Дисертації з теми "Urban transport system"

Ubiquitous access to mobile and internet technology has influenced a significant increase in the amount of data produced, communicated and stored by corporations as well as by individual users, in recent years. The research presented in this thesis proposes an architectural framework to acquire, store, manipulate and integrate data and information within an urban transport environment, to optimise its operations in real-time. The deployed architecture is based on the integration of a number of technologies and tailor-made algorithms implemented to provide a management tool to aid traffic monitoring, using intelligent decision-making processes. A creative combination of Data Mining techniques and Machine Learning algorithms was used to implement predictive analytics, as a key component in the process of addressing challenges in monitoring and managing an urban transport network operation in real-time. The proposed solution has then been applied to an actual urban transport management system, within a partner company, Mermaid Technology, Copenhagen to test and evaluate the proposed algorithms and the architectural integration principles used. Various visualization methods have been employed, at numerous stages of the project to dynamically interpret the large volume and diversity of data to effectively aid the monitoring and decision-making process. The deliverables on this project include: the system architecture design, as well as software solutions, which facilitate predictive analytics and effective visualisation strategies to aid real-time monitoring of a large system, in the context of urban transport. The proposed solutions have been implemented, tested and evaluated in a Case Study in collaboration with Mermaid Technology. Using live data from their network operations, it has aided in evaluating the efficiency of the proposed system.

The main goal of the current PhD thesis is urban transport system analysis according sustainability. In dissertation have been analyzed urban areas transport system using integrated decision support system methods with GIS. These methods have been adopted for urban transport system analysis, urban territories ranking according transport system level. Also the indicators system for urban transport system analysis was filled with other important indicators groups for urban sustainability (environmental, socio economic). The aim of the paper cov-ers creation of theoretical model, which could evaluate urban transport system sustainability and perform rational planning of urban future development ac-cording decision support methods and GIS technologies. Also this model could allow executing urban transport system ranking by engineering infrastructure, socio economic and environment aspects. Model could perform comparing of urban development scenarios and to indicate the best one, which satisfies trans-port systems indicators.
Disertacijoje nagrinėjama gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistema darnos požiūriu. Pagal sukurtą susisiekimo sistemos analizei naudojamą rodiklių sis-temą, disertacijoje nagrinėjami sprendimų paramos sistemos metodai, tinkantys gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos analizes uždaviniams spręsti, tai pat analizuojamos šių metodų integracijos galimybės su geografinėmis informa-cinėmis sistemomis (GIS). Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – sudaryti teorinį modelį, kuris leistų daugiatiksliais sprendimų priėmimo metodais bei GIS technologi-jomis įvertinti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos darną ir darniai planuoti gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystymąsi ateityje. Dis-ertacijoje siūlomas modelis suteikia galimybę atlikti skirtingų gyvenamųjų teri-torijų susisiekimo sistemų rangavimą, analizuoti įvairias gyvenamųjų teritorijų susisiekimo sistemos vystimosi alternatyvas, jas palyginti bei atrinkti geriausią. Modelis yra integruotas su GIS ir suteikia galimybė atlikti gyvenamųjų teritorijų plėtros tendencijų modeliavimą.

Today´s society is facing many challenges, of which the biggest one is to continue to be globalized and at the same time sustainable. Thus, the search for alternatives to them, requires a never before experienced effort. The rapid expansion of cities in Brazil, put issues such as urban mobility on the agenda for discussion, raising problems such as traffic jams, traffic deaths, lack of infrastructure of roads, lack of security, insecurity in public transport that make locomotion unsafe act and stressful for the citizen. The public roads remain the same, the number of private cars grows in the streets and no brakes. Given the above and taking public transport as an outlet for mitigation of problems in the context of mobility is that this study evaluated the urban mobility in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, with regard to service and people´s access to the city´s public transport system through desk research, field and observational. The results of this study show that there must be a change in thinking of the general population. Need to understand that there is not a privilege but a right to move safely and comfortably within a city for all who compose it. Traffic routes are public goods and should be distributed according to the amount of people, not vehicles. The city should be designed for pedestrians, not for cars. The public transport has priority on the roads, then, allows the mass transport of the population. This should give security and comfort to its users. Thus, urban planning built together, demonstrates the people a service with transparency, accountability and the existence of a management based on democracy. It is hoped therefore that this research will be useful in the sphere of planning and management of the municipal territory, contributing as a monitoring tool of urban mobility, seeking to present paths to sustainable urban development of the city of Aracaju.
A sociedade atual se encontra diante de vários desafios dos quais o maior deles seja continuar sendo globalizada e ao mesmo tempo sustentável. Desse modo, a busca por alternativas a eles, exige um esforço nunca antes experimentado. A acelerada expansão das cidades, no Brasil, colocou temas como a mobilidade urbana em pauta para discussões, levantando problemas como engarrafamentos, morte no trânsito, falta de infraestrutura das vias, ausência de segurança, precariedade nos transportes públicos que torna o ato de locomoção inseguro e estressante para o cidadão. As vias públicas continuam as mesmas e o número de veículos particulares aumenta cada vez mais. Diante do exposto, e tendo o transporte público como uma saída para a mitigação de problemas no âmbito da mobilidade é que este trabalho avaliou a mobilidade urbana da cidade de Aracaju, Sergipe, no tocante ao serviço e acesso da população ao sistema de transporte público da cidade, através da pesquisa documental, de campo e observacional. Os resultados desse estudo mostram que deve haver uma mudança no modo de pensar da população de modo geral. Precisa-se entender que, não existe privilégio, mas o direito de se transitar com segurança e conforto no âmbito de uma cidade para todos os que a compõe. As vias de circulação são bens públicos e devem ser distribuídas de acordo com a quantidade de pessoas, não de veículos. A cidade deve ser pensada para os pedestres, não para os carros. O transporte coletivo tem prioridade nas vias, pois, permite o transporte em massa da população devendo dar segurança e conforto aos seus usuários. Assim, o planejamento urbano construído em conjunto, demonstra para a população um serviço prestado com transparência, responsabilidade e a existência de uma gestão baseada na democracia. Espera-se, portanto, que essa pesquisa seja útil na esfera do planejamento e gestão do território municipal, contribuindo como uma ferramenta de monitoramento da mobilidade urbana, procurando apresentar caminhos para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável da cidade de Aracaju.

There are many factors associated with an urban environment that enrich or  diminish the experience of the environment. These factors have a significant influence on how  an urban morphology is appraised within the social, economical, and environmental  framework. One of such factors is the urban transport system that represents the mobility of  the people and accessibility to public services. This thesis is an assessment of a current  transport system in Kathmandu city centre in comparison to Kathmandu Sustainable Urban  Transport Project (KSUTP) promoted by Ministry of Physical Planning and Works in  cooperation from Asian Development Bank (ADB). The study aims to find the optimal  strategic alternative between the current system and KSUTP. The focus area is the historic  city centre, because of its cultural, historical, architectural, and aesthetical significance.    Two methods are used for two different purposes; first to measure people’s appraisal and  second, to evaluate action alternatives. Measurement of Experience in Environment from  Results of Core affect Investigation (MEERCI) is used to measure people’s appraisal and  experience of the urban characters of Kathmandu city centre. The results from this survey will  provide a background on people’s assessment of the city environs, and collected data from  field work will be used in Generic Multi-Attribute Analysis (GMAA) model to determine the  best strategic plan for developing sustainable urban transport system for Kathmandu city  centre. The hard facts and figures are collected from authorities, ministries, and previous  researches, which is then entered into the model to evaluate the optimal alternative.     It is concluded that improvements in the current transport system in Kathmandu city centre,  with the implementation of KSUTP, will result in better environment for the local population,  local economy, public services, and transport facilities. In short, the quality of life will be  enhanced with an upgrade in the urban transport system.

No cabe duda que Lima y Callao tienen un serio problema de movilidad urbana, tan así que hoy es considerado como el segundo problema en importancia, después de la inseguridad ciudadana. Las externalidades que genera la movilidad urbana repercuten directamente en la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y en la competitividad de la ciudad. Los orígenes del problema se pueden encontrar en la falta de planificación, el crecimiento desordenado y la regulación inadecuada, a lo que se debe sumar, sin duda las deficiencias en la gobernanza de la ciudad, la superposición de autoridades y la pérdida paulatina y constante de autoridad. A partir de realidad, el Poder Ejecutivo, intenta dar solución al problema, para lo que presenta al Congreso de la República un proyecto de ley destinado a la creación de una nueva entidad: la Autoridad de Transporte Urbano para Lima y Callao – ATU, que se encargaría de asumir las funciones y competencias que tenían las municipalidades de Lima y Callao, así como las de la Autoridad Autónoma del Tren Eléctrico (AATE) del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones. La idea central es construir un sistema integrado de transporte en la ciudad. Este trabajo de investigación ha tenido como Objetivo General, realizar un análisis integral, sistémico y multidimensional de la creación de la Autoridad de Transporte Urbano para Lima y Callao - ATU, para saber si la respuesta pública es realmente sólida y es el medio apropiado para dar solución al problema de la movilidad urbana de la ciudad. En el análisis hemos encontrado, que además, la nueva entidad afronta riesgos que van desde una abierta amenaza a su existencia, por una acción de inconstitucionalidad que se ventila ante el Tribunal Constitucional; hasta notorias diferencias entre la realidad de Lima y Callao y los modelos de ciudad tomados como referencia para su creación (benchmarking). Al finalizar este Trabajo de Investigación hemos incluido conclusiones y recomendaciones que consideramos de importancia, pues nos permiten formular una propuesta de valor, que creemos puede contribuir a que la ATU pueda cumplir sus objetivos.
Lima and Callao have a serious problem of urban mobility, in citizen perception it is the second most important problem, after citizen insecurity. The externalities generated by this problem directly affect the quality of life of citizens and the competitiveness of the city. The origins of the problem can be found in the lack of planning, disorderly growth and inadequate regulation, which must undoubtedly add to the deficiencies in the governance of the city, the overlapping of authorities and the gradual and constant loss of authority. From an initiative of the Government, the public response to this situation has been the creation of a new entity: The Urban Transportation Authority for Lima and Callao – ATU, responsible for assuming the functions and competences that municipalities had, and from they build the city’s integrated transport system. This research work has had the general objective of carrying out a comprehensive, systemic and multidimensional analysis of the creation of the Urban Transport Authority for Lima and Callao, with the purpose of determining if it is the appropriate means to find a solution to the mobility problem urban city. After the investigation has been carried out, important conclusions have been reached on the problems that put the existence of the institution at risk, based on an unconstitutionality action that is presented before the Constitutional Court; about the difference between Lima and Callao compared to the city models taken as reference (benchmarking) and about the factors that can influence the achievement of their objectives.
Trabajo de Investigación

Cette thèse porte sur les contraintes auxquelles est confronté le système de transport urbain de passagers à Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie) dans un contexte d'urbanisation rapide et de croissance économique marquée par des effets locaux de la mondialisation qui contribuent à la fabrique urbaine. Elle analyse la combinaison complexe de facteurs qui déterminent la mobilité urbaine à Addis-Abeba, capitale aujourd’hui en pleine expansion de l’un des pays les moins développés, qui doit faire face aux diverses manifestations de la pauvreté de masse. La thèse est basée sur des méthodes de recherche quantitatives et qualitatives combinées, ainsi que sur la mobilisation de corpus théoriques relatifs à la planification urbaine et aux modèles de transports. Après avoir rappelé que l’étalement dans la dispersion, lié à l’histoire de la nappe urbaine, a été exacerbé par l'urbanisation rapide contemporaine, non ou mal contrôlée par les pouvoirs publics, la thèse analyse les goulots d'étranglement institutionnels, en particulier le manque de coordination, d'intégration et de synergie au sein de la sphère publique en charge de la gestion urbaine. Elle met l’accent sur l’importance cruciale de l’exclusion sociale (50% de la population sous seuil de pauvreté absolue), 70% des habitants d’Addis-Abeba pouvant se déplacer uniquement à pied et sur les graves déficiences des infrastructures comme de l’actuelle gestion des transports de passagers. Elle propose des pistes de réflexion et d’action pour tenter de résoudre la question des transports
This thesis deals with the constraints facing the system of urban passenger transport in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) in a context of rapid urbanization and economic growth marked by the local effects of globalization. It analyzes the complex combination of factors which determine the urban mobility in Addis-Ababa: a burgeoning city of the least developed country struggling with various symptoms and manifestations of mass poverty. The thesis is based on mixed method research with its concurrent triangulation variant as well as social concepts, theories, essential ideas related to urban planning and transport issues. The study revealed that the rapid urbanization that is either not; or poorly controlled by the public authorities has impacted transport service provision. The thesis analyzes the institutional bottlenecks, in particular the lack of coordination, integration and synergy within the public sphere in charge of urban transport service delivery. It puts emphasis on the crucial importance of social exclusion (50% of the population in absolute poverty threshold), 70% of the inhabitants of Addis-Ababa that can move only on foot and in a situation of serious deficiencies of the requisite of the passenger transport infrastructure. It offers avenues of reflection and action to try to resolve the issue of transport in the capital

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um sistema informatizado para o auxílio na escolha modal pelos usuários de transporte público. Neste sistema, as alternativas a considerar e soluções geradas devem se basear nas solicitações do usuário e poderão ser usadas para o planejamento tático e/ou estratégico do sistema de transporte considerado. O sistema foi modelado para solução através do algoritmo de fluxo em rede Label Correcting, capaz de lidar com esse problema multimodal, implementado em uma linguagem de programação orientada a objetos. O sistema foi concebido como uma aplicação de internet e, embora seja voltado para um sistema de transporte genérico, foi aplicado e testado com base nas alternativas de transporte disponíveis e malha de ruas da Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira.
The main target of this master of science research is the development of a tool to help on modal selection by the public transportation users, which will be implemented as an eletronic information system.Since the infomation must be provided in real time to the user,it is important to the system to be fast and easy to use.It is also a requirement that the system presents options and information to help the user on the selection of the best choice among all possible ones. The alternatives to be considered and generated solutions shall be based on the user requests related to origin and destination of the desired trip. The requests will be stored and could be used for tactic and/or strategic planning of the concerned system of transport. This multimodal problem will be modeled to be solved with the Label Correcting network flow algorithm and implemented using an object oriented language. Although addressed to a generic transport system,it will be implemented and tested based on the available transport alternatives and street mesh of the Cidade Universitaria Armando de Salles Oliveira. The system may be available to users through internet.

The thesis describes and assesses the current state of the transport network situation in the capital of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava. The core topic is a description of the problem areas, assessing the current status and evolution over time, for the urban public transport system.

As in the EU more than 70% of inhabitants live in urban areas, acting for achieving more efficient and low-carbon mobility is crucial to ensure sustainable urban systems and to tackle important challenges such as reduction of CO2 emissions, air and noise pollution and traffic congestion. Identifying effective strategies and designing solutions that boost multimodal mobility and effective interchange among different sustainable means of transport can be a relevant contribution in this sense. This thesis has been developed in the framework of the Interreg Europe MATCH-UP project and aims to give a contribution for achieving this goal. After a general overview about the concepts of intermodality and initiatives undertaken at European and Italian levels for boosting a more efficient and sustainable mobility, the research identified different transport nodes that occur in urban environments and the features that lead to successful experiences. Consequently, a set of key factors that ensure the efficiency and urban integration of the nodes within the urban environment has been identified. This identification of the key factors has been the starting point for defining an articulated evaluation system that has the aim of identifying the main shortcomings of existing transport nodes and supporting their redevelopment and reorganization. The evaluation system was designed by rating the weight of the different key factors according with the importance of the different interchange nodes (rank) and the services to be provided, in order to establish which are the most appropriate in each situation. Therefore the thesis proposes a methodology for the evaluation of new projects, making evident their enhanced effectiveness in the different domains that affect a transport node. Finally, the methodology has been applied to the case study of Rimini’s railway station, where a new redevelopment of the station and its surroundings is foreseen.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza y estima el impacto económico y social del servicio de transporte público masivo El Metropolitano que utiliza como infraestructura el Corredor Segregado de Alta Capacidad – Cosac I. Este sistema se ha constituido como el principal medio de transporte de la ciudad de Lima por atributos como: la formalidad de su servicio, la infraestructura que ofrece, su modernidad, la rapidez, entre otros aspectos que se desarrollan en las siguientes páginas. El documento está dividido en ocho capítulos. El primero está referido a los fundamentos teóricos de la investigación, el segundo contiene una breve descripción de la realidad del transporte urbano de pasajeros y de los sistemas de transporte que existen en Lima Metropolitana, la oferta actual y en este marco, se contextualiza la problemática detectada en cuanto a la informalidad, falta de regulación, baja calidad del servicio e infraestructura para la movilidad urbana en la ciudad. El tercer capítulo desarrolla la finalidad, los objetivos, justificación y alcance de la investigación. El cuarto capítulo aborda los supuestos, la hipótesis, variables e indicadores que pretendemos comprobar. Seguidamente, en el quinto capítulo se describe la metodología utilizada para realizar esta investigación y, en el sexto capítulo se presentan los resultados obtenidos de las encuestas, así como su respectiva interpretación. Por último, en el capítulo séptimo se exponen las conclusiones de la investigación realizada y en el octavo, se plasman las recomendaciones que corresponden, que esperamos sean consideradas como aporte a la gestión pública en materia de transporte.
This document of investigation measured and analyzed the economic and social impact of mass public transport service so-called “El Metropolitano” which uses as infrastructure the High Capacity Segregated Roadway  – COSAC I. This system has been established as the main means of transport of the city of Lima by attributes such as: the formality of its service, the infrastructure it offers, modernity, speed  among other aspects  that are further developed on the next chapters. The document is divided into eight chapters. The first, is related to the theoretical foundations of the research; the second chapter contains a brief description of the reality of urban passenger transport and of the transportation systems that exist in Lima Metropolitana, the existing transport offer and within that framework, the problematic detected in terms of informality, lack of regulation and low quality of service and infrastructure for urban mobility in the city. The third chapter develops the purpose, objectives, justification and scope of investigation. The fourth chapter addresses the assumptions, hypotheses, variables and indicators that we intend to verify. Next, the fifth chapter describes the methodology used to carry out this research and, in the sixth chapter the surveys outcome are presented along with the interpretation. Finally, in the seventh chapter, the conclusions of the research carried out are presented and in the eighth, the corresponding recommendations are presented, which can be a contribution to public management in the area of ​​transportation.
Trabajo de investigación

Les sciences "dures" et les sciences humaines ont un intérêt commun pour les phénomènes collectifs, qui sont également un sujet de recherche important dans le domaine des systèmes complexes. Cette thèse se focalise sur l’étude des systèmes urbains, en utilisant des outils analytiques venant de la physique statistique, et des simulations, en particulier la modélisation multi-agents. Une première résolution analytique d’un modèle de ségrégation spatiale de Schelling est obtenue à l’aide d’un formalisme de physique statistique qui relie la dynamique individuelle et collective. Ce formalisme montre que l’utilité ou le bien être des modèles socio-économiques correspond à un potentiel chimique en physique, ce qu’illustre un modèle de logement urbain. Le marché du logement est étudié plus en détail grâce à un modèle parcimonieux de formation du prix. La mise en oeuvre d’un modèle multi-agents, qui reproduit les résultats du modèle standard de l’économie urbaine (AMM), donne un deuxième point de vue sur les systèmes urbains et l’interaction entre transport et localisation résidentielle. Les simulations fournissent des résultats là où la résolution analytique fait défaut. Ce modèle est utilisé pour étudier les impacts économique, environnemental et social de l’introduction d’une aménité dans l’espace urbain et de la ville polycentrique. Avec deux catégories de revenu, ce travail fournit des hypothèses quant aux différentes structures sociales urbaines dans les villes nord-américaines et européennes par exemple
Social and natural sciences share an interest for collective phenomena, which constitute an important part of the domain of complex systems. This thesis focuses on the study of urban systems, using analytical tools inspired by statistical physics, and also simulations, in particular agent-based models.A first analytical resolution of a Schelling spatial segregation model is presented, using a statistical physics framework linking individual and collective dynamics. This framework shows that utility or welfare in socio-economic models corresponds to a chemical potential in physics, a correspondence which is applied to a urban housing model. The housing market is further studied with a parsimonious price formation model. The implementation of an agent-based model, which reproduces the results of the standard urban economics (AMM) model, provides a second point of view on urban systems and the interaction between transport and land use. The simulations give results also when analytical resolution is lacking. The model is used to study the economic, environmental and social outcomes of having an amenity in the urban area and of polycentric cities. With two income groups, this work provides insights on the different urban social structures in North American and European cities for instance

Magister Artium - MA
This study explores the linguistic landscape of Metrorail in the Western Cape, South Africa. The Western Cape is a diverse, multicultural society with a history of colonialism and imperialism. For this reason, the language/s on signage was explored to reveal differences/similarities between the various groups and cultures within society.This kind of investigation entailed consideration of the signage displayed on trains,stations and other railway infrastructure. Thus, data was collected over a three-month period during 2010 which coincided with the FIFA Soccer World Cup, hosted by South Africa. A combined quantitative and qualitative approach for the analysis of data was supplemented with a multimodal, multi-semiotic approach. In addition, interviews were conducted of a cross-section of commuters as a way to give meaning to the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data. The analysis explored the extent to which multilingualism and multiculturalism are reflected in the linguistic landscape of Metrorail.The focus of the study was on the degree of visibility of the official and non-official languages on signage, as faced by Metrorail commuters. The findings of the study reveal that the interplay between power relations, prestige, symbolic value, identity and vitality in the linguistic landscape of Metrorail results in a somewhat limited display of multilingualism. The findings also reflect the changed language attitudes and perceptions, the maintenance of power relations, the expression of identity, and the desire to be perceived in a certain way, in a broader South African context. Furthermore,the data reveals that the actual linguistic reality does not accurately reflect the aims of the Western Cape language policy in terms of promoting multilingualism. Moreover, it reveals that English is the preferred language of wider communication and it is also the dominant language on the official and non-official signage in the public space. Although the indigenous African languages, along with Afrikaans, are generally neglected in the public space, these languages are widely spoken by Metrorail commuters. The linguistic landscape of Metrorail therefore does not accurately reflect the linguistic reality of the various speech communities in the Western Cape. The linguistic landscape of Metrorail serves to index the broader social developments of the transformed sociolinguistic South African identity.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Human existence in its current form is unsustainable. Urban transport systems are one of the chief contributors to this problem due to the dominant role of the car. Car dominated transport systems have a number of serious impacts on social, economic and ecological systems which collectively suggest they are not sustainable. The complex, global “system of automobility”, a powerful socio-technical regime, ensures that car dominated transport systems endure, despite the serious problems they generate. In the face of the power and resilience of this system, there are examples around the world of urban areas which have implemented transport initiatives which depart from the dominant paradigm of automobility. They have successfully provided viable alternatives to the car, facilitated urban forms which are supportive of green modes and “reconquered” scarce urban space from the automobile. However, there are a multitude of barriers to any transition to sustainable urban transport systems. These can only be overcome through the related processes of contestation and innovation. The case of Stellenbosch is a local expression of the global “system of automobility”. Through a combination of infrastructure, urban form, institutions, beliefs and ways of life, this system is perpetuated at a local level. In a highly inequitable developing country context, this is particularly problematic. A town primarily designed to service car mobility is best suited to the reproduction of the middle class. The poor, and others without access to a car, are at a disadvantage and movement by green modes is, everywhere, discouraged. And yet, there are a number of innovative initiatives occurring within the town which depart from the dominant paradigm, contesting its continued dominance. The path towards transition is at all times uncertain. However, it is possible to enhance the potential for transition by strengthening existing niches, contesting existing regimes and preparing for the imminent increase in landscape pressure generated by climate change and resource scarcity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Menslike bestaan in sy huidige vorm is onvolhoubaar. Stedelike vervoerstelsels is een van die belangrikste bydraers tot hierdie probleem weens die oorheersende rol van die motor. Vervoerstelsels waar die motor die botoon voer het ‘n aantal ernstige gevolge op maatskaplike, ekonomiese en ekologiese stelsels wat gesamentlik daarop dui dat sodanige stelsels nie volhoubaar is nie. Die komplekse, globale “stelsel van motorvervoer”, ‘n kragtige sosio-tegniese regime, verseker dat vervoerstelsels waar die motor die botoon voer in stand gehou word, ondanks die ernstige probleme wat hulle skep. Met inagneming van die krag en veerkragtigheid van hierdie stelsel bestaan daar oral in die wêreld voorbeelde van stedelike gebiede wat vervoerinisiatiewe geïmplementeer het wat afwyk van die oorheersende paradigma van motorvervoer. Hulle het uitvoerbare alternatiewe vir die motor suksesvol verskaf, stedelike vorme wat groen gebruike ondersteun gefasiliteer en skaars stedelike ruimte van die motorvoertuig “herwin”. Daar is egter ‘n menigte hindernisse in die pad van enige oorgang tot volhoubare stedelike vervoerstelsels. Dit kan slegs oorkom word deur die verwante prosesse van verset en innovering. Die geval van Stellenbosch is ‘n plaaslike uitdrukking van die globale “stelsel van motorvervoer”. Deur ‘n kombinasie van infrastruktuur, stedelike vorm, instellings, gebruike en lewenswyses word hierdie stelsel op ‘n plaaslike vlak bestendig en behou. Teen die agtergrond van ’n uiters onregverdig ontwikkelende land is dit in die besonder problematies. ‘n Dorp wat in die eerste plek uitgelê is om vervoer wat op motors berus, te bedien, is veral geskik vir die reproduksie van die middelklas. Die armes en diegene sonder toegang tot ‘n motor word benadeel en beweging met behulp van groen wyses word oral ontmoedig. En tog kom daar ‘n aantal vernuwende inisiatiewe in die dorp voor wat afwyk van die oorheersende paradigma wat die voortgesette oorheersing daarvan beveg. Die weg na oorgang is te alle tye onseker. Dit is egter moontlik om die potensiaal vir oorgang te verbeter deur versterking van bestaande nisse, bestryding van bestaande regimes en voorbereiding vir die toenemende druk op die landskap weens klimaatsverandering en die skaarste aan hulpbronne.

Para-transit modes generally offer important transport service in developing countries but are poorly regulated. Commercial motorcycle transport is one such essential service provided in many places across the world. It however has some problems of which poor safety record is chief. This research addresses the safety problem of commercial motorcycles from qualitative and systems perspectives. The aim is to identify and improve the understanding on how risk-taking-behaviour – a major cause of safety problems - is developed and learnt by the drivers. Risk-taking-behaviour is used to describe behaviours that can compromise safety which drivers often manifest as a result of the transport system’s characteristics. The aim is accomplished using two approaches: qualitative methods and system dynamics approach, based on qualitative and quantitative data collection. The research considers the choice of a typical medium city in Nigeria, Ado Ekiti, where commercial motorcycles are a major intra-city transport mode. Qualitative data was collected from stakeholders in the operation of commercial motorcycles and was used together with findings from the literature to obtain the description of the operation of this transport mode and to extract a list of influencing factors from which safety problems result. Key factors are found to relate to drivers’ characteristics, violation practices, enforcement and regulation, and training. While these factors are broad, the research is limited to how they contribute to drivers’ risk-taking behaviour. Further analysis of these factors’ interaction produces a set of propositions that describe the problem-causing structure within the system. These propositions deal with issues such as deterrence effect of enforcement operation, corruption in enforcement process, expensive motorcycle-acquisition problem, and drivers’ strenuous working condition, amidst others. These propositions make up the dynamic hypothesis for the system and are represented by a causal loop diagram. The dynamic hypothesis is then explored by formalising it into a quantitative model. This formalised model supports the dynamic hypothesis. The results of this research show that both the stock and flow model and the causal loop diagram might offer an opportunity for policy makers and stakeholders to better understand the structure and the dynamics of the commercial motorcycle drivers’ risk-taking-behaviour. Particularly, it shows that a mix of measures including improved enforcement of law is one main way by which driver behaviour can be improved.

Urban systems consist of several interlinked sub-systems - social, economic, institutional and environmental – each representing a complex system of its own and affecting all the others at various structural and functional levels. An urban system is represented by a number of “human” agents, such as individuals and households, and “non-human” agents, such as buildings, establishments, transports, vehicles and infrastructures. These two categories of agents interact among them and simultaneously produce impact on the system they interact with. Try to understand the type of interactions, their spatial and temporal localisation to allow a very detailed simulation trough models, turn out to be a great effort and is the topic this research deals with. An analysis of urban system complexity is here presented and a state of the art review about the field of urban models is provided. Finally, six international models - MATSim, MobiSim, ANTONIN, TRANSIMS, UrbanSim, ILUTE - are illustrated and then compared.

Social and natural sciences share an interest for collective phenomena, which constitute an important part of the domain of complex systems. This thesis focuses on the study of urban systems, using analytical tools inspired by statistical physics, and also simulations, in particular agent-based models. A first analytical resolution of a Schelling spatial segregation model is presented, using a statistical physics framework linking individual and collective dynamics. This framework shows that utility or welfare in socio-economic models corresponds to a chemical potential in physics, a correspondence which is applied to a urban housing model. The housing market is further studied with a parsimonious price formation model. The implementation of an agent-based model, which reproduces the results of the standard urban economics (AMM) model, provides a second point of view on urban systems and the interaction between transport and land use. The simulations give results also when analytical resolution is lacking. The model is used to study the economic, environmental and social outcomes of having an amenity in the urban area and of polycentric cities. With two income groups, this work provides insights on the different urban social structures in North American and European cities for instance.

This thesis examines the relationship between psychological knowledge, work and the production of subjectivity with regards to the transition that is taking place in the Urban Passenger Transport System in Bogota, Colombia. Specifically, it explores the place and operations of psychology in respect to the production of the drivers as subjects within the transition from the "traditional' to the Transmilenio' service. A multi-site ethnography was conducted in order to map the psychological practices, as well as their connections and distant 'flows', involved in the production of drivers' subjectivity. The observations were conducted in a variety of sites, such as traditional, feeder and trunk companies, recruitment companies and municipal authorities' offices. The psychological practices found were allocated in the sovereignty-disciplinary- governmentality power complex. This thesis argues, firstly, that colonial dimensions are involved when psychology is applied to work places other than the North-Atlantic societies. Secondly, these colonial dimensions are manifest in the ways in which psychology constitutes human subjects at work. Therefore, this study explores the colonial dimension of the relationship that psychology and work have established regarding the constitution of workers as subjects in the 'local' conditions of the Urban Passenger Transport System in Bogota. The results show a) the place and operations of psychology in the processes of constitution of 'desirable' 'free' workers b) the constitution of the traditional driver as the 'other' of the feeder and trunk drivers c) the place of psychology in respect to intensification of the uncertainty in the working conditions and d) the neo-colonial relationships that are involved in the production of workers as subjects in psychological terms. Thus this thesis recognises that the uncertain working conditions of the 'traditional' service are exacerbated in the 'feeder' and 'trunk' services that comprise the new Transmilenio service. The transition from the 'traditional' service to the Transmilenio service has brought about radical changes in the working conditions, a re-organisation of the social relationships and a new place for psychological knowledge.

Thesis (MComm (Logistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current subsidy system, designed to make South Africa’s public transport more affordable, has instead contributed to a worsening of the existent neglected state of affairs. Although subsidy policies are in place, misdirected allocation renders them mostly ineffective. The implementation of the new integrated public transport systems for metropolitan areas affords an opportunity to adopt a broad spectrum approach and initiate a redesigned and improved subsidy system. The purpose of this study is to assess the South African urban public transport industry with the aim of finding by means of a system-based process a subsidy approach that will overcome the remaining inequalities of the past. This study will consequently evaluate different subsidy theories and determine which one(s) will be best suited to the demands of a specific period. The final objective is to design a product which offers government a systembased process that will help it determine, every few years, whether the subsidy regime being applied at that juncture is still relevant to the requirements of the market and/or what (new) approach is necessary to achieve social and economic wellbeing. Commuter transport in South Africa is currently in a transition phase where new public transport infrastructure is being implemented in the metropolitan cities. The current economic recession (making people’s demand more elastic to prices) present a good time to conduct the system-based process necessary for transition of the public transport system and determine an optimal subsidy approach for the new system. The first step in the system-based process was to determine the scope of work and the overall objectives that should be reached. The main public transport shortcomings are the lack of accessibility to affordable transport for the poor and increasing private transport ownership by the rich, which increases congestion and forms the second step of the systembased process. The third step stated the action plan of strategies on how the objectives could be reached. These three steps also form the basic measurement criteria against which the different subsidy approaches needed to be tested. The fourth step in the system-based process to a better subsidy approach was to evaluate different theoretical subsidy approaches. The review of different subsidy approaches has indicated that some approaches work better than others, but an optimal subsidy system is almost never found.

The following doctoral thesis, sponsored by Autostrada del Brennero S.p.A. (an Italian highway concession company in charge of managing toll roads) consists on empirical essays at the crossroad between transport and regional economics. They focus on different aspects that directly involve motorways (i.e, safety, intermodality, and commuting dynamics) and they are aimed at providing further evidences that transport institutions and policy makers could take into account throughout their decision-making processes. The first chapter presents a research article that seeks to determine the impact of an average speed enforcement system in reducing highway accidents. Indeed, at the end of 2005, Autostrade per l'Italia (ASPI) and the Italian traffic police progressively deployed along the Italian tolled motorway network an average speed enforcement system, named Safety Tutor, able to determine the average speed of vehicles over a long section to encourage drivers to comply with speed limits and improve safety. To empirically test the extent to which Safety Tutor led to a reduction in both total and fatal accidents on Italian highways during the period of 2001-2017, we carried out a generalized difference-in-differences estimation using a unique panel dataset that exploits the heterogeneous accident data within all tolled motorway sectors in a quasi-experimental setting. To deal with the potential endogeneity of the non-random placement of Safety Tutor sites, we utilized an instrumental variable strategy by using the network of motorway sectors managed by ASPI and its controlled concessionaires from 2005 onwards (i.e., when the technology was available) as an instrument to predict Safety Tutor adoption. We found that a 10% increase in Safety Tutor coverage led to an average reduction in total accidents of 3.9%, whereas there is no evidence of a significant causal effect of Safety Tutor in reducing fatal accidents. The second chapter presents a research article that seeks to investigate the inter-modal competition between motorway and high-speed rail (HSR) services, as the extent to which HSR demand could be the result of a modal shift from motorways is a relevant issue in any cost-benefit analysis of HSR investments. Indeed, the development of HSR has had a notable impact on modal market shares on the routes on which its services have been implemented. To analyse whether the HSR expansion in Italy has led to a modal shift from motorway to HSR, we empirically test i) whether HSR openings adjacent to motorway sectors have reduced the total km travelled by light vehicles on these sectors during the period 2001-2017; and ii) whether this reduction has been persistent or even more evident after the opening of on-track competition between two HSR operators. To do so, we carried out a generalized difference-in-differences estimation, using a unique panel dataset that exploits the heterogeneous traffic data within all tolled motorway sectors in a quasi-experimental setting. Our findings reveal that neither HSR openings nor the opening of on-track competition led to a modal shift from motorway to HSR services, as the two transport modes are non-competing. Conversely, HSR expansion had a slightly positive impact on motorway traffic. The third chapter presents a data article in a “data in brief” format that describes a dataset on municipality-to-municipality commuting patterns in Italy over the 1991, 2001, and 2011 censuses aimed at investigating the role of transport infrastructures and the structural transformation of the economy on worker mobility. At this purpose, a core origin-destination dataset on the number of workers moving between municipalities, or within the same municipality, has been linked with further municipality covariates on jobs location, population, and the distances in meters and journey times in minutes between all municipalities. Even though these data are freely available online, they require some tedious work to organize. Therefore, this data article brings the necessary information together and makes the dataset available on request. The dataset offers applied researchers an alternative source of information to shed new lights on the changing shape of urban systems by analysing i) the impact of infrastructural endowment in providing better job accessibility, or ii) the connection between increasing commuting patterns and the structural transformation of the economy due to the tertiarization process from 1991 to 2011.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Public and private transport system planning and operation have tended to be fragmented functions. In particular, public transport is often planned and operated independently of the "private" transport system. South African government policy now requires that comprehensive, strategic transport plans be prepared by metropolitan transport authorities. These plans are expected to conform to national strategic objectives as well as including local current and longterm objectives. This planning is required in the environment of a multi-modal, multi-operator, public-private partnership scenario that is new for most of the role players. The lack of experience is accompanied by a lack of any existing model for dealing with this scenario. This dissertation describes such a model. The model is based on the principles of strategic logistics management commonly employed in commerce and industry, including service-oriented industries. The modelling process is thus based on achieving a combination of customer service and long-term objectives. The model comprises a number of separate components and steps: • A transport network model (Emme/2). ~ A multi-class, generalised-cost assignment of private and public transport demand onto a network, modified to be modeless to the public transport users, is performed. This assignment allows for the imposition of generalised-cost reflecting urban-planning objectives in addition to more conventional costs such as travel cost. In this assignment, the interaction of public and private transport is accounted for and results in an associated modal choice. ~ A series of single-class generalised-cost assignments is then used to "focus" public transport demand to create corridors of demand adequate to justify public transport routes. This process can be enhanced to develop a design promoting switching from private to public transport. It also allows for multi-period route design. ~ The results of this modelling process are output to a text file and then subject to the processes described below. The results of these processes are then input into the network model where a standard transit assignment is performed and used to modify the proposed lines and update the network design data with respect to boardings and alightings at nodes. This information is used to design fixed infrastructure. • A Microsoft Access database and route extraction program. );> The network model data is drawn into the database where it is subject to a route extraction program that converts the assignment results from the network model into a set of mode specific potential public transport route definitions. These route definitions are based on paths of maximum demand. The extraction process is controlled by parameters specified by the planner, such as minimum route lengths and the demand level for various categories of service. );> After route extraction, vehicle allocation, and transit assignment, the database provides details of the boardings and alightings and number and details of transit lines using each node and link in the network. This data is used to design fixed infrastructure. • A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet vehicle operating cost model. );> For each vehicle type, the operating cost given the anticipated vehicle mileage and operating speed is determined. This is used to guide the choice of vehicles for different routes. • A Lingo goal-programming model. );> The potential routes and the available or potential fleet are subjected to a goalprogramme in which the optimum choice of vehicle allocation is determined. The allocation parameters can be controlled by the planner. These parameters may include costs, energy, fuel consumption, and vehicle and route limitations amongst others. Multiperiod design is included in the modelling process so that the optimum design may be for the operating period, daily, or weekly cycle. The modelling process provides two main outputs: • A set of fully described and costed transit lines ill terms of both routing and vehicle allocation. These transit line definitions can be output to the level of driver instructions if necessary. • Details of the type and location of infrastructure to be provided on the network.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Openbare en private vervoerstelsel-beplanning en -bedryf IS geneig om gefragmenteerde funksies te wees. Dit is veral waarneembaar in die openbare vervoerstelsels waarvan die beplanning en bedryf onafhanklik van die "private" vervoerstelsels plaasvind. Die beleid van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering vereis dat omvattende strategiese vervoerplanne deur die metropolitaanse vervoer owerhede voorberei word. Daar word van hierdie planne verwag om aan die nasionale strategiese doelwitte, asook die plaaslike bestaande en langtermyn doelwitte te voldoen. Hierdie beplanning word vereis deur 'n omgewing wat nuut is vir die meeste rolspelers en bestaan uit multi-modale, multi-operateur en openbare-private vennootskap scenario's. Die tekort aan ondervinding gaan gepaard met 'n tekort aan 'n bestaande model wat gebruik kan word om hierdie scenario's te hanteer. So 'n model word deur hierdie verhandeling beskryf. Die model is gebasseer op die beginsels van strategiese logistieke bestuur wat algemeen gebruik word in die handel en industrie, insluitende die diens-georïenteerde industrieë. Die modelleringsproses wil dus 'n kombinasie van diens aan kliënte en langtermyn doelwitte bereik. Die model bestaan uit onderskeie komponente en stappe: • 'n Vervoernetwerkmodel (Emmel2) }i;> 'n Multi-klas, veralgemeende-koste toedeling van private en openbare vervoeraanvraag op 'n netwerk, aangepas om modusloos te wees vir die openbare vervoergebruiker, word uitgevoer. Hierdie toedeling laat nie net die heffing van meer konvensionele kostes, soos reiskoste toe nie, maar ook veralgemeende kostes wat staatsbeplarmingsdoelwitte reflekteer. In hierdie opdrag word die interaksie van openbare- en private vervoer ondersoek waarvan die uiteinde 'n geassosieerde modale keuse is. }i;> 'n Reeks enkelklas veralgemeende koste toedelings word dan gebruik om op openbare vervoeraanvraag te fokus en daardeur korridors van aanvraag, wat gepas is om openbare vervoerroetes te regverdig, te skep. Hierdie proses kan verfyn word om 'n plan te ontwikkel wat die verskuiwing van private vervoer na openbare vervoer sal bevorder. Dit laat ook die ontwerp van multi-periode roetes toe. }i;> Die resultate van hierdie modelleringsproses word uitgevoer na 'n tekslêer en dan aan die prosesse, wat hier onder beskryf word, onderwerp. Die resultate van hierdie prosesse word dan ingevoer in die netwerkmodel waar 'n standaard publieke vervoertoedeling uitgevoer word. Dit word dan gebruik om die voorgestelde roetes te wysig en die netwerk data, met betrekking tot die aantal persone wat op en af klim by nodes, op te dateer. Hierdie inligting word gebruik vir die ontwerp van infrastrukture. • 'n Microsoft Access databasis en roete-ontrekkingsprogram );> Die netwerkmodel data word in die databasis ingetrek waar dit aan 'n roeteontrekkingsprogram onderwerp word. Hierdie program skakel die toedelingsresultate van die netwerkmodel om na 'n stel potensiële modus spesifieke openbare vervoerroete definisies. Hierdie roete definisies word gebasseer op paaie van maksimum aanvraag. Die ontrekkingsproses word deur parameters, soos minimum lengte van roetes en die vlak van aanvraag van verskeie kategorieë van diens, wat deur die beplanner gespesifiseer word, gekontroleer. );> Na die ontrekking van roetes, voertuigtoekenning en vervoertoedeling, voorsien die databasis besonderhede van die aantal persone wat op en af klim asook die aantal en details van vervoerroete wat elke node en skakel in die netwerk gebruik. Hierdie data word gebruik om infrastrukture te ontwerp. • 'n Microsoft Excel sigblad voertuig bedryfskoste model )i> Vir elke tipe voertuig word die bedryfskoste, volgens die verwagte afstand en spoed van die spesifieke voertuig, bepaal. Die resultate word gebruik om die keuse van voertuie vir verskillende roetes te bepaal. • 'n Lingo doelprogrameringsmodel );> Die potensiële roetes en die beskikbare of potensiële vloot word onderwerp aan 'n doelprogram waarin die optimum keuse van voertuigtoekenning bepaal word. Die toekenningsparameters kan deur die beplanner gekontroleer word. Die parameters kan onder andere kostes, energie, brandstofverbruik en voertuig- en roete beperkings, insluit. Multi-periode ontwerp is ingesluit in die modelleringsproses sodat die optimum ontwerp vir die bedryfsperiode, daaglikse of weeklikse siklusse, kan wees. Die modelleringsproses lewer twee hoofuitkomste: • 'n Stel volledig beskrywende en koste berekende vervoerroete wat, indien nodig, na die vlak van bestuurder instruksies, uitgevoer kan word. • Details van die tipe en plek van infrastruktuur wat benodig word deur die netwerk.

This thesis discusses which transit network structure is the best option to serve urban mobility. As a consequence of the evolution of urban form, cities have undergone a dispersion process of their activities. This fact has caused a change in mobility needs in the last few decades. Mobility networks and services should progressively adapt to the new demand patterns, especially the bus transit network, which has more flexibility to reorganize the deployment of resources at an affordable cost. Three base transit network structures are compared: a radial scheme, a direct trip-based network, and a transfer-based system. An analytical model is used to estimate the behavior of these structures for idealized monocentric mobility patterns with several degrees of concentration. This is made atop two street patterns, grid and ring-radial. The thesis aimed at determining the right range of situations for the applicability of each bus network structure, and providing guidelines about the transit network planning process. It turns out that the best structure is not always the same, and depends on the mobility spatial pattern. A radial network is the best alternative in very concentrated cities; however, a direct trip-based system is more suitable for intermediate degrees of dispersion. A transfer-based structure is the best option when the activities are more decentralized. Nevertheless, the decentralization degree that justifies a specific transit structure is not constant. This degree depends on the characteristics of the city, transport technology and users. The street pattern atop the network is designed also affects on the range of applicability, especially on the cut-off point between direct services and transfer-based networks. However, the different network structures follow the same behavior in front of urban dispersion and changes on input parameters in both street patterns. The analysis of O-D matrixes gives a first approximation about in which decentralized scenario a city is. Therefore, given that decentralization, the arising question is what network structure is the most suitable alternative for its transit system. Barcelona (Spain) is an instance where a change of bus network structure from direct services to a transfer-based scheme is justified. The analytical network design model is applied to design a transfer-based bus network for this city. The eventually proposed network, called the Nova Xarxa, covers the whole city by 28 corridors. The final design improves the level of service, reducing by 4.12% total travel time for the pre-existing bus demand. However, the new bus network design has an important handicap, a greater number of transfers. The Nova Xarxa is being deployed in a multiple-step implementation process. It is an opportunity to test the conventional wisdom that states that transit riders are averse to transfers and that consequently bus networks should be designed to limit their number. This thesis examines data from the first three deployment phases of the Nova Xarxa. It is found that the lines of the Nova Xarxa are already carrying more passengers than the old lines they replaced. Furthermore, this demand has increased disproportionately with the number of lines opened for service in each phase, revealing the existence of network effect. At the end of 2015, the percentage of trips that involved a transfer was approximately 26%, and it will reach 44% once the Nova Xarxa is completed in 2018.
Esta tesis analiza que estructura de red de transporte público es la mejor opción para servir la movilidad urbana. Como consecuencia de la evolución de la estructura urbana, las ciudades han experimentado un proceso de dispersión de sus actividades. Este hecho ha causado un cambio en la necesidades de movilidad en las últimas décadas. Las redes y servicios de movilidad deben progresivamente adaptarse a los nuevos patrones de demanda, especialmente la red de transporte público de autobús, la cual tiene más flexibilidad para reorganizar la utilización de los recursos a un coste razonable. Tres estructuras base de red de transporte público son comparadas: un esquema radial, una red basada en conexiones directas, y un sistema basado en transferencias. Un modelo analítico es usado para estimar el comportamiento de estas estructuras para idealizados patrones monocéntricos de movilidad con diferentes grados de concentración. Esto es realizado sobre dos patrones de calles, una malla rectangular y otra radial-circular. La tesis pretendía determinar el correcto rango de situaciones para la aplicabilidad de cada estructura de red de autobuses, y proporcionar directrices sobre el proceso de planificación de la red de transporte público. Resulta que la mejor estructura no siempre es la misma, y depende del patrón espacial de la movilidad. Una red radial es la mejor alternativa en ciudades muy concentradas; sin embargo, un sistema basado en viajes directos es más adecuado para grados intermedios de dispersión. Una estructura basada en la transferencia es la mejor opción cuando las actividades están más descentralizadas. Sin embargo, el grado de descentralización que justifica una estructura específica de transporte público no es constante. Este grado depende de las características de la ciudad, la tecnología del transporte y los usuarios. El patrón de calles sobre el que la red está diseñada también afecta al rango de aplicabilidad, especialmente al punto de cambio entre los servicios directos y redes basadas en transferencias. Aún así, las diferentes estructuras de red siguen el mismo comportamiento frente a la dispersión urbana y cambios en los parámetros de entrada en ambos patrones de calles. El análisis de matrices O-D da una primera aproximación sobre en qué escenario de descentralización una ciudad se encuentra. Por lo tanto, dada esta descentralización, la pregunta que surge es qué estructura de red es la alternativa más adecuada para su sistema de transporte público. Barcelona (España) es un ejemplo donde se justifica un cambio de estructura de red de autobuses desde servicios directos a un esquema basado en transferencias. El modelo analítico para el diseño de red se aplica para diseñar una red de autobuses basada en transferencias para esta ciudad. Esto proporciona un plan de diseño que se utiliza como objetivo para desarrollar un plan maestro real detallado. La red finalmente propuesta, denominada Nova Xarxa, cubre toda la ciudad con 28 corredores de fácil comprensión, líneas no tortuosas, frecuencias más altas y puntos de transferencia ubicuos. El diseño final mejora el nivel de servicio, reduciendo un 4.12% el tiempo total de viaje de la demanda del autobús preexistente. Sin embargo, el nuevo diseño de la red de autobuses tiene una desventaja importante, un mayor número de transferencias. La Nova Xarxa está siendo desplegada en base a un proceso de implementación de varias etapas. Es una oportunidad para poner a prueba la sabiduría convencional que indica que los usuarios del transporte público son reacios a transferir y que en consecuencia las redes de autobuses deben ser diseñadas para limitar su número. Con el fin de responder a esta pregunta, esta tesis analiza datos de las tres primeras fases de despliegue de la Nova Xarxa. Se halla que las líneas de la Nova Xarxa ya están llevando más pasajeros que las viejas líneas que reemplazaron. Además, esta demanda se ha incrementado de manera desproporcionada con el número de líneas implementadas en cada fase, revelando la existencia del efecto red. A finales de 2015, el porcentaje de viajes que suponían una transferencia fue de aproximadamente un 26%, y alcanzará el 44% una vez que se haya completado la Nova Xarxa en 2018. Por lo tanto, los números desmienten la sabiduría convencional.
Aquesta tesi analitza quina estructura de xarxa de transport públic és la millor opció per servir la mobilitat urbana. Com a conseqüència de l'evolució de l'estructura urbana, les ciutats han experimentat un procés de dispersió de les seves activitats. Aquest fet ha causat un canvi en les necessitats de la mobilitat a les últimes dècades. Les xarxes i serveis de mobilitat deuen progressivament adaptar-se als nous patrons de demanda, especialment la xarxa de transport públic d'autobús, la qual té més flexibilitat per reorganitzar la utilització dels recursos a un cost raonable. Tres estructures base de xarxa de transport públic són comparades: un esquema radial, una xarxa basada en connexions directes, i un sistema basat en transferències. Un model analític és utilitzat per estimar el comportament d'aquestes estructures per idealitzats patrons monocèntrics de mobilitat amb diferents graus de concentració. Això és realitzat sobre dos patrons de carrers, una malla rectangular i una altra radial-circular. La tesi pretenia determinar el correcte rang de situacions per l'aplicabilitat de cada estructura de xarxa d'autobusos, i proporcionar directrius sobre el procés de planificació de la xarxa de transport públic. Resulta que la millor estructura no sempre és la mateixa, i depèn del patró espacial de la mobilitat. Una xarxa radial és la millor alternativa en ciutats molt concentrades; no obstant això, un sistema basat en viatges directes és més adequat per graus intermedis de dispersió. Una estructura basada en transferències és la millor opció quan les activitats estan més descentralitzades. Encara que el grau de descentralització que justifica una estructura específica de transport públic no és constant. Aquest grau depèn de les característiques de la ciutat, la tecnologia del transport i els usuaris. El patró de carrers sobre el que la xarxa està dissenyada també afecta el rang d'aplicabilitat, especialment al punt de canvi entre els serveis directes i xarxes basades en transferències. No obstant això, les diferents estructures de xarxa segueixen el mateix comportament enfront de la dispersió urbana i canvis en els paràmetres d'entrada en tots dos patrons de carrers. L'anàlisi de matrius O-D dóna una primera aproximació sobre en què escenari de descentralització una ciutat es troba. Per tant, donada aquesta descentralització, la pregunta que sorgeix és quina estructura de xarxa és l'alternativa més adient pel seu sistema de transport públic. Barcelona (Espanya) és un exemple a on es justifica un canvi d'estructura de xarxa d'autobusos des de serveis directes a un esquema basat en transferències. El model analític per al disseny de xarxa s'aplica per dissenyar una xarxa d'autobusos basada en transferències per aquesta ciutat. Això proporciona un pla de disseny que s'utilitza com a objectiu per desenvolupar un pla mestre real detallat. La xarxa finalment proposada, denominada Nova Xarxa cobreix tota la ciutat amb 28 corredors de fàcil comprensió, línies no tortuoses, freqüències més altes i punts de transferència ubics. El disseny final millora el nivell de servei, reduint un 4.12% el temps total de viatge de la demanda de l'autobús preexistent. No obstant això, el nou disseny de la xarxa d'autobusos té un desavantatge important, un major nombre de transferències. La Nova Xarxa està sent desplegada d'acord amb un procés d'implementació de diverses etapes. És una oportunitat per posar a prova la saviesa convencional que indica que els usuaris del transport públic són reticents a transferir i que en conseqüència les xarxes d'autobusos deuen ser dissenyades per limitar el seu nombre. Amb la finalitat de respondre a aquesta pregunta, aquesta tesi analitza les dades de les tres primeres fases de desplegament de la Nova Xarxa. Es troba que les línies de la Nova Xarxa ja estan portant més passatgers que les velles línies que van reemplaçar. A més, aquesta demanda s'ha incrementat de manera desproporcionada amb el nombre de línies implementades en cada fase, revelant l'existència de l'efecte xarxa. A finals del 2015, el percentatge de viatges que suposaven una transferència va ser d'aproximadament un 26%, i assolirà el 44% una vegada que s'hagi completat la Nova Xarxa en 2018. Per tant, els nombres desmenteixen la saviesa convencional.

This diploma thesis deals with the reconstruction of intersection streets Jeremenkova, Pasteurova and Černá cesta. This design is a new roundabout with three branches and one bypass. The aim of renovation is to improve traffic safety at the intersection and increasing continuity and respecting architectural principles. This project addresses the design of roundabout, analyzing problems and developer technical studies.

Through over forty-five years of development, bike sharing is not a fangle in Europe. But it becomes a popular topic in China in recent two years. The Chinese startups exert IoT technologies and GPS modular in shared bikes and launched the world’s first station-less bike sharing system. This new bike sharing system gains in popularity and develops dramatically all across China. In addition, the leading bike sharing service providers such as Mobike, got over $300 million investment since the start of 2017, which caught the attention of the public. More and more venture capitalists want to touch this new tempting pie. This paper mainly focuses on investigating what are the roles of this new bike sharing system in urban mobility in China especially in Shanghai and its influences in the society. Meanwhile, the socio-technological innovations of the new bike sharing are explored together with the application of different theoretical frameworks, such as Porter’s Five Forces and system thinking. This paper also tempted to fill up the gap in the literature that describing the missing part of smart bike sharing business - using the station less bike sharing business model, involving a discussion of its pros and cons. In order to give more detailed insights about the new bike sharing industry, we choose the world’s first station-less bike sharing service company - Mobike, as our case study object to investigate the revolutionary bike sharing system in Chinese major cities, specifically in Shanghai - the representative megacity of China. Conclusions and future development suggestions are provided at the end of this paper so that the stakeholders could have some references for further development of bike sharing industry.

Este trabalho enfoca o transporte público coletivo da cidade de Jaú. Os objetivos precípuos da dissertação são: fazer um diagnóstico do sistema de transporte por ônibus, no tocante à qualidade e à eficiência; e apresentar um projeto de racionalização do sistema (melhoria da qualidade e da eficiência). Os problemas mais graves verificados no diagnóstico foram os seguintes: existência de áreas ocupadas com acessibilidade insatisfatória (situadas além da distância aceitável da rede de linhas), superposições de áreas de influência das linhas, grande intervalo entre atendimentos devido ao excesso de linhas, ausência de integração tarifária, integração física precária, lotações baixas nos períodos fora dos picos, acúmulo de ônibus nos pontos de parada devido à coincidência de horários de diversas linhas, atrasos excessivos na área central, falta de abrigos na maioria dos pontos de parada, etc. No plano de racionalização desenvolvido foram previstas as seguintes principais ações: reestruturação da rede de linhas com a diminuição da quantidade de rotas e eliminação das superposições e faltas de cobertura espacial adequada, redução do intervalo entre atendimentos nas linhas, implantação de estação central fechada para promover integração física e tarifária, pavimentação/recapeamento de alguns trechos de vias, melhoria da sinalização viária nas ruas utilizadas pelos ônibus, melhoria do sistema de informação ao usuário, implementação de programação operacional racional, etc. Em termos de eficiência, os principais benefícios do sistema proposto são: redução da frota de 21%, redução da quilometragem percorrida de 18% e redução do custo de operação de 20%. No tocante à qualidade, os principais ganhos são: melhoria da acessibilidade (cobertura espacial), redução do intervalo entre atendimentos, redução dos tempos de viagem, promoção de integração tarifária, promoção de integração física adequada, aumento do número de abrigos nas paradas, melhoria da superfície de rolamento das vias utilizadas pelos coletivos, etc.
This work focuses the urban collective public transportation system by bus of the city of Jaú. The main objectives of this work is to make a diagnostic of the system in terms of quality and efficiency and to present a plan in order to improve the quality and efficiency of the transit system. The main problems faced on the diagnostic were: inadequate space covering, overlapping of bus attendance, long headway between vehicles due to an exaggerate number of bus lines, absence of fare integration, deficient physical integration, low occupation of bus in non peak periods, bus traffic jam at bus stops due to inadequate schedule, huge delays in the central area due to traffic jam, lack of shelters at bus stops, etc. In the developed plan were proposed the following main actions: reorganization of the bus transit netword with reduction of the routes number and the elimination of overlapping of bus routes and the lacks of spatil covering service, reduction of the headway in the routes, implementation of a closed central station to promote physical and fare integration, pavement/rehabilitation of road pavement, improvement of system signs in bus streets, implementation of a rational operational programming, better distribution of the vehicles to the whole city; etc. In terms of efficiency, the main benefits of the proposed system are: fleet reduction 21%, total mileage reduction of 18% and operation cost reduction of 20%. Concerning to the quality, the main gains are: better space covering, small headway in the bus routes, travel time reduction, implementation of physical and fare integration, increase of the number of bus stops shelters, improvement of the rolling surface on bus streets, etc.

Everyday need of modern society is a mass personal transit on a regular basis. For this purpose, mass transit systems exist which obey aforethought schedule. This thesis' goal is to examine the means of automatic search of connections from one place to another, implement such search, and to advance the search algorithm using the soft-computing paradigms. Minor goal would be a research of SQL language procedural capabilities, which could support mass pseudo-parallel computations.

Дипломна робота: 90 с., 9 табл., 16 рис., 2 додатки, 8 джерел. Об’єкт дослідження – транспортна інфраструктура великих міст, зокрема транспортна інфраструктура міста Києва, транспортні потоки шяхами міста, сталий ровиток. Предмет дослідження – алгоритми моделювання транспортних потоків і роботи транпортної інфраструктури та прийняття рішень щодо транспортної інфраструктури міста з метою сталого розвитку. Мета роботи – створення системи, яка займатиметься розробкою можливих рішень для сталого розвитку транспортної інфраструктури міста Києва з урахуванням безпекової складової. Актуальність – питання сталого розвитку міста Київ є нагальним питанням сьогодення. Транспортна інфраструктура, що являє собою в першу чергу сукупність усіх шляхів у місті, є запорукою економічного і соціального життя міста, тож завдання покращення її роботи є одним з першочергових завдань міського планування та управління. Наразі управлінські рішення щодо Києва є здебільшого несистемними, неузгодженими. У стані транспортної інфраструктури Києва спостерігається ряд проблем. Методи дослідження – застосовані моделі транспортних потоків як частково впорядкованих потоків у мережевій системі та методи системного аналізу таких потоків виконані за допомогою мови програмування Python. Отримані результати – запрограмована система підтримки прийняття рішень для транспортної інфраструктури міста Києва, обґрунтовані системним аналізом та математичним моделюванням рекомендації щодо прийняття рішень для сталого розвитку транспортної інфраструктури міста Києва.
Thesis: 90 p., 9 tabl., 16 fig., 2 appendices, 8 sources. The object of research is the transport infrastructure of large cities, in particular the transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv, traffic flows on the city roads, sustainable development. The subject of research - algorithms for modeling traffic flows and transport infrastructure and decision-making on transport infrastructure of the city for sustainable development. The purpose of the work is to create a system that will develop possible solutions for the sustainable development of the transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv, taking into account the security component. Relevance - the issue of sustainable development of the city of Kyiv is an urgent issue today. Transport infrastructure, which is primarily a set of all roads in the city, is the key to economic and social life of the city, so the task of improving its work is one of the priorities of urban planning and management. Currently, management decisions regarding Kyiv are mostly unsystematic and inconsistent. There are a number of problems in the state of Kyiv's transport infrastructure. Okay, now to warm up the flow of thought, I'll write a bar here, and then I'll clean everything up, because it won't work. Research methods - applied models of transport flows as partially ordered flows in a network system and methods of system analysis of such flows are performed using Python programming language. The obtained results are a programmed decision support system for the transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv, substantiated by systematic analysis and mathematical modeling of the recommendations for decision-making for the sustainable development of the transport infrastructure of the city of Kyiv

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaBSG.pdf: 735818 bytes, checksum: e5a198167f649374015a843155763cc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-09-10
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Recognizing the importance the workplace has on mental health of the individual, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the burnout syndrome and the sources of physical and emotional wear which permeate the work conditions of the urban public transport system of the city of Natal. Although existent in international literature, research on burnout in the professional transport category and studies directed to this category are not a tradition in Brazil. The research was carried out using 412 drivers and money-changers of two transport companies of Natal. To collect the data, two questionnaires and a semi-structured interview were used. The first instrument, developed and validated during the research, investigated the sources of wear and the second, the syndrome of burnout. As its main results, two sources of empirical wear were identified as follows: (1) the Conflict of Values and the Lack of Justice at the Workplace, (2) Union and Reward. Besides these, it was observed that there is an incidence of the syndrome of burnout among the drivers and money-changers of urban transport by bus, not only in the caring occupations studied before in Natal and Brazil and that this incidence is related to the sources of wear which permeate the work conditions of these professionals
Reconhecendo-se a import?ncia que o local de trabalho tem para a sa?de mental do indiv?duo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a rela??o entre a s?ndrome de burnout e as fontes de desgaste f?sico e emocional que permeiam ?s condi??es de trabalho do setor de transporte coletivo urbano da cidade de Natal. Embora exista na literatura internacional pesquisa sobre burnout, na categoria profissional de transporte, n?o ? tradi??o, no Brasil, estudos direcionados para essa categoria. A pesquisa foi realizada com 412 motoristas e cobradores de duas empresas de tranporte de Natal. Para realiza??o da coleta de dados foram utilizados dois question?rios e uma entrevista semi-estruturada. O primeiro instrumento, constru?do e validado durante a pesquisa, investigou as fontes de desgaste e o segundo a s?ndrome de burnout. Como principais resultados, foram identificadas duas fontes de desgaste emp?ricas a saber: (1) o Conflito de Valores e a Falta de Justi?a no Trabalho, (2) Uni?o e Recompensa. Al?m disso, observou-se que h? incid?ncia da s?ndrome de burnout entre os motoristas e cobradores de transporte urbano via ?nibus, tanto quanto nas ocupa??es de cuidado estudadas anteriormente em Natal e no Brasil e ainda que essa incid?ncia est? relacionada ?s fontes de desgaste que permeiam as condi??es de trabalho desses profissionais

Several aspects make today’s transport system non-sustainable: • Production, transport and combustion of fossil fuels lead to global and local environmental problems. • Oil dependency in the transport sector may lead to economical and political instability. • Air pollution, noise, congestion and land-use may jeopardise public health and quality of life, especially in urban areas. In a sustainable urban transport system most trips are made with public transport because high convenience and comfort makes travelling with public transport attractive. In terms of emissions, including noise, the vehicles are environmentally sustainable, locally as well as globally. Vehicles are energy-efficient and the primary energy stems from renewable sources. Costs are reasonable for all involved, from passengers, bus operators and transport authorities to vehicle manufacturers. The system is thus commercially viable on its own merits. This thesis presents the results from three projects involving different concept buses, all with different powertrains. The first two projects included technical evaluations, including tests, of two different fuel cell buses. The third project focussed on development of a series hybrid-bus with internal combustion engine intended for production around 2010. The research on the fuel cell buses included evaluations of the energy efficiency improvement potential using energy mapping and vehicle simulations. Attitudes to hydrogen fuel cell buses among passengers, bus drivers and bus operators were investigated. Safety aspects of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel were analysed and the use of hydrogen compared to electrical energy storage were also investigated. One main conclusion is that a city bus should be considered as one energy system, because auxiliaries contribute largely to the energy use. Focussing only on the powertrain is not sufficient. The importance of mitigating losses far down an energy conversion chain is emphasised. The Scania hybrid fuel cell bus showed the long-term potential of fuel cells, advanced auxiliaries and hybrid-electric powertrains, but technologies applied in that bus are not yet viable in terms of cost or robustness over the service life of a bus. Results from the EU-project CUTE show that hydrogen fuelled fuel cell buses are viable for real-life operation. Successful operation and public acceptance show that focus on robustness and cost in vehicle design were key success factors, despite the resulting poor fuel economy. Hybrid-electric powertrains are feasible in stop-and-go city operation. Fuel consumption can be reduced, comfort improved, noise lowered and the main power source downsized and operated less dynamically. The potential for design improvements due to flexible component packaging is implemented in the Scania hybrid concept bus. This bus and the framework for its hybrid management system are discussed in this thesis. The development of buses for a more sustainable urban transport should be made in small steps to secure technical and economical realism, which both are needed to guarantee commercialisation and volume of production. This is needed for alternative products to have a significant influence. Hybrid buses with internal combustion engines running on renewable fuel is tomorrow’s technology, which paves the way for plug-in hybrid, battery electric and fuel cell hybrid vehicles the day after tomorrow.
QC 20100722

La nécessité de recomposer une approche de la mobilité en mobilité durable apparait plus intensément en ce début de XXIème siècle dans un contexte économique et social tendu parallèlement à des injonctions internationales de diminution des pollutions, notamment automobiles, et ce pour faire face aux changements climatiques. En interrogeant les fondements et les perspectives du paradigme de la mobilité durable, il est proposé de définir les contours de futures stratégies de sa mise en œuvre. A ce titre, l’espace périurbain est retenu car il présente des enjeux particuliers : structure territoriale complexe, faiblesse des offres de transports publics, demande multi polarisée et déplacements monomodaux et autosolistes. Cet espace constitue un laboratoire d’analyses paradoxales car cette situation peu favorable en termes d’organisation du système de mobilité durable peut être transformée en opportunité par des expérimentations tant techniques qu’organisationnelles et encourager d’autres façons de se déplacer. La mise en œuvre de cette perspective induit un changement menant les systèmes traditionnels de gestion des déplacements à une coopération transversale des acteurs de la mobilité et de l’aménagement du territoire. La recomposition de l’approche technique, la réorganisation des instances décisionnelles, l’expérimentation et l’innovation portent donc l’espoir d’une mobilité plus durable en particulier dans les espaces sous dépendance urbaine comme nous le montrons avec celui de l’aire métropolisée montpelliéraine (Hérault-France)
The need to recompose an approach to sustainable mobility appears more intensely at the beginning of the 21st century in a tense economic and social context in parallel with international injunctions to reduce pollution, especially automobiles, and to cope with climate change. By questioning the foundations and perspectives of the paradigm of sustainable mobility, it is proposed to define the contours of future strategies for its implementation. As such, the peri-urban area is retained because it presents particular challenges: complex territorial structure, low public transport offerings, multi-polarized demand and monomodal and auto-solitary displacements. This space is a laboratory of paradoxical analyzes because this unfavorable situation in terms of the organization of the sustainable mobility system can be turned into an opportunity through both technical and organizational experiments and encourage other ways of moving. The implementation of this perspective induces a shift from traditional systems of travel management to cross-sectoral cooperation of actors. The recomposition of the technical approach, the reorganization of the decision-making bodies, the experimentation and the innovation thus carry the hope of a more durable mobility especially in the spaces under urban dependence as we show it with that of the area metropolitan Montpellier (Hérault-France)

Lorsque surviennent des risques naturels, les dommages aux systèmes urbains représentent habituellement des conséquences économiques et sociales importantes. Parmi eux, les systèmes de transport guidé restent aujourd'hui particulièrement vulnérables notamment face au risque inondation. Par ailleurs, le concept de résilience connait d’importants développements dans le domaine de la gestion des risques naturels. La résilience peut se définir comme la capacité d’un système à absorber une perturbation et à récupérer ses fonctions à la suite de celle-ci.L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier la vulnérabilité et la résilience des systèmes de transport guidé face au risque inondation à partir d’une analyse des mécanismes de défaillance. Ces systèmes sont assimilables à des systèmes hautement compliqués avec de multiples interdépendances entre les éléments. Etudier ces interdépendances, dans le cas d’une inondation, permet une approche comparative des trois configurations traditionnelles d’implantation d’un système de transport guidé~: en souterrain, en surface et en aérien.Cette démarche qualitative est combinée à une modélisation probabiliste, basée sur l’utilisation des réseaux bayésiens, du système soumis à un risque inondation. La thèse présente la démarche construite qui rend possible~: l’élaboration d’une approche globale c’est-à-dire de l’occurrence de l’aléa avec ses caractéristiques données d’intensité~; l’identification des dommages matériels directs~; l’identification des dommages matériels indirects c’est-à-dire ceux occasionnés par des effets domino~; la déduction des conséquences fonctionnelles c’est-à-dire les modes de fonctionnement dégradé du système relatif à son exploitation
The vulnerability of guided transport systems facing natural hazards is a burning issue for the urban risks management. Experience feedbacks on guided transport systems show they are particularly vulnerable to natural risks, especially flood risks. Besides, the resilience concept is used as a systemic approach for making an accurate analysis of the effect of these natural risks on rail guided transport systems.The purpose of this thesis is to provide an analysis of guided transport systems’ resilience in the face of flood risks through a study of the failure mechanisms to which the components of these systems are subjected. Indeed, the urban critical infrastructures such as guided transport systems are complex systems in which the components are strongly interdependent. This interdependency may imply many failures caused by cascade effect within the system.Moreover, the qualitative methodology is linked to a probabilistic framework. Indeed, from the probability of a natural hazard occurring with a given intensity through components failures due to cascade effect, the objective is to assess the probability of degraded modes of operation. This probabilistic framework allows to shift from a qualitative approach based on dependability methods to a quantitative approach based on Bayesian networks

O presente estudo agrega os dados geoespaciais livres, cedidos pela prefeitura de São Paulo, IBGE, CNAE, RAIS, entre outros e particulares, cedidos pela empresa Maplink, com os recursos dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - SIG, para planejamento de Transportes. A megacidade de São Paulo com mais de dez milhões de habitantes tem milhares de estabelecimentos comerciais para atender a demanda dessa população, que precisa ser abastecidos. Os veículos de carga que abastecem, além de afetarem o trânsito e mobilidade urbana, emitem poluentes. O objetivo é hierarquizar as áreas da megacidade de São Paulo (Brasil) com características potenciais para alta concentração de poluentes decorrentes da circulação dos veículos de carga para abastecer os estabelecimentos comerciais. A metodologia correlaciona espacialmente os dois conjuntos de dados (localização de estabelecimentos comerciais e a circulação de veículos de transporte de cargas) utilizando ferramentas de análises espaciais, baseada em Kernel Density Estimator - KDE, a análise de multicritério, como a Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP para avaliar como estes duas variáveis estão relacionadas, e também a lógica Fuzzy para calcular esses dados. Os resultados obtidos demonstra que as avenidas e rodovias do município de São Paulo possuem alta concentração de poluentes, sendo utilizadas como rotas para os veículos de carga que tanto fazem do município sua origem e/ou destino, as regiões que possuem alta concentração de poluentes atmosféricos são: Cerqueira César, Parque Dom Pedro II e Ibirapuera, com destaque também na Marginal Tietê e Marginal Pinheiros, além da zona leste (Itaquera e Itaim Paulista).
This study adds free geospatial data, granted by the city of São Paulo, IBGE, CNAE, RAIS, among others and individuals assigned by Maplink company with the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems - GIS for Transportation planning. The megacity of São Paulo with more than ten million inhabitants has thousands of shops to meet the needs of this population, which must be supplied. The cargo vehicles that supply, as well as affect the traffic and urban mobility, emit pollutants. The goal is to prioritize areas of the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil) with potential characteristics for high concentration of pollutants resulting from the movement of cargo vehicles to supply shops. The methodology spatially correlate the two sets of data (location of commercial establishments and the movement of cargo transport vehicles) using tools of spatial analysis based on Kernel Density Estimator - KDE, the multi-criteria analysis, as the Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP to evaluate how these two variables are related, and also fuzzy logic to calculate this data. The results show that the avenues and highways of São Paulo have a high concentration of pollutants, being used as routes for freight vehicles that both make the city their origin and / or destination, the regions with high concentration of air pollutants they are: Cerqueira Cesar, Parque Dom Pedro II and Ibirapuera, highlighting also the Marginal Tiete and Pinheiros, besides the east side (Itaquera and Itaim Paulista).

The thesis has as a general aim to analyse if and to what extent automated urban transport systems (AUTS) can provide more sustainable mobility in urban areas. AUTS is defined as a transport system with the following properties. AUTS consist of a fleet of road vehicles with fully automated driving capabilities for passenger transport on a network of roads with on-demand and door-to-door capability. The vehicle fleet is under control of a central management system in order to meet a particular demand in a particular environment. Key Findings are that various related systems and technologies which provide one or more of the functionalities of AUTS have proven to be feasible and to provide some of the benefits anticipated for AUTS. A number of early AUTS applications have already been used or tested since 1997; these systems have proven to be safe and reliable, but various perceived risks so far delayed a wider implementation. Users and stakeholders were able to envisage the potential of AUTS to improve urban mobility, but some concerns remained at this stage over technology being mature enough for systems in mixed traffic. After having used the system, public acceptance increased, as due to the innovative characteristics of AUTS, users who had no direct experience with the system before, developed a different attitude. AUTS vehicle performance parameters including acceleration, deceleration, and jerk are below benchmark values for comparable systems in terms of comfort and safety levels for passengers. AUTS as part of the multi-modal public transport system and with accompanying measures can improve .network efficiency and reduce travel times. The research has shown that there is large potential for AUTS to provide more sustainable mobility in urban areas. But a number of implementation barriers have been identified, which so far have hindered a more widespread and large-scale implementation of AUTS. Future work in this field therefore has to address these issues and to develop means to overcome these barriers in order to realise the potentials of AUTS. Furthermore sensor technologies and robotics algorithms have to be further improved, and new vehicle, infrastructure and operational concepts have to be developed for larger and more advanced systems.

The idea for this project initially came from an article i read about a small company in Stockholm, called “The cycling plumber” In the article, the founder of the company who explained that he was tired of looking for parking and sitting in traffic in his work-van around the tight and congest- ed streets of Stockholm. This sparked an interest from me, what options does the urban-operating handyman have in terms of transportation? Using the design process and thorough user studies, this project explores a new type of commercial vehicle segement, intended for carpenters operating in the dense city traffic of the future. The final product proposed, is called VW Artisan. It’s a versatile commercial vehicle utilizing a detachable toolbox system to improve the efficiency and comfort of the user during their daily work.
Idén till detta projekt kom ursprungligen från en artikel som handlade om ett nytt företag i Stockholm, kallat “Cyklande rörmokaren”. I artikeln förklarade grundaren till företaget att han hade tröttnat på att sitta i köer och leta efter parkering runt Stockholms tätt trafikerade gator. Detta väckte ett intresse för mig. Vilka transportalternativ har en hantverkare som huvudsakligen arbetar i större städer? Med hjälp av designprocessen och utförliga användarstudier utforskar detta projektet en ny typ av kommersiellt fordonssegment, avsett för hantverkare i framtidens tätt befolkade städer. Slutresultatet som föreslås i detta projekt kallas för VW Artisan. Ett mångsidigt arbetsfordon med en avtagbar verktygsvagn för att effektivisera och öka komforten i användarens dagliga arbete.

Examensarbetet är bland annat ett förslag med hållbara riktlinjer för hur planering av en pendlarnod kan gå till samt identifikation av generella servicefunktioner som bör finnas hos en pendlarnod. Arbetet grundas i den ökande användningen av bilen gentemot val av hållbara färdmedel i form av gång-, cykel- och kollektivtrafik. En viktig aspekt i planeringen av pendlarnoder är stadskärnornas attraktivitet samt sammankopplingen mellan landsbygd och tätort. Om bilens framkomlighet begränsas kan hållbart resande gynnas och på så sätt sammankoppla Sveriges vägnät med bättre förbindelser. Förslaget är till för att underlätta för framtida stads- och trafikplanering i Sveriges tätorter. Studien grundas på vad andra städer har gjort för att öka det hållbara resandet. Resultaten visar att genom att placera pendlarnoder i utkanten av Växjö minskas bilanvändningen i centrum och främjar istället människans hälsa och välbefinnande. Pendlarnoderna är även en förutsättning för att alla människor ska ha möjlighet att kunna ta sig till fritidsaktiviteter, arbete och studier oavsett vart de bor. Samtidigt frigörs stora ytor i centrum som kan utformas till gröna områden som uppmuntrar till en mer levande stad och fysisk aktivitet för människorna som bor i den. En pendlarnods attraktion ökar i takt med vad den kan erbjuda. Genom att erbjuda ett utbud av funktioner, tjänster och upplevelser under samma tak kan attraktionen av det hållbara resandet öka i Sveriges tätorter.
This work including a proposal with sustainable guidelines on how to plan a commuter node, as well as identification of general service functions that should be available. The work is based on the increasing use of cars against choice of sustainable transport in the form of pedestrian, bicycle and public transport. An important part of the planning of the commuter hubs is the attractiveness of the city center as well as the interconnection between countryside and urban areas. If the cars accessibility is limited, sustainable travel can benefit and thus better link Sweden’s road network with better connections. This proposal will make urban and traffic planning easier. The study is based on what other cities have done in the past to encourage sustainable travel, use of proven analytical methods and interviews with expert and potential users. The result shows that by placing commuter nodes on the edge of Växjö, car use is reduced in the center and instead promotes human health and well-being. The commuter nodes are also a prerequisite for all people to have the opportunity to access leisure activities, work and studies wherever they live. At the same time, large areas in the center are released, which can be designed into green areas that encourage a more vibrant city and physical activity for people living in it. A commuter node's attraction increases as it can offer. Being able to offer a range of functions, services and experiences is a connection between public transport and land value.

De nos jours, les informations liées au déplacement et à la mobilité dans un réseau de transport représentent sans aucun doute un potentiel important.Ces travaux visent à mettre en œuvre un Système d’Information de Service d’Aide à la Mobilité Urbaine (SISAMU).Le SISAMU doit pouvoir procéder par des processus de décomposition des requêtes simultanées en un ensemble de tâches indépendantes. Chaque tâche correspond à un service qui peut être proposé par plusieurs fournisseurs d’information en concurrence, avec différents coûts, temps de réponse et formats. Le SISAMU est lié à un Réseau informatique Etendu et distribué de Transport Multimodal (RETM) qui comporte plusieurs sources d’information hétérogènes des différents services proposés aux utilisateurs de transport. L’aspect dynamique, distribué et ouvert du problème, nous a conduits à adopter une modélisation multi-agent pour assurer au système une évolution continue et une flexibilité pragmatique. Pour ce faire, nous avons proposé d’automatiser la modélisation des services en utilisant la notion d’ontologie. Notre SISAMU prend en considération les éventuelles perturbations sur le RETM.Ansi, nous avons créé un protocole de négociation entre les agents. Le protocole de négociation proposé qui utilise l’ontologie de la cartographie se base sur un système de gestion des connaissances pour soutenir l'hétérogénéité sémantique. Nous avons détaillé l’Algorithme de Reconstruction Dynamique des Chemins des Agents (ARDyCA) qui est basé sur l’approche de l’ontologie cartographique. Finalement, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse justifient l’utilisation de l’ontologie flexible et son rôle dans le processus de négociation
Nowadays, information related on displacement and mobility in a transport network represents certainly a significant potential. So, this work aims to modeling, to optimize and to implement an Information System of Services to Aid the Urban Mobility (ISSAUM).The ISSAUM has firstly to decompose each set of simultaneous requests into a set of sub-requests called tasks. Each task corresponds to a service which can be proposed different by several information providers with different. An information provider which aims to propose some services through our ISSAUM has to register its ontology. Indeed, ISSAUM is related to an Extended and distributed Transport Multimodal Network (ETMN) which contains several heterogeneous data sources. The dynamic and distributed aspects of the problem incite us to adopt a multi-agent approach to ensure a continual evolution and a pragmatic flexibility of the system. So, we proposed to automate the modeling of services by using ontology idea. Our ISSAUM takes into account possible disturbance through the ETMN. In order to satisfy user requests, we developed a negotiation protocol between our system agents. The proposed ontology mapping negotiation model based on the knowledge management system for supporting the semantic heterogeneity and it organized as follow: Negotiation Layer (NL), the Semantic Layer (SEL), and the Knowledge Management Systems Layer(KMSL).We detailed also the reassignment process by using Dynamic Reassigned Tasks (DRT) algorithm supporting by ontology mapping approach. Finally, the experimental results presented in this thesis, justify the using of the ontology solution in our system and its role in the negotiation process

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 285-294).
Transfers are endemic in public transport systems. Empirical evidence shows that a large portion of public transport journeys involve at least one change of vehicles, and that the transfer experience significantly affects the travelers' satisfaction with the public transport service, and whether they view public transport as an effective option. Despite their importance, however, transfers have long been overlooked by decision-makers, transportation planners, and analysts. Transfer-related research, practice, and investments are rare compared with many other aspects of transportation planning, probably because (1) the underlying transfer behavior is too complex; (2) the analysis methods are too primitive; and (3) the applications are not straightforward. This dissertation focuses on these issues and contributes to current literature in three aspects: methodology development, behavior exploration, and applications in practice. In this research, I adopt a path-choice approach based on travelers' revealed preference to measure the disutility associated with transfer, or the so-called transfer penalty. I am able to quantify transfer experience in a variety of situations in great spatial detail, and reduce the external "noises" that might contaminate the model estimation. I then apply the method to two public transport networks: a relative small and simple rail network (subway and commuter rail) in Boston and a large and complex network (Underground) in London. Both networks offer a large variability of transfer environment and transfer activities. Estimation results show high system-wide transfer penalties in both studies, indicating that transfer experience can have a very negative impact on the performance and competitiveness of public transport. They also suggest that the system-average value has limited applications in planning and operation because the transfer penalty varies greatly across station and movement. Such variation is largely caused by different transfer environments, not by different personal characteristics, attitudes, preferences, or perceptions, at least in the two investigated networks.
The two applications to the London Underground network illustrate that the lack of careful consideration of transfer effect can lead to inaccurate passenger flow estimation as well as less credible project evaluation and investment justification. The results further confirm the potential, as well as the importance, of transfer planning in major multimodal public transport networks.
by Zhan Guo.
Ph.D.

Os objetivos deste trabalho são dois: avaliar a percepção da sociedade e dos especialistas em transporte sobre os benefícios alcançados com a implantação de sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos e verificar se a percepção dos especialistas é alinhada com a percepção da sociedade. O trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica para identificação dos benefícios do transporte público sobre trilhos. Após definidos os benefícios foi aplicada uma pesquisa, de caráter exploratório, utilizando a escala de Likert, à sociedade, mais especificamente a alunos de graduação de cursos universitários na região metropolitana de São Paulo num total de 433 respondentes, distribuídos em 7 locais distintos. Em seguida foi realizada uma pesquisa junto a especialistas em transporte, com utilização de uma planilha para avaliação dos benefícios com base no Método de Análise Hierárquica - MAH. Na pesquisa com especialistas obteve-se 34 planilhas distribuídas em 4 grupos distintos. Os resultados mostram que a sociedade e os especialistas possuem uma percepção bastante positiva dos benefícios gerados pela implantação de sistemas de transporte público urbano sobre trilhos, havendo, no entanto, diferenças sensíveis nas avaliações, que refletem na ordem de importância dos benefícios.
The objectives of this work are, over all, two: evaluate the society´s and transportation specialists the perception on the benefits, reached with the implantation of urban public transport on tracks systems and to verify if the perception of the specialists is aligned up with the perception of the society. The work was developed from a bibliographical research that had the goal to identify the benefits of the public transport on tracks. After defined the benefits the research was applied to the society using the Likert´s scale, in exploratory way, more specifically the graduation´s pupils of university courses in the metropolitan region of São Paulo in a total of 433 respondents, distributed in seven distinct places. After that was carried through a research next to transportation´s specialists, with the resource of a spread sheet for evaluation of the benefits on the basis of the Analytic Hierarchical Process - AHP. About the research with specialists, one got 34 spread sheets distributed in four distinct groups. The results show that the society and the specialists possess a sufficiently positive perception about the benefits generated for the implantation of urban public transport on tracks systems, having, however, sensible differences in the evaluations, that they reflect in the order of the benefits importance.

Nesta dissertação são analisados os impactos da implantação de medidas de gerenciamento da mobilidade (GM) em uma área urbana localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre com vários pólos atratores de viagens. O GM – abordagem européia do gerenciamento da demanda de viagens – busca uma mobilidade urbana mais sustentável, tentando influir no comportamento de viagem das pessoas. São discutidos seu conceito, suas ferramentas, medidas e serviços de transporte, incluindo exemplos de implantação no mundo. Foram escolhidas duas medidas de GM, dentro de um pacote de medidas a serem implantadas pelo projeto Moviman na área de estudo, localizada na zona leste de Porto Alegre, onde atualmente há uma universidade (PUCRS), hospitais, um shopping center, hipermercados, entre outros estabelecimentos. A primeira medida analisada foi a carona programada, uso compartilhado de um automóvel com divisão de custos. Foi feita uma pesquisa com alunos da PUCRS para verificar sua receptividade em relação a esta medida. A partir dos resultados desta pesquisa, foi avaliado o possível impacto da implantação desta medida no tráfego da área de estudo. Também foi feita pesquisa com trabalhadores de uma empresa local para comparar a receptividade a esta medida por usuários diferentes. A segunda medida foi a implantação de um Sistema de Informação ao Usuário (SIU) de transporte coletivo em duas paradas de ônibus, através da realização de pesquisas de importância e satisfação, para priorizar as informações e de uma pesquisa final de satisfação e análise de intenção de mudança modal causada pelo SIU. Os resultados demonstram que a carona programada é uma medida com boa receptividade entre os grupos-alvo pesquisados, que causa uma melhora das condições de tráfego locais. E um novo SIU nas paradas de ônibus é uma medida de qualificação do transporte coletivo com um bom potencial de atração de novos usuários e de fidelização dos atuais. Portanto, comprovouse o impacto positivo da implantação destas medidas de GM em uma cidade brasileira, pois ambas atenderam aos objetivos de uma mobilidade urbana sustentável sem a limitação da mobilidade das pessoas.
This dissertation presents the evaluation of the impacts produced by mobility management (MM) measures introduced in an urban area, with many trip production centers, located in Porto Alegre city, southern Brazil. The MM, European approach of travel demand management, aims a more sustainable urban mobility, trying to influence in the travel behavior of people. Their concepts, tools, measures and transport services are discussed, including other implantation examples worldwide. Two MM measures were chosen within a package of measures that would be implemented by the Moviman project in the studied area. The selected area, situated in the east zone of Porto Alegre, holds a university (PUCRS), hospitals, a shopping center, among others commercial establishments. The first analyzed measure was carpooling, shared use of an automobile with division of costs, using the application of a survey with university students, from PUCRS, to verify their receptivity in relation to this alternative transportation mode. The survey results were used for the analysis of possible impacts of this measure in the traffic of the study area. A survey with workers of a local company was done to compare the receptivity with these measures in distinct users. The second measure was the installation of a public transport user information system (UIS) in two bus stops, using importance and satisfaction surveys in order to define information priorities, and a final survey of satisfaction and analysis of modal change intention caused by UIS. The results demonstrate that carpooling is a transport measure with good receptivity among the target groups, and improves the local traffic conditions. Moreover the installation of new UIS in bus stops is a measure of qualification of the public transportation with good potential for attraction of new users and consolidation of actual users. Therefore, the impacts of MM measures in a Brazilian city were positive, considering that both measures reach the goal of sustainable mobility without limiting people mobility.

Le problème étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse porte essentiellement sur l'étape de détection de défaut dans un processus de diagnostic industriel. Ces travaux sont motivés par la surveillance de deux sous-systèmes complexes d'un autobus impactant la disponibilité des véhicules et leurs coûts de maintenance : le système de freinage et celui des portes. Cette thèse décrit plusieurs outils dédiés au suivi de fonctionnement de ces deux systèmes. On choisit une approche de diagnostic par reconnaissance des formes qui s'appuie sur l'analyse de données collectées en exploitation à partir d'une nouvelle architecture télématique embarquée dans les autobus. Les méthodes proposées dans ces travaux de thèse permettent de détecter un changement structurel dans un flux de données traité séquentiellement, et intègrent des connaissances disponibles sur les systèmes surveillés. Le détecteur appliqué aux freins s'appuie sur les variables de sortie (liées au freinage) d'un modèle physique dynamique du véhicule qui est validé expérimentalement dans le cadre de nos travaux. L'étape de détection est ensuite réalisée par des cartes de contrôle multivariées à partir de données multidimensionnelles. La stratégie de détection pour l'étude du système porte traite directement les données collectées par des capteurs embarqués pendant des cycles d'ouverture et de fermeture, sans modèle physique a priori. On propose un test séquentiel à base d'hypothèses alimenté par un modèle génératif pour représenter les données fonctionnelles. Ce modèle de régression permet de segmenter des courbes multidimensionnelles en plusieurs régimes. Les paramètres de ce modèle sont estimés par un algorithme de type EM dans un mode semi-supervisé. Les résultats obtenus à partir de données réelles et simulées ont permis de mettre en évidence l'efficacité des méthodes proposées aussi bien pour l'étude des freins que celle des portes
This thesis is mainly dedicated to the fault detection step occurring in a process of industrial diagnosis. This work is motivated by the monitoring of two complex subsystems of a transit bus, which impact the availability of vehicles and their maintenance costs: the brake and the door systems. This thesis describes several tools that monitor operating actions of these systems. We choose a pattern recognition approach based on the analysis of data collected from a new IT architecture on-board the buses. The proposed methods allow to detect sequentially a structural change in a datastream, and take advantage of prior knowledge of the monitored systems. The detector applied to the brakes is based on the output variables (related to the brake system) from a physical dynamic modeling of the vehicle which is experimentally validated in this work. The detection step is then performed by multivariate control charts from multidimensional data. The detection strategy dedicated to doors deals with data collected by embedded sensors during opening and closing cycles, with no need for a physical model. We propose a sequential testing approach using a generative model to describe the functional data. This regression model allows to segment multidimensional curves in several regimes. The model parameters are estimated via a specific EM algorithm in a semi-supervised mode. The results obtained from simulated and real data allow to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed methods on both the study of brakes and doors

Atualmente as dificuldades enfrentadas no deslocamento urbano são consideradas um dos maiores problemas, especialmente nas grandes cidades. O planejamento adequado do sistema de transporte urbano é fundamental para minimizar o tempo e os custos de deslocamento, melhorando a qualidade de vida da população e o próprio funcionamento do ambiente urbano. Esta dissertação parte da premissa de que os sistemas de simulação podem ser usados para estudar diferentes alternativas para melhorar o sistema de transportes, servindo de base para a tomada de decisão de forma a otimizar o deslocamento urbano. Assim, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional para simulação do sistema de transporte urbano. O modelo proposto combina características dos modelos mesoscópicos e microscópicos, incluindo o comportamento dos usuários no planejamento da rota. Um framework para o desenvolvimento de aplicações de simulação é descrito e testado com uma implementação usando como cenário o Metropolitano de São Paulo (Metrô), considerando-se dados da pesquisa Origem-Destino para teste e validação do modelo aqui proposto.
Nowadays, the difficulties faced in urban displacement are considered a major problem, especially in big cities. Proper urban transport system planning is essential to minimize travel time and costs, improving quality of life and improving the urban environment. This master thesis starts from the premise that simulation systems can be used to study different alternatives to improve the transport system, so that decision making can be better justified and can optimize the urban displacement. Therefore, this work presents the development of a computational model for urban transportation system simulation. The model proposed targets mesoscopic and microscopic models, including user behaviors of route planning. A framework for development of simulation applications is described, with an implementation using as scenario the Metropolitano of São Paulo (Metrô) for model testing, considering data from Origem-Destino survey for testing and validation of the model here proposed.

The dissertation deals with main problems of the justification of urban transport systems infrastructure development solving methodological issues of preparation, selection and implementation of projects. These issues are relevant for the implementation of sustainable urban development strategy of Lithuania as a member state of the European Union. The main aim of the Research is to develop a theoretical model for the justification of urban transport systems infrastructure development by adapting the model for the identification of priorities and practical execution of construction or reconstruction projects. The following tasks have been set for implementation of the objective of the Research: to analyse the objects of the current urban transport infrastructure and their role in sustainable urban development, to define the trends for their development; to analyse the principles for justification of transport infrastructure development projects; to carry out the analysis of the assessment methods applied during the processes of justification; to develop a theoretical project justification model by defining social – economic and other characteristic assessment criteria and aspects; to test theoretical performance of the developed model through the assessment of the selected and implemented urban transport infrastructure development projects in Lithuania. The dissertation consists of Introduction, 4 chapters, Conclusions, References and 6 Annexes. The Introduction reveals the... [to full text]
Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros pagrindimo problemos, sprendžiant plėtros projektų rengimo, atrankos bei įgyvendinimo metodologinius klausimus, kurie ypač aktualūs Lietuvos, kaip Europos Sąjungos narės, darnios miestų plėtros strategijai įgyvendinti. Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas – sukurti teorinį miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros projektų pagrindimo modelį, pritaikant jį prioritetų nustatymui ir praktiniam susisiekimo sistemų infrastuktūros statybos ir rekonstravimo projektų vykdymui. Darbe sprendžiami keli pagrindiniai uždaviniai: išanalizuoti šiuolaikinių miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros objektus, nustatyti susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros tendencijas, įvertinant egzistuojančias miestų susisiekimo problemas; atlikti naudojamų susisiekimo infrastruktūros plėtros projektų pagrindimo principų, naudojamų vertinimo metodų analizę; suformuoti plėtros projektų pagrindimo principus miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūrai; sudaryti teorinį projektų pagrindimo modelį, nustatant būdingus vertinimo kriterijus ir aspektus; patikrinti sudaryto modelio praktinį veiksmingumą, atliekant pasirinktų įgyvendintų ir įgyvendinamų Lietuvos miestų susisiekimo sistemų infrastruktūros plėtros projektų vertinimą. Disertaciją sudaro įvadas, keturi skyriai, rezultatų apibendrinimas, naudotos literatūros ir autoriaus publikacijų disertacijos tema sąrašai ir 6 priedai. Įvadiniame skyriuje aptariama tiriamoji problema... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]