Статті в журналах: "Urban type"

1

Zhao, Xiangyu, Wenqi Fan, Hui Liu, and Jiliang Tang. "Multi-Type Urban Crime Prediction." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 4 (June 28, 2022): 4388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i4.20360.

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Crime prediction plays an impactful role in enhancing public security and sustainable development of urban. With recent advances in data collection and integration technologies, a large amount of urban data with rich crime-related information and fine-grained spatio-temporal logs have been recorded. Such helpful information can boost our understandings of the temporal evolution and spatial factors of urban crimes and can enhance accurate crime prediction. However, the vast majority of existing crime prediction algorithms either do not distinguish different types of crime or treat each crime type separately, which fails to capture the intrinsic correlations among different types of crime. In this paper, we perform crime prediction exploiting the cross-type and spatio-temporal correlations of urban crimes. In particular, we verify the existence of correlations among different types of crime from temporal and spatial perspectives, and propose a coherent framework to mathematically model these correlations for crime prediction. Extensive experiments on real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of our framework.

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2

Shi, Jian He. "Typology of Urban Planners." Applied Mechanics and Materials 99-100 (September 2011): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.99-100.507.

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In this paper, a town planner currently acts the role of chaos and disorder, classificatory the type of the planners scientific. To planners in the social and political status of the policy influence of the planners as the standard, is divided into norm-based planning, tissue-type planners, commercial planners. On their respective types of behavior and the role of interpretation, with a view to establishing a coordinated and orderly norms regulate behavior, To make the planning our country to a new stage.

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3

Shane, David Grahame. "Transcending Type: Designing for Urban Complexity." Architectural Design 81, no. 1 (January 2011): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.1197.

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4

Петровская, Ольга Викторовна, and Александр Андреевич Ткаченко. "URBAN-TYPE SETTLEMENTS IN THE RUSSIAN REGIONAL SETTLEMENT SYSTEM." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: География и геоэкология, no. 3(35) (September 21, 2021): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/2226-7719-2021-3-28-41.

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Исследование посвящено поселкам городского типа и их месту в региональных системах расселения. Рассмотрены особенности развития пгт, выявлен характер их размещения, проведено сравнение экономикогеографического положения городов и поселков городского типа. Предложены варианты выделения различных видов пгт. The paper is dedicated to urban-type settlements and their place in the Russian regional settlement system. The peculiarities of urban-type settlement development are considered, their distribution is identified, the economic and geographical location of cities and urban-type settlements is compared. The variants of different types of urban-type settlements are suggested.

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5

Tomić, Milan, Sandra Rover, Bojan Pejović, and Nina Uremović. "Functional links between rural and urban areas in the territory of the city of Banja Luka and the perspective of their development." Economics of Sustainable Development 4, no. 2 (2020): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/esd2002050t.

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Different types of interactions between rural and urban areas have the effect of improving economic, social, cultural and political dimensions in both areas, separating these two areas by their type of activity. Rural and urban types of regions have different resources and means that can be used in a complementary way. In rural-urban interaction there is a possibility of occurrence of conflict of interest of these two areas. This kind of conflict should be overcome when applying the partnership approach between rural and urban areas. The types of rural areas, depending on the proximity of the urban center and the functions of these areas, are divided into suburban, agricultural and remote type areas. By determining the functions of each type of area, the type and intensity of the interactions of rural areas with the urban center are presented. Rural entrepreneurs are able to bridge rural-urban differences, possessing certain market knowledge and descriptions of the characteristics of urban environments, while benefiting from their position. Rural entrepreneurs' interaction with the urban environment can contribute to sustainable economic relations between citizens in urban and rural areas. This paper presents the results of research related to determining the functions of certain areas, their strengths, unused and utilized resources, the frequency of interaction with the urban environment and the perspectives of suburban, agricultural and remote type areas in the context of interaction with the urban environment.

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6

Lee, Seung Jong. "Policy Type, Bureaucracy, and Urban Policies: Integrating Models of Urban Service Distribution." Policy Studies Journal 22, no. 1 (March 1994): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1994.tb02182.x.

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7

Chuchkalov, A. S., and A. I. Alekseev. "“New” rural settlements – former urban-type settlements." Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2587-55662019618-34.

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Since the 1920s, when the notion of urban-type settlement (UTS) was introduced in Russia, and until the 1980s the number of UTSs was constantly increasing. But since the 1990s, their rapid decline began, and by 2019 more than a third of them were transformed into rural settlements. In this article, the authors try to find out what the new villages the former UTSs are; where they are located; what their functions (largely lost) are, and what the specific features of their population are. From 1989 to 2010, the processes of transformation of UTSs into rural settlements administratively increased rural population of Russia by 2.4 mln people and held back the growth of the urban population share, which increased only slightly from 73.4 to 73.7%. When comparing the census data of 1989 and 2010 in many regions, the administrative ruralization radically changed the dynamics of the population: instead of a real decrease in the number of rural residents, Census-2010 showed the increase of rural population. Former UTSs are losing population more rapidly than the rural areas of their municipal districts, and the most intensive outflow is in logging settlements, centers of construction and colonies-settlements. The average population size of the former UTSs is minimal in the North of European Russia and the Far North, and maximum in the European South and in the Ural-Volga area, where the former UTSs-district centers are mostly concentrated, in which change of their status was purely formal.

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8

Cardona, N., F. Alonso, and P. Möller. "Applicability of Walfisch-type urban propagation models." Electronics Letters 31, no. 23 (November 9, 1995): 1971–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19951353.

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9

Reynolds, Ryan T., and Ian P. Castro. "Measurements in an urban-type boundary layer." Experiments in Fluids 45, no. 1 (February 19, 2008): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-008-0470-z.

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10

Dovey, Kim, and Stephen Wood. "Public/private urban interfaces: type, adaptation, assemblage." Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 8, no. 1 (February 24, 2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2014.891151.

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11

Claus, Jean, O. Coceal, T. Glyn Thomas, S. Branford, S. E. Belcher, and Ian P. Castro. "Wind-Direction Effects on Urban-Type Flows." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 142, no. 2 (November 8, 2011): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-011-9667-4.

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12

SEVIMLI, Erdem. "Hadari/Urban Type on the Nedîm Divan." Turcology Research 76, no. 1 (January 23, 2023): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/jtri.2023.2252167.

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13

Song, Yan, Jorge Gil, Alexander Wandl, and Arjan van Timmeren. "Evaluating sustainable urban development using urban metabolism indicators in urban design." Europa XXI 34 (2018): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2018.34.1.

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Urban metabolism is a multi-disciplinary approach to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate resource flows in urban systems, which aims to provide important insights into the dynamics of cities to make them more ecologically responsible. It has been also introduced into the urban design domain, however most of the attempts concern only tracking of energy and/or material flows to reduce environmental impacts by redesigning closed loops in a specific area. The hypothesis of this paper is that the concept of urban metabolism, and its indicators, could play an important role in advancing the science and practice related to sustainability in urban design and development. At the moment, however we lack indicators to support evaluation of urban design related decisions from the perspective of urban metabolism. The aim of this paper is to explore the application of urban metabolism indicators in urban design based on their characteristics. It reviews development periods of the concept and analytical models of urban metabolism, in order to identify crucial urban metabolism indicators for urban design. Next, these urban metabolism indicators are classified regarding type of analytical model, accounting method, indicator type, and indicator level. Finally, several suggestions are offered on how to integrate urban metabolism indicators into urban design. In addition, directions for future research on the topic are discussed.

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14

Anggara, Oktavianus Cahya, and Laily Agustina Rahmawati. "The Effectiveness of Urban Forest in Absorbing CO2 Emission at Rajekwesi Type A Terminal." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 19, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.1.60-65.

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The terminal in Bojonegoro District is Rajekwesi Type A Terminal. It is located close to the CBD that has resulted in a decrease in environmental quality, due to gas emissions released by motor vehicles. The decrease in environmental quality can be overcome with an ecological approach, for example by creating or expanding green open spaces (urban forest). This study aimed to provide information about the capability of urban forest of the terminal to absorb CO2 emissions. This study began with a survey counting the number of motor vehicles at the gateway of the terminal on Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday for 24 hours. Then, the measurement of tree biomass was carried out using the nondestructive method. After the data was collected, the amount of CO2 emissions from motor vehicles was calculated by adding up CO2 emissionsin a stationary (idle) position when it was moving. The total CO2 emissions of motor vehicles at Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 292.058,087 kgCO2/year. The amount of carbon sink (Wtc) of a tree was calculated by multiplying the total biomass (Wt) by the carbon concentration. The amount of Wtc at the urban forest of Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 4.366,059 kg/year. After the amount of Wtc was found out, the amount of CO2 absorbed by the tree could be found out by multiplying Wtc by the conversion constant of the carbon (C) element to CO2 (3,67). The amount of CO2 absorbed by the trees at the urban forest of Rajekwesi Type A Terminal was 16.023,44 kgCO2/year. If they were compared, the absorption of CO2 was still much smaller than the emission rate. Thus, the function of the urban forest of terminal as an absorber of CO2 emissions was still not optimal.

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15

Crivellari, Alessandro, and Alina Ristea. "CrimeVec—Exploring Spatial-Temporal Based Vector Representations of Urban Crime Types and Crime-Related Urban Regions." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040210.

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The traditional categorization of crime types relies on a hierarchical structure, from high-level categories to lower-level subtypes. This tree-based classification treats crime types as mutually independent when they do not branch from the same higher-level category, therefore lacking inter-category semantic relations. The issue then extends over crime distribution analysis of urban regions, often reporting statistics based on crime type counts, but neglecting implicit relations between different crime categories. Our study aims to fill this information gap, providing a more complete understanding of urban crime in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Specifically, we propose a vector-based crime type representation, constructed via unsupervised machine learning on temporal and geographic factors. The general idea is to define crime types as “related” if they often occur in the same area at the same time span, regardless of any initial hierarchical categorization. This opens to a new metric of comparison that goes beyond pre-defined structures, revealing hidden relationships between crime types by generating a vector space in a completely data-driven manner. Crime types are represented as points in this space, and their relative distances disclose stronger or weaker semantic relations. A direct application on urban crime distribution analysis stands out in the form of visualization tools for intuitive data investigations and convenient comparison measures on composite vectors of urban regions. Meaningful insights on crime type distributions and a better understanding of urban crime characteristics determine a valuable asset to urban management and development.

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16

Zhang, Dongxu, Xueliu Liu, and Wei Mo. "Comparison of Soundscape Evaluation in Forest-Type and Urban-Type Han Chinese Buddhist Temples." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010079.

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Soundscapes are one of the main means of creating a religious atmosphere in Han Chinese Buddhist temples, which are the most important religious sites in China. This paper selected several representative forest-type and urban-type Han Chinese Buddhist temples and employed a questionnaire and sound level measurement methods to conduct a comparative analysis of four aspects of acoustic environment evaluation, i.e., quietness, comfort, harmony, and sound preference, to identify and compare the characteristics of respondents’ soundscape evaluation in these two types of temples. The results showed that compared with urban-type temples, respondents found the acoustic environment in forest-type temples to be quieter, more comfortable and more harmonious with the religious atmosphere. The sound level, measured with the questionnaire and respondents’ social characteristics, such as age, occupation, level of education, purpose and frequency of visiting the temples, and attitude towards Buddhist thought, influenced their soundscape evaluation of urban-type and forest-type temples to different degrees. Among the various kinds of sounds in the temple, natural sounds, such as the sounds of flowing water, birds and insects, and rustling leaves, were preferred in forest-type temples, while Buddhism-related human-made sounds, including chanting and background music, were preferred in urban-type temples.

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17

Kim, Hyunsu, Kyushik Oh, and Dongwoo Lee. "The Contribution of Ecosystem Regulating Services Based on Their Interrelationship in the Urban Ecosystem." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 15, 2021): 9610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209610.

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The urban ecosystem provides many services that help humans lead physically and mentally healthy lives. The quality of such urban ecosystem services is closely related to various urban forms, such as land cover, land use, buildings, infrastructure, population, and type and scale of green space. This study aims to promote the overall improvement and balance of an urban ecosystem’s regulating services. Initially, ecosystem regulating services are assessed according to the type of the urban space, and their contributions are analyzed based on linear regression slope and pairwise comparison of the ecosystem services. The contribution of ecosystem regulating services of Suwon City in South Korea was assessed through the following process: (1) selection of assessment indices and assessment methods for urban ecosystem regulating services; (2) urban space classification; (3) ecosystem regulating service assessment by type of urban space; and (4) pairwise comparison of ecosystem regulating services by type and for the entire study area. The study areas are classified into six type areas: forests (type A), agricultural land (type B), low-rise residential areas (type C), mid-rise mixed (residential and commercial) areas (type D), high-rise residential areas (type E), and industrial and barren land (type F). By studying representative regulating services, such as vegetation vitality, flood reduction capacity, carbon storage capacity, and heat reduction capacity, this study confirmed that type A provided the best service, while type C provided the worst. In addition, the relative contribution analysis between the regulating services based on pairwise comparison showed that the standard deviation between the contributions was 0.04 when diagnosing the entire study area, but apparently no types except type A were balanced. The reason such regulating services are imbalanced is that their vegetation vitality was calculated to be the lowest compared with the assessment indices of type A. Additionally, this imbalance was found to be most severe in the mid-rise mixed (residential and commercial) districts. Through this study, the spatial types in which the ecosystem regulating services in Suwon City are imbalanced could be determined. It was also revealed that regulating services should be prioritized for improvement in order to achieve greater balance in urban ecosystem. Such pairwise comparison results can be effectively utilized in determining the area and supply needed when formulating urban greening plans and forest restoration plans.

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18

Simmons, Richard VanNess. "Chinese urban language in historical perspective." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 30, no. 1-2 (June 30, 2020): 139–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.00048.sim.

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Abstract Three contemporaneous descriptions of Guānhuà from the beginning of the 19th century collectively provide a rich and evocative representation that contains a trove of details regarding the nature of that koine and its relationship to Mandarin and local dialects in the urban linguistic milieu of the late Qīng. The descriptions are those of Gāo Jìngtíng (fl. 1800–1810), Lǐ Rǔzhēn (c. 1763–1830), and Robert Morrison (1782–1834). We find that all three note the existence of two forms of Guānhuà, a northern type, and a southern type. The three authors all present a mix of northern and southern types in their descriptions, though each also gives greater prominence to the southern type. This southern type has a close connection to the southern Jiāng-Huái Mandarin dialects, and takes the dialect of Nánjīng as a primary representative. In overall perspective, these three authors’ descriptions also reveal there was widespread acceptance of, and social accommodation for, linguistic diversity in Qīng China, within which Guānhuà served as the lingua franca that promoted easy communication across China’s vast territory.

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19

Van der Heijden, Hans. "Persoonshaven Urban Housing, Rotterdam." Journal of Traditional Building, Architecture and Urbanism, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51303/jtbau.vi2.515.

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The social housing project at Persoonshaven in the Feijenoord district of Rotterdam in the Netherlands provides an adaptation of a common late 19th-century speculative house type. The changes in its appearance, spatial organization, details and structure result from standardized contemporary Dutch construction techniques and current regulations and spatial standards. The house types and building methods will be described in the context of Martin Steinmann’s characterization of traditionalist design as practiced by the Danish architect Kay Fisker.

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20

Christiawan, Putu Indra. "Tipe Urban Sprawl dan Eksistensi Pertanian di Wilayah Pinggiran Kota Denpasar." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.7.2.79-89.

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Denpasar City as the capital of Bali Province is attractive to regional development. The limited space of Denpasar City directs the development towards the periphery. The extension of physical urban form will be a significant factor of suburban developments. The study aims to examine the type of urban sprawl development in the Denpasar suburbs, and their relation to the existence of agriculture. The qualitative research method is used to analyze the type of urban sprawl with the following indicators of typical land uses covering rice fields, forest park, open land, and settlements. Remote sensing analysis of these four indicators applies GIS model drawn from three time-series data of 2005, 2010 and 2015. Spatial approaches are applied to examine the patterns and structures of urban sprawl types. The results find two main types of urban sprawl development in the city suburbs, that is, leapfrog type which is mostly scattered in the north, and the ribbon type mainly centered in the eastern part of Denpasar City. Both types of urban sprawl play a crucial role in decreasing the amount of agricultural land, especially rice fields, in the suburbs of Denpasar.

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21

Zhang, Yanghua, Liang Zhao, Hu Zhao, and Xiaofeng Gao. "Urban development trend analysis and spatial simulation based on time series remote sensing data: A case study of Jinan, China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 7, 2021): e0257776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257776.

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Uncontrolled urban growth detracts from healthy urban development. Understanding urban development trends and predicting future urban spatial states is of great practical significance. In order to comprehensively analyze urbanization and its effect on vegetation cover, we extracted urban development trends from time series DMSP/OLS NTL and NDVI data from 2000 to 2015, using a linear model fitting method. Six urban development trend types were identified by clustering the linear model parameters. The identified trend types were found to accurately reflect the on-ground conditions and changes in the Jinan area. For example, a high-density, stable urban type was found in the city center while a stable dense vegetation type was found in the mountains to the south. The SLEUTH model was used for urban growth simulation under three scenarios built on the urban development analysis results. The simulation results project a gentle urban growth trend from 2015 to 2030, demonstrating the prospects for urban growth from the perspective of environmental protection and conservative urban development.

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22

Kamynina, Liudmila L., and Natalya P. Chernus. "Type 2 Diabetes Management: the impact of urbanization." City Healthcare 1, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47619/2713-2617.zm.2020.v1i2;76-88.

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Management for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is connected with urbanization because 2/3 of T2DM-patients live in towns, that is reflected in the term «urban diabetes». The T2DM-onset and T2DM-progression are depended not only on complex interaction of modified and non-modified risk factors, but also and sociodemographic determinants (and its modification at municipal level allowed to neutralize the unfavorable risk factors of T2DM&obesity. The urban non-rational food, disturbance of circadian rhythm, low T2DM-pths compliance stimulate onset of obesity, deterioration of glycemic control, high postprandial hyperglycemia, glucolipotoxicity, epigenetic changes and negative metabolic memory. Meanwhile the city politics may affect to the non-modified T2DM-risk factors at carrying the municipal policy directed to the rational catering, mass sports, organization of recreational zones, decrease of excessive urban traffic, improvement of ecology. The paper considers the features of migration to urban, religious fasting, COVID at the urban T2DM. The «urban diabetes» must be considered at therapeutic education and affected to form the active T2DM-pts-management.

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23

Bindzárová, Alena. "Type and Size of Urban Cell as Tools for Sustainable Urban (Re)Development." Procedia Engineering 161 (2016): 1482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.614.

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24

Todorovic, Mirko. "New type of residential building configuration." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (2016): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1601047t.

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A good typology, corresponding to the contemporary requirements of housing can contribute to better quality solutions in this field. Theoretical considerations concerning building configuration have defined the types of residential buildings configurations in their basic form, producing hybrid solutions when combined. Current solutions of residential buildings in densely populated urban areas of developed Western European countries have brought another additional type of residential building configuration to the foreground. In order to achieve high density it is necessary to build high residential buildings, which suggests the use of the tower building form as one of adequate solutions. In their response to the current complex building construction requirements, from urban to technological, urban planners and architects conclude that a residential building in the form of a tower must have a substantial plinth. Only this will allow for a quality product - a marketable apartment that meets all standards of a complex locations in the cities. That is how a new type of residential building configuration was born. Improved configuration typology of residential buildings will expose current issues more clearly and reveal better solutions for housing in urban areas.

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25

Yang, Yang. "Urban space and literary type: On Haipai literature as a literary type." Frontiers of Literary Studies in China 4, no. 2 (May 22, 2010): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11702-010-0010-0.

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26

Chen, Zhou, Xianyun Fei, Xiangwei Gao, Xiaoxue Wang, Huimin Zhao, Kapo Wong, Jin Yeu Tsou, and Yuanzhi Zhang. "The Influence of CLBP Window Size on Urban Vegetation Type Classification Using High Spatial Resolution Satellite Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 3393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203393.

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Urban vegetation can regulate ecological balance, reduce the influence of urban heat islands, and improve human beings’ mental state. Accordingly, classification of urban vegetation types plays a significant role in urban vegetation research. This paper presents various window sizes of completed local binary pattern (CLBP) texture features classifying urban vegetation based on high spatial-resolution WorldView-2 images in areas of Shanghai (China) and Lianyungang (Jiangsu province, China). To demonstrate the stability and universality of different CLBP window textures, two study areas were selected. Using spectral information alone and spectral information combined with texture information, imagery is classified using random forest (RF) method based on vegetation type, showing that use of spectral information with CLBP window textures can achieve 7.28% greater accuracy than use of only spectral information for urban vegetation type classification, with accuracy greater for single vegetation types than for mixed ones. Optimal window sizes of CLBP textures for grass, shrub, arbor, shrub-grass, arbor-grass, and arbor-shrub-grass are 3 × 3, 3 × 3, 11 × 11, 9 × 9, 9 × 9, 7 × 7 for urban vegetation type classification. Furthermore, optimal CLBP window size is determined by the roughness of vegetation texture.

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27

Dnistryanska, N. "Problems of conceptual terminological definition of urban type settlements as separate class of urban settlement." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 36 (May 15, 2009): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2009.36.2980.

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Some approaches of conceptual terminological definition and juridical identification of urban type settlements have been analysed. Criteria for distinguishing of urban type settlements as a separate class of urban settlement have been argued. Key words: urban type settlements, small town, settlement, settlement system, administrative status of the settlement.

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28

AOYAMA, Teiichi. "Policy Issues toward Low Carbon Type Urban Building." Japanese Journal of Real Estate Sciences 26, no. 1 (2012): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5736/jares.26.1_98.

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29

AOKI, Toshiaki, Hajime INAMURA, and Satoru MASUDA. "Prediction of Household Type Distribution in Urban Area." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 646 (2000): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2000.646_27.

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30

Rao, Vyjayanthi. "A new urban type: Gangsters, terrorists, global cities." Critique of Anthropology 31, no. 1 (March 2011): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x11399666.

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Ramachandran, A., C. Snehalatha, K. Satyavani, S. Sivasankari, and V. Vijay. "Type 2 Diabetes in Asian-Indian Urban Children." Diabetes Care 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.4.1022.

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32

Balaji, P. G., and D. Srinivasan. "Type-2 fuzzy logic based urban traffic management." Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 24, no. 1 (February 2011): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2010.08.007.

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Φέρμελη, Γ., and Α. Μαρκοπούλου-Διακαντώνη. "SELECTING PEDAGOGICAL GEOTOPES IN URBAN ENVIRONMENT." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16770.

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Landscape is our modern environment and the rocks that constituting are simultaneous the materials from which are made our cities. May be, some students have seen these geological outcrops, but what are they knowing about the way that they have formed, the way that they act on humans and the way that humans act on them? It is very important the selection of urban pedagogical geotopes because their study will contribute in the understanding of the local geological history, and they will help each student separately to develop useful skills and also they will sensitize the general public. There are three cities types or three sections in the cities that they can coexist in a city or it can appear one or a combination of two (Tab. 1). In type 1, exist impressive or simply obvious natural geological resources. In type 2, the appearance of geological natural resources is very limited, but exists. In these two types of cities, we are looking for "typical geotopes" and there is the opportunity to promote the geological natural resource in the urban environment and indicate his relation with historical, social and cultural development of city. In type 3, does not exist the least appearance of geological resources. In this category belong usually the centres of big cities and the probability to find typical geotopes is minimal. In this type, if we want to promote the idea of geological heritage we should "create" a geological resource that means a "non typical geotope". In these cases the built environment - buildings, statues, monuments (Tab. 5), even cemeteries, streets mainly pedestrian zones Tab. 6), pavements and other constructions which their materials (Tab. 7) (rocks and constructions materials) are emanating from geological natural resources – can constitute a "not typical geotope". Educationally these "non typical geotopes" offer a great challenge to discover the local geological history. As a "non typical geotope" in Athens is proposed the "appearance" of Iridanos river in the METRO Station Monastiraki (Tab. 8).

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Xin, Jiaxing, Jun Yang, Yipeng Jiang, Zhipeng Shi, Cui Jin, Xiangming Xiao, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, and Ruxin Yang. "Variations of Urban Thermal Risk with Local Climate Zones." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 13, 2023): 3283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043283.

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Due to the differences in land cover and natural surroundings within cities, residents in various regions face different thermal risks. Therefore, this study combined multi-source data to analyze the relationship between urban heat risk and local climate zones (LCZ). We found that in downtown Shenyang, the building-type LCZ was mainly found in urban centers, while the natural- type LCZ was mainly found in suburbs. Heat risk was highest in urban centers, gradually decreasing along the suburban direction. The thermal risk indices of the building-type LCZs were significantly higher than those of the natural types. Among the building types of LCZs, LCZ 8 (open middle high-rise) had the highest average thermal risk index (0.48), followed by LCZ 3 (0.46). Among the natural types of LCZs, LCZ E (bare rock and paved) and LCZ F (bare soil and sand) had the highest thermal risk indices, reaching 0.31 and 0.29, respectively. This study evaluated the thermal risk of the Shenyang central urban area from the perspective of LCZs and combined it with high-resolution remote sensing data to provide a reference for thermal risk mitigation in future urban planning.

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Zhang, Chengkun, Liuchang Xu, Zhen Yan, and Sensen Wu. "A GloVe-Based POI Type Embedding Model for Extracting and Identifying Urban Functional Regions." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060372.

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Points-of-interest (POIs) are an important carriers of location text information in smart cities and have been widely used to extract and identify urban functional regions. However, it is difficult to model the relationship between POIs and urban functional types using existing methods due to insufficient POIs information mining. In this study, we propose a Global Vectors (GloVe)-based, POI type embedding model (GPTEM) to extract and identify urban functional regions at the scale of traffic analysis zones (TAZs) by integrating the co-occurrence information and spatial context of POIs. This method has three main steps. First, we utilize buffer zones centered on each POI to construct the urban functional corpus. Second, we use the constructed corpus and GPTEM to train POI type vectors. Third, we cluster the TAZs and annotate the urban functional types in clustered regions by calculating enrichment factors. The results are evaluated by comparing them against manual annotations and food takeout delivery data, showing that the overall identification accuracy of the proposed method (78.44%) is significantly higher than that of a baseline method based on word2vec. Our work can assist urban planners to efficiently evaluate the development of and changes in the functions of various urban regions.

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Čeplová, Natálie, Veronika Kalusová, and Zdeňka Lososová. "Effects of settlement size, urban heat island and habitat type on urban plant biodiversity." Landscape and Urban Planning 159 (March 2017): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.11.004.

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37

Hughes, Alina. "A new type of urban form? Possible futures for fabric structures in urban contexts." Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability 6, no. 3 (November 2013): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2013.820212.

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Liu, Qiliang, Weihua Huan, Min Deng, Xiaolin Zheng, and Haotao Yuan. "Inferring Urban Land Use from Multi-Source Urban Mobility Data Using Latent Multi-View Subspace Clustering." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050274.

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In the era of big data, vast urban mobility data introduce new opportunities to infer urban land use from the perspective of social function. Most existing works only derive land use information from a single type of urban mobility dataset, which is typically biased and results in difficulty obtaining a comprehensive view of urban land use. It remains challenging to fuse high-dimensional and noisy multi-source urban mobility data to infer urban land use. This study aimed to infer urban land use from multi-source urban mobility data using latent multi-view subspace clustering. The variation in the number of origin/destination points over time was initially used to characterize land use types. Then, a latent multi-view representation was applied to construct the common underlying structure shared by multi-source urban mobility data and effectively deal with noise. Finally, based on the latent multi-view representation, the subspace clustering method was used to infer the land use types. Experiments on taxi trajectory data and bus smart card data in Beijing reveal that, compared with the method using a single type of urban mobility dataset and the weighted fusion method, the approach presented in this study obtains the highest detection rate of land use. The urban land use inferred in this study provides calibration and reference for urban planning.

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Vandyck, Frederik, and Inge Bertels. "Urban Industries and the Production of Urban Form." Architectural Research in Finland 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37457/arf.121664.

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The proposed paper aspires to provide a typomorphological analysis of patrimony of industrial activity in the urban fabric of a productive hotspot of the Brussels Capital Region. The research fits within a larger PhD-track on the sustainable retrofit of such productive activities in this region. Due to zoning policies and increasing real estate pressure on urban land, a major part of the space-extensive productive activities has disappeared from Brussels’ urban areas, taking jobs and artisanal knowledge towards monotonous enclaves in the outskirts. Whereas European cities were rich in productive activities, they now mostly host consumption. This is problematic. Urbanists, architects and policy makers plead for the inversion of this process by reintegrating industrial enterprises in the urban fabric. Despite the observed shrinkage in the amount of active urban industries, a GIS informed hotspot analysis revealed a concentration in the Jette-Koekelberg area. The presented work therefore provides a typomorphological study of the patrimony of these remaining structures. In this light, the analysis is performed at different scales in order to bridge between the urban form and the architectural type. The studied area is therefore decomposed into the analysis of its urban fragments, building blocks and parcels. Informed by the logical classification of these productive urban artefacts at different scales, this paper aspires to obtain insights on their typomorphological setup. Deploying this approach which is mainly focused on the residential use, to a mixed-use area, unveils strongholds and alterations on basic types in the urban fabric. In doing so, this investigation attempts to inform the ongoing planning debate on productive cities and mixed-use development by looking specifically at the existing built environment: urban form and building types. Despite the large interest in productive cities, this has not yet been treated systematically.

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Hidayat, Y., R. Sudirja, M. F. Fadhilah, and I. M. Dhafien. "Residential-type urban forest design in Buana Cicalengka Raya Estate, Cicalengka District, Bandung Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 918, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/918/1/012006.

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Abstract The existence of urban forests in the middle of residential areas will provide added value for beauty, comfort, and environmental health that could increase the value of land and buildings in the residential area. Residential-type urban forests need to be well designed so that they are compatible with the type of building and match the residential environment’s conditions. The purpose of this design is to create an appealing, multi-benefit urban forest design, which includes aspects of the urban forest theme concept, zoning arrangement, and vegetation arrangement, including species composition, density, and planting pattern. The outcome of the design resulted in a residential type, urban forest design by the theme of RINDU BCR Urban Forest (Relaxation, Inspiration, and Education for Buana Cicalengka Raya). The RINDU BCR Urban Forest functions as (1) a place of relaxation, (2) seeking positive inspiration, and (3) environmental education for the community. The planting pattern design consists of four types, namely: (1) opposite line pattern; (2) zigzag line pattern; (3) single line pattern, and (4) mixed pattern. The front-facing area of the RINDU BCR Urban Forest is designed by planting tree species that have the criteria of being ornamental, providing shade and safety, having a height of more than 300 cm, and a diameter of more than 10 cm.

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Aleksandrova, Mariya V. "BACKGROUND OF THE SOVIET TYPE HOUSING: PROJECTS AND EXPERIMENTS." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 116, no. 5 (2020): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2020-5-116-243-249.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions for the formation of the new concepts of urban planning and the process of searching for new types of habitation in pre-revolutionary Russia. The author investigates the prerevolutionary theoretical and practical experience in the urban planning and housing policy of the first years of Soviet power. The article examines aspects of urbanization in Russia and analyzes the complex of problems that arose in the field of urban development and housing planning by the beginning of the XX century. In the context of the problem, the specificity of the living conditions of the urban population in the capital and provincial cities of the Russian Empire, types of housing and projects for solving the housing problem are investigated. The article touches upon the problems of the hierarchy of urban space and the revolutionary redistribution of housing in the first years of Soviet power. The article considers the key concepts that influenced the development of domestic urban planning ideas: the idea of a garden city, housing cooperatives, low-rise types of habitation, and communal houses. Based on specific examples from the history of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, the experience of the development and implementation of these concepts in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as the experience of their transformation and adaptation in the soviet urban planning policy of the first years of Soviet power, is investigated. The experience of the domestic theory and practice of urban planning is studied in the aspect of socio-economic and socio-political factors that determine the trends and tasks of developing new forms of settlement, types of housing and methods for solving the housing problem in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia in the first quarter of the XX century. The factors of the emergence of the phenomenon of a communal apartment as a type of housing specific for Soviet Russia and its relationship with sociocultural practices of the previous period are investigated.

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Delmelle, Elizabeth. "The Increasing Sociospatial Fragmentation of Urban America." Urban Science 3, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3010009.

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This analysis examines the spatial fragmentation of the urban landscape with respect to neighborhoods classified according to their racial, demographic, housing and socioeconomic characteristics. The analysis is performed on the 50 largest metropolitan areas throughout the United States from 1990–2010, and looks at both global trends over time using a landscape ecology metric of edge density to quantify fragmentation over time. It then analyzes the spatial clustering of each neighborhood type over time, for each city. Results illustrate an increasingly fragmented urban landscape with respect to neighborhood type, led by Los Angeles as the most fragmented metropolitan area. Decomposed by neighborhood type, both racially concentrated high-poverty neighborhoods, as well as neighborhoods with a highly educated population, have increased in spatial concentration in large cities over time, exposing rises in spatial inequalities even as global patterns suggest a breaking up of neighborhood types. The global patterns are therefore driven by declines in more moderate-income and multiethnic neighborhoods, and a decline in the spatial concentration of newer, white, single-family housing neighborhoods.

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Al-Ajlouni, Malik G., Dawn M. VanLeeuwen, and Rolston St. Hilaire. "Linking Urban Residential Landscape Types in a Desert Environment to Landscape Water Budgets." HortTechnology 24, no. 3 (June 2014): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.24.3.307.

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Linking an urban residential landscapes type to a specific landscape water budget is important to water resource management in a desert environment. Yet, no research that we are aware of has effectively associated a specific water budget with a quantitatively determined urban landscape type. The objective of this research was to determine whether a landscape water budget and residential urban landscape type could be related. We previously quantitatively classified urban residential landscapes in the desert environment of Las Cruces, NM, into hard-surface shade-structure, mulch, hard-surface, hard-surface-mulch, mulch tree, turf mulch, turf, tree mulch turf, and turf tree landscape types. In this study, we determined water budget, landscape coefficient, and the portion of the coverage of irrigated and nonirrigated elements for each landscape type. Landscape types in Las Cruces grouped into four distinct water budget groups: no-water, low-, moderate-, and high-water budget. Because of the heterogeneity of the coefficients for grass, plants, and water surfaces that constituted it, the landscape coefficient correlated weakly (r2 = 0.3) with the water budget. Coverage of the irrigated elements correlated highly (r2 = 0.95) with the water budget. Our results suggest that the coverage of irrigated elements in a desert urban landscape is a major driver of landscape water budgets.

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Alghamdi, Ali S., Ahmed Ibrahim Alzhrani, and Humud Hadi Alanazi. "Local Climate Zones and Thermal Characteristics in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 4526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224526.

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Using the local climate zone (LCZ) framework and multiple Earth observation input features, an LCZ classification was developed and established for Riyadh City in 2017. Four land-cover-type and four urban-type LCZs were identified in the city with an overall accuracy of 87%. The bare soil/sand (LCZ-F) class was found to be the largest LCZ class, which was within the nature of arid climate cities. Other land-cover LCZs had a lower coverage percentage (each class with <7%). The compact low-rise (LCZ-3) class was the largest urban type, as urban development in arid climate cities tends to extend horizontally. The daytime surface thermal characteristics of the developed LCZs were analyzed at seasonal timescales using land surface temperature (LST) estimated from multiple Landsat 8 satellite images (June 2017–May 2018). The highest daytime mean LST was found over large low-rise (LCZ-8) class areas throughout the year. This class was the only urban-type LCZ class that demonstrated a positive LST departure from the overall mean LST across seasons. Other urban-type LCZ classes showed lower LSTs and negative deviations from the overall mean LSTs. The overall thermal results suggested the presence of the surface urban heat island sink phenomenon as urban areas experienced lower LSTs than their surroundings. Thermal results demonstrated that the magnitudes of LST differences among LCZs were considerably dependent on the way the region of interest/analysis was defined. This was related to the types of LCZ classes presented in the study area and the spatial distribution and abundance of these LCZ classes. The developed LCZ classification and thermal results have several potential applications in different areas including planning and urban design strategies and urban health-related studies.

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Wright, I. A., P. J. Davies, S. J. Findlay, and O. J. Jonasson. "A new type of water pollution: concrete drainage infrastructure and geochemical contamination of urban waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 12 (2011): 1355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10296.

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Stormwater and other urban runoff is often conveyed by concrete infrastructure and it is plausible that the chemistry of urban streams is modified by the leaching of minerals from this infrastructure. We tested this hypothesis by analysing major anions, cations and other chemical variables from urban and reference freshwater streams in northern Sydney. Urban streams tended towards neutral pH whereas non-urban reference streams were acidic. Bicarbonate levels were more than 10 times higher and calcium concentrations were more than six times higher in urban streams than reference streams. Experimental analysis revealed that the chemistry of rainwater changed when passed through concrete pipes and down concrete gutters, suggesting dissolution of cement products from various concrete materials used for urban drainage. This study concluded that the use of concrete – particularly its application for urban drainage – is responsible for some of the modifications to urban stream geochemistry. Thus, urban geology should be considered as an important factor that contributes to the urban stream syndrome.

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Wu, Ya Jun, Yu Ma, and Xin Yuan Zhang. "Analysis of Urban Architecture and Architectural Autonomy." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 1720–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.1720.

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The architectural autonomy have different meanings in different contexts, this article attempts to read the architectural autonomy which reflected in the architecture of the city from multiple perspectives. As types of architecture is the core of a building, "type ", so this article analyze the meaning of types by it between the city and architecture , the culture and form, the initiative and presupposition, the rationality and sensibility, then ultimately it comes to the dialectical features of architectural autonomy.

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Gao, Yuan, Sina Shahab, and Negar Ahmadpoor. "Morphology of Urban Villages in China: A Case Study of Dayuan Village in Guangzhou." Urban Science 4, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4020023.

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Urban villages play an important role in providing affordable housing to urban migrants in Chinese cities. They are considered as supplementary to the dual rural-urban system in China. Of central importance to studying urban villages is how the morphology of these informal settlements affects urban life. It is essential for urban planners and designers to examine the morphology of urban villages. This paper, therefore, investigates the morphology of urban villages using the case study of Dayuan Village in Guangzhou, China. The morphology of this urban village is tested against four main elements of urban morphology: urban density, accessibility, functional mix, and urban interface. Our results revealed that the type of street within the urban village has considerable influence on accessibility, functional mix, and urban interface. Regarding urban density, our results show that buildings’ height is not influenced by the centrality of buildings nor land value; however, it is likely that it is affected by planning agreements between the village committee and the local government. Land coverage does not comply with the planning regulation for residential districts. Regarding accessibility analysis, the number of entrances to streets is influenced by the type of street under analysis. The distribution of different types of functional mix is also affected by the type of street within the urban village. The buildings with a mix of ‘live/visit’ are concentrated along the formal streets and primary inner streets. The mono-functional use of ‘live’ and the bi-functional mix of ‘live/work’ are mostly located in the secondary inner streets. Regarding urban interface, our results demonstrate that the formal streets have an interface with considerable porosity, and that this can contribute to the livelihood of the immediate area.

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Huang, He, Lei Guo, Jingyan Wang, Molin Huo, and Lan Liu. "Comprehensive Classification of Urban Agglomeration Types in China." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913604012.

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Urban agglomeration is not only an important carrier of China's new urbanization strategy, but also a new regional unit for the country to participate in global competition and international division of labor. At present, China's regional spatial governance model is undergoing a major change, from the original administrative division management to the type of regional spatial governance. Based on the important extension characteristics of urban agglomerations, this paper classifies 23 urban agglomerations in China with the idea of comprehensive classification, and obtains the index system and clustering results of type classification, which provides scientific basis for the planning guidance of spatial pattern optimization and classification management of urban agglomerations in China. Referring to the scale and degree of agglomeration of mature urban agglomerations in the world, based on the four characteristics of urban agglomerations, the index system is constructed. Fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) method is used to quantitatively classify Chinese urban agglomerations into five types.

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Zakirova, Yuliya A., and Adel R. Sagdiev. "Features of urban development of urban-type settlements in the structure of the Kazan agglomeration." Известия Казанского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета, no. 3 (2022): 130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52409/20731523_2022_3_130.

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50

Liao, Wenyue, Yingbin Deng, Miao Li, Meiwei Sun, Ji Yang, and Jianhui Xu. "Extraction and Analysis of Finer Impervious Surface Classes in Urban Area." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030459.

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Impervious surfaces (IS), the most common land cover in urban areas, not only provide convenience to the city, but also exert significant negative environmental impacts, thereby affecting the ecological environment carrying capacity of urban agglomerations. Most of the current research considers IS as a single land-cover type, yet this does not fully reflect the complex physical characteristics of various IS types. Therefore, limited information for urban micro-ecology and urban fine management can be provided through one IS land-cover type. This study proposed a finer IS classification scheme and mapped the detailed IS fraction in Guangzhou City, China using Landsat imagery. The IS type was divided into seven finer classes, including blue steel, cement, asphalt, other impervious surface, and other metal, brick, and plastic. Classification results demonstrate that finer IS can be well extracted from the Landsat imagery as all root mean square errors (RMSE) are less than 15%. Specially, the accuracies of asphalt, plastic, and cement are better than other finer IS types with the RMSEs of 7.99%, 8.48%, and 9.92%, respectively. Quantitative analyses illustrate that asphalt, other impervious surface, and brick are the dominant IS types in the study area with the percentages of 9.68%, 6.27%, and 4.45%, respectively, and they are mainly located in Yuexiu, Liwan, Haizhu, and Panyu districts. These results are valuable for research into urban fine management and can support the detailed analysis of urban micro-ecology.

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