Дисертації: "Urban environmental governance"

1

Doherty, Killian Bryan. "Participatory democracy and urban environmental governance." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/642698649/viewonline.

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2

Amengual, Matthew. "Flexibility with accountability : an experiment in environmental governance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33015.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-177).
Command and control environmental regulation has been under attack from all sides for some time. In Wisconsin, the Department of Natural Resources is experimenting with an alternative form of environmental governance. This new program uses cooperative agreements to provide flexibility to firms in exchange for "superior environmental performance." The program attempts to change norms of adversarial and rule driven regulation, to norms of cooperative and flexible regulation. To maintain democratic accountability, firms that take part in the program are required to create a group of interested community participants. This thesis explores regulatory relationships within this program and under command and control through three case studies. These case studies reveal that flexibility can provide opportunity for greater environmental performance and that bottom up participation can provide a measure of democratic accountability. However, this democratic accountability was compromised by lack of access to expertise among participants, lack of clarity in roles, and difficulty handling conflict. The difficulties faced in this program highlight the need for the state to take a proactive role even when moving away from command and control. Nevertheless, these cases show potential for a shift towards cooperation in regulation through opening spaces for firms, regulators, and communities, to engage in deliberation.
by Matthew Amengual.
M.C.P.

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3

Nielsen, Erik Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Networked governance : China's changing approach to transboundary environmental management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42257.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, leaves 290-301).
Not long ago, China's environmental problems would have barely mattered beyond its borders. Now, while Chinese policy-makers have begun to tackle a wide range of domestic environmental challenges, the transboundary impact of China's domestic environmental difficulties deserves greater attention. Although China has historically neglected the transboundary impacts of its environmental problems, state actors are increasingly focusing on transboundary environmental relations. Based upon extensive field research in the Mekong Region, I have identified a number of situations in which China has sought to engage in transboundary environmental management. However, at the same time, in the same region, I have identified other situations where it has not been willing to take its transboundary environmental management responsibilities seriously. This dissertation seeks to explain this pattern of behavior. In particular, my assumption is that under certain circumstances, non-state actors, including civil society organizations and multilaterals, operating both inside China and in the world-at-large, through a process I call networked governance, are able to influence China's willingness to take its transboundary environmental responsibilities seriously. This research suggests it is increasingly important for these external non-state actors to better understand the mechanisms they can utilize to engage China's decision-makers in collaboratively managing transboundary natural resources. The Chinese central government is slowly relinquishing its role of supreme decision-maker. The Mekong Region is a complex web of inter-organizational networks that reach out, formally and informally, to China's environmental policy and decision-makers, at both the provincial and national levels.
(cont.) Based on an analysis of four detailed case studies, I conclude that these networks exert 'extra-bureaucratic' influence over China's policy and decision-making, generating a specific form of environmental governance in the region. China appears to be slowly shifting its approach to the management of transboundary natural resources.
by Erik Nielsen.
Ph.D.

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4

ISOLA, FEDERICA. "Strategic environmental assessment approach: governance and planning." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266191.

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The dissertation is framed within the topics of regional governance and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Compared to its relationship with governance the SEA may be defined as a set of rules, principles, techniques and tools with the function of supporting the decision making process. The evaluation process is strategically relevant when applying the principles of environmental sustainability to regional and urban planning. SEA is a fundamental instrument for the environmental integration during the elaboration and adoption of plans; SEA offers an opportunity to bring about a real change of attitude and culture at strategic levels into strategic decision-making process; SEA, according to the Directive 2001/42/EC, provides the most adequate opportunity to integrate different regional planning methods. The dissertation mechanisms of regional governance, defined as the process involving the formation and implementation of decisions. The objective of this study is to analyse the relationships between the various stakeholders and governmental institutions, with the aim of defining in what terms, with reference to regional governance, the theoretical principles of sustainable development (in terms of managing the relationship between natural resources and economic development) can be applied to the planning phases. The main aim is to build a framework for sequential activities in the planning process, of a new model of governance able to relate to different levels of government, from a political level to a local level. The Sardinian case study contains some interesting aspects of planning and evaluation processes currently under way, which could be exported and developed further. However, it does suffer from several inconsistencies which are highlighted by the Directive 2001/42/EC. The innovative aspect of the research project, respect to the current planning situation of the SEA and the planning procedures, consists in the creation of a Protocol for the integration of the two approaches related to the construction of the plan and the activation process of SEA. In particular in the construction of system to accompany and support the government in adapting the plans, and secondly to support local authorities in the definition of strategic choices. Don’t exist in Sardinia a guidance for SEA process of general plan, This Guidance is intended to be valid for all plans from regional to urban plans by defining a decisional process where the SEA is part of the plan, creating a process more inclusive of aspects of environmental and public consultation. The involvement of consulting the public and authorities with environmental responsibilities is the goal of the new model of the assessment process.

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5

Rubenstein, Emily C. (Emily Caitlin) 1976. "Casting environmental governance : the evolution of regulatory relationships in the Wisconsin foundry industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69764.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-86).
This thesis examines the evolving shape of environmental governance using an extended case study of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, drawing on their efforts to reduce pollution in the Wisconsin foundry industry. This analysis follows the development of the Department's efforts to change their practices over the past 30 years and explores a more recent "institutional innovation" called the Benzene Reduction Action Team (otherwise known as BRAT Co.) The organization is a virtual company that brings together members from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) and the Wisconsin Cast Metals Association (WCMA), a trade organization representing the foundry industry, in a partnership to help the industry comply with Wisconsin's Hazardous Air Pollutant rule and to collaboratively develop alternative compliance procedures. This thesis situates BRAT Co. in a wider context of government efforts to innovate within a regulatory environment and to redefine how an environmental agency can help to reduce pollution through a cooperative process that actively involves the regulated community.
by Emily C. Rubenstein.
M.C.P.

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6

Dolley, Jonathan. "Sustainability, resilience and governance of an urban food system : a case study of peri-urban Wuhan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/66462/.

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While it is clear that urban food systems need to be made resilient so that broader sustainability goals can be maintained over time, it has been a matter of debate as to how resilience should be conceptualised when applied to social-ecological systems. Through a case study of peri-urban Wuhan, this research develops and applies a resilience based conceptual framework for periurban food systems analysis in order to explore the potential for an enhanced understanding of resilience that can contribute to promoting sustainability in urban food systems. The evidence of this thesis suggests that the current approach to governance of Wuhan's periurban vegetable system is building an increasingly exclusionary pattern of resilience. It is a form of resilience building which is likely to undermine broader normative sustainability goals around social justice and environmental integrity and have mixed future implications for food system resilience as a whole, particularly in relation to livelihood outcomes for peri-urban farmers and food safety outcomes for urban consumers in general. The key lessons from this research are that the concept of resilience can be used to support either a narrowing down or an opening up of normative framings of system outcomes and can contribute to obscuring or revealing the multiple processes of change unfolding across the levels of system context, structures and actors. These dualities in the way that resilience thinking can contribute to normative and analytical framings need to be explicitly acknowledged if serious unintended consequences of resilience building interventions are to be avoided. Six important principles for conceptualising resilience in urban food systems are suggested: to 1) disaggregate system outcomes, 2) differentiate function and structure, 3) analyse positive and negative resilience, 4) identify external and structural shocks and stresses, 5) analyse resilience in relation to multiple and multi-scale processes of change and 6) recognise the impacts of those processes on marginalised system actors. Finally, a heuristic framework is presented for guiding the design of resilience analyses of human dominated social-ecological systems.

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7

Li, Bin. "Governance of urban redevelopment in Guangzhou, China from 1990 to 2015." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7564/.

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Urban redevelopment in Chinese cities is significant for urban growth. This study aims to investigate the dynamics of governance of urban redevelopment in Guangzhou, China from 1990 to 2015 under the Chinese authoritarian regime. The connections between such governance and the authoritarian regime are the key to understand the governance dynamics; this is the main contribution of this research. This study explores 5 research objectives to achieve research aims by qualitative methods: (1) the institutional background; (2) patterns of governance; (3) purposes of governance; (4) mechanism of governance; and (5) a Guangzhou mode of governance. The research findings of 5 research objectives are (1) institutional background can be described as a land-oriented pro-growth authoritarian regime. (2) The patterns of governance have three various phases, the Primitive Market Phase (1990–1996) as a semi-market mode of governance; the Pure Government Phase (1998–2006) as a semi-hierarchy mode; and the Multiple Players Phase (2006–2015) as a semi-network mode. (3) The purpose of governance is to pursue economic growth in various conditions. (4) The mechanisms to produce governance modes are driven by the Chinese authoritarian regime. (5) A Guangzhou mode of governance can be established based on the comparison between Guangzhou, other Chinese cities and a simplified picture of Western cities. There are three main arguments in these findings, the governance modes in Guangzhou are dramatically changeable; these changes aim to adapt changed environments to realise growth; the authoritarian regime of Guangzhou is an important reason for this adaptive capacity.

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8

Davey, Stephen. "Environmental governance of sand mining in an urban setting : Macassar Dunes, Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4842.

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Includes bibliographical references.
Sand is a resource in high demand for urban expansion and development. Sand mining operations are often located on the edges of cities. The Macassar Dunes are an important source of building sand for the City of Cape Town. The area is located within the Cape Floral Kingdom, the smallest and richest of the six floral kingdoms of the world. The Macassar Dunes area has been identified as a core flora conservation site due to its unique habitat diversity and quality. South Africa is a developing country and this case study is used to highlight the tensions that arise between the need to provide building sand for development and the need for integrated and accountable management that allows for the sustainable functioning of natural physical and ecological processes as well as enhanced social and economic benefits for people.

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9

Enqvist, Johan. "Urban environmental stewardship : Roles and reasons for civic engagements in governance of social-ecological systems." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116582.

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Stewardship as a concept is increasingly brought forward as a goal to reach sustainability goals of ensuring human wellbeing within the limits of Earth’s life support systems. Scholarship on the required capacities for planetary stewardship is growing rapidly, as are the insights. This thesis focuses on contributing with knowledge about what stewardship implies in terms of civic engagement in environmental issues, particularly in contexts where these can be particularly challenging: rapidly changing cities. Paper I describes the internal functioning of a citizen network engaged in various environmental issues in Bangalore, India. Analyzing social network structure and desired outcomes, it shows that while the loose structure inhibits efficiency, it encourages inclusiveness and builds legitimacy among members. Despite a reduced capacity to actively mobilize members, the network facilitates ecosystem monitoring and serves as an information platform to connect diverse groups across the city. Paper II describes how local engagement to restore Bangalorean lakes can influence city-level governance of water supply. Following key events in the 1960s, Bangalore has become increasingly dependent on a single source of water and seems unable to explore other supply approaches for its rapidly growing population. The study shows that the system’s trap-like dynamics can be rewired by citizen-based lake groups by incentivizing authorities to break long-standing centralization trends. By re- acknowledging the water bodies’ multifunctional role as man-made water harvesting units, groups have gathered local support and improved monitoring to protect lakes after restoration. Together, the two papers show that civic involvement in urban environmental stewardship can improve governance by complementing and acting as a watchdog over public authorities.

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10

Dahiya, Bharat. "Whither urban governance? : self-help civil society, political conflicts and environmental services in Chennai, India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620472.

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11

Mejía-Dugand, Santiago. "Environmental Technology and its Role in the Search for Urban Environmental Sustainability : The Dynamics of Adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-117947.

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The aim of this thesis is to analyze the role that environmental technology plays in the solution of environmental problems in cities, and discuss models and conditions that can facilitate the processes of selection, implementation and use of environmental technologies in and by cities. The technological component is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of modern cities. The dependence of humans on technology is in most cases a given, something that is not ignored in the sustainability debate. The development and implementation of new, “better” technologies is however hindered by the inertia that modern societies have and the influence of the dominant systems (e.g. economic systems based on growth, extraction of natural resources and environmental disturbance). So-called environmental technologies are not always able to efficiently compete against other technologies that are embedded in societies by lock-in mechanisms, e.g. learning by doing and using, scale economies, subsidies, and network externalities. Even with the “right” technologies, an exclusively techno-centered approach to sustainability can result in other problems, and it might reduce the sustainability debate and the cities’ role in it to discussions of an administrative nature. The actual role of local actors and their agency must be also considered in the models and frameworks directed at understanding sustainability transition processes. It is thus important to analyze the dynamics of technology selection, implementation, use and diffusion in cities from a stakeholders’ perspective as well. Not only is the availability of technology of interest for understanding the impact it has on the environment, but also the intensity of its use. This has resulted in increased attention from politicians and scholars on the so-called global cities (e.g. London, New York, Tokyo), which are characterized by their intense use of e.g. transport, security and surveillance, and information and communication. Paradigmatic models of sustainability can however be contested when the role of local actors, power and agency are considered in detail and not isolated from the context. Some authors recognize the need to address what they call “ordinary cities”, since focusing on the cities’ comparative level of development (be it political, economic or technological) hinders the possibility of bidirectional learning. In the end, sustainability is a “collective good,” which means that it is in everyone’s interest to coordinate efforts and learn from the best practices, regardless of where they come from. This thesis focuses on “ordinary cities,” and promises to offer conclusions that can contribute to a better understanding of how societies can learn from each other and how environmental technologies can have deeper and better results when implemented in different contexts than the ones where they were developed. Two questions related to the process of environmental-technology adaptation are addressed in this thesis: How do technology adaptation processes for the solution of urban environmental problems take place in cities? And how do cities benefit from environmental technologies? It is found that environmental technology is not only seen as a solution to environmental problems in cities, but every day more as a component of strategies to attract attention and compete for resources in national and international markets. Cities have different adaptation and learning strategies. This means that technological solutions have to be flexible and adaptive to local conditions, and allow for vernacular knowledge and past experiences to enrich their performance by facilitating their connection to existing systems. Learning between cities is important and necessary for global sustainability transitions. When it comes to environmental technology, this process is facilitated by strong proof-of-concept projects. Such projects are not only expected to be able to show their technical ability to solve a problem, but must also offer contextual connections to the problems faced by interested cities or potential implementers.

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12

Trapani, Isabella. "Putting Food onto the Urban Agenda: How the City of Cape Town can increase access to sustainable and healthy diets through urban food governance." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33655.

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Rapid population growth, rising urbanisation, globalisation and technological progress have fundamentally changed how we produce and consume food. The majority of urban diets are now dominated by low intakes of fruit and vegetables and high intakes of highly processed, energy-dense and nutritionally poor foods. In Cape Town, South Africa, the impacts of this nutritional transition manifest themselves not only with hunger and undernutrition but also with overnutrition. Due to structural barriers in cities limiting access to healthy food, the urban poor are disproportionally affected by nutrition-related diseases. In addition to the impacts on human health, modern dietary patterns and food production significantly contribute to climate change, land-use change, deforestation and biodiversity loss, all of which threaten food and nutrition security. Considering these severe impacts on planetary health, urgent action enabling access to sustainable and healthy diets becomes imperative on both global and local scales. Local governments are at the forefront of the urban food challenge and can intervene through urban food governance; however, in South Africa, the food mandate is held by the national and provincial governments. This study reveals the strategic role the City of Cape Town can play when leveraging its constitutional powers, especially through mainstreaming food considerations into all municipal policies and processes, sustainable and healthy public procurement, regulating the private sector and supporting informal trade, encouraging sustainable local small-scale production of healthy food and the establishment of food gardens, expanding the local market structure, as well as through providing nutrition education. This research finds that despite the absence of an urban food mandate, there is great momentum for food to become a priority in the City of Cape Town. Remaining institutional challenges such as the lack of understanding of food security and the food system, political will, funding, capacity, and policy coherence must be overcome to tackle the urban food challenge. Multi-stakeholder collaboration was identified as a key element of effective urban food governance and should therefore be strengthened.

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13

Fisher, Karen Toni, and Karen Fisher@anu edu au. "Meeting Urban Water Needs: Exploring Water Governance and Development in Tagbilaran City, the Philippines." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061221.100356.

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Water is subject to uncertainty of supply (quantity) and quality, which affects decisions determining allocation, use and management for human and environmental functions. Tensions concerning water and its allocation reflect conflicting ideologies influencing development. Focusing on water governance enables the allocation and management of environmental resources and tensions in development to be explored. ¶ This research has as its central argument the notion that water governance is conceptualised differently at different scales and as discourses become localised, hybrid forms emerge. Place-specific hybrid governance systems which are cognisant of transformations in the local political economy and environmental characteristics can be useful in managing risks and uncertainty about water supply. This is particularly so where local knowledge about formal institutions regulating water governance and environmental conditions is low. This is because hybrid systems are more likely to be responsive to local needs than national or supra-national discourse allows. However, there are limitations with hybrid systems, particularly in terms of allocating responsibility and risk, which require effective coordination. ¶ The aim of this research is to uncover local perspectives and knowledge about water governance and hybridity in urban environments which can be used to shape and influence urban water management. I explore the hybridisation of water governance by considering the problem of ensuring urban water supply in a developing country context. The research was undertaken as an inductive, qualitative inquiry comprising a case study in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, the Philippines. Tagbilaran is a small sized city with a population of approximately 87,000 people. The city is experiencing relatively rapid population growth along with urban development and expansion in which water demand already outstrips water supply. Ethnographic, interpretive techniques were used to distil local perspectives about water governance which are juxtaposed with official policy and discourse. Research methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with government employees, government officials and key informants from other organisations. Other methods included structured household surveys and the use of documentary sources. ¶ This research reveals how formal approaches to urban water governance systems have been shaped by international development thinking and discourse. Current strategies to manage water emphasise an integrated approach which encompasses environmental, social and economic domains. At the same time neoliberal discourse exerts a powerful influence over how urban water is conceptualised and managed, and who should be responsible for its provision. The case study allows for the exploration of the ways in which development and water governance discourse have been articulated and the consideration of the local factors which have enabled the emergence of hybrid water supply services embedded in a localised hybrid governance system. ¶ I show how water governance in Tagbilaran is hybrid because of the global-local dialectic that informs policy and practice, public-private engagement in water provision, and inter-jurisdictional water sharing. I also demonstrate how households experiences of water supply and their physical environment influence decisions about household allocation and perceptions about human-environment interactions and water security. As a consequence, knowledge about water governance held at the household level emerges as localised and specific in which everyday experience shapes ideas around responsibility and agency such that local forms of government and engagement have more meaning for households than national and supra-national discourse. The juxtaposition of formal, bureaucratic governance institutions with household knowledge exposes multiple understandings of water governance and water supply in Tagbilaran. ¶ The findings of this research reveal that household conceptions of water governance are divorced from formal conceptions of water governance. There is a risk, therefore, that an over-emphasis on network expansion without due consideration of water resource management may lead to greater levels of consumption. This will continue to place pressure on resources and may ultimately lead to water insecurity. This is because local knowledge of the formal political, economic, and administrative institutions is limited at the household level. Therefore, this research argues that local perspectives and knowledge need to be incorporated more into management and policy decision making. Alternatively, greater effort needs to be made to communicate formal policy to the household level.

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14

Tomas, Cusicanqui. "Assessing the adaptive capacity of Sweden's environmental governance." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128279.

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Different challenges arising from increasingly uncertain and unpredictable environmental and economicconditions have been shifting the focus of public governance and socio-economic development. Morerecently, empirical studies have demonstrated a transitional epoch in which humanity is currently in: TheAnthropocene, as well as its harmful effects that degrade the biosphere, and thus our economic, political,social well-being. The casual dynamics of climate change and its impacts on life-supporting ecosystemshas increasingly been recognized by a resilient approach which incorporates adaptive processes andschemes, allowing public governance to embrace the changes rather than control uncertainty. Thisresearch introduces the interwoven concepts of adaptive capacity, adaptive governance, and resiliencewithin a social and environmental framework. It provides a review of how these concepts support aparadigm shift to mitigating current and future challenges—understood through a multidisciplinaryapproach, and how scholars have sought to develop a blueprint to improve the need to foster and mobilizeadaptive capacity within the governance of the commons. In Sweden, key governmental and businessleaders have shown the ability to foster environmental governance that is capable of developing analternative form of planning, implementing, and managing public policy. Moreover, Sweden’s concertedmultilevel governance and public policy efforts have promoted an all-encompassing generational, mainlythrough: coordinated environmental policies and private, public, and civil society partnerships. Theseinitiatives have led to innovative technologies and projects (e.g. urban vertical farming technology) as wellas cross collaboration and integration of companies and industries in order to achieve economic, social,and environmentally symbiosis.

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15

PIRA, CHETI. "Valutazione ambientale strategica e governance territoriale: metodologie e procedure." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266192.

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The concepts of governance and sustainable development on which the thesis is based, are present in the literature with various meanings and are often misused in everyday language, so as to be regarded by many as words full of rhetoric, ambiguous, devoid of any real content, used to express everything and nothing. The likely cause of this misuse is that they are concepts related to complex systems and processes, in terms of problems and implications, with a variety of people involved in different ways and whose number has increased over time. While the concept of sustainability in the administration of the territory goes beyond the protection of the environment by including economic and social development as well as the environmental dimension, the analysis of the territorial governance processes requires the reconstruction of behaviour of the multiple participants, called stakehorders, which act in these processes. An important governance tool, useful in guiding the plan of action to the paradigm of sustainable development, is the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Compared to its relationship with governance, the SEA could be defined as a set of rules, principles, techniques and tools with the function of continually supporting the decision making process in order to generate consensus on actions to be taken and, above all, to ensure that such consent will last over time and become a network of stable relationships that can ensure continuity and consistency in the planning process. Governance, evaluation and planning are “inseparable concepts”, recalling Abdul Khakee’s article, written in 1998. Using these considerations as a starting point, the aim of the thesis is to highlight, in terms of issues, the question of relationship between governance, planning and evaluation . At different levels of government (regional, provincial and local), through the analysis of case studies, the thesis identifies, in an original way, for territorial governance problems and possible solutions. It define, in particular, procedural requirements for a SEA fully integrated in urban and territorial planning process with the creation of a procedural Protocol.

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16

Gallagher, Andrew. "Cultivating Social Capital in Thessaloniki : Contesting neoliberal governance on Urban Agricultural Gardens." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353380.

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The economic crisis of 2008 and subsequent implementation of austerity policies in Greece has had profound negative socio-economic impacts on Greek citizens. One way people seek to improve their socio-economic conditions is through participation in community organisations that have been studied for their ability to provide access to resources and representation. Through the application of a conceptual framework that connects the concepts of Social Capital and empowerment, this thesis investigates in what ways participation in Urban Agricultural Gardens (UAGs) in Thessaloniki benefits citizens. Specifically, the research aims to identify in what ways the formation of social relationships on these organisations produces and distributes Social Capital and whether this has empowering effects on individuals. The research positions itself within an ongoing discussion in what is referred to as a ‘neoliberal transition’, where in the last two decades social movements have increasingly contested forms of neoliberal governance and sought alternative forms of social organisation. Using empirical data from two Urban Agricultural Gardens in Thessaloniki, this thesis further investigates in what ways citizen empowerment may lead to contestations of neoliberal governance. While Social Capital was found to be generated at both organisations, there were differences in the ways it was produced and distributed. Stronger social ties were formed at PERKA due to an organisational structure that was conducive to social interaction. Similarly, narratives of contestation were found to be intensified by the physical and ideational practices at the organisation.

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17

Heywood, Rebecca J. "Multi-scale regional transportation governance : evaluating cooperation and decision-making at New York Penn Station." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104992.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2016.
Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
"June 2016." Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 243-252).
This thesis examines the existing regional transportation governance structure in New York City, and use Penn Station and the Gateway Rail Tunnel Project as lenses to explore the effectiveness of governance and the ability to realize regional transportation and economic development goals. It will explore multi-scale governance, and the relationships within and between urban, metropolitan and mega-regional transportation governance structures. New York Pennsylvania Station is a major hub station in New York City and the busiest transportation facility in the United States. As a node that connects two major commuter rail systems (Long Island Rail Road and New Jersey Transit) urban public transit (New York City Transit), and intercity rail (Amtrak), Penn Station is a physical manifestation of competition for space and financial resources, and the necessity of intermodal collaboration and integrated governance to achieve the maximum benefit for the region. The challenges facing American cities are no longer localized in nature, but rather incorporate not only the central city and its surrounding suburbs, but also the next metropolitan area, or even one hundreds of miles away. Regional governance systems currently in place are ill equipped to deal with challenges that transcend local urban boundaries. These challenges incorporate not only transportation operators, but also government officials, private companies and civil sector organizations. Through interviews with twenty-five senior officials from public, private, academic and civil sector organizations, we explored current regional governance structures and the reality of decision-making, as well as the potential for change in the region. Through our study of Penn Station, we consider the history that has led to the current structure of the governance system and explore long-, medium- and short-term changes that can help improve regional rail integration and decision-making. Long-term, we discuss the potential for a new regional transportation governance structure incorporating existing operators; in the medium-term, we explore the potential of a station management organization and in the short-term, we discuss several ideas for bridging divides across operators and improving the current travel experience.
by Rebecca J. Heywood.
M.C.P.
S.M. in Transportation

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18

Rayle, Lisa (Lisa Michelle). "Telling the future together : the potential of collaborative scenario-building in the transformation of urban governance in Portugal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61570.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2010.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-143).
In cities worldwide, the geographic and functional mismatch between urban governance structures and the actual dynamics of urban activities has hindered efforts to achieve sustainable and equitable development at the metropolitan scale. Overcoming this mismatch requires coordination between typically fragmented government agencies-and this coordination requires inter-organizational collaboration. In Portugal, the twin challenges of declining urban centers and sprawling suburbs, combined with the absence of a metropolitan planning structure, have heightened the importance of inter-agency collaboration, especially in terms of land use and transportation. In contrast to typical studies of policy integration, which tend to focus on barriers to collaboration, in this thesis I examine forces which contribute to its emergence. I consider two questions: first, what conditions and factors have actually led to inter-organizational collaboration in the Portuguese context? Second, what is the potential for a particular scenario-building process to lead to further collaboration among those who participated? Study of existing collaborative arrangements reveals five conditions which appear to contribute to the emergence of collaboration. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of scenario-building workshops conducted with stakeholders in Portugal suggests that these exercises have increased the likelihood of the future collaboration among participants to a small degree. Finally, recognizing that collaboration is necessary, but not sufficient, for better metropolitan-level development, I suggest ways in which government policy can take advantage of pro-collaboration forces.
by Lisa Rayle.
S.M.in Transportation
M.C.P.

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19

Samanta, Aritree. ""Policy is What We Make of It": An Interpretive Study of Governance in an Urban Watershed." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1495195765314439.

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20

Cubol, Eliseo Magsambol. "Building Urban Resilience in New York City." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1628516458046903.

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21

Leal, Garcia Jose Manuel. "The International Political Economy of Transnational Climate Governance in Latin America. Urban Policies Related to Low Carbon Emissions Public Transportation in Lima - Peru and Mexico City - Mexico." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41555.

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Анотація:

The thesis aims to uncover and challenge the prevailing assumptions related to transnational networks in the field of climate change (TNCCs). TNCCs are often seen as promoters of a more horizontal model for global climate governance. Throughout the chapters, the thesis challenges this common conception. Focusing on the relation between the C40 cities network and two Latin American cities, Lima and Mexico City, I argue that transnational networks are actors facilitating access to cities by transnational companies instead of solely promoting the sharing of experiences and the support for a more inclusive global climate governance model. Put differently, based on the empirical evidence, the thesis claims that transnational climate networks work as an instrument for the transnational capitalist class (TCC, see Carroll, 2010) promoting market-based solutions and economic hegemony in climate politics. Empirically, the thesis shows how the C40 operates as a facilitator to transnational corporate investment in a range of infrastructures in cities from the global South. In particular, the study focuses on the intervention in urban policies related to Low Carbon Emissions Public Transportation (LCEPT) infrastructures. Both directly and indirectly – through other Western Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (e.g., WRI, ITDP) - the C40 creates channels for transnational corporate actors to gain access to local policy-makers and, in that way, gain access to such transnational investments. As a result, these interventions impact the type of urban climate politics promoted in southern cities (a constant struggle between mitigation vs. adaptation policies) and the actors who benefits from these policies (private companies or the population). The chapters in the first part help us to fill the gap in the conceptualization of the role of transnational networks in urban public policy. The literature survey shows that governance is conceptualized, for the most part, with an institutionalist framework undermined by the evidence given in the case studies. The theoretical chapters also reveal the misconceptions in the literature related to transnational networks, not as promoters of horizontal collaboration, but as facilitators for transnational companies and the private sector, promoting transnational corporate (TNC) developed solutions to climate change. Differing from the conceptions in the literature, transnational networks do not always promote an exchange of information and practices among its members. The transnational networks that have the support of philanthropic organizations or multimillionaire companies such as C40, prioritize the creation of public/private partnerships, as well as the endorsement of technical and TNC-developed responses when addressing climate change. Likewise, like the C40, transnational networks encourage a transfer of climate policies from IOs (mainly from the global north), multinational and philanthropic foundations that involve technological and market-based solutions with a top-bottom approach. As shown in the empirical chapters, legislation in both cases – Mexico City and Lima - promotes private actors. Nonetheless, access to the design and decision-making process of climate politics for local NGOs and civil society in general, is not the same as for transnational NGOs and wealthy philanthropies. What transnational networks have brought to cities in the global South is the expansion and the reinforcement of economic links among the TCC. As a result, these transnational actors have included cities in Latin America in the last decades, utilizing business relations and infrastructure projects aligned to this TCC network. In other words, transnational networks promote economic relations and economic globalization at the city level. The present study reflects the dominance of Northern corporations and think-tanks in the ‘green sector’ as part of climate colonialism (Bachram, 2004; Katz-Rosene & Paterson, 2018; P. J. Newell & Paterson, 2010), indicating the way this transnational class drives the 'solutions' in urban climate politics. The empirical section of the study shows the result from interviews performed between March 2017 and March 2018, and the analysis of the empirical evidence from official documents, legislation, and governmental programs until September 2018. The second part aims to illustrate the complexity of transnational governance through the observation, interpretation, and analysis of two representative cities in Latin America. The main goal is to show the how of transnational climate change relations in Latin American cities. For instance, how does the network C40 facilitate access to urban climate politics for other actors, and how do they work as intermediaries between multinational corporations and cities? The study further demonstrates this argument by analyzing the influence of transnational actors in Lima and Mexico City, who working within the network C40 promote the implementation of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in each city. The chapter on LCEPT describes how transnational actors influence public transportation policies mainly in two ways: by offering technical solutions or contacting those who have technical solutions with city officers. These transnational actors contribute to shaping different cities' strategies in the public transportation sector. Throughout the rest of the chapters, the study demonstrates where the most substantial influence comes from. By observing urban climate policies in each city, the thesis shows the level of influence from transnational actors in LCEPT politics.

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22

Mietala, Johanna. "What role do environmental NGOs take in local governance of urban green space? : A qualitative mapping of interventions in Stockholm County." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-80514.

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Анотація:

The aim of this study is to contribute to the bottom-up perspective in the study of civil society participation in local government decisions regarding urban green space. The study investigates what role civic actors set out to take and traces their engagement in the municipal decision-making processes. A descriptive theoretical framework is created to categorize environmental Non-Governmental Organizations' (NGO) strategies to intervene in the municipally governed green space planning within Stockholm County. With a theoretical basis in sociological and political science studies of social movements and public participation, I assess: 1) the timing of an intervention in the municipal planning process 2) degree of NGO collaboration with municipal authorities, and 3) the consensus or conflict driven nature of their approach towards the municipal authorities. Data on the interventions was collected from newsletters, meeting protocols and comments on development plans from the website of two prominent NGO as well as interviews with six activists in the Stockholm region. The distribution of the interventions found in Stockholm shows that reactive, non-participatory and conflict-driven strategies are the most common combination, although one third of the interventions have a participatory approach towards the municipality and a few interventions work to make a change by initiating consensus among stakeholders. Interviews with civic actors suggest that a lack of resources and low expected impact on official planning decisions hinders proactive and consensus-driven engagement, but also broken promises and a lack of responsiveness by municipal authorities can catalyze civic actors towards more conflictual methods of engagement. Further research topics of an explanatory nature on distribution and dynamics of interventions in the new theoretical framework are suggested based on reflections from the interviews.

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23

Sänger, Tina. "Urban Policy Implications on the Electric Vehicle Transition in Berlin and Washington, DC." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-362358.

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This thesis argues for an approach which goes beyond the conventional urban climate governance view. With engagement in social-technical practices, a more sustainable and inclusive way of transforming the city can be accomplished. One way of doing so is with the offering of the urban living lab as a playground for real-life experiments. With a purposive intervention in an urban socio-technical system, the three- dimensional concept of urban environmental governance, socio-technical experiments and strategic experiments with designed policies can create a more sustainable urban transition. The urban electric vehicle transition is just one example of how these three concepts can be applied. In order to demonstrate the interaction of a sustainable urban transition, an empirical case study was conducted. This thesis makes a conceptual contribution by engaging with current understanding of urban sustainability transition, using the urban electric vehicle transition as a reference point. The insights of this study extend the theories of the socio-technical system and argue that it is not only about social and technological innovation but how multiple innovations are experimented with and combined in an existing urban context. In addition, the research addresses how this transition is governed on a municipality level and is achieved through a multiple case study approach, analysed through the lens of environmental governance and offers an empirical exploration and develops the theoretical and conceptual framework of the socio-technical system further.

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24

Ddiba, Daniel. "Exploring the circular economy of urban organic waste in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet, utvärdering och styrning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273025.

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Анотація:

Globally, there is increasing awareness of the importance of applying circular economy principles to the management of organic waste streams through resource recovery. In the urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa which are going to host a significant part of population growth over the next three decades, this is especially relevant. Circular economy approaches for sanitation and waste management can provide incentives to improve infrastructure and consequently contribute resources for water, energy and food that power urban livelihoods. This thesis is situated at the intersection of the circular economy on one hand and sanitation and waste management systems on the other. It aims to contribute to knowledge about the circular economy by investigating the potential contribution of resource-oriented urban sanitation and waste management towards the implementation of a circular economy in sub-Saharan Africa and the opportunities and challenges thereof. In pursuit of the above aim, the thesis employs a mixed methods approach and is operationalized in two case study locations: Kampala (Uganda) and Naivasha (Kenya). The findings reveal the quantities of resource recovery products like biogas, compost and black soldier fly larvae that can be obtained from the organic waste streams collected in a large city, demonstrate the viability of valorizing dried faecal sludge as a solid fuel for industrial applications, and identify the factors that facilitate or impede the governance capacity to implement circular economy approaches to the management of organic waste streams in urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The methods used for quantifying the potential for valorizing organic waste streams and for assessing governance capacity demonstrate approaches that could be applied in other urban contexts with interest in implementing circular economy principles. The discussion highlights some key implications of these findings for sanitation and waste management practices, arguing that it is time for a shift in sub-Saharan Africa from designing sanitation and waste management systems for disposal to designing them for resource recovery.
Globalt ökar medvetenheten om vikten av att tillämpa principer för cirkulär ekonomi för att hantera organiska avfallsströmmar genom resursåtervinning. I de urbana områdena i Subssahariska Afrika är detta särskilt relevant, då dessa förväntas stå för en betydande del av befolkningsökningen under de kommande tre decennierna. En mer cirkulärekonomi för sanitet och avfallshantering kan ge incitament för att förbättra infrastrukturen och därmed bidra med resurser till produktion av vatten, energi och mat som driver städernas försörjning. Denna licentiatuppsats befinner sig i skärningspunkten mellan cirkulär ekonomi å ena sidan och sanitets- och avfallshanteringssystem å andra sidan. Syftet är att bidra med kunskap om cirkulär ekonomi genom att undersöka potentialen för resursorienterad stadssanitet och avfallshantering att bidra till genomförandet av cirkulär ekonomi i Subsahariska Afrika, samt dess möjligheter och utmaningar. För att uppnå ovanstående syfte används flera olika metoder och genomförs i två fallstudiestäder: Kampala i Uganda respektive Naivasha i Kenya. Resultaten visar på de mängder av resursåtervinningsprodukter som biogas, kompost och svarta soldatflugelarver som kan erhållas från organiska avfallsströmmar som samlas in i en stor stad. Dessutom visar resultaten livskraftigheten för att valorisera torkat avföringsslam som ett fast bränsle för industriella tillämpningar. Slutligen identifierar resultaten faktorer som underlättar eller hindrar styrningskapaciteten för att genomföra cirkulär ekonomi-strategier för hantering av organiska avfallsströmmar i stadsområden i Subsahariska Afrika. Metoderna som används för att kvantifiera potentialen att valorisera organiska avfallsströmmar och att utvärdera styrningskapacitet är metoder som kan tillämpas i andra urbana sammanhang där det finns intresse för att genomföra cirkulära ekonomiska principer. Diskussionen belyser några viktiga konsekvenser av dessa fynd för sanitets- och avfallshanteringspraxis och argumenterar för att det är dags för en övergång i SSA från att utforma sanitets- och avfallshanteringssystem för bortskaffande till att utforma dem för resursåtervinning.

QC 20200513

UrbanCircle: Urban Waste into Circular Economy Benefits

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25

Blomquist, Emma. "Revitalising urban public green space : Exploring lived experiences of teenage girls in socio-economically challenged neighbourhoods in Stockholm,Sweden, using Google Maps." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-46331.

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Анотація:

Urban public green space is a core contributor to cultural ecosystem services in cities, comprising the non-material benefits that people obtain from contact with nature. Due to the many benefits that have been ascribed to it, green space has become subject to debates on justice about its fair distribution and equal opportunities to use it. Teenage girls living in socio-economically challenged neighbourhoods appear to belong to a societal group that is restricted in accessing green space, as well as having less opportunities to influence the governance of such space. Attempting to bring further light to these issues, this study utilises a phenomenological approach in which intersectionality theory is central. It aims to explore how intersections of identity markers, such as age, gender, and place of residence, interact with girls’ lived experiences of green space. It does so by collecting first-person narratives in eight interactive and online interviews with the support of satellite, aerial and street view imagery provided by Google Maps. The result shows the great complexity of urban public green space as a place with room for both feelings of liberty and feelings of exclusion. The girls’ narratives unveil how urban green is an important source for well-being and quality of life, and how connection with nature enables connection with loved ones, the community, and with oneself. Simultaneously, identity markers, such as age, gender, and place of residence, intersect into a synergy of exclusion for teenage girls to fully encounter urban nature. Feelings of urban public green space as a place occupied by others contribute to experiences of it as inappropriate and unsafe for girls to visit in certain places during certain times. This suggests how green space works as an arena for power relations, where the opportunities for girls to benefit from its free use and from cultural ecosystem services decrease under certain circumstances. Narratives and myths that green space is dangerous for girls paint a geography of fear; in which fear of becoming a victim of crime is expressed as a fear of space. This fear increases with preconceptions and self-images that girls are defenceless and weak. Furthermore, these experiences intersect with feelings that their neighbourhoods, and the green wherein, are framed adversely and neglected by planners, politicians, municipalities and the government. Still, the girls express great appreciation and pride over the voluminous public green areas in their neighbourhoods. Despite experiencing less power to influence, they have strong visions and aspirations to impact the design and function of urban nature, which indicates prospects for empowerment and revitalisation of green space. It is concluded that recognising lived experiences of girls is essential when working towards safe and accessible, but also lively and inviting, green space. Furthermore, it is argued that insights from intersectionality is valuable when researching use of green space, as intersectionality is a profoundly spatial concept; in which social categories articulate in relation to place and time, and where power and identity contribute at shaping experiences of green space.

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Miklós, Zsófia. "Governance of Innovative Building Practices: Case of the 3rd District Municipality of Budapest." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325028.

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Анотація:

This paper presents an analytical framework of governing innovative building practices at a municipal level based on conclusions drawn from the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) approach. The analytical framework viewed the Village House Block demonstration project and EnSURE transnational research collaboration as important facilitators to create the necessary conditions for governing innovation during the renovation of the outdated building stock located in the 3rd District Municipality of Budapest, Hungary. These necessary conditions were articulated in accordance with the three internal processes (the articulation of expectations and visions, the building of social networks and the fostering of learning processes) defined by SNM research. Additionally, the Sustainable Energy Action Plan (SEAP) methodology was considered as a viable tool to guide energy efficient urban development in the district. It was found in this research that the Village House Block renovation represented a local technological niche project during which the feasibility of active and passive building technology was tested. This study revealed that the necessary conditions for governing innovation were present in this project. EnSURE was a collaborative research project which did not represent a clear example of technological niche development. It was defined as an important initiative to collect and accumulate knowledge and experiences from local niche projects to create a strategic tool for supporting energy efficient urban development at the municipal level. In this case study, the tool was the Sustainable Energy Action Plan. Overall, it was found that the necessary conditions did not only appear in technological niche projects, such as the Village House Block demonstration project but also in other types of projects, such as EnSURE. Furthermore, it could be argued that the governance of innovative approaches requires an operational framework in which different projects are managed to create these necessary conditions for local technological niche development. At global niche-level, it was revealed that the SEAP or other action plan methodologies could offer a tool to utilise experiences gained from local niches to create an energy efficient urban development strategy. In practice, it was shown that the importance of experimentation with new technologies and the governance of innovation on a strategic way still in its infancy in the 3rd District.

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27

Cortés, Calderón Sofía Valeria. "Embracing complexity: Dynamics governing urban drinking water supply security in Mexico City." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-188976.

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Анотація:

Drinking water supply insecurity is globally on the rise, and prevalent in most low and middle-income urban areas. Multiple responses have emerged to cope with the lack of a reliable and equitable supply of safe and sufficient drinking water in cities, which presents a wide range of social-ecological implications. Yet, many of the analyses to date are focused on predominantly technological, ecological, and economic perspectives, overlooking broader cultural and political dimensions. What are the elements and the interrelationship between them that sustain the lack of drinking water supply security at an urban scale? The empirical case study is located in Mexico City, the capital city of one of the most drinking water-insecure countries globally and among the world’s five largest metropolitan areas. Qualitative data is elicited from a literature review and semi-structured interviews with key experts and urban stakeholders. The results provide an integrated understanding of the proposed system structure that created and maintain the water supply problem in the long-term. Hindrances include knowledge lock-ins and critical dynamics that inhibit the political support to transition towards a drinking water security scenario. This study shows that drinking water supply crisis in the study area and other cities with similar conditions need to be understood as multi-dimensional and from a system perspective, by challenging underlying assumptions and embracing interconnectedness. Key feedback mechanisms are presented in causal loop diagrams, allowing the exploration of higher-order leverage points to reduce existing path-dependencies as one increasingly important research area, and potentially relevant for decision-makers.

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28

Belaieff, Antoine, Gloria Moy, and Jack Rosebro. "Planning for a Sustainable Nexus of Urban Land Use, Transport and Energy." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3304.

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Анотація:

Land use, transport, and energy systems create demands that are transferred to ecosystems. Urban sprawl is increasing, open space and farmland are disappearing and climate change is a growing concern. Yet local, national, and EU policies on sustainable development and economic growth are often at odds with one another. A sector-by-sector approach that focuses on incremental actions precludes effective, integrated solutions. Progress towards sustainability requires a systems-based perspective grounded in science. This paper presents a comprehensive and strategic framework to help communities (1) adopt a whole-systems view to land use, transport, and energy, (2) develop a vision to guide their actions, and (3) strategically adopt actions that close the gap between the current reality and the envisioned sustainable future. An emphasis is placed on strategies related to governance structures and strategies to secure political and public acceptance, including approaches to public participation.

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Lawson, Christopher R. Lawson. "REINVENTION: AN EXAMINATION OF LOCAL MUNICIPAL ECONOMIC REDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1462531495.

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30

Cade, Evelyn. "Risk, Oil Spills, and Governance: Can Organizational Theory Help Us Understand the 2010 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1614.

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Анотація:

The 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico awakened communities to the increased risk of large-scale damage along their coastlines presented by new technology in deep water drilling. Normal accident theory and high reliability theory offer a framework through which to view the 2010 spill that features predictive criteria linked to a qualitative assessment of risk presented by technology and organizations. The 2010 spill took place in a sociotechnical system that can be described as complex and tightly coupled, and therefore prone to normal accidents. However, the entities in charge of managing this technology lacked the organizational capacity to safely operate within this sociotechnical system.

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31

Enqvist, Johan. "Stewardship in an urban world : Civic engagement and human–nature relations in the Anthropocene." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-146193.

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Анотація:

Never before have humans wielded a greater ability to alter and disrupt planetary processes. Our impact is becoming so noticeable that a new geological epoch has been proposed – the Anthropocene – in which Earth systems might no longer maintain the stable and predictable conditions of the past 12 millennia. This is particularly evident in the rapid expansion of urban areas, where a majority of humans now live and where environmental changes such as rising temperatures and habitat loss are happening faster than elsewhere. In light of this, questions have been raised about what a more responsible relationship between humans and the rest of the planet might look like. Scholars in sustainability science employ the concept of ‘stewardship’ in searching for an answer; however, with multiple different applications and definitions, there is a need to better understand what stewardship is or what novelty it might add to sustainability research. This thesis investigates stewardship empirically through two case studies of civic engagement for protecting nature in cities – Bengaluru, India and New York City, USA. Further, the thesis also proposes a conceptual framework for how to understand stewardship as a relation between humans and the rest of nature, based on three dimensions: care, knowledge and agency. This investigation into stewardship in the urban context uses a social–ecological systems approach to guide the use of mixed theory and methods from social and natural sciences. The thesis is organized in five papers. Paper I reviews defining challenges in managing urban social–ecological systems and proposes that these can more effectively be addressed by collaborative networks where public, civic, other actors contribute unique skills and abilities. Paper II and Paper III study water resource governance in Bengaluru, a city that has become dependent on external sources while its own water bodies become degraded and depleted.Paper II analyzes how locally based ‘lake groups’ are able to affect change through co-management arrangements, reversing decades of centralization and neglect of lakes’ role in Bengaluru’s water supply.Paper III uses social–ecological network analysis to analyze how patterns in lake groups’ engagements and collaborations show better fit with ecological connectivity of lakes.Paper IV employs sense of place methods to explore how personal bonds to a site shapes motivation and goals in waterfront stewardship in New York City. Finally,Paper V reviews literature on stewardship and proposes a conceptual framework to understand and relate different uses and underlying epistemological approaches in the field. In summary, this thesis presents an empirically grounded contribution to how stewardship can be understood as a human–nature relation emergent from a deep sense ofcare and responsibility, knowledge and learning about how to understand social–ecological dynamics, and theagency and skills needed to influence these dynamics in a way that benefits a greater community of humans as others. Here, the care dimension is particularly important as an underappreciated aspect of social–ecological relations, and asset for addressing spatial and temporal misalignment between management institutions and ecosystem. This thesis shows that care for nature does not erode just because green spaces are degraded by human activities – which may be crucial for promoting stewardship in the Anthropocene.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

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32

Nuss, Girona Sergi. "Green citites and green urban economy; contributions from case studies for a necessary low-carbon future." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/321116.

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Анотація:

City Governments engaged in climate change mitigation and adaptation face the multiple challenge of self-commitment, the need to involve their communities and stakeholders, and top-down and multi-scalar processes out of their control dictating options and the evolution in their concrete realities. Even so, the Green City concept has emerged, reflecting the expertise achieved by cities and towns in sustainable development twenty years after the Rio Earth Summit. With the EU 2020 Strategy, the Covenant of Mayors and the Mexico City Pact, a rapidly growing number of Local Authorities are moving into low-carbon development. Based on in-depth case studies, this research aims at understanding how and why 6 cities, in a wide variety of settings, stand in regards to the green development paradigm.
Els governs locals implicats en la mitigació i adaptació del canvi climàtic afronten el múltiple repte d'assumir compromisos, la necessitat d'involucrar llurs comunitats i agents socieconòmics, i processos mutiescalars i top-down fora del seu control dictant les opcions i l'evolució de les seves realitats concretes. Malgrat tot, ha emergit el concepte de la Ciutat Verda, reflecting l'expertesa assolida per part de ciutats i pobles en el camp del desenvolupament sostenible 20 anys després de la Cimera de la Terra de Rio'92. Amb l'Estratègia Europea 2020, el Pacte d'Alcaldes i el Mexico City Pact, un creixent nombre d'autoritats locals s'incorporen al desenvolupament baix en carboni. Basant-se en l'estudi de casos de profunditat, aquesta recerca vol comprendre com i per què 6 ciutats, en una àmplia varietat de contextos, se situen en relació al paradigma del desenvolupament verd.

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33

Nespoli, Regina Stela. "A sustentabilidade ambiental versus crescimento urbano: efeitos da Lei de proteção dos Mananciais da região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-19122017-115851/.

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Анотація:

Ao longo de várias décadas vem se intensificando a urbanização no interior de áreas de mananciais da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo - RMSP. Como resultado tem-se a diminuição da cobertura vegetal, a poluição de mananciais e a precariedade das ocupações informais, a colocar em risco a vida de milhares de pessoas. O principal objetivo desta tese é avaliar que os instrumentos da nova legislação de mananciais não foram suficientes para uma efetiva melhora e de que os ajustes da nova legislação ainda que tenham promovido um avanço e uma certa contenção do quadro de degradação ambiental e social, ainda carecem de uma maior integração entre os agentes públicos do Estado e dos Municípios envolvidos na aplicação dos instrumentos previstos. Para tanto foi adotado um recorte territorial abrangendo municípios da RMSP e distritos do município de São Paulo que estivessem total ou parcialmente abrangidos pela LPM/1975-1976, a fim de avaliar, caso a caso, o crescimento demográfico, a expansão urbana e a diminuição da cobertura vegetal dentro e fora de mananciais. Constatamos um adensamento nos territórios abrangidos pela LPM/1975-1976 selecionados para estudo, o que implica mudanças nos padrões de ocupação e uma possível diminuição da pressão sobre os remanescentes florestais. Não obstante as medidas emergenciais levadas a efeito nessas áreas, o passivo ambiental ainda é significativo, exigindo ações coordenadas e integradas dos agentes públicos do Estado e municípios envolvidos, visando à melhoria das condições ambientais e de qualidade de vida de seus habitantes e à preservação dos mananciais de abastecimento público. Entendemos que tais movimentos podem constituir o caminho para a construção de áreas urbanas com um mínimo de sustentabilidade ambiental, tendo como horizonte futuro a possibilidade de existirem cidades sustentáveis, espaço de convivência de toda sua população.
During several decades the urbanization around areas of water spring in the \"São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP)\"has become more intense. As a result of this process, the increase of informal occupancy, the decrease of vegetation in the affected areas and pollution of the water spring put the life of thousands of people at risk. This thesis evaluates that the legislation dedicated to water springs was not sufficient in providing a solution to the problems above. The instruments provided by the new legislation - though successful in improving the overall picture of social and environmental degradation of the spring regions - remain mostly unenforced due to a lack of integration between the state and city government levels. In order to show this result, a sample of territories of the RMSP and districts of the city of São Paulo was chosen among those covered by the Water Supply Protection Law - LPM/1975-1976. Case by case, demographic increase, urban expansion and the decrease in vegetation around spring regions was researched. We observed an increase of population density in the sampled territories encompassed by the LPM/1975-1976, which implies a change in the patterns of occupancy and less degradation of areas of forests possibly. Although emergency actions were taken, the environmental degradation is far reaching. The preservation of the water and vegetation of the spring and the improvements of life quality of the local population require coordinated effort from public agents in the state and city levels. In our understanding, these coordinated actions may form a path to the ultimate goal of constructing urban areas with environmental sustainability.

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Vidal, Arturo Martin. "Sustainable Urban Mobility : Transportation Solutions for Future Urban Environments." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-354003.

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This is a study of urban mobility, where urban areas are defined as diverse and complex locations with a metabolism composed of multiple components and subsystems. Currently, more than 60% of the world’s population live in urban areas, a number expected to grow significantly. Most cities are unsustainable and often in ecological deficit; cities over- consume or pollute their natural resources, while unequal distribution of resources also occur. Thus, leading to serious economic and social imbalances, something that is possible to appreciate in developing nation-states. With population growth and economic concentration in urban areas, transport policies are forcing governments to seek innovative solutions for shaping and re-shaping existing and future transportation systems. Transport infrastructure related to congestion, accidents, local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) is a challenge for many major cities in the world. This study covers the political and socio-economical processes with regards to the environmental challenges in the Peruvian transport system. It includes an analysis of the strategies and indicators of good governance by the central, metropolitan and local governments, with the aim of identifying the main drivers and barriers to improving the current transport system in Lima. It is important to highlight that urban mobility is an important component of urban planning and is constituted by the urban transport system, land use, traffic management, inter-modality, accessibility and public space management, among other things. The appropriate approach to urban mobility joins the vision of a city with citizenship (Ministerio de Vivienda 2016). From an Urban Political Ecology (UPE) perspective, one can appreciate that the transport system in Lima seems directly derived from complex social, economic and political relations and where environmental challenges are less vocal (Robbins 2012). And seen from the Entrepreneurial or innovative state and as described by Schumpeter, the role that a state or governments hold is crucial in a well-functioning society in the context of a capitalism society. An efficient government is vital in providing goods and services, rules and institutions for ensuring that the market grows, as well as directing citizens to a more prosperous life. Without such a government, sustainable development in social and economical aspects is impossible. However, the results of this study not only presents several challenges to the structure of the national, regional and local governments in Lima, but also the various dimensions to these challenges that exist. These insights are important to highlight and address, as moving towards an urban transformation that is sustainable and durable will require considerable intervention from governments to achieve substantial reductions in GHG emissions.

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Adama, Onyanta. "Governing from Above : Solid Waste Management in Nigeria's New Capital City of Abuja." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Human Geography, Stockholm Univeristy, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6845.

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Zhang, Li. "La prise en compte des objectifs de protection de l'environnement dans le droit de l'urbanisme en Chine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D030.

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Le droit de l’urbanisme actuellement en Chine, prend vraiment en compte les objectifs de la protection environnementale ? C’est en s’appuyant d’abord sur la réforme du système de la propriété foncière publique que la thèse entend répondre, concrètement à cette question, en s’appuyant sur un système dual : propriété foncière étatique et collective. Il s’agit une analyse initiale, plutôt macro-vision, le parcours des réformes foncières (un lien direct d’évolution de l’urbanisation) et les utilisateurs de terres. En général, en Chine, l’État reste le seul propriétaire réel de tous les terrains et par délégations, les gouvernements locaux gèrent eux aussi l’utilisation de terres. Suscité par un grand intérêt, ce dernier ne remplit pas leur rôle et la dégradation environnement au cours de l’urbanisation poursuit…À partir de cette observation, on traite son administration. Il s’agit précisément qui sont les acteurs et au sein de ces-ci comment les pouvoirs se partagent. Les structures d’urbanisme manquent de transparence et d’indépendance, les diversités des organes ont des ambitions d’une protection complète mais des conflits apparaissent. Dans sa deuxième partie, plutôt micro-vision, on constate les règlementations d’urbanisme, les procédures et les démarches de cette prise en compte. En effet, on constate que le volume de règles a pris une extension inquiétante et sa refonte, au nom de la cohérence, l’accessibilité et de l’intelligibilité du droit, devient urgente. En privilégiant ensuite des analyses procédurales, ce travail interroge la mise en œuvre concrète de cette prise en compte : la procédure d’évaluation environnementale et la procédure de participation. Ceux-ci s’appuient sur le fait que, la rapide urbanisation entraîne une reconfiguration de l’espace urbain et divers intérêts surmontent, la dégradation de l’environnement jointe à l’importance de l’urbanisation est devenue un défi majeur de gouvernance. Les peuples sont plus en plus sensibles aux questions qui concernent l’habitat, le bien-être et la citoyenneté, le gouvernement devrait changer leurs méthodes. À partir de différents angles d’observation- historique, politique, administratif,juridique et social- la recherche se propose de déterminer dans quelle mesure qu’il y aura une meilleure protection environnementale dans le droit de l’urbanisme. Cependant, les réformes sont envisagées et un triple problème surgit : celui de l’harmonisation et de la cohérence entre les règlements, celui de la clarté du droit au nom de l’efficacité et de la sécurité juridique, celui de l’amélioration de la procédure. Contrairement aux idées reçues,le gouvernement a une intention d’accorder une importance à cette question, ce qu’il manifeste par sa constance à conduire des innovations et des réformes dans la matière. Le fait est, pour le moment, la planification, au lieu d’être un moyen de la protection, est mise au service de la croissance d’économie. Faute de réglementation plus efficace, la prise en compte reste encore très limitée
This thesis aims to answer the question that if the law of planification of China, really takes account of the objectives of environmental protection. The answer is based on, first of all, the reform of system of land ownership. This thesis cracks the problemby two approaches: the state and collective property right. The first part of the analysisis macro-perspective, i.e., the course of land reform (direct link of the development ofurbanization) and the land users. In general, the state remains the sole owner of all the land and delegates the local governments to manage the use of land in China. However, the high interest undermines their roles, and degradation of environment in the process of urbanization continues. Based on this observation, we analyzed their administration, i.e., who are exactly the actors and how the powers are shared. The lack of transparency and independence is in its structure, i.e., they have ambitions to have a good protection but the conflict appears frequently. In the further part, micro-vision was employed. We focused on the regulations of planification, procedures and formalities that is deeply involved. In fact, we find that the volume of law was expanded and a need of consolidation is urgent for the coherence, accessibility and understanding of law. Then it follows the analysis of two procedures: the procedure of environmental assessment as well as participation. These procedures are the practical implementation of the consideration of the environment. The fact is that rapid urbanization resulted in a reconfiguration of the urban space, and the appearance of avariety of interests. The degradation of environment, coupled with the importance of urbanization has become a challenge to governance. People realized more and more issues related to housing, welfare and citizenship. This forces the government to change their policies and acts.From different points of views- historical, political, administrative, legal andsocial- this research determines how a better environmental protection can play in law of planification. The reforms are envisaged, and there are still problems: the harmonization and consistency of the regulations, the clarity of the law for his efficiency and law security, the improvement of the process. Contrary to what isreceived, the government has intention to solve this question, as demonstrated by hisconsistency to innovation and reform in the field. At the present, planification, rather than a method of protection, works for the growth of the economy. Due to the lack of effective regulation, the real consideration of environment is still very limited

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Nolan, Caroline, Mary Ostafi, and Mélina Planchenault. "Catalytic City Planning : Leveraging the Development Planning Process to move a Community Strategically towards Sustainability with Dublin City Case Study." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3502.

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More than half the world’s population now lives in urban areas putting the city on the frontline of the social and environmental challenge and yet, city planning presents many opportunities to move a city towards sustainability. The city development plan (DP) is a powerful vehicle for change. This research seeks to understand the gaps between an ideal catalytic development planning process and current reality, and provide recommendations to support the attainment of a city’s sustainability objectives. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) was used to define a generic “Golden Standard” planning process to help the local authority better leverage its internal resources and refine governance systems to achieve long-lasting cultural change from within to accelerate the city’s progression towards sustainability. A case study with the Dublin City Council’s Planning Department in Ireland provided valuable insight and limited practical application of the Golden Standard.

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Kokpol, Orathai. "Urban governance and the environment, solid-waste management in two municipalities in Thailand." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0012/NQ41450.pdf.

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CAPRA, RIBEIRO FABIO MASSIMO. "Urban regions uncertain foresight : governance, networks and environment in the main urban corridor of Venezuela : Caracas-Maracay-Valencia." Doctoral thesis, Università IUAV di Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11578/282390.

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OLIVEIRA, JÚNIOR Edilson Cavalcante de. "Nas trilhas da floresta urbana : gestão ambiental e conflitos na Mata do Passarinho (Olinda – PE)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17244.

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CAPES
As florestas urbanas são entendidas pela legislação ambiental como porções remanescentes e ameaçadas do ecossistema Mata Atlântica exclusivamente inseridas no tecido urbano. Uma das florestas urbanas em Pernambuco é a Mata do Passarinho, localizada na cidade de Olinda, às margens do Rio Beberibe. O município de Olinda não foi capaz de oferecer, no passado, condições plenas de preservação para a Mata do Passarinho, que se tornou alvo de intensas disputas por terra e processos de degradação. Após muitas tentativas de recuperação e recategorizações legais, ocorre hoje para a Mata do Passarinho o momento de maior segurança em termos jurídicos, institucionais e ambientais, tendo seu espaço utilizado para atividades de visitação e educação, além de possuir um dos poucos planos de manejo no estado pernambucano. Entretanto, existem tensões latentes com as populações próximas e possibilidades de melhoria do trabalho institucional no quesito de apropriação social dos processos de gestão ambiental. Esta dissertação aborda as questões ambientais da Mata do Passarinho, sua história, composição e possibilidades de futuro, bem como as comunidades em vulnerabilidade socioambiental que a rodeiam, discutindo os conflitos, processos políticos-decisórios e relação sociedade-natureza contextualizada no território analisado.
Urban forests are perceived by environmental legislation as remaining and endangered portions of the Mata Atlântica ecosystem entirely inserted into the urban tissue. One of Pernambuco's urban forest is Mata do Passarinho, located in the city of Olinda, on the Rio Beberibe shores. The municipality of Olinda was not able to offer, in the past, suitable conditions of preservation to the Mata do Passarinho, which became subject of intense disputes over land and degradation processes. After many recovery attempts and legal re-categorizations, occours today for the Mata do Passarinho the greater moment of security in legal, institutional and environmental terms, having its space used for visitation and educational activities, as well as having one of the few management plans in the Pernambuco state. However, there are underlying tensions with nearby populations and possibilities of institutional work improvements on the environmental management social ownership matter. This dissertation addresses environmental issues of Mata do Passarinho, its history, composition and future possibilities as well as the social and environmental vulnerable communities that surround it, discussing conflicts, political decision-making processes and contextualized society-nature relationship in the analyzed territory.

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Tavares, Cesar. "Cidades e globalização econômica : possibilidades de um regime urbano internacional." Universidade Católica de Santos, 2016. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/2761.

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In a world of accelerated urbanization process, the issues related to social and environmental sustainability of cities are highlighted under international civil society. By the time the first international discussions on environment in Stockholm (1972), also the question of human settlements in urban centers has relevance in the international arena (Vancouver, 1976), putting the cities as a relevant theme in discussions of international civil society. Currently, there are networks of cities, international organizations, institutions, associations, foundations, anyway, a large international effort focused on urban problems. So, the hypothesis initially placed in this work is that all this international effort on urban problems could represent the establishment of an international urban regime. However, the answer to this question depends on the theoretical perspective to address urban problems. So were described two lines of reflection on urban problems: 1) the Group of liberal positions, composed of those who see in globalization (those who criticize and denounce the evils of global processes, or those who see economic and social advances with globalization) and the adaptation of cities to global flows a condition (to be leveraged or overcome) for sustainable development; 2) the Group of critical positions, from Marxist readings, which sees the incorporation of cities to global flows as a rearrangement of capitalist accumulation processes, leading to an extreme level the social inequalities and socio-spatial segregation in urban centers throughout the world. Connected to that cleavage of theoretical positions, it was possible to draw a parallel with another distinction between the international documents on human settlements, marked the position of the Vancouver Declaration (1976) and the World Charter for the Right to the City (2006), on the one hand, and of the Habitat Agenda (1996) position, on the other. The Vancouver Declaration and the Letter for the Right to the City highlights that the urbanization processes should be under exclusive civil service, being prohibited the transfer of decisions about the city to the private sector, emphasizing a citizen´s collective right to equal enjoyment of urban space and emphasizing too the property social function principle. Already the Habitat Agenda advocates a broad and extensive rights framework correlated to the city, seeking to cover all the views on urban problems, but always highlighting the role of the private sector (special feature of this document and main difference in relation to other statements) in the actions for implementation of these rights. Given by these theoretical divides, it can be concluded that international efforts aimed at institutionalizing an "international urban regime" can be identified as an effort of adaptation of cities to global economic flows, since the realization of the right to the city does not depend on a single global solution, but rather the satisfaction of specific conditions of each place, as well as the main role of citizens. On the other hand, international efforts can also be facing the other direction, that is, to make public the urban processes and to the spread of equitable distribution of burdens and benefits resulting from the construction of the urban space. In this sense, in conclusion, one can speak on global urban governance mechanisms, to strengthen the main role of citizens on the construction of the city and also the local initiatives for the realization of the right to the city.
Num mundo em acelerado processo de urbanização, as questões relacionadas à sustentabilidade socioambiental das cidades ganham destaque no âmbito da sociedade civil internacional. No mesmo momento em que se deram os primeiros debates internacionais sobre meio ambiente em Estocolmo (1972), também a questão sobre os assentamentos humanos nos centros urbanos passou a ter relevância no âmbito internacional (Vancouver, 1976), colocando as cidades como um tema relevante nos debates da sociedade civil internacional. Atualmente, existem redes de cidades, organismos internacionais, instituições, associações, fundações, enfim, um grande esforço internacional voltado para os problemas urbanos. Daí, a hipótese inicialmente colocada neste trabalho foi no sentido de que todo esse esforço poderia representar o estabelecimento de um regime urbano internacional. Ocorre que a resposta a essa indagação depende da perspectiva teórico pela qual se abordam os problemas urbanos. Foram, então, descritas duas linhas de reflexão sobre os problemas urbanos: 1) o grupo das posições ¿liberais¿, que vê na globalização (sejam os que criticam e denunciam as mazelas dos processos globais, ou aqueles que veem avanços econômicos e sociais com a globalização) e na adaptação das cidades aos fluxos globais uma condicionante, a era aproveitada ou superada, para o desenvolvimento sustentável; 2) o grupo dos posicionamentos críticos, a partir de leituras marxistas, que vê a incorporação das cidades aos fluxos globais como uma forma de rearranjo dos processos de acumulação capitalista, levando a um nível extremo as desigualdades sociais e a segregação sócio espacial nos centros urbanos em todo o planeta. Conectada a essa clivagem de posições teóricas, foi possível traçar um paralelo com outra clivagem nos documentos internacionais sobre cidades, ficando a marcada a posição da Declaração de Vancouver (1976) e da Carta Mundial pelo Direito à Cidade (2006), de um lado, e da Agenda Habitat (1996), de outro. A Declaração de Vancouver e a Carta pelo Direito à Cidade defendem que os processos de urbanização devem ser uma função pública indelegável ao setor privado, enfatizando um direito coletivo de todos os cidadãos ao usufruto equitativo do espaço urbano e destacando o princípio da função social da propriedade. Já a Agenda Habitat defende um amplo e extenso quadro dos direitos correlacionados à cidade, buscando contemplar todas as visões sobre os problemas urbanos, mas sempre destacando o protagonismo do setor privado (marca deste documento e divergência em relação às outras declarações) nas ações para implementação desses direitos. Diante dessas clivagens teóricas, os esforços internacionais dirigidos à institucionalização de um ¿regime urbano internacional¿, podem ser identificados como um esforço de adaptação das cidades aos fluxos econômicos globais, uma vez que a realização do direito à cidade não depende de uma solução global única, mas sim da satisfação de condicionantes específicas de cada local, bem como do protagonismo dos cidadãos. De outro lado, os esforços internacionais também podem ser voltados para outra direção, ou seja, para a defesa da apropriação pública da função urbanizadora e para a propagação dos mecanismos de distribuição equitativa dos ônus e benefícios da construção do espaço urbano. Nesse sentido, será possível falar em mecanismos de governança urbana global, que vêm em socorro do protagonismo político e social dos cidadãos, bem como das inciativas locais para realização do direito à cidade.

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Chishaleshale, Mwale. "Governance and management of urban trees and green spaces in South Africa: ensuring benefits to local people and the environment." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006035.

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In the face of rapid urbanization and global climate change, urban trees and green spaces (UTGS) can contribute to the welfare of people and the urban environment. Urban trees and green spaces can assist to address urbanization challenges related to environmental degradation. While functions of UTGS have been well documented in the developed world, they have not yet received full attention in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Consequently, UTGS are under threat from urban development and fragmentation. Notably, the problems associated with UTGS also fall into the governance realm and indications are that poor governance and management of UTGS can negatively influence the potential benefits of UTGS to local people and the environment. This formed a basis for this research. The main objective of the study was to determine the current governance and management approaches to UTGS in South Africa. Through document search and review, the study determined the governance institutions influencing UTGS at national level and at provincial level (in the Limpopo and Eastern Cape Provinces). Face-to-face and online survey methods were used to determine the extent to which 28 local municipalities had adopted planned, systematic and integrated management of UTGS. The snowball approach was used to determine the key actors involved in UTGS activities and interviews were conducted to establish the roles and capabilities of these actors. A total of 540 household interviews were conducted to determine the institutional factors influencing local peoples’ ability to access, plant and use UTGS. The findings of the study showed that UTGS have not been adequately covered in existing governance institutions and practice at national and provincial levels. Local government municipalities were not managing their UTGS in a planned or systematic manner due to constraining factors such as insufficient funds, insufficient personnel, lack of equipment and lack of political support. Only 7.1 % of the surveyed municipalities had an urban tree management plan and an estimate of the urban tree stock; 32.1 % had tree policies; 28.6 % had tree bylaws; 21.4 % had tree planting schedules; 10.7 % had tree maintenance schedules and only 3.6 % had tree inspection schedules. Key actors involved in UTGS activities differed among levels of government. The actors included national and provincial government departments, local government municipalities, Non-Governmental Organizations, private sector companies and local volunteers. Most of the actors, however, either planted trees or provided tree seedlings to municipalities and the local people. Tenure security was a key institutional factor affecting peoples’ ability to plant, use or even remove trees from their residential plots. The same applied to trees in the streets and public parks. Whereas most respondents did not require permission to plant (79.8 %) or remove (75 %) trees on their residential plots, a majority of them required permission to plant and remove trees from streets (over 70 %) and public parks (over 80 %). However, with regard to planting and removing urban trees in public open spaces, 54% of the respondents indicated that permission was not required suggesting a lack of clarity among local residents on the issue. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that there is no political recognition and support for UTGS at almost all levels of government. This has resulted in the lack of incorporation of UTGS in urban planning and development and has caused UTGS to receive limited funding to permit planned and systematic management. Given the current rates of urbanization and urban development, the lowly prioritised UTGS are vulnerable to exploitation. To conserve UTGS and promote their potential contribution to local people and the environment, UTGS must be recognized and placed on political and development agendas. There is a need to develop national guidelines for UTGS management, assess the extent of the urban forest resource in local municipalities, clearly define the roles and capabilities of different actors, integrate UTGS in the urban planning and development system, and most of all seek to involve the local people in overall management and governance of UTGS.

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Vice, President Research Office of the. "Livable Communities." Office of the Vice President Research, The University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/9515.

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What makes a community sustainable? Is it the effective management of local environmental resources? Or meeting the social, economic and health needs of its population? For the five UBC researchers in the following pages, the answer is unequivocally both. From tackling water scarcity to environmental health and planning, these researchers are individually working to ensure local communities are equipped with the necessary knowledge to remain sustainable for generations to come.

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Oliveira, Viviane Lafene Hughes. "Agenda 21 local de Itaparica/BA: possibilidades e limites de sua aplicabilidade." Universidade Catolica de Salvador, 2012. http://ri.ucsal.br:8080/jspui/handle/prefix/427.

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A Agenda 21 é um instrumento no qual as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento podem ser pautadas, uma vez que resulta da articulação dos agentes sociais entorno dos seus anseios e necessidades. Contudo, muitos são os limites impostos para a sua aplicabilidade. A Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, construída nos anos de 2006 e 2007 com participação do terceiro setor, comunidade e poder público local, seguiu as etapas de sensibilização, elaboração de diagnóstico socioambiental comunitário, reuniões temáticas e constituição do Fórum. O objetivo do presente trabalho é a avaliação da aplicabilidade da Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, seus limites e possibilidades na visão dos agentes sociais envolvidos. Para tanto, foi utilizada pesquisa bibliográfica acerca dos conceitos de desenvolvimento sustentável e governança participativa, além da aplicação de entrevistas junto a membros do poder público local das gestões de 2005-2008 e 2009-2012, representantes de organizações não governamentais, lideranças e agentes comunitários. Como resultados pode-se observar a descontinuidade das ações e não incorporação das propostas e diretrizes construídas quando da elaboração das políticas públicas que visam o desenvolvimento do município, apesar da reconhecida importância desse documento por parte dos agentes sociais envolvidos. Com base nisso, pode-se afirmar que o resgate da Agenda 21 Local de Itaparica/BA, bem como o estímulo à governança participativa, seriam fatores que contribuiriam com o desenvolvimento sustentável local.
The Agenda 21 is an instrument in which public policies for development could be based on, as it results from the articulation of social agents around their needs and desires. However, there are many limits to its applicability. The Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica, built in 2006 and 2007 with the participation of third section organizations, local community and public authorities, follow the steps of awareness, elaboration of community social environmental diagnosis, thematic meetings and Forum constitution. The objective of this work is to analyze the applicability of Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica/BA, its limits and possibilities in the involved social agents vision. To this end, the concepts of sustainable development and participative governance were studied, and the members of public authorities of 2005-2008 and 2009-2012 administrations, nongovernmental organizations, leaders and community members were interviewed. As a result, we could notice the discontinuity of actions and the non incorporation of directives and proposes as the elaboration of public policies to local development, although the importance of the document in the concept of involved social agents. Based on it, we could affirm that recuperate Local Agenda 21 of Itaparica/BA, such as stimulate participative governance, would contribute to local sustainable development.

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Jonsson, Markus, and Matea Muzevic. "Indicators of Sustainability - a tool for planning toward sustainability." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23189.

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Hållbar utveckling och i synnerhet hållbar stadsutveckling används idag som ett ledord för hur de flesta städer önskar utvecklas. Hållbarhetsindikatorer har etablerats som ett verktyg för att underlätta beslutsfattande åtgärder genom att förenkla, förtydliga och samla information. Tanken är att indikatorer ska styra och följa upp hållbarhetsarbetet men även fungera som ett verktyg för att kommunicera idéer, tankar och värderingar. I denna studie ämnar vi att beskriver hur hållbarhetsindikatorer kan bidra med att effektivisera hållbarhetsarbetet. Genom att undersöka hur tre svenska kommuner använder sig av indikatorer tillsammans med forskning inom området presenteras en slutsats som visar att det finns stora brister i de system som idag tillämpas. Litteraturen förespråkar ett fåtal indikatorer som bygger på både kvalitativa och kvantitativa värden där kommunikation blir centralt vilket går helt emot vad kommunerna gör. Nya indikatorsystem som bygger på deltagande där den tänkta målgruppen är i fokus skulle leda till en förståelse kring hållbarhetsmålen vilket är en förutsättning för att kunna nå dem. Indikatorerna ska underlätta beslutsfattande åtgärder där rollen som styrnings- och uppföljningsverktyg2blir central samtidigt som kommunikationen blir viktig i hållbarhetsarbetet. Som medborgare blir det svårt att påverka eller förstå hållbarhetsarbetet när det inte redovisas på ett begripligt sätt och när det är svårt att följa utvecklingen. Avslutningsvis presenteras en förstudie till ett projekt där ett förslag på hur en intern process vid framtagandet av ett nytt indikatorsystem skulle kunna gå till.
Sustainable development and in particular sustainable urban development are now catchphrases for how most cities wish to develop. Sustainability indicators have been established as a tool to facilitate decision-making measures to simplify, clarify and gather information. The idea is that indicators should control and follow through sustainability efforts but also serve as a tool to communicate ideas, thoughts and values. The aim of this study is to describe how sustainability indicators can help to streamline sustainability efforts. By looking at how three Swedish municipality use indicators along with research in the theoretical field a conclusion that shows that there are major weaknesses in the systems applied today is presented. The research advocates a few indicators based on both qualitative and quantitative values where communication is central which completely goes against what the municipalities are doing at the moment. New indicator systems based on participation where the intended audience is primary would lead to a broader understanding of sustainability goals, which is a requisite for achieving them. Indicators could facilitate decision-making where the role of management and monitoring will be key along with communication towards sustainability. As a citizen it is difficult to influence or understand sustainability projects when they are not presented in an understandable way and when it is difficult to monitor development. In the end of the study a preliminary project on how an internal process in developing a new indicator system is presented.

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Foury, Nazim Fouad. "L'effectivité des instruments de protection et d'aménagement du littoral méditerranéen : cas de l'Algérie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0220.

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Le littoral algérien est caractérisé par une grande richesse en ressources naturelles et offre d’importantes potentialités économiques. Néanmoins, cette portion du territoire est victime de son succès et se trouve confrontée, par conséquent, à une multitude de problèmes tels que la surexploitation de ses ressources amplifiés par une urbanisation massive qui s'accélère de plus en plus mais également par une pollution et une dégradation des zones côtières. Afin de répondre au mieux aux nombreuses incohérences résultant de ces divers problèmes qui frappent le littoral algérien, l’État doit veiller à mettre en place les mesures nécessaires pour trouver un juste équilibre entre l’utilisation de cet espace et sa préservation. L’analyse approfondie du dispositif institutionnel et législatif mis en place par les pouvoirs publics algériens démontre qu’il y a une réelle insuffisance en matière de gouvernance côtière et que les textes juridiques sont lacunaires en ce qui concerne la préservation et l’aménagement du littoral. Le principal défi de l’État est de pallier ces carences en mettant en place une politique de gestion intégrée et globale du littoral qui en permettrait un développement équilibré et durable
The Algerian coastline is characterized by rich natural resources which offer important economic potential. Nonetheless, this part of the country finds itself victim of its own success and have to face a multitude of problems, especially the over-exploitation of its resources which have been amplified by a massive urbanization that is accelerated more and more, but also by pollution and a deterioration of the coastal areas. Moreover, and to best answer the numerous incoherencies that result from these multiple problems that hit the Algerian coastline, the state has to take necessary measures to find a right balance between the use of this space and its preservation. The thorough analysis of the institutional and legal framework put in place by the Algerian public authorities, proves the existence of a real inadequacy in terms of coastal governance, as well as incomplete judicial texts with regards to coastal preservation and development. The primary challenge of the government is to redress these shortcomings, by putting in place an integrated and global management policy of the coast that will allow a balanced and sustained development of this space

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Francis, Shanthinie. "Environmental governance in the Warwick Junction Urban Renewal Programme." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4281.

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Governance is defined here as the process of decision-making and implementation. Public participation which leads on from good governance is a process leading to a joint effort by stakeholders, technical specialists, the authorities and the developing agent who work together to produce better decisions than if they had acted independently. Environmental decision-making and environmental partnerships go hand in hand in the sense that good environmental decision-making can only take place if sustainable environmental partnerships are formed. This thesis focuses on the case study of the Warwick Junction Urban Renewal Programme as an example of an area based management development project in the eThekwini Municipality. Warwick Junction is a vibrant trading and transport node in the heart of the city. The area is complex in terms of its biophysical, societal, economic and political structures. The purpose of the implementation of an Urban Renewal Program in July 1996 in Warwick Junction was to uplift and upgrade this inner city area so as to provide an improved trading and residential environment. A large number of projects that fall under this renewal programme have been completed. Community involvement in these projects has been implemented via community representation on a steering committee. It is proposed that a process of good governance is necessary to integrate sustainability into all spheres of development. The aim of this research therefore is to assess the decision-making processes for a number of environmental projects in Warwick Junction. The following projects that have already been completed will be the focus of this study: The Warwick Triangle Playground, Herb Traders Market, Bovine Head Cookers facility, Mealie Cookers Facility and the Badsha Peer Project. Theories of urban governance, public participation, environmental decision-making and environmental partnerships under the broader framework of sustainability, form the conceptual framework for this study. A qualitative approach has been employed in this research. Primary data has been derived from focus groups and open-ended interviews. A set of social sustainability indicators that was derived from the theoretical framework was used to determine the most successful project. Results show that the Mealie Cookers Project displayed all the characteristics of good urban governance. It is also considered to be a sustainable project because as part of its commitment to the urban renewal programme it has balanced the social, economic and environmental needs of present and future generations in Warwick Junction. This was the most successful project out of the five projects as it ranked very high on the social sustainability indicator table followed by the Muthi Traders market, the Badsha Peer Shelter, the Playground Facility and lastly the Bovine Head Cookers facility. The Muthi Market ranked as high as the Mealie Cookers Project on the social sustainability indicator table. This is due to adequate participation with affected communities which allowed them to contribute towards the decision-making process. The strength of the Badsha Peer Shelter Project lies in the good governance and good environmental decisions being taken, win-win partnerships and overall empowerment of stakeholders. The Playground Facility brought with it many political tensions as there were two civic associations that were at loggerheads with each other surrounding the whole project. The strength of this project lies in its transformative participation as the affected communities ideas were used to decide on the location of the park. There were also many political tensions among the Bovine Head Cookers. As a result of the cookers belonging to different political parties, an issue of territory was brought to the surface. Due to serious conflict between cookers and the renewal team, this project has taken three years to implement. It is thus considered to be the most unsuccessful project out of the five projects researched. It is therefore evident that three out of the five projects have been successful, displaying appropriate environmental governance. The results indicate that the environmental decision-making mechanisms that have been employed by the urban renewal team have been transformative in the sense that they not only give a voice to the communities, but also have empowered them in the process. Adequate public participation has also contributed to the success of the programme along with win-win types of partnerships that have formed. It is therefore concluded that the urban renewal decision-making mechanisms implemented in the Warwick Junction have contributed to the sustainability of the development programme.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2004.

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Fisher, Karen Toni. "Meeting Urban Water Needs: Exploring Water Governance and Development in Tagbilaran City, the Philippines." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/8034.

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Water is subject to uncertainty of supply (quantity) and quality, which affects decisions determining allocation, use and management for human and environmental functions. Tensions concerning water and its allocation reflect conflicting ideologies influencing development. Focusing on water governance enables the allocation and management of environmental resources and tensions in development to be explored. This research has as its central argument the notion that water governance is conceptualised differently at different scales and as discourses become localised, hybrid forms emerge. Place-specific hybrid governance systems which are cognisant of transformations in the local political economy and environmental characteristics can be useful in managing risks and uncertainty about water supply. This is particularly so where local knowledge about formal institutions regulating water governance and environmental conditions is low. This is because hybrid systems are more likely to be responsive to local needs than national or supra-national discourse allows. However, there are limitations with hybrid systems, particularly in terms of allocating responsibility and risk, which require effective coordination. ¶ The aim of this research is to uncover local perspectives and knowledge about water governance and hybridity in urban environments which can be used to shape and influence urban water management. I explore the hybridisation of water governance by considering the problem of ensuring urban water supply in a developing country context. The research was undertaken as an inductive, qualitative inquiry comprising a case study in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, the Philippines. Tagbilaran is a small sized city with a population of approximately 87,000 people. The city is experiencing relatively rapid population growth along with urban development and expansion in which water demand already outstrips water supply. Ethnographic, interpretive techniques were used to distil local perspectives about water governance which are juxtaposed with official policy and discourse. Research methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with government employees, government officials and key informants from other organisations. Other methods included structured household surveys and the use of documentary sources. This research reveals how formal approaches to urban water governance systems have been shaped by international development thinking and discourse. Current strategies to manage water emphasise an integrated approach which encompasses environmental, social and economic domains. At the same time neoliberal discourse exerts a powerful influence over how urban water is conceptualised and managed, and who should be responsible for its provision. The case study allows for the exploration of the ways in which development and water governance discourse have been articulated and the consideration of the local factors which have enabled the emergence of hybrid water supply services embedded in a localised hybrid governance system. I show how water governance in Tagbilaran is hybrid because of the global-local dialectic that informs policy and practice, public-private engagement in water provision, and inter-jurisdictional water sharing. I also demonstrate how households' experiences of water supply and their physical environment influence decisions about household allocation and perceptions about human-environment interactions and water security. As a consequence, knowledge about water governance held at the household level emerges as localised and specific in which everyday experience shapes ideas around responsibility and agency such that local forms of government and engagement have more meaning for households than national and supra-national discourse. The juxtaposition of formal, bureaucratic governance institutions with household knowledge exposes multiple understandings of water governance and water supply in Tagbilaran. ¶ The findings of this research reveal that household conceptions of water governance are divorced from formal conceptions of water governance. There is a risk, therefore, that an over-emphasis on network expansion without due consideration of water resource management may lead to greater levels of consumption. This will continue to place pressure on resources and may ultimately lead to water insecurity. This is because local knowledge of the formal political, economic, and administrative institutions is limited at the household level. Therefore, this research argues that local perspectives and knowledge need to be incorporated more into management and policy decision making. Alternatively, greater effort needs to be made to communicate formal policy to the household level.

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Hines, Edward. "Recognition of potential heat and water tradeoffs in vegetation-based city-level climate adaptation policies in arid and semi-arid environments." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/24096.

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The primary objectives of this study are to understand if and how cities are adapting to heat and water stress and to characterize their understanding of the potential tradeoffs associated with vegetation-based strategies. I address these objectives using two approaches: a comparative analysis of climate adaptation and sustainability planning documents in cities vulnerable to heat and water stress and an in-depth case study of the response to heat and water threats in Los Angeles. The comparative analysis of city plans builds a broad understanding of how cities are planning to adapt to heat and water stress and the degree to which they articulate an understanding of, and mitigate the potential for, maladaptive measures. The Los Angeles case study provides the opportunity to more deeply trace how the process of adapting to heat and water stress has unfolded in a single city. To do so, I locate the city’s contemporary policies in an historical continuum with previous municipal environmental policy efforts, in local patterns of urban development and their entailing political and economic foundations, and in regional, state, national, and international environmental policy hierarchies.

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Perrett, Darren. "Water Governance and Pollution Control in Peri-Urban Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: The Challenges Facing Farmers and Opportunities for Change." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/3967.

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Encompassing both urban and rural processes, the peri-urban interface (PUI) provides a unique and challenging arena for environmental management. As the urban core expands, the PUI industrializes and urbanizes, undergoing rapid social, economic, and environmental changes. One of the results of this transformation is often an increase in pollutants and environmental degradation. In the twenty years since the initiation of its reforms towards a more market-oriented economy, Vietnam has seen significant growth, much of this occurring within the industrial sector in and around urban hubs such as Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). Rapid urbanization and industrialization has occurred with limited control, and a trend has emerged where industrial activity has moved out of the urban core and into the PUI. Despite ongoing efforts, the government of Vietnam, as in other Asian countries, is unable to fully regulate firms illegally releasing untreated and often highly polluted wastewater. The result is that farmers in HCMC’s PUI must now contend with lower crop yields or even failures – and food safety concerns due to an influx of pollutants in irrigation waters. Combining a rights-based approach and a good governance approach, this research describes the constraints on both farmers and government officials that prevent a resolution of farmers’ pollution problems. These constraints are argued to stem from systemic water governance issues in Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam. They include poor communication between farmers and government officials, limited farmer participation in water management, a lack of integration between government agencies, little government accountability and transparency, and water management priorities that favour economic growth over environmental health. It is argued that strengthening farmers’ water rights could address these issues. However using a rights based approach would first require addressing gender inequities in community affairs, institutional changes to ensure the recognition of farmers’ rights in practice, compensating those harmed by pollution, and educating farmers on the legal system and the water rights it provides. In addition to addressing a general lack of literature on water governance in Vietnam, this research has implications for literature regarding peri-urban environmental management, good water governance, and the rights based approach. This research suggests that the challenges present in the PUI exacerbate and thus illuminate poor water governance practices that extend beyond the local scale. It also suggests that water rights be used as a possible platform to achieve good water governance. Lastly, it explores the potential challenges of implementing a rights based approach.

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Дисертації з теми "Urban environmental governance"

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