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1
Moon, Danielle. "Freedom of information: User pays (and still faces delays)." Alternative Law Journal 43, no. 3 (August 16, 2018): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x18787297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article considers freedom of information in Australia and examines some of the practical barriers to access that persist following the 2009–2010 changes to the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth). It considers, by way of case study, the issues of practical refusal, charges and delays, and draws a brief comparison with UK law and practice. It concludes that the current model in Australia must change if greater transparency is to result.
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Gargett, Susan. "The introduction of a targeted user-pays approach to funding high-level residential aged care in Australia: an empirical investigation of the impact on price." Health Economics, Policy and Law 5, no. 4 (October 2010): 481–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109990314.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn response to predictions that population ageing will increase government spending over the coming decades, in 1997–98, the Australian Government introduced means-tested income fees and accommodation charges for those admitted to nursing homes with income and assets above set threshold levels. Immediately prior, all residents paid the same price for their care and were not required to contribute towards the cost of their accommodation. In addition, in relation to those eligible to pay a higher price, the Government reduced its subsidisation of the cost of their care. The Government anticipated that the initiative would more equitably share the cost of age-related services across the public and private sectors, and result in some cost savings for itself. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the policy on the average price paid by residents. The findings suggest that the policy may have contributed to an increase in the average price paid, but statistical evidence is limited due to a number of data issues. Results also indicate that the rate of increase in the price was greater after theResidential Aged Care Structural Reformpackage was introduced. The study contributes to the economic analysis of the sector by evaluating time series estimates of prices paid by residents since the early 1970s.
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Zekri, Slim, and K. William Easter. "Water reforms in developing countries: management transfers, private operators and water markets." Water Policy 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 573–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper analyzes the irrigation management transfer (IMT) experience in four middle-income developing countries and explores the links for private sector participation in providing water service and irrigation management. The four countries considered in the analysis are Mexico, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia. The IMT program was successful where farmers had their water rights established, farms are medium and large scale with good access to markets and the government had a strong political willingness to empower users. The IMT programs that focused mainly on farmers' participation and empowerment through Water User Associations (WUA) have not been very successful. Private sector management has proved a feasible alternative in a number of countries. Experiences from Australia, China, France and Mali show that the private sector can efficiently manage irrigation systems and collect water charges, even in the absence of formal WUAs. Two additional alternatives could be of interest for irrigation schemes; these are management contracts and lease contracts. Another alternative would be to reform public entities and create new models that can ensure efficiency and transparency. The establishment of water rights is key in many cases since it guarantees access to water. The water rights are most effective in improving water use when allocated to farmers rather than to the private/public operator. After the establishment of water rights, farmers will have an incentive to organize in order to obtain better service. The paper also provides an overview of different types of water markets where private operators may play the intermediate role between willing buyers and sellers of water based on information obtained through the management of the network.
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Callander, Emily, Sarah Larkins, and Lisa Corscadden. "Variations in out-of-pocket costs for primary care services across Australia: a regional analysis." Australian Journal of Primary Health 23, no. 4 (2017): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py16127.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study is to describe average out-of-pocket costs across different regions of Australia, as defined by Primary Health Network (PHN) boundaries, and assess the association between population characteristics and out-of-pocket costs for selected primary care services. A combination of descriptive and regression analysis was undertaken using administrative data from the Australian Department of Human Services reporting on the health services used across PHNs in Australia. Those in regional areas paid significantly more for Allied Health services than those in capital cities (A$5.68, P=0.006). The proportion of an area’s population aged 65 years and over was inversely related to out-of-pocket charges for Allied Mental Health (–A$79.12, P=0.029). Some areas had both high charges and disadvantaged populations: Country South Australia, Northern Queensland, Country Western Australia, Tasmania and Northern Territory, or populations with poor health: Northern Territory and Tasmania. Although there was a large amount of variation in out-of-pocket charges for primary care services between PHNs in Australia, there was little evidence of inequality based on health, age and socioeconomic characteristics of a population or the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
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Chu, Long, and R. Quentin Grafton. "Policy Note: "Short-term Pain for Long-term Gain: Urban Water Pricing and the Risk-adjusted User Cost"." Water Economics and Policy 05, no. 02 (April 2019): 1871005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x18710054.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper introduces the concept of the risk-adjusted user cost (RAUC) and its application to the volumetric price charged to water consumers. It is a risk premium that would be incorporated into and be a component of a dynamic pricing framework. The benefit of the RAUC is that it allows decision-makers to inter-temporally maximize social welfare when the future water supply is uncertain. The RAUC imposes higher volumetric prices today to promote water conservation and, thus, mitigate the possibility of future water restrictions. An application of how the RAUC can be estimated is provided based on data from the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Key policy implications in relation to the RAUC and dynamic water pricing are also presented.
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Burns, Diane Lee. "Developing Representations of User Pays Strategies in Nature-Based Tourism Settings." Tourism Economics 3, no. 3 (September 1997): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669700300303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Content analysis of The Cairns Post and The Australian newspapers was undertaken to generate key ideas and themes on the issue of ‘user pays’ strategies. All articles referring to the strategy of user pays were selected to provide a sample of articles. Summary statistics indicated that most articles referred to tourism, presented the strategy with a negative approach, and were written from the government perspective. Priority issues that became apparent from the content analysis were: user charges, equity, environmental management, funding and taxes. These issues and other concepts relating to user pays strategies were presented to students in order to elicit word associations used to develop a similarity matrix. The similarity matrix was used to develop the social representations of user pays strategies in a multidimensional scaling model. User pays was found to be represented as a management technique for enabling effective use of natural resources. It was seen as a provider of funding for natural tourism resources and determined to have a closer relationship with tourism and host communities than other forms of charges, when they are applied in natural tourism settings.
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Allen, Trevor I. "A pragmatic approach to adjusting early instrumental local magnitudes for seismic hazard assessments in Australia." Journal of Seismology 25, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 899–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-021-10004-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractPrior to the development of Australian-specific magnitude formulae, the 1935 magnitude correction factors by Charles Richter—originally developed for southern California—were almost exclusively used to calculate earthquake magnitudes throughout Australia prior to the 1990s. Due to the difference in ground-motion attenuation between southern California and much of the Australian continent, many earthquake magnitudes from the early instrumental era are likely to have been overestimated in the Australian earthquake catalogue. A method is developed that adjusts local magnitudes (ML) using the difference between the original (inappropriate) magnitude formulae (or look-up tables) and the Australian-specific formulae at a distance determined by the nearest recording station likely to have recorded the earthquake. Nationally, these adjustments have reduced the number of earthquakes of ML ≥ 4.5 in the early instrumental catalogue by approximately 25% since 1900, while the number of ML ≥ 5.0 earthquakes has reduced by approximately 32% over the same time period. The reduction in the number of moderate-to-large-magnitude earthquakes over the instrumental period yields long-term earthquake rates that are more consistent with present-day rates, since the development of Australian-specific magnitude formulae (approximately 1990). The adjustment of early instrumental magnitudes to obtain consistently derived earthquake catalogue is important for seismic hazard assessments.
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Gentile, Antonina, and Sidney Tarrow. "Charles Tilly, globalization, and labor’s citizen rights." European Political Science Review 1, no. 3 (November 2009): 465–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175577390999018x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the 1990s, observers have seen globalization impairing labor’s rights. We take Charles Tilly as an exemplar of this view, subjecting his 1995 article to critical appreciation. We argue that Tilly, known for his work on the National Social Movement, overlooked the fact that some unions under pressure from global neo-liberalism can employ a protest repertoire employing their citizen rights, while others continue to use labor rights. We use port workers, who are directly exposed to globalization, to show how different political opportunity structures and different strategic choices influence these choices. In Sweden, our exemplar of a neo-corporatist system, we find that the employment of labor rights continues to be robust; in the USA, our exemplar of a fully-fledged neo-liberal system, we find much greater recourse to a repertoire calling on citizen rights. Finally, in Australia and Great Britain, countries undergoing a shift to neo-liberalism in the 1980s and 1990s, we show that strategic choice influences how effectively unions adapt to shifts towards neo-liberalism: Australian unions effectively used citizen rights while the British port unions failed to make this strategic shift.
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Almutairi, K., C. Inderjeeth, D. Preen, H. Keen, and J. Nossent. "POS1442 THE PREVALENCE OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA EXTRAPOLATED FROM HOSPITALISATION AND BIOLOGICAL THERAPY USAGE DATA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1065.1–1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.4170.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous chronic autoimmune disease that affects the synovial joint lining and may result in permanent joint destruction, premature death, and socio-economic burden.1 Although RA is one of Australia’s national health priority areas and gathering information about the RA burden of disease was one of the national action plans2, no published epidemiological study adequately describes RA prevalence and risk factors for frequent hospitalisations in Western Australia (WA) to date. An accurate prevalence estimate of this disease offers a framework for predicting present and growing healthcare service requirements in the future.3ObjectivesWe estimated RA period prevalence and identified risk factors of frequent RA hospitalisations, using linked administrative health and state-specific Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) datasets in WA from 1995–2014.MethodsRA prevalence was calculated per 1000 hospital separations and biological therapy users. RA patients were identified in the WA linked health dataset using ICD codes 714.0–714.9 and M05.00–M06.99. Dispensing data on biological therapy for RA were obtained from PBS records and converted to defined daily doses/1000 population/day. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse risk factors for frequent RA hospitalisations (>2/year), controlling for sex, age, and geographic locations.ResultsA total of 17,125 RA patients were admitted to WA hospitals between 1995–2014. The total number of RA hospital separations was 50,353, averaging three hospitalisations per patient over 20 years. The RA period prevalence was 3.4 per 1,000 separations (0.34%), while the RA period prevalence based on biological therapy use was 0.36%. The corrected RA prevalence based on biological therapy usage was 0.36% and 0.72% for the 2005–2009 and 2010–2014 periods, respectively (Table 1). Female gender, age 60–69 years, and living in rural areas were all risk factors for frequent RA hospitalisations.Table 1.Total number of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients in Western Australia taking a standard dose daily (DDD) of RA biological therapy from 1995 to 2014.YearTotal RA bDMARDs utilisation (DDD/1000 population/day)WA general populationPrevalence of RA bDMARDs use in WA population (%)Number of RA patients use standard dose daily of bDMARDs at WA20030.011,952,7410.001420040.081,979,5420.0115820050.162,011,2070.0232920060.232,050,5810.0247620070.312,106,1390.0364320080.502,171,7000.051,09420090.602,240,2500.061,33820100.592,290,8450.061,36120110.632,353,4090.061,47520120.772,425,5070.081,85920130.662,486,9440.071,64920141.002,517,6080.102,510Abbreviations: bDMARDs, biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs included Abatacept, Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Etanercept, Golimumab, Infliximab, Rituximab, Tocilizumab; DDD, defined daily doses; RA, Rheumatoid arthritis; WA, Western Australia.ConclusionBased on hospital and biological therapy data, the minimal prevalence of RA in Western Australia is 0.34–0.36%, which falls within the literature range. Older female RA patients in rural areas were more likely to be hospitalised, suggesting unmet needs in primary care access.References[1] Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D, Nossent J, Pavlos NJ, Xu J. (2018) Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies. Bone Res. 6, 15.[2] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2006) National indicators for monitoring osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. pp. 55. AIHW, Canberra.[3]Hanly JG, Thompson K, Skedgel C. (2015) The use of administrative health care databases to identify patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Open access rheumatology: research and reviews. 7(6), 69-75.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the data custodians of Hospital Morbidity Data Collection, Emergency Department Data Collection, the Death Registrations and staff at the Western Australian Data Linkage Branch to assist in the provision of data. Special thanks to the University of Western Australia to support KA with an Australian Government Research Training Program PhD Scholarship and the Australian Rheumatology Association WA for Research Fellowship Award.Disclosure of InterestsKhalid Almutairi: None declared, Charles Inderjeeth Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, David Preen: None declared, Helen Keen Speakers bureau: Pfizer Australia, Abbvie Australia, Johannes Nossent Speakers bureau: Janssen
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Lee, Diane, and Philip L. Pearce. "Community Attitudes to the Acceptability of User Fees in Natural Settings." Tourism and Hospitality Research 4, no. 2 (December 2002): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146735840200400206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A large-scale survey explored community attitudes towards the application of user fees in natural environment settings used for tourism and recreation. The study was undertaken in two Northern Australian cities where there is considerable tourism use and some existing application of a user fees approach. The study explored the acceptability of user fees for 14 different types of settings. Data revealed that a user fees approach was considered acceptable for tourism sites when tourists were being charged. There was some recognition that all users could pay user fees for the tourism sites. Seven recreation sites were seen as inappropriate locations for user fees irrespective of who was using the sites. Additional analyses identified clusters of respondents with common systems of knowledge or social representations about user fees. Further use of this systems of knowledge approach was recommended for advancing understanding and informing practice in this controversial area of tourism management.
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Vacher, C. A., R. J. Loch, and S. R. Raine. "Effect of polyacrylamide additions on infiltration and erosion of disturbed lands." Soil Research 41, no. 8 (2003): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The removal of vegetation and disturbance of the soil surface due to a range of human activities results in the potential for soil structure degradation and sediment movement. Polyacrylamides have been used to improve infiltration and reduce erosion on agricultural lands. However, they are not commonly used as part of management and rehabilitation programs on land disturbed by construction or mining activities in Australia. A study was undertaken to investigate the potential for polyacrylamides to improve infiltration and reduce erosion of soil material from 3 Australian mine sites. The polyacrylamides were found to significantly (P < 0.05) increase total infiltration under rainfall, reduce surface hardness, and reduce sediment entrainment and erosion by both rainfall and overland flows. The effectiveness of the polyacrylamide was found to be related to clay content of the soil as well as the molecular weight and charge density of the polyacrylamide. The implications of these results for the management and rehabilitation of disturbed lands are discussed.
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Kim, Sujeong, Chaiyoung Jung, Junheum Yon, Hyeonseon Park, Hunsik Yang, Hyeon Kang, Dongjin Oh, Kukhwan Kwon, and Sukil Kim. "A review of the complexity adjustment in the Korean Diagnosis-Related Group (KDRG)." Health Information Management Journal 49, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1833358318795804.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The Korean Diagnosis-Related Groups (KDRG) was revised in 2003, modifying the complexity adjustment mechanism of the Australian Refined Diagnosis-Related Groups (AR-DRGs). In 2014, the Complication and Comorbidity Level (CCL) of the existing AR-DRG system was found to have very little correlation with cost. Objective: Based on the Australian experience, the CCL for KDRG version 3.4 was reviewed. Method: Inpatient claim data for 2011 were used in this study. About 5,731,551 episodes, which had one or no complication and comorbidity (CC) and met the inclusion criteria, were selected. The differences of average hospital charges by the CCL were analysed in each Adjacent Diagnosis-Related Group (ADRG) using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s test. The patterns of differences were presented with R 2 in three patterns: The CCL reflected the complexity well (VALID); the average charge of CCL 2, 3, 4 was greater than CCL 0 (PARTIALLY VALID); the CCL did not reflect the complexity (NOT VALID). Results: A total of 114 (19.03%), 190 (31.72%) and 295 (49.25%) ADRGs were included in VALID, PARTIALLY VALID and NOT VALID, respectively. The average R 2 for hospital charge of CCL was 4.94%. The average R 2 in VALID, PARTIALLY VALID and NOT VALID was 4.54%, 5.21%, and 4.93%, respectively. Conclusion: The CCL, the first step of complexity adjustment using secondary diagnoses, exhibited low performance. If highly accurate coding data and cost data become available, the performance of secondary diagnosis as a variable to reflect the case complexity should be re-evaluated. Implications: Lack of reviewing the complexity adjustment mechanism of the KDRG since 2003 has resulted in outdated CC lists and levels that no longer reflect the current Korean healthcare system. Reliable cost data (vs. charge) and accurate coding are essential for accuracy of reimbursement.
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Keskin, Zuleyha, and Mehmet Ozalp. "Islamic Studies in Australia’s Universities." Religions 12, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12020099.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Islamic studies is an in-demand discipline area in Australia, including both classical Islamic studies and contemporary Islamic studies. While the field of classical Islamic studies has evolved over the centuries alongside the needs of the societies it serves, it has, nevertheless, remained within a well-established Islamic framework. This type of knowledge is sought by many, especially Muslims. Contemporary Islamic studies also plays a critical role in understanding Islam and Muslims in the contemporary context. The higher education sector in Australia contributes to this knowledge base via the Islamic studies courses it offers. This article discusses the positioning of the higher education sector in fulfilling Islamic educational needs, especially in the presence of other non-accredited education institutions such as mosques and madrasas. Despite the presence of other educational institutions, the higher educational sector appeals to a large pool of students, as evidenced by the number of Islamic studies courses offered by fourteen Australian universities. The teaching of classical Islamic studies in the higher education sector is not without its challenges. These challenges can be overcome and have been overcome to a large degree by the Centre for Islamic Studies and Civilisation (CISAC), Charles Sturt University (CSU). CISAC was used as a case study, as it is the largest Islamic studies department offering the greatest number of classical Islamic studies focused courses with the highest number of Islamic studies students in Australia. This article, overall, demonstrates that there is an ongoing need for Islamic studies to be taught, both in a classical and contemporary capacity, in the higher education sector.
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Pulker, Claire Elizabeth, Denise Chew Ching Li, Jane Anne Scott, and Christina Mary Pollard. "The Impact of Voluntary Policies on Parents’ Ability to Select Healthy Foods in Supermarkets: A Qualitative Study of Australian Parental Views." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183377.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Food packaging is used for marketing purposes, providing consumers with information about product attributes at the point-of-sale and thus influencing food choice. The Australian government focuses on voluntary policies to address inappropriate food marketing, including the Health Star Rating nutrition label. This research explored the way marketing via packaging information influences Australian parents’ ability to select healthy foods for their children, and who parents believe should be responsible for helping them. Five 90-min focus groups were conducted by an experienced facilitator in Perth, Western Australia. Four fathers and 33 mothers of children aged 2–8 years participated. Group discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim and inductive thematic content analysis conducted using NVivo11. Seven themes were derived: (1) pressure of meeting multiple demands; (2) desire to speed up shopping; (3) feeding them well versus keeping them happy; (4) lack of certainty in packaging information; (5) government is trusted and should take charge; (6) food manufacturers’ health messages are not trusted; (7) supermarkets should assist parents to select healthy foods. Food packaging information appears to be contributing to parents’ uncertainty regarding healthy food choices. Supermarkets could respond to parents’ trust in them by implementing structural policies, providing shopping environments that support and encourage healthy food choices.
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Lamb, D. W. "The use of qualitative airborne multispectral imaging for managing agricultural crops - a case study in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 5 (2000): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Charles Sturt University has operated an airborne multispectral imaging system as a research support and management tool over south-eastern Australian crops since 1994. Our experiences have demonstrated the utility, timeliness and cost-effectiveness of qualitative multispectral imagery for monitoring and managing spatial variability in a range of agricultural crops, yet to date the technology remains underutilised in Australia. Images showing variations in the texture of soils in paddocks are a useful indicator of the location of different soil zones for soil sampling, and can assist in siting of treatment plots within paddocks. Multispectral imagery can be used for a synoptic assessment of early weed pressure in fallow paddocks or seedling crops. Locating variability in crop emergence and, later, canopy vigour and biomass, are all potentially means of undertaking precision farming without the capital investment associated with yield mapping. However, like any remote monitoring tool, follow-up ground-truthing must always be used to establish or confirm the causes of observed variability. The use of the technology as part of a greater data acquisition strategy is recommended.
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Kunin, Marina, Amy R. Allen, Caroline Nicolas, and Gary L. Freed. "Private general paediatric care availability in Melbourne." Australian Health Review 41, no. 1 (2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15218.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objective The aims of the present study were to determine the actual availability of private general paediatric appointments in the Melbourne metropolitan region for children with non-urgent chronic illnesses and the cost of such care. Methods A ‘secret shopper’ method was used. Telephone calls were made to a random sample of 47 private paediatric clinics. A trained research assistant posed as a parent, requesting the first available appointment with a specific paediatrician. Data regarding appointment availability, total potential charges and net charges after the Medicare rebate were collected. Results Appointments were available in 79% (n = 37) of clinics, with 72% (n = 34) able to offer an appointment with the requested general paediatrician. The number of days until available appointments varied from same day appointments to a wait of 124 days, with an average wait of 33 days. Of practices that provided information about the appointment cost (n = 42), five bulk-billed for the consultation, whereas the remainder (n = 37) were fee-paying clinics. The potential maximum charge for an initial consultation in the fee-paying clinics ranged from A$177 to A$430, with an average cost of A$279. The potential maximum out-of-pocket cost for patients ranged from A$40 to A$222, with an average out-of-pocket cost of A$128. Conclusions Private paediatric care in the Melbourne metropolitan region is generally available. The out-of-pocket cost of private paediatric out-patient care may present a potential economic barrier for some families. What is known about the topic? In Australia, out-of-pocket expenses for private specialist care are not covered by private health insurance. There are no data available on the actual cost of private paediatric consultations that are based on real-time assessments. Data collected in 1998 suggested that the average waiting time for a first standard consultation with a general paediatrician in a private room was 14.1 days. There are no recent empirical data on appointment availability and waiting time for appointments with general paediatricians in Australia. What does this paper add? There is high availability of paediatric consultations in the private sector. Waiting times for an appointment vary considerably from same day appointments to a wait of 124 days, with an average wait of 33 days. The cost of a private paediatric consultation in Australia to the patient is considerable, with an average potential maximum up-front charge for an initial consultation of A$279 and an average potential maximum out-of-pocket cost of A$128. What are the implications for practitioners? Data on the availability and cost of private paediatric consultations are imperative to formulate evidence-informed policy and better understand variations in the availability of public and private care.
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Jayasuriya, R. T. "Modelling the economic impact of environmental flows for regulated rivers in New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 7 (October 1, 2003): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The management of water resources across Australia is undergoing fundamental reform in line with the priorities identified by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in 1994. This includes reforms to the specification of property rights, the way the resource is shared between the environment, irrigators and other users, charges for water use and the operational management of the river systems. In New South Wales (NSW), a series of water sharing plans (WSPs) is being developed for each water source in the State including regulated rivers, unregulated rivers and groundwater aquifers. These plans, which are the mechanisms by which COAG reforms are being implemented, are being developed by community-based water management committees (WMCs). The role of the WMCs is to develop a plan that achieves a balance between environmental, economic and social outcomes. NSW Agriculture has assisted a number of WMCs by quantifying the economic impact of proposed WSP options on the irrigation community. This paper outlines the approach taken by NSW Agriculture to quantifying economic impacts on irrigators in regulated catchments and provides results of case studies in the Lachlan River Catchment which is heavily developed for irrigation.
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Ristevski, Jorgo, Adam M. Yates, Gilbert J. Price, Ralph E. Molnar, Vera Weisbecker, and Steven W. Salisbury. "Australia’s prehistoric ‘swamp king’: revision of the Plio-Pleistocene crocodylian genus Pallimnarchus de Vis, 1886." PeerJ 8 (December 21, 2020): e10466. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10466.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The crocodylian fossil record from the Cenozoic of Australasia is notable for its rich taxonomic diversity, and is primarily represented by members of the clade Mekosuchinae. Reports of crocodylian fossils from Australia date back to the late nineteenth century. In 1886, Charles Walter de Vis proposed the name Pallimnarchus pollens for crocodylian fossils from southeast Queensland—the first binomen given to an extinct crocodylian taxon from Australia. Pallimnarchus has come to be regarded as a large, broad-snouted crocodylian from Australia’s Plio-Pleistocene, and numerous specimens, few of which are sufficiently complete, have been assigned to it by several authors throughout the twentieth century. In the late 1990s, the genus was expanded to include a second species, Pallimnarchus gracilis. Unfortunately, the original syntype series described as Pallimnarchus pollens is very fragmentary and derives from more than one taxon, while a large part of the subsequently selected lectotype specimen is missing. Because descriptions and illustrations of the complete lectotype do not reveal any autapomorphic features, we propose that Pallimnarchus pollens should be regarded as a nomen dubium. Following this decision, the fossil material previously referred to Pallimnarchus is of uncertain taxonomic placement. A partial skull, formerly assigned to Pallimnarchus pollens and known as ‘Geoff Vincent’s specimen’, possesses many features of diagnostic value and is therefore used as basis to erect a new genus and species—Paludirex vincenti gen. et sp. nov. A comprehensive description is given for the osteology of ‘Geoff Vincent’s specimen’ as well as aspects of its palaeoneurology, the latter being a first for an extinct Australian crocodyliform. The newly named genus is characterized by a unique combination of premaxillary features such as a distinctive arching of the anterior alveolar processes of the premaxillae, a peculiar arrangement of the first two premaxillary alveoli and a large size disparity between the 3rd and 4th premaxillary alveoli. These features presently allow formal recognition of two species within the genus, Paludirex vincenti and Paludirex gracilis comb. nov., with the former having comparatively more robust rostral proportions than the latter. The Paludirex vincenti holotype comes from the Pliocene Chinchilla Sand of the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland, whereas the material assigned to Paludirex gracilis is from the Pleistocene of Terrace Site Local Fauna, Riversleigh, northwest Queensland. Phylogenetic analyses recover Paludirex vincenti as a mekosuchine, although further cladistic assessments are needed to better understand the relationships within the clade.
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Almutairi, K., J. Nossent, D. Preen, H. Keen, K. Roger, and C. Inderjeeth. "AB0103 THE ACCURACY OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEALTH DATA FOR IDENTIFYING PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A VALIDATION STUDY USING MEDICAL RECORDS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 1079.3–1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background:The use of large administrative health datasets is increasingly important in Rheumatology for disease trends and outcome research (1). We established the West Australian Rheumatic Disease Epidemiological Registry containing longitudinal health data for over 10000 patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) in Western Australia (WA). Accuracy of coding for RA is essential to validity of the datasets.Objectives:Investigate the diagnostic accuracy of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) based discharge codes for RA at WA’s largest tertiary hospital.Methods:Medical records for RA patients randomly selected from the hospital discharge database with ICD 10 codes (M05.00–M06.99) from 2008–2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Rheumatologist reported diagnosis and ACR/EULAR classification were used as gold standards to determine positive predictive value (PPV) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for RA primary diagnostic codes.Results:Medical chart review was completed for 87 patients (mean age 64.7 years, 67% female). Total of 80 (92%) patients had specialist confirmed RA diagnoses, while seven patients (8%) had alternate clinical diagnoses providing a PPV of 93.5% (95%CI: 89.9 to 95.86). Overall, 69 out 87 patients (79.3%) fulfilled ACR/EULAR classification criteria based on RA primary diagnostic codes with a PPV of 80.5% (95%CI: 76.81 to 83.7). A combination of a diagnostic RA code with biologic infusion codes in two or more codes increased the PPV to 97.9%.Conclusion:Hospital discharge diagnostic codes in WA identify RA patients with a high degree of accuracy. Combining a primary diagnostic code for RA with biological infusion codes can further increase the PPV.References:[1]Hanly et al. The use of administrative health care databases to identify patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Open Access Rheumatol 2015; 7: 69–75.Table 1.Accuracy measures of different algorithms for random sample of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with one or more RA codes.Rheumatologist-reported diagnosisACR/EULAR classification criteriaAdministrative dataSNSPPPVNPVSNSPPPVNPVOne or more RA primary codes90%28.5%93.5%7.6%89.8%16.6%80.5%30%One or more RA biological infusion codes25%71.4%90.9%7.7%20.3%55.5%63.6%15.3%Two or more RA codes including biological codes60%85.7%97.9%15.8%56.5%44.4%79.6%21%RA=Rheumatoid Arthritis, SN=Sensitivity, SP=Specificity, PPV= Positive predictive value, NPV= Negative predictive value.Acknowledgements:Khalid Almutairi was supported by an Australian Government research training Program PhD Scholarship at the University of Western Australia.Disclosure of Interests:Khalid Almutairi: None declared, Johannes Nossent Speakers bureau: Janssen, David Preen: None declared, Helen Keen Speakers bureau: Pfizer Australia, Abbvie Australia, Katrina Roger: None declared, Charles Inderjeeth Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly
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Casey, Maryrose. "Aboriginal performance as war by other means in the nineteenth century." International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcis.v8i2.123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Commercial performances for entertainment are usually assumed to be lightweight, cultural activities that serve little or no serious purpose. Perhaps because of this typical perspective, prior to the mid-twentieth century, Indigenous Australian performances drawing on their cultural practices for entertainment are often styled as either the result of oppressive exploitation by colonisers or cultural tourism. However, an examination of Indigenous Australian initiated and controlled performances, for entertainment in the nineteenth century, reveals a more complicated picture. In Australia, across the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, Aboriginal people and the colonisers actively fought for physical, psychological and emotional sovereignty of the land through thousands of performances for entertainment purposes. This might be expected given that Australian Aboriginal cultures are probably the most performance-based in the world—in the sense that explicit, choreographed performances were used for a vast range of social and cultural purposes from education, through to spiritual practices, arranging marriage alliances, to judicial and diplomatic functions. What might be less expected, considering the dominant power position, are the multiple ways in which the white audiences attempted to intrude, interrupt and inhabit these performances. The Aboriginal performers displayed their strength, vitality, high status and continued survival literally in the face of the colonisers and charged them a fee to observe. In response, white audiences both desired these performances and acted in ways to prevent them, often taking over the performance space and bringing events to a quick finish, while complaining that the show did not go on. The battle continued in white performances of Aboriginal practices and the ways in which Aboriginal performance was documented. In the twenty-first century, Aboriginal sportsmen who display their pride in their Aboriginality and opposition to racism continue to negotiate the same fight for space.
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Liu, Benjamin, Allen Huang, and Brett Freudenberg. "The impact of the GST on mortgage pricing of Australian credit unions." Accounting Research Journal 27, no. 1 (July 7, 2014): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-08-2013-0059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) on mortgage pricing and to measure the GST shifting ratio of Australian credit unions. Design/methodology/approach – Using the proprietary data from 79 credit unions in Australia, we perform multivariate regression analysis on the effect of the GST on mortgage effective yield spreads and interest margins, respectively. We also introduce a model that is used to measure the GST shifting ratio. Findings – We document that the introduction of the GST in July 2000 led to the substantial rise in mortgage costs charged by credit unions in the post-GST periods. Overall, the GST alone contributed to the increase of effective yield spreads and interest margin by 65.3 and 70.1 basis points, respectively. As measured by the GST-shifting ratio, credit unions passed more than twice of the GST rate. This suggests GST over-shifting, and it is generally consistent with tax over-shifting literature. Originality/value – This is the first time the GST shifting ratio has been robustly measured with the use of multivariate models on mortgage costs.
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Hess, Kristy, and Lisa Waller. "Moral compass: How a small-town newspaper used silence in a hyper-charged controversy." Journalism 21, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 574–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884919886441.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A recent controversy over plans to build a mosque in the provincial Australian city of Bendigo provides an interesting case to explore the news practices of one small-town newspaper faced with an issue that triggered an avalanche of hate speech, bigotry and extremist voices. Between 2014 and 2016, there was open conflict inside the city’s municipal chamber, violent street protests, hate campaigns and disinformation on social media. This research considers the role of the Bendigo Weekly in facilitating and shaping debate among local news audiences. Our research reveals that the newspaper deployed silence as a deliberate strategy for countering hatred and to tourniquet debate to the local level. The newspaper argued this was in the interests of serving as a ‘moral compass’. The importance of engaging a diversity of voices in deliberative democracy is widely celebrated in journalism studies. This essay, however, extends scholarship on silence as a form of agency for countering hate speech that is becoming an increasing feature of the digital era.
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D'Arcy, M. G. "AUSTRALIA'S ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON PETROLEUM EXPLORATION." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changes in the structure of a modern economy are a natural function of altered world and domestic economic circumstances. It is important that the instrument of change be the marketplace. Governments around the world have not demonstrated a superior ability to 'pick winners'. There are many instances where governments have used public funds to foster the development of particular industries only to find that, as a result of economic circumstances, the favoured industries' reliance on public funding becomes chronic. The Government's role should be to ensure that market signals are transmitted and received clearly.In Australia structural change in the economy has been a fairly slow process. This has been brought about by the numerous obstacles that have existed in the marketplace. These have meant that, not only were market signals distorted or delayed, but when received did not motivate appropriate responses. For example, labour market rigidities, inequitable taxation policies, a fixed exchange rate, together with State Government charges, have posed real impediments to implementing the necessary adjustments to the Australian economy.The Australian mining industry and the petroleum industry, in particular, have always been geared to the world market and have increasingly constituted an important component of the nation's export receipts. With regard specifically the petroleum industry, the world price downturn of the past few years and the Government's decision to drop its import parity pricing will result in major changes in the Australian industry, particularly in the exploration sector. These signals suggest a world oversupply of petroleum with the corollary that additional reserves are not needed. A resultant downturn in exploration could develop into an irrevocable reversal and jeopardise the nation's strategically important petroleum industry.In light of the diminished circumstances of the sector it is essential that the petroleum industry receives equal treatment regarding taxation and other Government imposts. Failure to remove the discriminations against petroleum and to impose a uniform structure will result in a misallocation of resources and the possibility of a permanent winding down in exploration.
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Tormasi, T. "LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVES FOR THE AUSTRALIAN GAS INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Changes in the structure of a modern economy are a natural function of altered world and domestic economic circumstances. It is important that the instrument of change be the marketplace. Governments around the world have not demonstrated a superior ability to 'pick winners'. There are many instances where governments have used public funds to foster the development of particular industries only to find that, as a result of economic circumstances, the favoured industries' reliance on public funding becomes chronic. The Government's role should be to ensure that market signals are transmitted and received clearly.In Australia structural change in the economy has been a fairly slow process. This has been brought about by the numerous obstacles that have existed in the marketplace. These have meant that, not only were market signals distorted or delayed, but when received did not motivate appropriate responses. For example, labour market rigidities, inequitable taxation policies, a fixed exchange rate, together with State Government charges, have posed real impediments to implementing the necessary adjustments to the Australian economy.The Australian mining industry and the petroleum industry, in particular, have always been geared to the world market and have increasingly constituted an important component of the nation's export receipts. With regard specifically the petroleum industry, the world price downturn of the past few years and the Government's decision to drop its import parity pricing will result in major changes in the Australian industry, particularly in the exploration sector. These signals suggest a world oversupply of petroleum with the corollary that additional reserves are not needed. A resultant downturn in exploration could develop into an irrevocable reversal and jeopardise the nation's strategically important petroleum industry.In light of the diminished circumstances of the sector it is essential that the petroleum industry receives equal treatment regarding taxation and other Government imposts. Failure to remove the discriminations against petroleum and to impose a uniform structure will result in a misallocation of resources and the possibility of a permanent winding down in exploration.
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Hughes, Alan. "Historical Facts: The Charles Kean Company in Victoria." Theatre Research in Canada 9, no. 1 (January 1988): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.9.1.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The local businessmen who invited Charles Kean to perform in Victoria in 1864 hoped to use his prestige for their own political purposes. This paper shows how George Coppin, Kean's Australian business manager, met friends in Victoria who introduced him to local politics. He used his own political experience and theatrical talents to help Amor de Cosmos win a decisive election.
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Ardalich, Nadia. "Information: a valuable resource in managing health, safety, and the environment in the offshore petroleum industry." APPEA Journal 53, no. 2 (2013): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority (NOPSEMA) is charged with promoting occupational health and safety and responsible environmental management in the offshore petroleum industry and ensuring industry compliance with the relevant commonwealth legislation. For NOPSEMA to exercise these functions effectively and transparently, sharing information through industry experience is integral. Although NOPSEMA already publishes widely–including guidance material, industry performance data, and safety alerts–it is working towards increasing publication of more detailed and specific industry information, such as enforcement notices. Government regulators publishing industry information of this kind is not new in Australia or overseas and is often used by regulators as a tool for promoting industry compliance. Communicating and sharing information with industry and the public are important activities of governments. Information sharing can expand knowledge, enable innovation, enhance government accountability and transparency, and even save lives by learning from others' experiences. Recently, the Australian Government has shown a deeper commitment through changes to the Freedom of Information Act 1982, making government information more accessible and open to the public. This extended abstract discusses the benefits of increasing publication of industry information to promote NOPSEMA's functions and objectives for delivering a safe and environmentally responsible offshore petroleum industry.
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Yoon, Samuel, Linda M. Fleeman, Bethany J. Wilson, Caroline S. Mansfield, and Paul McGreevy. "Epidemiological study of dogs with diabetes mellitus attending primary care veterinary clinics in Australia." Veterinary Record 187, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): e22-e22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundThe objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence, risk factors and comorbidities/sequelae for diabetes mellitus (DM) in Australian dogs presented to first-opinion veterinary practices.MethodsElectronic patient records of dogs (n=134,329) attending 152 veterinary clinics during 2017 were sourced through VetCompass Australia. They included 418 dogs with DM; a prevalence of 0.36 per cent (95 per cent CI 0.33 per cent to 0.39 per cent) in Australian dogs attending these veterinary clinics. By comparing with the reference group of rarer breeds and unidentified crossbreeds, multivariable modelling was used to reveal breeds (and their crosses) with significantly higher odds of having DM.ResultsThe results revealed that breeds (and their crosses) with significantly higher odds of having DM were Australian terriers (ORs=7.93 (95 per cent CI 2.83 to 22.27)), Siberian huskies (OR=6.24 (95 per cent CI 2.51 to 15.54)), English springer spaniels (OR=5.37 (95 per cent CI 1.48 to 19.53)), West Highland white terriers (OR=4.85 (95 per cent CI 2.55 to 9.25)), miniature schnauzers (OR=3.47 (95 per cent CI 1.16 to 10.35)), all types of poodles (OR=3.41 (95 per cent CI 2.07 to 5.61)), bichon frises (OR=3.41 (95 per cent CI 1.65 to 7.01)), schnauzers (OR=3.18 (95 per cent CI 1.42 to 7.11)) and cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS; OR=1.84 (95 per cent CI 1.08 to 3.13)). Breeds with lower risk were German shepherd dogs (OR=0.11 (95 per cent CI 0.01 to 0.84)), golden retrievers (OR=0.09 (95 per cent CI 0.01 to 0.68)) and boxers (no cases identified). Fisher’s exact tests showed that labradoodles were diagnosed significantly more often than purebred Labradors (P=0.04) and did not differ significantly from poodles (P=0.81). Cavoodles did not differ significantly from either CKCS (p~1.00) or poodles (P=0.12). Spoodles were significantly less diagnosed than poodles (P=0.003) but did not differ from cocker spaniels (P=0.66). Desexed male dogs had a higher odds of DM than entire male (OR=0.62 (95 per cent CI 0.39 to 0.98)) and desexed female dogs (OR=0.76 (95 per cent CI 0.61 to 0.96)). Comorbidities/sequelae associated with canine DM included suspected pancreatitis (OR 10.58 (95 per cent CI 5.17 to 22.78)), cataracts (OR 9.80 (95 per cent CI 5.65 to 17.35)), hyperadrenocorticism (OR 6.21 (95 per cent CI 3.29 to 11.88)), urinary tract infection (OR 5.09 (95 per cent CI 1.97 to 13.41)) and hypothyroidism (OR 4.10 (95 per cent CI 1.08 to 15.58)).ConclusionsBreeds at most risk included Australian terriers and Siberian huskies as previously reported, as well as, for the first time, English springer spaniels. In contrast to other populations where there is female predisposition for DM, desexed male dogs in Australia were at increased risk for DM compared with both entire males and desexed females. This predisposition for desexed males to develop DM warrants further investigation.
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Headley, T. R., D. O. Huett, and L. Davison. "The removal of nutrients from plant nursery irrigation runoff in subsurface horizontal-flow wetlands." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In New South Wales (NSW) Australia, the recent introduction of legislation to control runoff and charge for water used in agricultural production has encouraged commercial plant nurseries to collect and recycle their irrigation drainage. Runoff from a nursery typically contains around 6 mg/L TN (> 70% as NO3), 0.5 mg/L TP (> 50% as PO4), and virtually no organic matter (BOD <5 mg/L; DOC <20 mg/L). As a result, algal blooms frequently occur in storage dams. This paper describes a study evaluating the effectiveness of subsurface flow wetlands in the removal of nutrients from nursery runoff on the sub-tropical northern coast of NSW, Australia. Four experimental subsurface flow wetlands (1 m×4 m×0.5 m water depth) were planted with Phragmites australis in April 1999. TN and TP load removals were > 84% and > 65% respectively at HRTs of between 5 and 2 days, with the majority of out-flowing TN and TP being organic in form. Internal generation of organic N and P resulted in persistent background levels of 0.45 mg/L TN and 0.15 mg/L TP in the reed bed effluent. TN, NH4 and TP removal was affected by HRT (P <0.05). Greater than 90% load removal of NH4, NO2, NO3 and Ortho-P was achieved at all HRTs, with outlet concentrations generally <0.01 mg/L for all. For TN, a strong relationship existed between removal rate (g/m2/day) and loading rate (r2=0.995), while a weaker relationship existed for TP (r2=0.47). It is estimated that a 1 ha nursery would require a reed bed area of 200 m2 for a 2 day HRT.
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Weber, Ben, Jason Bos, Elizabeth Mary Clancy, Ranjit Menon, Tom Cross, and Kate Hall. "Role of club doctors in the mental health management of Australian rules football players: a Delphi study." British Journal of Sports Medicine 56, no. 6 (October 18, 2021): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104388.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Professional team athletes experience a range of mental health problems, both sports and non-sports related. However, there is limited information available for those charged with responsibility for managing these mental health conditions, particularly within the context of professional sporting clubs. This paper reports on consensus findings from a study of club doctors, who are primary care providers for professional team athletes within a specific code, the Australian Football League (AFL). Drawing on findings from a systematic literature search, a two-round Delphi procedure was used to develop a consensus on best practice for managing mental health conditions for club doctors as primary care providers for professional team athletes. Participants in this study were current and former club doctors employed in professional AFL clubs across Australia, with 28 doctors participating across two survey rounds. Overall, 77 statements were presented, with 50 endorsed as essential or important by ≥ 80% of the participants across the two rounds. Primary themes across nine domains include: (1) Prevention and Mental Health Promotion Activities; (2) Screening; (3) Engaging External Specialists; (4) Duty of Care; (5) Treatment: Assessment, Treatment and Case Coordination; (6) Communication; (7) Confidentiality; (8) Sleep Management and (9) Substance Use Management. This study is the first to offer club doctors working in professional team settings consensus guidelines for the management of mental health conditions, and the opportunity for greater clarification and consistency in role delivery.
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Longley, Ian, and James Dirstein. "Prospectivity and play analysis in the frontier Great Australian Bight: the benefits of a public domain data system and the application of traditional and new technologies." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The deep water portion of the Great Australian Bight remains an untested basin with the Gnarlyknots–1A well drilled in 2003 not penetrating deep enough to test the well's targets within the Upper Cretaceous Ceduna Delta section. If an anoxic marine shale source system, that is an effective source in many parts of West Africa, is present beneath the delta, then this could supply a material oil charge into the numerous fault block structures identified on seismic data. With eight wells due to be drilled in the next few years, this area will be one of the most active exploration frontier settings in the region. Since Australia has an open file system for technical data, the regional Flinders 2000 2D Marine seismic Interpretation report containing five regional Time structure maps is now in the public domain, as is the Gnarlyknots–1A well data and the raw seismic data from the Ceduna 3D survey acquired in 2012. These data were used to evaluate the untested Coniacian play interval with the construction of Reservoir Presence and quality, seal and charge relative probability maps made from various proxies that were then stacked to show areas of relative prospectivity. This traditional approach was supplemented by the an example showing pre-interpretation surfaces from the pre-Cenomanian portion of the 3D volume to help develop a better understanding of the potential prospectivity of deeper intervals not captured on the submitted open file maps. The workflow presented here suggests some parts of the Ceduna Sub Basin are significantly more prospective than others. Moreover, we demonstrate that even in frontier settings with minimal well data, pre-interpretation processing and simple play analysis together can be a useful and efficient approach for delivering significant insights into prospectivity. This workflow will ultimately promote more exploration thinking and activity in the future.
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Bashi, Nazli, Marlien Varnfield, and Mohanraj Karunanithi. "A Smartphone App for Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome (MoTER-ACS): User-Centered Design Approach." JMIR Formative Research 4, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): e17542. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17542.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background Postdischarge interventions are limited for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) due to few scheduled visits to outpatient clinics and the need to travel from remote areas. Smartphones have become viable lifestyle technology to deliver home-based educational and health interventions. Objective The aim of this study was to develop a smartphone-based intervention for providing postdischarge support to patients with ACS. Methods The content of Mobile Technology–Enabled Rehabilitation for Patients with ACS (MoTER-ACS) was derived from a series of small studies, termed prestudy surveys, conducted in 2017. The prestudy surveys were conducted in Prince Charles Hospital, Queensland, Australia, and consisted of questionnaires among a convenience sample of patients with ACS (n=30), a focus group discussion with health care professionals (n=10), and an online survey among cardiologists (n=15). Responses from the patient survey identified educational topics of MoTER-ACS. The focus group with health care professionals assisted with identifying educational materials, health monitoring, and self-management interventions. Based on the results of the cardiologists’ survey, monitoring of symptoms related to heart failure exacerbation was considered as a weekly diary. Results The MoTER-ACS app covers multimedia educational materials to adopt a healthy lifestyle and includes user-friendly tools to monitor physiological and health parameters such as blood pressure, weight, and pain, assisting patients in self-managing their condition. A web portal that is linked to the data from the smartphone app is available to clinicians to regularly access patients’ data and provide support. Conclusions The MoTER-ACS platform extends the capabilities of previous mobile health platforms by providing a home-based educational and self-management intervention for patients with ACS following discharge from the hospital. The MoTER-ACS intervention narrows the gap between existing hospital-based programs and home-based interventions by complementing the postdischarge program for patients with ACS.
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Nossent, J., M. Ognjenovic, W. Raymond, H. Keen, C. Inderjeeth, and D. Preen. "FRI0192 MORTALITY IN IGA VASCULITIS: A LONGITUDINAL POPULATION-BASED STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1655.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background:There is sparse population-level data on outcome in patients with Immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV) and none from AustraliaObjectives:We compared long-term mortality for paediatric and adult IgAV patients with age- and gender-matched controls.Methods:Linked health data for pediatric (<20 years=473) and adult (20+ years, n=267) IgAV patients were obtained from state-wide hospital and deaths registries in Western Australia for the period 1980-2015. All-cause mortality rates (MR) (deaths/1000 person-years) were compared with controls using mortality rate ratios (MRR) and with the general population of Western Australia by standardised mortality rate ratios (SMRR) with Poisson derived 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and multivariate Cox regression derived hazard ratios (HR) for time dependent analyses.Results:In pediatric patients (mean age 7.2 years, 60 % male) MRR was 1.27 (CI: 0.34-4.08, p=0.68) and SMRR was 2.31 (CI: 0.72-5.7, p=0.47) (Table 1) with a 20-year survival rate (>99%) similar to controls. Despite higher rates of renal failure (1.5% vs 0.2%, p=0.002) deaths in pediatric IgAV patients were mainly from unrelated causes. In adult IgAV patients (mean age 55.8 years, 48% males) MMR was 2.06 (CI 1.70-2.50, p<0.01) and SMRR 6.16 (3.04 -14.3, p<0.01) (Table) during a mean of 19.5 years follow-up with significantly reduced survival at five (72.7 vs. 89.7 %) and twenty years (45.2% vs. 65.6 %) (p<0.05). Renal disease (HR: 1.47, CI 1.04 - 2.06), the presence of any comorbidity (HR:1.30, CI 1.23 - 1.37) and male gender (HR:1.23; CI 1.04 - 1.47) were independent predictors of death. While cardiovascular events (34.2%) and malignancy (19.4%) were the most frequent causes of death, only death from infections (5.8 vs 1.8%, p=0.02) and renal disease (3.6 vs 1.8%, p=0.03) were more frequent in adult IgAV patients than controls.Mortality data for childhood and adult-onset IgAV patients and controls. Figures indicate mean (±SD), numbers (%) or rate/1000 patient months (95% CI)PediatricAdultIgAVControlsP valueIgAVControlsPMean follow-up (yrs)22.71 (±5.2)23.75 (±3.17)0.00111.9 (±9.04)15.94 (±8.30)0.001Non-survivors (%)<5 (0.8)9 (0.9)0.5137 (51.3)394 (33.4)<0.001Person-years1027529520317818815MR0.39 (0.1, 0.9)0.30 (0.1, 0.5)43.11 (36,1,50.9)20.94 (18.9, 23.1)MRR1.27 (0.34, 4.08)0.672.06 (1.70, 2.50)<0.001SMRR2.31 (0.71, 5.71)0.716.16 (3.04, 14.3)<0.001Conclusion:Compared to controls and general population, mortality risk was not increased in paediatric IgAV patients for at least 20 years following diagnosis despite a higher rate of end stage renal failure. However, in adult IgAV patients, all-cause mortality risk was six times higher than in the general population leading to significantly reduced five-year survival, especially for male patients with comorbidity including renal disease.Acknowledgments:The authors thank the Data Custodians of the Hospital Morbidity Data Collection (HMDC), Emergency Department Data Collection (EDDC), the Western Australian Cancer Registry (WACR), the State Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, the WA Electoral Commission, and the NCIS for use of the CODURF dataset, and the staff at Data Linkage Branch at the Western Australian Department of Health for their assistance in provision of data. This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from the Arthritis Foundation of Western Australia. Author WDR received a PhD Scholarship in Memory of John Donald Stewart from the Arthritis Foundation of Western Australia.Disclosure of Interests:Johannes (“Hans”) Nossent Speakers bureau: Janssen, Milica Ognjenovic: None declared, warren raymond: None declared, Helen Keen Speakers bureau: Pfizer Austrlaia, Abbvie Australia, Charles Inderjeeth Consultant of: Linear Research Perth, David Preen: None declared
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Allwright, Joshua, Akhlaqur Rahman, Marcus Coleman, and Ambarish Kulkarni. "Heavy Multi-Articulated Vehicles with Electric and Hybrid Power Trains for Road Freight Activity: An Australian Context." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 26, 2022): 6237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electrification of vehicles from the automotive and public transport industries can reduce harmful emissions if implemented correctly, but there is little evidence of whether the electrification of heavy freight transportation vehicles (HFTVs), such as multi-articulated vehicles, used in the freight industry could see the same benefits. This work studied heavy multi-articulated freight vehicles and developed a comparative analysis between electric and conventional diesel power trains to reduce their total emissions. Real-world drive cycle data were obtained from a heavy multi-articulated freight vehicle operating around Melbourne, Australia, with a gross combination mass (GCM) of up to 66,000 kg. Numerical models of the case study freight vehicle were then simulated with diesel, through-the-road parallel (TTRP) hybrid and electric power trains over the five different drive cycles with fuel and energy consumption results quantified. Battery weights were added on top of the real-world operating GCMs to assure the operational payload did not have to be reduced to accommodate the addition of electric power trains. The fuel and energy consumptions were then used to estimate the real-world emissions and compared. The results showed a positive reduction in tailpipe emissions, but total greenhouse emission was worse for operation in Melbourne if batteries were charged off the grid. However, if Melbourne can move towards more renewable energy and change its emission factor for generating electricity down to 0.49 kg CO2-e/kWh, a strong decarbonization could be possible for the Australian road freight industry and could help meet emission reduction targets set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement.
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Rashid, Shaista, Amira Khattak, Murtaza Ashiq, Shafiq Ur Rehman, and Muhammad Rashid Rasool. "Educational Landscape of Virtual Reality in Higher Education: Bibliometric Evidences of Publishing Patterns and Emerging Trends." Publications 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/publications9020017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This bibliometric study examines the overall research trends and productivity in the field of virtual reality (VR) in higher education. Bibliometric data were retrieved from Scopus databases. The findings suggest a rising trend in terms of citations and publications showing increased interest in the VR domain have been seen during the last few decades. The year in which the most citations of this type occurred was 2009, in which 1913 citations were recorded, whereas 2019 was the most productive year, as 127 documents on this subject were published in that year. The data analysis revealed that all the top ten researchers belong to Australia. Further, the top three researchers (Gregory S., Lee, M.J.W., and Wood, D.), countries (United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia), organizations (Charles Sturt University, Queensland University of Technology, and University of New England, Australia), journals (Computers and Education, International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, and Journal of Surgical Education) and collaborations (Australia and New Zealand, United States and the United Kingdom, and Australia and the United Kingdom) belong to developed countries. Virtual reality, virtual worlds, augmented reality, e-learning, and simulations are the top keywords used in the VR domain. The thematic evolution of the keyword shows the importance of “Virtual Reality” as a keyword throughout the 27 years of its existence (1994–2020). Furthermore, the main finding of the study is the interdisciplinary nature of the VR domain, which extends from the field of computer sciences to other disciplines.
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Curtis, Rachel G., Timothy Olds, Ty Ferguson, François Fraysse, Dorothea Dumuid, Adrian Esterman, Gilly A. Hendrie, Wendy J. Brown, Rajini Lagiseti, and Carol A. Maher. "Changes in diet, activity, weight, and wellbeing of parents during COVID-19 lockdown." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): e0248008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted lifestyle behaviour as public health initiatives aim to “flatten the curve”. This study examined changes in activity patterns (physical activity, sedentary time, sleep), recreational physical activities, diet, weight and wellbeing from before to during COVID-19 restrictions in Adelaide, Australia. This study used data from a prospective cohort of Australian adults (parents of primary school-aged children; n = 61, 66% female, aged 41±6 years). Participants wore a Fitbit Charge 3 activity monitor and weighed themselves daily using Wi-Fi scales. Activity and weight data were extracted for 14 days before (February 2020) and 14 days during (April 2020) COVID-19 restrictions. Participants reported their recreational physical activity, diet and wellbeing during these periods. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine change over time. Participants slept 27 minutes longer (95% CI 9–51), got up 38 minutes later (95% CI 25–50), and did 50 fewer minutes (95% CI -69–-29) of light physical activity during COVID-19 restrictions. Additionally, participants engaged in more cycling but less swimming, team sports and boating or sailing. Participants consumed a lower percentage of energy from protein (-0.8, 95% CI -1.5–-0.1) and a greater percentage of energy from alcohol (0.9, 95% CI 0.2–1.7). There were no changes in weight or wellbeing. Overall, the effects of COVID-19 restrictions on lifestyle were small; however, their impact on health and wellbeing may accumulate over time. Further research examining the effects of ongoing social distancing restrictions are needed as the pandemic continues.
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Verran, Helen, Michaela Spencer, and Michael Christie. "Ground Up Inquiry: Questions and Answers About the Emergence and Development of a Northern Australian Tradition of Situated Research." Learning Communities: International Journal of Learning in Social Contexts 27 (August 2022): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18793/lcj2022.27.02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ground Up Inquiry is the name of a situated approach to researching used by the Contemporary Indigenous Knowledge and Governance (CIKG) team in CDU’s Northern Institute (Charles Darwin University, 2017a). The team partners with Indigenous researchers working under the authority of Elders in their home places. Many of our partner researchers offer research services through Indigenous Researchers Initiative (Charles Darwin University, 2017b). In the Northern Territory of Australia, Ground Up is often contract research and service delivery, but it is also increasingly recognised as an established research method where Indigenous and academic knowledge authorities work together as equals under the aegis of the modern university system. Composed as answers to questions, this paper revisits the origins of Ground Up, and gives an overview of this approach as situated research.
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Bolderson, Helen. "Comparing Social Policies: Some Problems of Method and the Case of Social Security Benefits in Australia, Britain and the USA." Journal of Social Policy 17, no. 3 (July 1988): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400016810.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTThe cross-national works of development sociologists and of political scientists have sought to disentangle some of the determinants of welfare, whereas studies in comparative social policy have been mainly evaluative. These have laid themselves open to charges of being, variously, a-theoretical, unsystematic and narrowly focused on the state sector. However, a case is made here for the continuation of such studies with a clear focus on social policy rather than the mixed economy of welfare, using more explicit evaluative criteria and a range of methods. A small comparative study of social security benefit levels in Australia, Britain and the USA is used as an illustration of the potential in this approach and the problems of method involved.
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Meyer, Samantha B. "Analysing capabilities and resources used to incorporate fruit and vegetables into the family diet: findings from an Australian case study." Critical Dietetics 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32920/cd.v2i1.774.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research attributes low fruit and vegetable consumption to problems of access, availability and affordability. We conducted, for the first time, a case study with three families designed and analysed using the sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The benefit of such an approach is that we moved away from identified barriers and towards identifying the capabilities and resources low-income families use to incorporate fruit and vegetables into their diets. Mitigating cost and access, we provided families with a box of fresh fruit and vegetables free of charge for up to 10 weeks and observed and recorded how/if the contents were used. Results identify the importance of social networking, organizational skills, knowledge of health benefits, and social structures. This paper demonstrates an effective methodology for understanding the capabilities of, rather than barriers to, low-income families increasing fruit and vegetable intake. Additionally, we provide a ‘how to’ and ‘lessons from the field’ for researchers interested in conducting research of this nature.
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Drent, Ailsa. "Taking charge of the future. From states of anxiety and dependence to becoming actualised professionals." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 7 (November 1997): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100001205.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between the mid 1940's and the mid 1980's psychology, guidance and counselling services were established and rapidly expanded within Australian state departments of education. This occurred in a socio-political context where the values of social justice and concern for the disadvantaged were regarded as important by communities looking to governments to reflect these values through appropriate policies and programs. Since then a distinct change has occurred. Economic Rationalism and the move to greater school autonomy has led to the abandonment of central structures and centralised training that supported professional psychological services in schools. Schools increasingly will be expected to “buy in” contracted services as perceived needs arise. The resulting deprof essionalisation, whilst shared at this time by psychologists in other agencies, is particularly threatening in the case of school psychology. By destroying continuity of service and the possibilities of building of long-term relationships, it will reduce opportunities to initiate those school-wide initiatives that can maximise the impact of case work. The authors are of the view that, given the prevailing ideology, governments will persist in ridding themselves of responsibility and the expense of providing psychological and counselling services to school communities. At the same time information from principals suggests that schools' will find it difficult to afford these services from their limited global budgets, despite urgent and growing need for more, not less school-based support for teachers, students and parents. As a profession we must look to old and new models of service delivery and devise practical ways of providing cost-effective, equitable and high quality services to schools. This paper attempts to bring forward the issue as one for urgent debate and planning by our professional associations. Rather than let the profession wither away or end up providing services for the wealthy only, we must take action ourselves to see that it not only survives, but thrives. ( In this paper, the terms guidance officer, school counsellor and school psychologist are used as if they are interchangeable. The reason is that education departments around Australia use different names for those of their student support workers who have qualifications in education, psychology and counselling.)
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Hopkins, Ben, and John R. Argue. "Constructed “Source” Wetland Concepts Applied to Urban Landscapes." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 4 (February 1, 1994): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0175.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A class of wetland is introduced which employs engineering practices and installations to collect, store, dispose of, retrieve and use stormwater, at source, in the urban landscape. Two Adelaide (South Australia) examples of “source wetlands” are described. At New Brompton Estate, roof runoff from (eventually) a cluster of 15 residences is diverted to a 106 m gravel-filled trench in a central reserve. The collected water sustains a row of deciduous trees bordering the reserve and provides frequent (winter) charges, via a bore, to a Quaternary aquifer at depth 30 m. At Northfield a swale/trench system which handles all storm runoff from a residential street (including domestic contribution) will be trialled. Runoff seeping to the trench from the swale will be of high quality and will provide charges of water to a 5 m Quaternary aquifer. Some runoff of good quality will pass from the catchment in large storm events. In both cases, New Brompton and Northfield, water retrieved from the Quaternary aquifers in summer will be used for open space irrigation. Constructed source wetlands offer a valuable new option in urban stormwater quantity/quality management.
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Moore, P. S., B. J. Burns, J. K. Emmett, and D. A. Guthrie. "INTEGRATED SOURCE, MATURATION AND MIGRATION ANALYSIS, GIPPSLAND BASIN, AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biomarker geochemistry, maturation modelling and migration pathway analysis have been used in a new, integrated analysis of the Gippsland Basin. The analysis has resulted in the development of a predictive model for hydrocarbon charge and oil versus gas split. The study was carried out in 4 parts: analytical geochemistry, source distribution mapping, maturation modelling and migration pathway analysis.New geochemical biomarker studies confirm a non-marine source for the oils, but place peak oil generation in the upper part of the traditional oil window. Gas in the basin is mainly derived from overmature source rocks. Coals were recognised to contribute significantly to oil generation.The source rock thickness and distribution for the entire basin were mapped using analytical techniques plus wireline log analysis, coupled with seismic structural mapping and facies analysis. Prime oil-prone source rocks were found to be located in the lower coastal plain depositional environment. Extrapolations were necessary for older rocks, using stratigraphic models.Maturation modelling modelling of selected wells and synclines was carried out and an overall basin model constructed. Post-structuring yields of oil and gas were also derived. A key result was the lack of post-structuring overmature gas generation in the oil prone southeastern part of the basin, owing to high palaeo-temperatures associated with earlier rifting.Analysis of present day and palaeo-migration pathways gave an excellent match between predicted oil versus gas ratios and discoveries, both geographically and stratigraphically. The tool is now being used in a predictive mode to highgrade basin prospectivity.
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Bidois, Marisa. "The cost of convenience." Hospitality Insights 3, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v3i1.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hospitality businesses in New Zealand are seeing fewer and fewer payments made by cash, as customers opt for the convenience of paying their bill electronically. If customers love the convenience of paying by credit card, who should be responsible for the cost of this convenience – the business or the customer?
In a Restaurant Association survey conducted at the end of last year, members overwhelmingly (71%) indicated that the use of cash by customers is declining, with a Mastercard New Zealand survey last year backing this up. This widespread adoption of electronic payment by consumers sees merchants bearing the significant cost of the transaction through their merchant fees. New Zealand merchants pay substantially more to process credit and contactless debit card transactions than their counterparts in Australia and the UK (on average, New Zealand merchants pay merchant service fees of around 1.4%, while in Australia it is around 0.85%, according to estimates by COVEC and data from the Reserve Bank of Australia). Restaurant Association members typically pay even higher – between 1.8% and 2% in fees for each credit card transaction; members say they are charged the same rate for any card type. Forty-two percent have a ‘fixed bundled rate’, although another 26% say they are charged a split rate for credit card and debit cards. Only 5% have an ‘unbundled’ merchant fee, where different types of cards are charged different fees and merchants pay this cost plus an acquiring service fee from the bank.
There are undoubtedly advantages for businesses in accepting electronic payments, primarily in the speed of the transaction – particularly with several customers waiting to pay – and the speed in which the payment is deposited into your bank account. However, it comes at a large cost, which is challenging for an industry that runs on very small margins already. One member pointed out in the Association’s recent survey:
As the average return in New Zealand is 6% net profit, the banks are effectively charging 1/3 of the profit of the average business, which is diabolical. With technology advancements their costs have gone down but charges have gone up, clearly shown in their bottom line profits. It is a collective monopoly like a lot of big business in New Zealand. (Restaurant Association member)
Of our members, 66% say they would switch if they could receive a saving equating to an overall 2.5–5% reduction in the cost of accepting credit cards. Currently though, short of refusing to accept credit card payments, it is difficult to avoid merchant fees. Emerging payment options and growing trends via NFC (Near Field Communication) capable mobile phones (such as ApplePay, GooglePay and Digital Wallets) are now more widely available. Whilst offering convenience and arguably faster transaction speed, these payment methods offer no relief to the fee incurred by a business for acceptance.
Alternative payment solutions now exist in New Zealand, but there are few choices. To date, most are aimed at the Chinese market, with payment methods restricted to tourist and student visitors, and immigrants retaining banking capability in their country of origin. The Restaurant Association’s survey indicated that only 24% of members currently accept other payment channels like China Union Pay, Alipay or WeChat. In reality these alternative payment solutions currently only form a small portion of the total volume of transactions a business processes, so will not affect any meaningful reduction in the total costs of cards/payment processing.
Surcharging, however, is a way for operators to offset the merchant fee imposed upon them by the banks. Surcharging simply means a charge to cover a merchant’s cost for processing a credit card. They are now being used by increasing numbers of tourism and hospitality businesses. Feedback from member businesses is that there is little reaction or negative feedback from customers. A Restaurant Association member commented on the survey:
We added a surcharge to cover the transaction fee on credit cards and have had no complaints. It’s just a matter of cents and gives us an opportunity to explain that we have always worn the cost of the surcharges but this is increasingly difficult.
Feedback from some members is that they find the practice unfriendly and others would prefer to incorporate this fee into their menu pricing structure, as this member pointed out: “I don’t care about the cost. It is added into the budgets and is picked up at menu price changes time, so it is paid for by the customer anyway.” Individual businesses need to decide if a surcharge would create tension in the business/customer relationship however, it is reassuring to know that, if a business does decide to add a surcharge, it is becoming a far more mainstream option than it used to be.
From a legal standpoint, merchants are required under the Fair Trading Act to ensure representations around their card payment fees are accurate and not misleading. This means if you are being charged a 1.8% merchant fee by your bank, it is not reasonable to apply a 3% credit card convenience fee to your customer. We’ve noticed some merchants prefer to pass on only a portion of the cost with a surcharge – say 1% – as a cost recovery practice. For a $100 bill, that is just a $1 addition to the bill for the consumer.
The payments landscape is changing rapidly, and in the future new technology will dramatically change the way we pay and receive payments. In the meantime, the Restaurant Association are developing further information for members around surcharging, with implementation and training for staff. We’ll also continue advocating on behalf of members to ensure the payment system delivers good outcomes for both consumers and our member merchants.
Corresponding author
Marisa Bidois can be contacted at: marisa@restaurantnz.co.nz
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Wali, Ponco. "Analisa Pengujian Repeatability Timbangan Elektronik dengan Metode Syarat Teknis Timbangan Non Otomatis dan Metode NMI Australia." Elinvo (Electronics, Informatics, and Vocational Education) 4, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/elinvo.v4i2.28356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Testing repeat electronic scales with non-automatic scales technical requirements so far is fairly long if not using a calculator or computer. The aim of this research is to compare the repeatability testing method of electronic scales using methods according to the technical requirements of non-automatic scales and the Australian NMI method, both of which refer to OIML R76 in determining the validity or cancellation of electronic scales repeatability testing. This research method is done through repeat testing on 3 samples of electronic scales, then on each electronic scale 2 test methods are performed. The conclusion is that the electronic scales repeatability testing uses the non-automatic scales technical requirements method and the Australian NMI method has some differences although both refer to OIML R76. These differences include several points, namely the charge used, the method of adding additions, the formula for determining electronic scales, and different test results. The Australian NMI method is deemed to make it easier and more time efficient compared to the non-automatic weighing technical requirements method.
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Broadhurst, Roderic, Ross Maller, Max Maller, and Brigitte Bouhours. "The recidivism of homicide offenders in Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 51, no. 3 (July 27, 2017): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865817722393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Popular perceptions about the recidivism of homicide offenders are contradictory, varying from one extreme – that such offenders rarely commit further violent offences – to the opposite, where it is thought that they remain at a high risk of serious reoffending. The present study draws on the records of 1088 persons arrested in Western Australia over the period 1984–2005 for domestic murders and other types of homicides (robbery and sexual murder), including attempted murder, conspiracy to murder, manslaughter (unintentional homicide) and driving causing death. Our database provides up to 22 years follow-up time (for those arrested in 1984) and accounts critically for the first and any subsequent arrests, if they occur. Of the 1088 persons, only 3 were subsequently arrested and charged with a homicide offence event in the follow-up period. Among those arrested for a murder and subsequently released, we estimate a probability of 0.66 (accounting for censoring) of being rearrested for another offence of any type. The corresponding probabilities for those originally arrested for manslaughter or for driving causing death were equal, at 0.43. A dynamic analysis of the longitudinal data by survival analysis techniques is used to reliably estimate these probabilities. Having a prior record increased the risk of re-arrest; for example male non-Aboriginals arrested for murder with at least one prior arrest have an estimated probability of 0.72 of being rearrested for another offence of any type. Their estimated probability of being rearrested for another serious offence was 0.33. These findings should be of interest to courts and correctional agencies in assessing risk at various stages of the administration of criminal justice.
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Phillips, I. R., and C. Chen. "Surface charge characteristics and sorption properties of bauxite-processing residue sand." Soil Research 48, no. 1 (2010): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bauxite-processing residue sand (BRS) is the primary growth medium used to rehabilitate Alcoa’s residue storage areas (RSAs) in south-west Western Australia. This material is typically coarse-textured, highly saline, highly alkaline, extremely sodic, and deficient in plant nutrients. To develop appropriate fertiliser strategies for optimising rehabilitation performance, a fundamental understanding of the surface charge and nutrient retention properties of BRS is essential. The contribution of permanent (σp) and variable (σv) charge to the overall magnitude and sign of the surface charge, and ammonium (NH4) and phosphorus (P) sorption, as a function of pH were studied. Samples of BRS were obtained from Alcoa’s Kwinana (KW), Pinjarra (PJ), and Wagerup (WG) Refineries. Each sample exhibited predominantly variable charge (σv ≈ 8–12 cmol/kg at pH 12), and negligible permanent negative charge (σp ≈ 0.2 cmol/kg). The point of zero net charge (PZNC) was observed at pH 6.96, 6.89, and 5.98 for the KW, PJ, and WG samples, respectively. These values are consistent with those reported for soils dominated by Fe and Al oxides and hydroxides but containing negligible organic matter. Solution and adsorbed NH4 decreased with increasing pH (pH 7–11) for BRS. It was suggested that ammonia volatilisation was a major loss pathway for NH4 applied to BRS. Phosphorus sorption decreased with increasing pH for each BRS. It was suggested that the presence of competing anions (i.e. carbonate) and increasing negative surface charge density were the major causes for this behaviour. The results from this study have major implications for the selection of suitable types of fertilisers (particularly nitrogen) for rehabilitating alkaline BRS.
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Young, Doug. "The impact of the Carbon Tax regime on the petroleum and gas industries." APPEA Journal 52, no. 1 (2012): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Clean Energy Act (CEA) and its related legislation received royal assent on 18 November 2011, ushering in a new era for the Australian industry, and for those who deal with it. Building on the 2007 National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Scheme (NGERS), which mandates the measurement and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and electricity production and consumption, the CEA imposes direct obligations on: individual industrial operations (facilities) that emit more than 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, or its other equivalent greenhouse gases, from particular sources, in a year; suppliers of natural gas (at the point of last supply before the gas is burnt or otherwise used), for the emissions that will be generated when the gas is burnt; and, operators of land-fill facilities, such as local councils. While the primary emissions targeted by the scheme are produced by burning fossil fuels, they also include emissions such as the methane released when coal is mined. The obligations include the option of surrendering carbon units for each tonne of emissions, however, if this optional step is not performed, the mandatory payment of a tax, which far exceeds the cost of a unit, is enforced. The Australian Government will sell carbon units at a fixed price for the first three years, starting at $23, after which units will be auctioned for between $15 and the expected international unit price, plus $20. The supply of domestic units will be unlimited for the three fixed price years, but will be subject to a reducing cap in following years, consistent with the Government policy of reducing Australia’s emissions. The Government has created a monopoly for the supply of units for the first three years by prohibiting the use of overseas-sourced carbon units, and by only allowing 5% of the unit surrender requirements to be comprised of Australian generated carbon credits. Thereafter, for the first five of the flexible-charge years, only half the units can be sourced from overseas, with any apparent saving likely to be offset by the various taxes and charges applicable to the use of those units. Certain fuels will also be separately taxed. Entities, however, which acquire, manufacture or import fuels and would otherwise be entitled to a fuel tax credit, may be able to assume direct liability thus enabling them to acquire or manufacture fuel, free of the carbon tax component. Where the imposts will cause competitive disadvantage to industries that compete with entities from other countries that do not have similar imposts, some assistance is provided in the form of allocated units provided at no charge. Assistance is also available to coal-fired electricity generators, producers of liquefied natural gas, operators of gassy coal mines, and the steel industry (not discussed in this paper). This paper also explains, in detail, how liability is created, how to determine which entities are liable, the means of assigning liability to other entities, and the assistance available to various industries to help deal with the financial impact of the scheme on their operations. It also outlines the key concepts that underpin the scheme.
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Chalmers, Kelsey, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Tim Badgery-Parker, Jonathan Brett, Ian A. Scott, and Adam G. Elshaug. "Measuring 21 low-value hospital procedures: claims analysis of Australian private health insurance data (2010–2014)." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e024142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024142.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence, costs and trends (2010–2014) for 21 low-value inpatient procedures in a privately insured Australian patient cohort.DesignWe developed indicators for 21 low-value procedures from evidence-based lists such as Choosing Wisely, and applied them to a claims data set of hospital admissions. We used narrow and broad indicators where multiple low-value procedure definitions exist.Setting and participantsA cohort of 376 354 patients who claimed for an inpatient service from any of 13 insurance funds in calendar years 2010–2014; approximately 7% of the privately insured Australian population.Main outcome measuresCounts and proportions of low-value procedures in 2014, and relative change between 2010 and 2014. We also report both the Medicare (Australian government) and the private insurance financial contributions to these low-value admissions.ResultsOf the 14 662 patients with admissions for at least 1 of the 21 procedures in 2014, 20.8%–32.0% were low-value using the narrow and broad indicators, respectively. Of the 21 procedures, admissions for knee arthroscopy were highest in both the volume and the proportion that were low-value (1607–2956; 44.4%–81.7%).Seven low-value procedures decreased in use between 2010 and 2014, while admissions for low-value percutaneous coronary interventions and inpatient intravitreal injections increased (51% and 8%, respectively).For this sample, we estimated 2014 Medicare contributions for admissions with low-value procedures to be between $A1.8 and $A2.9 million, and total charges between $A12.4 and $A22.7 million.ConclusionsThe Australian federal government is currently reviewing low-value healthcare covered by Medicare and private health insurers. Estimates from this study can provide crucial baseline data and inform design and assessment of policy strategies within the Australian private healthcare sector aimed at curtailing the high volume and/or proportions of low-value procedures.
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A'laa Taghi Al-Azawi and Ali A. F. Al Hamadani. "The Effect of Different Absorber Configurations On The Exergy and The Energy of Parabolic Solar Dish." Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 3 (April 11, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/ejuow.vol7.iss3.133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract— The solar energy is the most important type of energy. The parabolic dish solar collector (PDSC) is the best type among other solar collectors because it is always tracking the sun movement. The exergy and the energy performances of a PDS were analyzed experimentally and numerically. The effect of different coil geometries and different mass flow rates of heat transfer fluid (HTF) were investigated. The PDS has parabolic dish and receiver with diameter (1.5) m and (0.2) m respectively. Concentration ratio is 56.25. The parabolic polar dish was supported by a tracking system with two axes. The types of the copper absorber were used which are: (spiral –helical) coil (SHC) and spiral-conical coil (SCC). The results showed that the useful energy and thermal efficiency are varying with solar radiation variation. The useful energy varying between (480-765) W for (SHC), the thermal efficiency varying between (35.2-39.8) % for (SHC). Exergy efficiency varying between (6.9 –8.6) %. It was shown that the higher values of useful energy for (spiral – helical) absorber was 0.1L/min flow rate.
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Patel, Yesha, Amit A. Patel, and Ravish J. Patel. "A Comparative Study of Biologic Regulation in US, Canada, Australia, Europe and Singapore." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v10i2.518.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Extensive research in chemistry, manufacturing, controls, preclinical science, and clinical trials is required when developing a novel biological medication. Drug reviewers in regulatory bodies throughout the world and all regulatory bodies are entrusted with determining whether research evidence establishes new drug product safety, effectiveness, and quality control in order to protect public health. Among the world every province has its own regulatory organization in charge of enforcing laws and regulations and developing guidelines for drug marketing. There are some particular requirements sets by regulatory authority that must be satisfied when submitting in the particular nation. The world is split into various approval procedures, it is pivotal for manufacturers to carefully assess market interest, expenditures, target zones, and regulatory standards before establishing biologics. Despite the existence and widespread adoption of an ICH-CTD standard format, some limitations are included. This article discusses the comparison considerations used for biological product approval in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and Singapore.
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Villar, Silvia, Noelia Kandratavicius, Stefanie Martinez, and Pablo Muniz. "Single cell gel electrophoresis as a tool to assess genetic damage in Heleobia cf. australis (Mollusca: Gastropoda) as sentinel for industrial and domestic pollution in Montevideo bay (Uruguay)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 63, no. 3 (September 2015): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592015090906303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe knowledge of the extent of DNA damage in aquatic organisms in polluted areas is an important issue because contamination may alter their health at sublethal levels. Although molluscs have been widely used to monitor water pollution, there are no records of in vivo genotoxicity studies. Heleobia cf. australis, is distributed in almost all Uruguayan coastal ecosystems, including highly polluted sites. The comet assay is a damage genetic biomarker based on the migration of negatively charged DNA fragments produced by mutagenic agents in individual cells. Live individuals were collected in the Montevideo Bay (impacted area) and Laguna Garzón (control) to analyze the presence of mutagenic agents in the former site through comet assay. Cells from organisms of the impacted area showed significantly higher levels of genetic damage than those obtained in the control population, measured by percentage of DNA in the tail. Although preliminary, this approach supports the idea that H. cf. australis could be used as a sentinel to evaluate the presence of mutagenic agents in estuarine environments, alerting to the impact of contamination in its early stages.