelmotor och en virtuell stadsdel som utnyttjar procedural generation får användaren en kostnadseffektiv, replikerbar miljö med stor kontroll från användaren. Enligt Broken Windows Theory så kan små skillnader i utseende ha en stor inverkan på hur en stadsdel kommer att uppfattas. Därför vore det intressant att undersöka hur synen på virtuella gatscener påverkas av olika estetiska egenskaper som smuts, graffiti, trasiga fönster, bygghöjd, och grönska (träd och buskar). Genom att implementera en virtuell stadsdel som utnyttjar procedural generation kan grundstrukturen vara densamma, medan man separat justerar de specifika egenskaperna som ska utvärderas. Genom enkäter och intervjuer visar resultaten att var och en av de valda egenskaperna är mycket betydande, med undantaget för byggnadshöjd. Generellt så kändes stadsdelen mer säker desto mer träd som fanns, och ordningen av signifikansen för smuts, graffiti, och trasiga fönster skiljde sig mellan enkäterna och intervjuerna.
Fréchette, Luc A. "Development of urban traffic models using a Bayesian regression approach." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22112.pdf.
Elesawey, Mohamed. "Travel time estimation in urban areas using neighbour links data." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29151.
Lategahn, Henning [Verfasser]. "Mapping and Localization in Urban Environments Using Cameras / Henning Lategahn." Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2014. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.