Дисертації з теми "Urban cohorts"
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Ng, Michael Kwok Keung. "The Urban Cohorts." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504816.
Повний текст джерелаIkehara, Elizabeth Slack. "A Comparison of Socio-Political Attitudes of Older Urban Women: The 1910-1924 Cohorts." PDXScholar, 1991. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1342.
Повний текст джерелаSun, Yilin. "Lifecycle Stage, Automobility Cohort and Travel: Probing into Structural Change in Urban Travel." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/85387.
Повний текст джерелаKyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14925号
工博第3152号
新制||工||1473(附属図書館)
27363
UT51-2009-M839
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻
(主査)教授 藤井 聡, 准教授 吉井 稔雄, 准教授 宇野 伸宏
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Ampleman, Matthew D. "Inhalation and dietary exposure to PCBS in urban and rural cohorts via congener-specific airborne PCB measurements." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1532.
Повний текст джерелаKoh, Wen Xin. "Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites in human serum from urban and rural cohorts in the United States." Diss., University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5793.
Повний текст джерелаRedaelli, Davide. "I veterani delle milizie urbane in Italia e nelle province di lingua latina. Indagine storico-epigrafica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/11103.
Повний текст джерелаLe coorti pretorie, le coorti urbane e gli equites singulares Augusti costituivano i corpi d'élite dell'esercito romano per via di un reclutamento selezionato e di un trattamento privilegiato rispetto alle altre unità. Lo studio si propone di indagare il fenomeno del veteranato di queste tre formazioni in un arco di tempo che va da Augusto all'ascesa di Diocleziano e in uno spazio che copre l'Italia, con l'esclusione di Roma e del suo suburbio fino al X miglio, e le province di lingua latina. L'indagine si basa sull'esame della documentazione epigrafica nella quale lo status di veterano di uno o più personaggi menzionati nel testo è sicuro e l'appartenenza ad uno dei tre corpi analizzati è certa o molto probabile. Il lavoro si divide in due parti: nella prima vi è un commento ad ogni singola testimonianza, nella seconda vengono svolte considerazioni di carattere generale sui veterani delle milizie urbane. Tali considerazioni scaturiscono da una visione complessiva della documentazione. Si vuole tentare in questo modo di rispondere a interrogativi riguardanti i rapporti sociali e l'integrazione di questi veterani nelle comunità scelte come residenza dopo il congedo, la loro partecipazione alla vita civica e le attività economiche cui si dedicavano. Una particolare attenzione è rivolta a riconoscere quanti veterani decidevano di rientrare in patria o di stabilirsi in località diverse da quelle natie e le motivazioni che guidavano tale scelta, la loro provenienza e la loro estrazione sociale.
Due to a preferential treatment and special recruitment among the military units, praetorian guard, urban cohorts and equites singulares Augusti were the élite troops of ancient roman army. This research aims to investigate the social and material life of the veterans of this élite troops, in a period of time included between Augustan age and Diocletian rise. It also considers a territory including Italy, except Rome and its suburbs until the tenth mile, and latin speaking provinces. This work is based on an epigraphic documentation in wich the veteran status of one or more subjects is proven and the belonging to one of the three élite corps is certain or probable. The research is divided into two parts. In the first part an analysis and a description is made for each documentary source. In the second part, general considerations are expressed about the veterans of urban militias. These considerations stem from an accurate documentation overview. The purpose is to answer questions regarding the integration and social relations between veterans and the community chosen to live with after the disbandment or, for example, the activities and the role of a veteran in civic and economical life. Specific attention is also paid to the territorial origin, social background and about the choice, made by a veteran, to return home or settle elsewhere after the service.
XXVII Ciclo
1986
Murray, Elaina, Kate E. Beatty, Louise H. Flick, Michael Elliot, Lisa V. John, Vetta Thompson-Sanders, Allison King, et al. "Maximizing Retention in an Urban Prospective Cohort Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6857.
Повний текст джерелаJones, Laura Louise. "Determinants of pubertal development in an urban South African cohort." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11602.
Повний текст джерелаTapia, Villarreal Irving. "Urban form, demography and daily mobility forecasts : comparative analysis France-Mexico." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010040/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of the Kyoto Protocol, France has set Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 75% below 1990 levels by 2050. More recently, Mexico has set the objective to achieve a 50% reduction by 2050 with respect to the base year 2000. Since the transport sector in urban areas with approximately 1 million inhabitants accounts for most CO2 emissions and will continue to increase its share, we wanted to determine to what extent the experiences observed in cities from developed countries (peak travel, dissemination of new vehicle technologies) may be repeated in urban areas from developing nations. For this purpose, we focus on case studies in France (Paris and Lille) and Mexico (Juarez and Puebla). The first objective of this thesis was to identify the determinants of mobility on each urban region. The second objective was to apply the age-cohort model for the development of long-term travel demand forecasts in order to take into account changes in the population structure (ageing) and in travel behaviour. The last objective was to develop GHG emissions assessments from observed travel demand. The decline in mobility and the dissemination of new vehicle technologies in France led to a reduction in GHG emissions. However, these changes are not sufficient to achieve the GHG reduction targets. The case studies in Mexico show the inability to reverse the trend towards the increase of GHG emissions; therefore the reduction targets will be hardly achieved. The case of Mexico give us an overview of trends in emerging countries, which are very far from achieving sustainable development and will face a major challenge in the coming decades
Zhang, Zhe. "Cohort Differences in the Gender Division of Household Labor in Urban China." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376916003.
Повний текст джерелаZaman, Syed Mohd Akramuz. "Cohort study of the effect of measles on childhood morbidity in urban Bangladesh." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299774.
Повний текст джерелаTalbert, Kevin M. "AN EDUCATIONAL CRITICISM OF THE NARRATIVE CURRICULUM OF AN URBAN TEACHING COHORT PROGRAM." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1342803252.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Clercq Louis Stephanus. "Molecular characterization of full genome hepatitis b virus sequences from an urban hospital cohort in Pretoria, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43142.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lk2014
Medical Virology
MSc
Unrestricted
Guillaud, Lucas. "Militaria à Lugdunum : étude de l'armement et de l'équipement militaire d'époque romaine à Lyon (1er s. av.-IVe s. apr. J.-C.)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2024/document.
Повний текст джерелаAs a roman colony and administrative capital of the Gaul Lyonnaise province, the city of Lugdunum entwines, since its origins, direct links with the exercitus romanus. This city was entangled directly and often in major military conflicts. Furthermore, it was the only settlement in Gaul to welcome a roman cohort, whose existence is confirmed by written sources such as funerary inscriptions. Taking into account these evidences, and lacking of recent findings, Archeology, lightly valued till now, appears as a great important source to understand the procedures of the military presence and occupation in Lugdunum. Recentdevelopments in both rescue and voluntary Archeology, favored the assemblage of a great number of collections. Among the gathered sets of instrumentum, certain objects arise mainly from the military sphere, the militaria.The work set out at the center of this thesis enables to approach the interpretation of the roman military presence in Lugdunum through the perspective of these archeological artifacts. The present study relies on a militaria corpus of 496 fragments to 337 objects, diffused over forty sites, scattered on the territory of the roman colony and its outskirts. Each artifact wassubjected to a thorough research, according to the classifications in use: defensive and offensive armament, belts, straps, harness and others. A technological, typological and chronological analysis is proposed for each one of them, based on the fieldwork observed at the scale of the roman world. After analyzing the data collected, conclusions about space, context and quantity can be established, as well as the notion of a possible craft-related production of certain types of military weaponry and equipment in Lugdunum.The results of this study provide a support for a broader discussion, as it concerns the roman military occupation in Lyon between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. The combination of the archaeological, historical and epigraphical data allows several hypothesis on the nature of the military establishment in Lugdunum, but also on its evolution, density andits role on the urban network of the colony of roman law
Willey, Barbara Annouscha. "Household socio-economic status, social support and infant and child growth in urban South Africa : a cohort study from 1990." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35399.
Повний текст джерелаBertin, Mélanie. "Impact des inégalités sociales et de la pollution atmosphérique sur le risque d'issues défavorable de grossesse dans la cohorte mère-enfant PELAGIE : rôle du contexte urbain-rural." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B010/document.
Повний текст джерелаPregnancy is a sensitive and critical period for the development of the child and the health of adults-to-be. The biological and physiological adaptation of the body dealing physical and psychosocial stressors during this period may exert its effects in adulthood (and possibly over several generations). This delayed toxicity presupposes intrinsically the need to study the effects of exposure to environmental risk factors during fetal life using a holistic approach involving risk factors at both the micro (individual characteristics) and the macro level (physical and psycho-social context). Given the heterogeneity of the Breton territory in which this work was conducted, we explored whether the impact of social inequalities and the physical environment (air pollution) on birth outcomes (fetal growth and the risk of prematurity) could be modified according to an urban or rural place of residence. This work was based on data collected as part of the Breton mother-child cohort PELAGIE, which had included 3421 pregnant women between 2002- 2006. The anthropometric parameters and gestational age at birth were measured by medical personnel at delivery. We defined urban and rural areas according to the definition of “urban units” from the National Census Bureau (INSEE). The annual concentrations of air pollution (nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) were estimated using a land-use regression modeled at a 100 m scale and developed as part of an European project. Finally, neighbourhood deprivation was estimated using a composite index developed at census blocks level and whose use was legitimated over both urban and rural areas. Neighbourhood deprivation was associated with an increased risk of infants with fetal growth restriction, only for women living in rural areas. We also observed an increased risk of preterm birth associated with NO2 concentrations > 16.4 μg.m-3, only among women residing in urban areas. The associations between air pollution and fetal growth, although sex-specific, did not seem on the other hand, to vary significantly according to the urban-rural spectrum. This work confirms the need to explore the influence of both social and environmental inequalities on intrauterine development, and to assess the role of place-based factors, such as the urban-rural context, in shaping these inequalities
Hoebel, Svelka. "Metabolic syndrome marker cut-off points and target organ damage revisited in an urban South African cohort : the SABPA study / Svelka Hoebel." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8483.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (PhD (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
Egbujie, Bonaventure Amandi. "Relationship between socio-economic status and cardiovascular disease in black South Africans living in a rural and an urban community." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3989.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction: In recent years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has emerged as a leading cause of death in developing countries. It is important to identify and target people who are at risk,given that a third of all deaths are expected to be due to CVD by 2020. Studies have shown socio-economic patterning in the prevalence of risk factors for CVD, including obesity,smoking and lipid profile. In developed countries, the association between socio-economic status (SES) and CVD risk factors is negative, with a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors among people of lower SES. However, findings from studies in developing countries on this including South Africa has been inconsistent. In addition, there is scant information on differences in socio-economic patterning of CVD risk factors between urban and rural areas in South Africa.Aim: To examine the association between SES indicators and CVD risk factors among an adult population cohort of Black South Africans living in a rural and urban community.Study design: Quantitative cross-sectional analytical study of baseline data of a populationbased cohort of 2000 Black South African men and women aged 30-70 years who are part of the Cape Town arm of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) Study. The study cohort has been established in Mount Frere, Eastern Cape (rural) and Langa, Cape Town(urban) since 2009 and the current work is secondary analysis of the baseline study data.Data collection/synthesis: SES indicators including income, employment status, marital status and completed education were gleaned from the baseline data of the PURE Cape Town study for all study participants. Then CVD risk factors including obesity, hypertension, selfreported diabetes, consumption of tobacco and alcohol consumption were also determined for the same participants. Data analysis: Data was analysed using SPSS version 20 for Windows. Descriptive statistics including frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviations (where normal distribution) and median and interquartile range (where non-normal) were used to summarise data on SES and CVD risk factors. This was performed separately for rural and urban study participants. Analytical statistics was used to examine associations between SES indicators and CVD risk factors with risk factors as both dichotomous and multi-level categorical variables. Kendall’s τ rank correlation coefficient was obtained to assess the relationship between the three indicators of SES. Prevalence rates reported with 95% confidence intervals was determined for risk factors across categories of SES indicators. P-values for trends in CVD risk factors were obtained by treating the SES indicators as categorical variables in logistic regression analyses. Multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate independent effects of the different SES indicators on risk factors was performed. In all analyses, P-values < 0.05 were regarded as significant.Results: There was a significant difference in the socioeconomic and CVD risk factors profile of urban and rural participants. Except for hypertension and tobacco use with insignificant higher prevalence in the urban location, all CVD risk factors were significantly higher in urban than rural participants. Some CVD risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) were positively associated with high SES (income) and some others (tobacco use) were negatively associated with employment status. Highest income earners had the highest risk of hypertension (AOR= 2.4, 95% CI 1.5-3.9) and diabetes (AOR= 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.1) after adjusting for age, sex and other SES variables. Marital status however showed the most consistent association across all CVD risk factors; widowed participants had a high risk of hypertension (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.7) and diabetes (OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.7), but had the lowest risk of tobacco (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.14-0.66) and alcohol use (OR=0.3, 95% CI 0.15-0.72). The distribution of CVD risk factors by SES gradient showed inconsistent patterning and difference between the urban and rural participants.Conclusion: In this cohort of adult Black South Africans, high income earning and widowed marital status were associated with higher hypertension and diabetes prevalence, while unemployment was associated with higher tobacco use.Recommendations: CVD risk reduction interventions that recognise the differential susceptibility of individuals in different SES group need to be designed and implemented.Widows and widowers should be given focussed attention in health screening as they may have increased vulnerability to diseases especially CVDs. There is however need for more research to establish the pathway through which SES factors predispose or protect individuals from CVDs.
Kuepper, Rebecca, Os Jim Van, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Cécile Henquet. "Do cannabis and urbanicity co-participate in causing psychosis? Evidence from a 10-year follow-up cohort study." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-103747.
Повний текст джерелаReid-Brown, Carolyn A. L. "Project-Based Learning: Investigating Self-Directed Learning Readiness Skills And Content Knowledge Retention In An Urban Jamaican High School Eighth Grade Integrated Science Cohort." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3388.
Повний текст джерелаKuepper, Rebecca, Os Jim Van, Roselind Lieb, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen, and Cécile Henquet. "Do cannabis and urbanicity co-participate in causing psychosis? Evidence from a 10-year follow-up cohort study." Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26468.
Повний текст джерелаNganawara, Didier. "L'accès des migrants au premier emploi en milieu urbain : une étude démographique appliquée à la ville de Bangui." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010534.
Повний текст джерелаTavares, Aline da Silva. "Prevalência e incidência de infecção pelo vírus da dengue em uma comunidade urbana: Um estudo de coorte." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2014. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/10303.
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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil
A dengue é uma doença febril aguda transmitida pela picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti. Em torno de 40% da população mundial vive em áreas tropicais e subtropicais sob risco de infecção e desenvolvimento da doença. No Brasil, a dengue é uma doença de grande impacto para a saúde pública. Entretanto, poucos estudos de coorte prospectiva foram realizados para estimar a incidência de infecções e para identificar grupos populacionais de maior risco para infecção. Identificar grupos de risco pode ajudar a orientar os programas de prevenção e controle da dengue, de modo a reduzir a carga da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a soroprevalência e a densidade de incidência e fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos associados à infecção pelo vírus da dengue em uma comunidade urbana. Um estudo de coorte foi realizado nas comunidades de São Marcos e Pau da Lima, bairros periféricos de Salvador-BA que apresentam infra-estrutura sanitária deficiente. Foram incluídos 2.323 participantes com idade ≥5 anos, residentes em domicílios selecionados aleatoriamente na comunidade. A coorte foi recrutada entre janeiro e junho de 2010 e o seguimento se deu após um ano, entre janeiro e maio de 2011. Em 2010, durante visitas domiciliares, os moradores dos domicílios selecionados que aceitaram participar do estudo assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e foram entrevistados para obtenção de dados demográficos e socioeconômicos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, transportadas no mesmo dia para a FIOCRUZ e, após centrifugação, alíquotas de soro foram congeladas a -20°C. Este procedimento foi repetido durante o seguimento da coorte em 2011. O teste utilizado para detectar anticorpos específicos contra dengue nas amostras de soro foi o ELISA IgG indireto. Medidas de tendência central, de dispersão e frequências foram utilizadas para descrever as características demográficas e socioeconômicas da população. A soroprevalência e a soroincidência foram calculadas de acordo com essas características. IC de 95% foram calculados para os indicadores de prevalência e de incidência. Dos 2.323 participantes testados no estudo de base em 2010, 2.036 (87,6%; IC 95%: 86,2 - 88,9) foram soropositivos para a presença de anticorpos IgG contra a dengue. A soroprevalência de dengue foi semelhante entre homens e mulheres. A análise da soroprevalência estratificada por faixa etária mostrou que quanto maior a idade dos indivíduos maior a soroprevalência de dengue (10 a 15 anos RP=1,75 [IC 95% 1,50 - 2,04] e maiores de 15 anos 2,19 [IC 95% 1,90 - 2,52]). Indivíduos de cor parda e branca apresentaram menor soroprevalência do que a cor preta. Aqueles com maior renda per capita e maior escolaridade apresentaram maior soroprevalência. Dos 240 membros da coorte que tiveram as amostras negativas para a presença de anticorpos IgG contra a dengue, 116 apresentaram uma infecção primária inaparente durante o seguimento, o que corresponde a uma incidência de 53,9 (IC 95%: 44,7-64,4) infecções primárias 8 inaparentes por 100 pessoas-ano. Os resultados apresentados mostram que a dengue apresenta uma intensa transmissão em comunidades urbanas pobres do Brasil. A urgente necessidade de estratégias alternativas para controle da dengue no Brasil faz-se necessário, a exemplo de vacinas.
Dengue fever is an acute febrile disease transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Around 40% of the world population lives in tropical and subtropical areas at risk of infection and disease development. In Brazil, dengue is a disease of great impact on public health. However, few prospective cohort studies have been conducted to estimate the incidence of infections and to identify population groups at higher risk for infection. The identification of risk groups can help guide prevention programs and dengue control in order to reduce the burden of disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence density and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with dengue virus infection in an urban community. A cohort study was conducted in the communities of San Marcos and Pau da Lima, outskirts of Salvador-BA who have poor health infrastructure. About 2,323 participants aged ≥ 5 years, residents in households randomly selected in the community were included. The cohort was recruited between January and June 2010 and follow-up occurred after one year, between January and May 2011. In 2010, during home visits, residents of selected households agreed to participate and signed a consent form Informed and were interviewed to collect demographic and socioeconomic data. Blood samples were collected, transported the same day to FIOCRUZ and, after centrifugation, serum aliquots were frozen at -20°C. This procedure was repeated during follow-up of the cohort in 2011. Test used to detect specific antibodies in serum samples from dengue was IgG ELISA indirect. Absolute and relative frequencies were used to describe the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population. The seroprevalence and seroincidence were calculated according to these characteristics by means of chi-square or Fisher's exact test. 95% CI were calculated for indicators of prevalence and incidence density. Of the 2,323 participants tested at baseline in 2010, 2,036 (87.6%, 95% CI: 86.2 to 88.9) were positive for the presence of IgG antibodies against dengue. The seroprevalence of dengue was similar between men and women. The analysis of seroprevalence by age group showed that the older individuals of higher seroprevalence of dengue (10 to 15 years PR = 1.75 [95% CI 1.50 to 2.04] and over 15 years 2, 19 [95% CI 1.90 to 2.52]). The brown and white individuals had a lower prevalence than black subjects. Higher income per capita and higher education showed a higher seroprevalence. Of the 240 members of the cohort who had negative samples for the presence of IgG antibodies against dengue fever, 116 had a silent primary infection during follow-up, corresponding to an incidence of 53.9 (95% CI: 44.7 to 64 4) inapparent primary infections per 100 person-years. The results show that dengue has an intense transmission in urban poor communities in Brazil. The urgent need for alternative strategies for dengue control in Brazil it is necessary, like vaccines.
Samus, Joseph Nicholas. "Preparing for the Next Generation of Senior Population: An Analysis of Changes in Senior Travel Behavior over the Last Two Decades." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4574.
Повний текст джерелаShange, Nkosinathi. "Investigating the determinants of use of healthcare services by South African adults with non-communicable diseases: An analysis of the prospective urban rural epidemiological (pure) study cohort." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8048.
Повний текст джерелаNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death globally, affecting a significant proportion of the economically active population, the majority of these occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In South Africa, over 40% of deaths are attributable to NCDs. The use of healthcare services by individuals who have NCDs is putatively high but has yet, not been adequately quantified. Furthermore, there is a paucity of research data on factors that influence healthcare services use among those experiencing NCDs in South Africa.
Magalhães, Alexandre Pedro Tavares da Fonseca. "How distances to Urban Green Spaces and Open Sport Spaces can influence physical activity in teenagers of Porto Community. The Epiteen (Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto) Cohort." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55455.
Повний текст джерелаCarneiro, Cristina Maria da Silva Moreira. "Association between Urban Green Spaces and Symptoms of Depression in 17 years old adolescents in the city of Porto. The EPIteen (Epidemiological Health Investigation of teenagers in Porto) Cohort." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63770.
Повний текст джерелаMagalhães, Alexandre Pedro Tavares da Fonseca. "How distances to Urban Green Spaces and Open Sport Spaces can influence physical activity in teenagers of Porto Community. The Epiteen (Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto) Cohort." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/55455.
Повний текст джерелаCarneiro, Cristina Maria da Silva Moreira. "Association between Urban Green Spaces and Symptoms of Depression in 17 years old adolescents in the city of Porto. The EPIteen (Epidemiological Health Investigation of teenagers in Porto) Cohort." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63770.
Повний текст джерелаDwarkanath, Pratibha. "The relationship of maternal micronutrient intakes of Vitamin B12, vitamin B6, folate and calcium on intrauterine growth retardation and birth weight : a prospective cohort study of urban South Indian pregnant women." Thesis, Curtin University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1497.
Повний текст джерелаOlsen, Nynne. "Functional outcome for older adults with movement disabilities : A cross-sectional study." Thesis, Jönköping University, HHJ, Institutet för gerontologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-52819.
Повний текст джерелаHylton, LeQuan M. "PERCEPTIONS OF THE HOMELESS TOWARD NONPROFIT HUMAN SERVICE PROVIDER." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4280.
Повний текст джерелаBarros, Susana Raquel Moura. "Diabets and the incidence of cancer in a Portuguese urban cohort." Master's thesis, 2013. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/72354.
Повний текст джерелаBarros, Susana Raquel Moura. "Diabets and the incidence of cancer in a Portuguese urban cohort." Dissertação, 2013. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/72354.
Повний текст джерела"A cohort analysis of wage structure and participation during economic transition in urban China." Thesis, 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074260.
Повний текст джерелаThe last twenty years have witnessed an economic transition for many countries, including the former Soviet Union, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as China. Different from other countries, China has been experiencing a gradual and partial economic transition since the late 1970s. The consequences of the economic transition in all these countries are also quite different. Other transitional economies have recorded abrupt recessions, as reflected in negative GDP growth, a decline in wage, and an increase in unemployment. As a stark contrast, China has experienced a smooth and rapid economic growth in the last two and a half decades of economic transition. Its GDP growth has kept on a leading level with that of the whole world. Besides, the wage level, as well as wage inequality, has risen substantially.
The other purpose of this thesis is to find the role of the cohort effect in the dramatically declining labor force participation of urban China. Our study reveals that the cohort effect explains much of the decline in the labor force participation. This is the first study in analyzing labor participation in economic transition using synthetic cohort data, and we find that estimation of cross-section analysis of life-cycle participation is quite misleading. Besides, our study presents the first analysis of the wage structure effect on participation after separating the cohort effect from the age effect. Will higher inequality cause incentive effect or disincentive effect? Will results differ for men and women? This thesis provides a thorough analysis, and makes important contributions to the literature.
This thesis conducts research on wage structure and labor force participation during economic transition in urban China. One major contribution of this thesis is to separate the cohort effect from the age effect in analyzing labor market behavior in economic transition. Given the dramatic changes to the Chinese economy and society in the past half century, cohort quality, cohort size, cohort preference, and even labor market opportunities for each cohort will be very different. Therefore, inter-cohort differentials in labor market behaviors may be quite significant. However, previous studies usually employed cross-section analysis, and have ignored the cohort effect, which mixed up cohort effect and age effect and might cause the serious problem of bias in estimation. Our analysis avoids this problem.
Han Jun.
"September 2006."
Advisers: Juncen Zhang; Hongbin Li.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: A, page: 1109.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-223).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.
Ramsoomar, Leane. "Risk and protection: alcohol use among urban youth within the birth to twenty (BT20) cohort." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/19636.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: South Africa (SA) faces a formidable threat to public health attributable to alcohol use. The heavy burden of alcohol-attributable morbidity, mortality and social harms borne by SA youth is concerning. In a series of papers, this study examined: current national trends in adolescent alcohol prevalence; the associations of prevalence with alcohol-related mortality; and the implications of the overall findings for alcohol policy in SA. The study also investigated adolescent alcohol use and its determinants at key developmental stages (early and late adolescence), among 1 647 urban adolescents in Soweto, South Africa. Employing a socio-ecological framework, multiple risk and protective factors that determine adolescent alcohol behaviours at late adolescence were empirically tested. Methods: Data originated from seven sources: two national household, (South Africa Demographic and Health Survey-SADHS); two school-based youth risk behaviours surveys (YRBS); and two phases of a mortuary-based sentinel surveillance study. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey of adolescent alcohol use and its determinants was nested within Birth to Twenty (Bt20), a birth cohort study which prospectively follows 3273 children and their mothers from its inception in 1990 to date. Following a review of national data among 13- 19 year olds, bivariate analysis of alcohol use and alcohol-related harm among 13- 19 year olds, and alcohol use and mortality among 15-19 year olds, respectively, pertinent policy implications are discussed. Descriptive statistical analyses examined alcohol prevalence at early (13 years) and late (17/18 years) adolescence in the Bt20 cohort, while bivariate and multivariate analyses determined the associations and predictive values of socio-demographic, individual, and interpersonal factors on adolescent alcohol behaviours. Multi-level generalised linear mixed modelling determined if community level variables explain variability in the likelihood of having engaged in alcohol behaviours at 17/18 years old. Results: Nationally, alcohol use was stable but high among adolescents at 20 - 25% (SADHS) and 49 - 50% (YRBS) over the period 1998-2008. Twelve percent of adolescents initiated alcohol use before age 13. Significant gender differences existed in alcohol consumption, with a predominance of male drinking. Binge drinking increased significantly among females from 1998 to 2003. Homicide, suicide and unintentional deaths among 15- 19 year olds were significantly* associated with positive blood alcohol concentration. Within the Bt20 cohort, lifetime and current alcohol use, and binge drinking, is prevalent, and increases with progression from early to late adolescence. Consistent with national findings, significantly* more males than females engaged in all alcohol behaviours. The frequency of lifetime alcohol use increased from 22% in early adolescence to 66% in late adolescence. Gender, maternal education, and socio-economic status (SES) predicted lifetime alcohol use in early adolescence, while marital status was an additional predictor of the same in late adolescence. In late adolescence, bivariate regression models indicated that alcohol refusal self-efficacy, alcohol expectations, peer influence, household SES, neighbourhood economic level and community level SES were significantly associated with lifetime alcohol use. However, multi-level analyses revealed no direct association between community SES and adolescent alcohol behaviours. Discussion: The high prevalence of lifetime, current alcohol use, and binge drinking, together with early alcohol debut indicates that, alcohol use is a significant public health problem facing SA youth. Adolescent drinking behaviour is the result of a complex interplay between individual, interpersonal and community-related risk and protective determinants. Empirically validated risk and protective factors represent potential points of intervention for prevention and reduction of adolescent drinking. This necessitates multi-faceted responses for prevention on one end of the continuum and harm reduction on the other. Conclusion: Findings challenge current regulatory alcohol policies, the implementation of which falls short of ensuring that minimum drinking age laws are adequately effected. In addition, regulatory policies appear inadequate in ensuring that strategies translate into a reduction in harmful alcohol use by SA youth. Authoritative and consistent implementation of regulatory policies, in addition to harm reduction strategies, is necessary. *p<0.01
Sogunle, Eniola Olufunmilayo. "The association between mode of delivery and early adulthood overweight or obesity in an urban South African birth cohort." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25358.
Повний текст джерелаBackground Obesity is an important public health problem and rates have reached epidemic proportions in many countries. South Africa has one of the highest rates of obesity in Africa, with about 38% of the population (and about 44% of adults) estimated to be overweight or obese in 2013. Caesarean section (CS) as a mode of child delivery has been reported to be associated with a low bacterial richness that predisposes infants to being overweight or obese; this early life deprivation is presumed to persist to adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine if mode of delivery is a predictor of early adulthood overweight or obesity. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of data that was collected from a prospective cohort study (Birth to Twenty Plus) established in 1990. A total of 889 young adults aged 21-24 years were included in the analysis. Pearson’s chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess associations between covariates and BMI categories, and prevalence of overweight or obesity among young adults, across mode of delivery categories. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to examine the association between mode of delivery and early adulthood overweight or obesity. Results Of the 889 participants, 793 (89.2%) were delivered vaginally, 24 (2.7%) were delivered by assisted VD, and 72 (8.1%) were delivered through CS. The numbers of overweight and obese young adults were 175 (19.7%) and 106 (11.9%), respectively. Caesarean section was significantly associated with obesity in young adults, after adjusting for potential confounders (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.00–3.94, p=0.049). However, no significant association was observed for overweight + obese combined. Conclusion Caesarean section was statistically associated with early adulthood obesity but not overweight + obesity combined. Mothers and physicians should, however, reduce the use of CS as a delivery procedure unless entirely required. This is due to the higher odds of obesity in later life, the potential biological link between CS and obesity, and the statistically significant associations reported.
XL2018
Brassell, Shane (Nee Hodges). "Prevalence of Disability in a Cohort of HIV-Infected children attending an urban paediatric HIV Clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/25224.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: With the success of evolving antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become a chronic condition, however, children infected with HIV have been shown to have developmental difficulties and disabilities. This study aimed to investigate the extent of disability among a cohort of HIV infected children in South Africa and whether they are being referred and accessing rehabilitative services. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at an HIV clinic in Johannesburg. Caregivers/parents were interviewed about their child, using the Ten Question Screen for Disability Questionnaire (TQSD) along with a general additional questionnaire devised by the researchers on medical history, services referred to and accessed and socioeconomic status (SES). Clinical data, from the child’s clinic file were recorded. Results Of the 200 children whose caregivers/parents were interviewed, 50.5% experienced disabilities were 58.4% of those had more than one co-existing disability. Of the children who reported disability only 46% had been referred to one or more of the following support services; audiologist, physiotherapist (PT), psychologist, occupational therapist (OT) and/or speech and language therapist (SLT). Previous diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and low pre-combination ART (cART) CD4% were found to be associated factors in the presence of developmental disability and/or delay. Conclusion The prevalence of children with HIV and disability is high and these children are not being referred to and/or accessing the appropriate support services. Government policy and clinic practice need to shift their focus of management of children living with HIV, in order to integrate services that can assist children reach their developmental potential and improve their quality-of-life.
XL2018
Feeley, Alison Bridget Bernadette. "The impact of dietary habits and practices during adolescence on the risk of obesity: the birth to twenty cohort." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12696.
Повний текст джерелаBackground: South Africa is not exempt from the obesity epidemic and latest figures show that a third of adult men and two-thirds of adult women are either overweight or obese. Concomitant are changes in dietary habits and practices which have been implicated in the risk of obesity. Concern is that obesity and related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) manifest at younger ages. Adolescence, as well as being a stage during the life course when eating attitudes and behaviours are formed, is a particular time when the aetiology of NCDs becomes evident. Little is known about the dietary patterns during adolescence in South Africa, and if policymakers are to attempt to reduce the burgeoning statistics relating to obesity then it is important to understand adolescent dietary habits and eating practices. Aims: To describe adolescent dietary habits and practices among South African adolescents and how they might influence obesity risk. Methods: This study used a mixed methods study design, using both historical and prospective data and included four study components in both an urban (components 1-3) and a rural setting (component 4). Firstly, a cross-sectional assessment of fast-food intake of urban 17-year-olds from the Birth to Twenty Cohort (Bt20); secondly, a longitudinal descriptive analysis of dietary habits and practices of the Bt20 participants over a five-year period, between ages 13 – 17 years followed; thirdly a longitudinal assessment of the relationship between dietary habits, change in socio-economic status (SES) and obesity in the Bt20 adolescents was conducted; and finally, an exploratory survey assessing the availability of fast foods in a rural area. Results: The cross-sectional analysis showed that mean fast food intake was 8.1 (4.6) items and 7.2 (4.7) items/week for males and females respectively. Furthermore, the kota (or quarter) was the most popular fast food item and on average it provided 5 370 kJ, 51 g fat (of which 13 g Saturate fatty acids (SFA)). The longitudinal analysis showed that poor dietary habits and practices were embedded by the age of 13 years and were characterised by: high fast food consumption with at least five items/week consumed from the age of 13 years. Breakfast (weekday and weekend) consumption declined for both genders and females ate breakfast less regularly than males. Snacking while watching television increased with age: with females consuming more (4.0 (4.8) - 7.3 (5.9)) snacks per week than males (3.3 (4.5) - 6.0 (5.8). Two-thirds of participants ate their main meal with their family but among girls there was a trend towards eating this meal less regularly with increasing age. Confectionery consumption remained the same, around nine items/week for males and 10 items/week for females. Lunch box usage declined with age, conversely the number of tuck shop purchases increased with age. The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity was (8.1%) and (27%) in 17-year-old males and females respectively. In males only, soft drink consumption was associated with obesity denoted by BMI z-score and fat mass (p<0.05). In the final multivariate model, soft drink consumption remained positively and significantly associated with both outcomes and „acquiring‟ a fridge over the 12-year period remained negatively associated with both BMI z-score and fat mass (p<0.001). Among females, no associations were found. Thus further data on other lifestyle variables are needed to understand better the exposures related to obesity risk in females. In the rural setting fast food was found to be available albeit a limited variety; two-thirds of the collected samples were either vetkoek (fried dough balls) or fried chips (yielding between 943 kJ – 5 552 kJ and 11 g – 64 g fat). Compared to the kotas available in Soweto, the samples obtained in the rural setting contained more energy and fat (6 300 kJ, 60 g fat vs. 5 369 kJ, 51.5 g fat). Conclusions: This research highlights that poor dietary habits and practices prevail in adolescence which may be implicated in negative health outcomes in later life. Of concern is the finding that poor dietary habits were embedded by the age of 13 years which suggests that interventions need to target families and children prior to adolescence in order to reduce the pervasiveness of these habits in the older child. The prevalence of combined overweight and obesity is higher than the national statistics for both boys and girls at the age of 17-years. This research confirms that some dietary behaviours are associated with obesity risk namely soft drink consumption – but in males only. However soft drink consumption may be a marker for other lifestyle behaviours associated with obesity. Other dietary habits were not shown to be associated with obesity in neither males nor females, which highlights the difficulty in the measurement of exposures relating to diet. This study also showed in males at least, that socio-economic factors are important when considering obesity risk. The availability of fast foods in a relatively impoverished rural area is concerning as it may indicate that this community is undergoing nutritional changes such as those seen in urban environments. With urbanisation and economic transition, households experience a change in SES and these changes drive behaviour which can either enable or disable health outcomes. In this study SES improvement, e.g. fridge ownership seems to enable certain behaviours which can be obesogenic. However we cannot halt development in this context but we must devise ways to improve lifestyle choices which will promote health rather than impede it.
Ginsburg, Carren. "Residential mobility in greater Johannesburg: patterns, associations and educational outcomes amongst children in the birth to twenty cohort." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/10842.
Повний текст джерелаBruwer, Erna Jana. "Physical activity status, chronic stress, cardiovascular risk factors and telomere length in an urban South African teachers' cohort : the SABPA study / Erna Jana Bruwer." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/14220.
Повний текст джерелаPhD (Human Movement Science), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
夏子康. "A public partaking model of urban planning a cohort study in the case of redeveloping project of west gate downtown and Wan Hua station." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08391119428731204029.
Повний текст джерела"Students with disabilities and high school completion: Systemic analysis of one four-year cohort of special education students in a large, urban-fringe, school district." UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3328513.
Повний текст джерелаTsai, Su-Ying, and 蔡夙穎. "Population assessmentand comparison of health-related quality of life among urban, rural, and remote island community elderly in Taiwan--a cohort study of 2000-2003." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22683783040496171261.
Повний текст джерела國立陽明大學
公共衛生研究所
92
Since 1994 the proportion of elderly people in Taiwan has exceeded 7%, which is the criterion for an aging society defined by World Health Organization (WHO). The age distribution of Taiwanese population is changing rapidly. The aging process and the frail elderly will trigger a huge demand for health services and medical needs. Previous survey in Taiwan reported that approximately 2.4%-5.4% of community old adults said they cannot perform some basic activities of daily living and 8.2%-9.0% reported they cannot perform some instrumental activities of daily living. Their quality of life suffers as a result, and capacity of independent living in their late life can be hampered. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment is a particularly important public health tool for the elderly in an era when life expectancy is increasing. The 36-item short form of the Medical Outcomes Study questionnaire (SF-36) was designed as a generic indicator of functional status and well-being for use in population surveys and clinical researches, and measurement of health-related quality of life was attempted with the goal of providing widely accepted criteria for evaluating the impact of disease conditions on subjects or patients. However, the epidemiology of HRQOL among the general population in Taiwan is not well studied. Furthermore, little attention has been given to the investigation of health status or health-related quality of life in affluent settings of the same country. The purpose of the study attempts to provide a profile of elderly population’s health-related quality of life from clearly defined community elderly samples in Taiwan, derived from urban (shihpai community), rural (Yuli community), and remote island (Kinchen community) districts and to explore a series of the impacts of health-related quality of life on associated factors. Main purposes were (1) to establish and compare population-based HRQOL elderly norms for the SF-36 among urban, rural, and remote island community elderly;(2) to explore the impacts of chronic diseases, medical care services, functional ability, and demographics factors on HRQOL; (3) to assess whether health-related quality of life was a predictor of three-year mortality; (4) to assess the effects of chronic diseases and clinical factors on three-year HRQOL changes; (5) to examine the relationship between lifestyle behavior over three year after HRQOL improvement or deterioration. This study design was an observational community-based cohort study over a three-year period. A population-based survey using the SF-36 among noninstitutionalized subjects 65 years of age and older was conducted in three districts. The government household registration system served as the sampling base for the survey. Door-to-door home visits based on a structured questionnaire were performed for data collection. Interviewers also collected information on subjects’ demographics, chronic disease medical history (or symptoms), use of health services, personal lifestyle, functional ability, fall event, and health-related quality of life. Of the potential 6053 study subjects, 4,424 participated in the baseline survey, and all were considered eligible subjects for a continuing fixed cohort study in 2003. After intense follow-up, 2,767 (74%) subjects were followed-up in three districts. Of the eight scales of SF-36, general health perception was the lowest scores (mean score = 64.2) and social functioning was the highest scores (mean score = 87.0) in Taiwanese elderly. The urban norms were significantly higher than the rural norms in seven scales of the SF-36 and significantly higher than the remote island norms in four scales, including physical functioning (84.6 vs 77.1), role limitations due to physical problems (77.8 vs 70.2), general health perceptions (70.5 vs 65.5), and role limitations due to emotional problems (90.6 vs 85.2). Remote island norms were significantly higher than urban and rural norms in vitality and mental health scales. Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores of urban population were significantly higher than those of rural and island populations (scores 52.6 vs 48.3 vs 49.3, respectively; P<0.05); mean Mental Component Summary ((MCS) scores among the island elderly were higher than urban and rural norms (scores 52.7 vs 49.6 vs 48.5, respectively; P<0.05) In the cross-sectional study, women had significantly poorer scores in all scales of the SF-36 than men (P<0.05). Higher education was significantly associated with increased scores in all scales, except for mental health scale. Scores of all scales were significantly reduced according to the number of chronic diseases a subject had. The need for domestic services and widespread body pain were also significantly associated with lower PCS and MCS scores. The elderly with cardiovascular disease, poor sleep, and depressive moods revealed that they had poorer scores on MCS wherever the subjects inhabited. Utilization of inpatient services, diabetes, stroke, and falls were significantly and independently associated with lower PCS scores. From follow-up data, three-year cumulative mortality rate for the study population was 5%, and cumulative mortality rate increased with age (P=0.001). Among the three districts, three-year cumulative mortality rate in the rural area was the highest (6.36%), followed by the remote island (4%), and urban areas (3.97%). For a five-point lower baseline score, a significant relationship between all scales and mortality was demonstrated, except for bodily pain (RR=1.02, 95% CI=0.99-1.04). A five-point decrement in baseline PCS score had a RR of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.18-1.35) as well as in baseline MCS score- Relative Risk (RR) of 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.16). After three years follow-up, our results found that women in the urban district still reported poorer health on all scales of the SF-36 than did men in the urban district (P<0.05), except for three scales of role limitation due to physical problems and emotional problems and mental health, however, all scales between gender were not significantly different between rural and remote island elderly in the follow up survey, even though part scales revealed that men had better HRQOL than women in baseline survey. To compare baseline and follow-up profiles of eight scales for the SF-36, our study found that unadjusted mean scores on all scales were significantly higher (better) at follow up in urban areas, except for physical functioning; rural subjects’ HRQOL had an improvement three-year later in role-limitation due to physical problems and vitality scales, while bodily pain tended to deteriorate. The scores in remote island tended to improve in role limitation due to physical problems and emotional problems and general health perception while the scores declined in mental health. Among women, a similar relation with improvement in most scales of HRQOL was seen three years later in all three districts, however this was not the case for male elderly in the three districts. We attempted to stratify by gender to explore the effects of chronic diseases and clinical factors on three-year HRQOL changes after adjusting demographics and personal lifestyle using mixed model. The results in urban males revealed that depressive mood, need for domestic services, utilization of emergency services in baseline, hypertension, and poor sleep were independent predictors of three-year HRQOL deterioration after adjusting other possible confounding factors. Urban females revealed that unhappy mood, arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke were directly associated with three-year HRQOL deterioration. Three-year HRQOL deterioration associated factors in rural males included need for domestic services, utilization of emergency services, poor sleep, and cardiovascular disease; those in rural females revealed that arthritis, unhappy mood, stroke, hypertension, utilization of emergency services in baseline were independent predictors of three-year HRQOL deterioration. The results of remote island males revealed that having cardiovascular disease, poor sleep, unhappy mood, and stroke were significant predictors of three-year HRQOL deterioration; those of females revealed that stroke, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis had a negative impact on three-year HRQOL deterioration. After discussing the impact of chronic diseases and clinical factors on HRQOL, our results showed that the negative effect indeed existed, but these factors played an irreversible role in later life. What are the modifiable predictors of HRQOL improvement and deterioration in later life? Our results found that good blood pressure control, normal figure, non-smoker, use of uterine cancer screening among women, and having no tired, asthmatic, and chest pain symptoms, and non-drinker were independently associated with improvement of HRQOL three years later. On the contrary, poor blood pressure control, smoking, no use of uterine cancer screening among women, and having tired and chest pain feeling were independently predictors of HRQOL deterioration after three years adjusting for other possible factors. In conclusion, there were significant differences between urban, rural, and remote island elderly populations in most scales of the SF-36. A significant relationship between most items, scales, and two summary measures of HRQOL and three-year mortality was demonstrated. It revealed that HRQOL measurement was significant predictor of mortality of the community elderly. Our results demonstrated that chronic diseases and clinical factors in baseline had negative effects on three-years later HRQOL changes, but these factors played an irreversible role in later life. The importance of healthy lifestyle and behavior in daily life is evident, because these factors are modifiable, including blood pressure control, normal figure, no use of tobacco and alcohol, use of uterine cancer screening among women.
Dlamini, Siphosenkhosi Nathaniel. "The relationship between single mothering and adolescents' sexual behaviour in black families in urban South Africa: a retrospective analysis of the birth to twenty cohort." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18697.
Повний текст джерелаIn South Africa, children are more likely to grow up in a single mother family than in any other family structure. A single mother refers to a mother who is living with children younger than 18 years of age and who is neither married nor living with a partner. A recent report by Statistics South Africa (2012) showed that at national level, in 2011, there were more children (42.5 %) aged below 5 years that lived with their biological mother only. And almost half (45.6 %) of those children are black African children. At the beginning of the Birth to Twenty cohort study, of the 3273 mothers and their children who were enrolled in the study, 1800 (almost 55 %) of them were single mothers and about 80 % (1440) remained single 10 years later. A wealth of research conducted abroad shows that children growing up in single mother families are associated with sexual behaviour that may jeopardise their well‐being. South Africa provides an important setting in which to explore the relationship between single mother families and their children’s sexual behaviour because of the statistics shown above. There is currently little knowledge about the relationship between the duration and timing of exposure to single mother families and the age of first sex for children. This thesis attempts to address this research gap. Retrospective data from the Birth to Twenty cohort (Bt20) was used to investigate whether there is an association between single mothering and adolescent sexual behaviour in the South African context, and to examine the impact of the duration and timing of exposure to single mother families for both adolescent males and females. Lastly, it sought to test mediating factors such as father and extended family involvement and other characteristics of the mother, like educational attainment and the age at which she had the child, on the relationship. Of the 3273 children and their mothers enrolled in the study in 1990, 1145 mother and their children were selected for this study and the children were 19 years of age at time of interviews. The study found that the average ages at first sex for children who have spent their entire lives in single mother families (fully exposed) and those who have always been in two-parent families (never exposed) are not significantly different from each other. Children who have been in single mother families for only some of their lives showed lower average ages at first sex, which suggests that they are more likely to start being sexually active at an early age than the other two groups. Children who were found to have spent more time (more than 9 years) in single mother families than in two‐parent families were found to be at higher risk than those who have been in two-parent and single mother families all their lives. When children have been partially exposed to single mother families before age 11, they are also more likely to engage in sexual activities than those who have been either fully exposed to or not exposed to single mother families at the same age. After controlling for demographic and socio-economic backgrounds, we found that maternal factors also have an impact on the age at which children start having sex. Children were found to be more likely to become sexually active before age 18 if they were born to a younger mother or a mother who had only primary education or no formal education. In addition, boys were found to be twice as likely to engage in sex by age 18 than girls, and were more than seven times likely to engage in sex by age 15, keeping all factors constant. Non-resident father contact and financial support are crucial determinants of delayed sexual activity at all developmental stages, and extended family support is important in early and late childhood. In conclusion, the main finding of this thesis is the importance of partial exposure to single mother families. Children who have been partially exposed to single motherhood were found to be at a higher risk of initiating sex earlier. This also shows how the instability of family structure might be a factor in adolescent sexual onset and this affects both boys and girls equally and at all developmental stages, despite the fact that boys are more prone to engage in sex at an early age than girls.