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Статті в журналах з теми "Urban background"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 22 червня 2024

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1

Wei, W., D. Botteldooren, T. Van Renterghem, M. Hornikx, J. Forssén, E. Salomons, and M. ögren. "Urban Background Noise Mapping: The General Model." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 100, no. 6 (November 1, 2014): 1098–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918789.

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2

Vratolis, S., M. I. Gini, S. Bezantakos, I. Stavroulas, N. Kalivitis, E. Kostenidou, E. Louvaris, et al. "Particle number size distribution statistics at City-Centre Urban Background, urban background, and remote stations in Greece during summer." Atmospheric Environment 213 (September 2019): 711–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.05.064.

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3

Krishnan, Pramila. "FAMILY BACKGROUND, EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN ETHIOPIA†." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 58, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1996.mp58001008.x.

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4

Valencia, Victor H., Ole Hertel, Matthias Ketzel, and Gregor Levin. "Modeling urban background air pollution in Quito, Ecuador." Atmospheric Pollution Research 11, no. 4 (April 2020): 646–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.12.014.

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5

Guan, Yanlin, Xiaolong Shi, and Rongfang Feng. "Thinking and Exploration of Urban Horticulture under Modern Agriculture Background." Frontiers in Science and Engineering 2, no. 11 (November 22, 2022): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fse.v2i11.2980.

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Nowadays, with the rapid development of urbanization, the traditional agricultural production and development mode has long been unable to meet people's needs for all aspects of agriculture. Compared with the traditional agriculture in the past, modern agriculture is an expression of the latest development form of agriculture. And urban horticulture, as an important part of modern agriculture, is produced with the rapid development of urbanization and industrial modernization, and is an inevitable product of the development of social and economic level to a certain height. Especially with the increasing pressure of work and life in the city, the citizens need more and more important for green and leisure, and the role of urban gardening in urban life is more and more obvious. In this context, this paper will combine urban horticulture with the development theory of modern agriculture, facilities production technology and industrialization management mode as a background. Based on the connotation of urban horticulture, combined with examples, we analyze the development mode and characteristics of urban horticulture, and actively explore the development prospects and countermeasures of urban horticulture in the future.

6

Pisoni, E., P. Christidis, P. Thunis, and M. Trombetti. "Evaluating the impact of “Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans” on urban background air quality." Journal of Environmental Management 231 (February 2019): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.039.

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7

Aleksandrova, Mariya V. "BACKGROUND OF THE SOVIET TYPE HOUSING: PROJECTS AND EXPERIMENTS." Yaroslavl Pedagogical Bulletin 116, no. 5 (2020): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/1813-145x-2020-5-116-243-249.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the conditions for the formation of the new concepts of urban planning and the process of searching for new types of habitation in pre-revolutionary Russia. The author investigates the prerevolutionary theoretical and practical experience in the urban planning and housing policy of the first years of Soviet power. The article examines aspects of urbanization in Russia and analyzes the complex of problems that arose in the field of urban development and housing planning by the beginning of the XX century. In the context of the problem, the specificity of the living conditions of the urban population in the capital and provincial cities of the Russian Empire, types of housing and projects for solving the housing problem are investigated. The article touches upon the problems of the hierarchy of urban space and the revolutionary redistribution of housing in the first years of Soviet power. The article considers the key concepts that influenced the development of domestic urban planning ideas: the idea of a garden city, housing cooperatives, low-rise types of habitation, and communal houses. Based on specific examples from the history of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Yaroslavl, the experience of the development and implementation of these concepts in pre-revolutionary Russia, as well as the experience of their transformation and adaptation in the soviet urban planning policy of the first years of Soviet power, is investigated. The experience of the domestic theory and practice of urban planning is studied in the aspect of socio-economic and socio-political factors that determine the trends and tasks of developing new forms of settlement, types of housing and methods for solving the housing problem in pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia in the first quarter of the XX century. The factors of the emergence of the phenomenon of a communal apartment as a type of housing specific for Soviet Russia and its relationship with sociocultural practices of the previous period are investigated.

8

Major, István, Mihály Molnár, István Futó, Virág Gergely, Sándor Bán, Attila Machon, Imre Salma, and Tamás Varga. "Detailed Carbon Isotope Study of PM2.5 Aerosols at Urban Background, Suburban Background and Regional Background Sites in Hungary." Atmosphere 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13050716.

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The aim of this study was to estimate and refine the potential sources of carbon in the atmospheric PM2.5 fraction aerosol at three sampling sites in Hungary. Quantification of total, organic and elemental carbon (TC, OC and EC, respectively), as well as radiocarbon (14C) and stable carbon isotope analyses were performed on exposed filters collected at an urban background site, a suburban background site of the capital of Hungary, Budapest from October 2017 to July 2018. Results were also collected from the rural regional background site of K-puszta. Compared to TC concentrations from other regions of Europe, the ratio of the lowest and highest values at all sites in Hungary are lower than these European locations, probably due to the specific meteorological conditions prevailing in the Carpathian Basin over the observation period. The concentration of OC was constantly higher than that of EC and a seasonal variation with higher values in the heating period (October–March) and lower values in the non-heating vegetation period (April–September) could be observed for both EC and OC fractions. Using 14C, the seasonal mean fraction of contemporary carbon (fC) within the TC varied between 0.50 and 0.78 at the sites, suggesting that modern sources were remarkable during the year, regardless of the heating or vegetation period. At the two urban sites, assuming constant industrial emission during the year, the fossil fuel combustion sources were responsible for the seasonal variation of EC, while modern carbon emissions from biomass-burning and biogenic sources influenced the OC concentration. The higher EC/TC ratios at these sites were associated with lower fC and δ13C values, which can be explained by soot emission from transportation. The notably high EC/TC ratios in the spring were likely caused by the reduced concentration of OC instead of increased EC concentrations. This could probably be caused by the ending of winter biomass burning, which emits a huge amount of OC into the atmosphere. On the contrary, the rural K-puszta site showed some differences relative to the sites in Budapest. No correlation could be revealed between the EC/TC ratio, fC and δ13C results, suggesting that the structure of sources was very stagnant and balanced in each season. In autumn, however, some less depleted values were observed, and agricultural corn-stalk burning after harvesting in the southern and eastern directions from Hungary can be suggested as the main source.

9

Chirenje, T. "Comparison between background concentrations of arsenic in urban and non-urban areas of Florida." Advances in Environmental Research 8, no. 1 (October 2003): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00138-7.

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10

Mattoo, Mohammad Iqbal, and Tariq Abdullah Bichoo. "Attitude of Secondary School Teachers Towards Teaching With Special Reference to Rural and Urban Background." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 2 (January 15, 2012): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/feb2014/17.

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11

Silva, Carlos Nunes. "The Historical Background of Urban and Regional E-Planning." International Journal of E-Planning Research 2, no. 1 (2013): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijepr.2013010107.

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12

Popovicheva, Olga B., Elena Volpert, Nikolay M. Sitnikov, Marina A. Chichaeva, and Sara Padoan. "Black carbon in spring aerosols of Moscow urban background." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-90.

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Air quality in megacities is recognized as the most important environmental problem. Aerosol pollution by combustion emissions is remaining to be uncertain. Measurements of particulate black carbon (BC) were conducted at the urban background site of Meteorological Observatory (MO) MSU during the spring period of 2017 and 2018. BC mass concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg m–3, on average 1.5±1.3 and 1.1±0.9 µg/m3 , in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Mean BC concentrations displayed significant diurnal variations with poorly prominent morning peak and minimum at day time. BC mass concentrations are higher at night time due the shallow boundary layer and intensive diesel traffic which results in trapping of pollutants. Wind speed and direction are found to be important meteorological factors affected BC concentrations. BC pollution rose identifies the North as the direction of the preferable pollution. A negative correlation between BC concentrations and wind speed confirms the pollution accumulation preferably in stable weather days. Relation of BC pollution to a number of agriculture fires is distinguishable by air mass transportation from South and South-Est of Russia and Western Europe. Mean season ВС concentrations at rural and remote sites in different world locations are discussed.

13

Watanabe, Tetsuya, Akira Maruoka, Toshiya Matsukawa, and Bumpei Nakade. "Study on Background of Urban Function Induction Area Designation." Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan 55, no. 3 (October 25, 2020): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11361/journalcpij.55.490.

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14

Hogenbirk, John C., Matthew R. McGrail, Roger Strasser, Sara A. Lacarte, Ajay Kevat, and Michael Lewenberg. "Urban washout: How strong is the rural-background effect?" Australian Journal of Rural Health 23, no. 3 (May 6, 2015): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12183.

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15

Courvoisier, François, Véronique Boutou, Vanessa Wood, Andreas Bartelt, Matthias Roth, Herschel Rabitz, and Jean-Pierre Wolf. "Femtosecond laser pulses distinguish bacteria from background urban aerosols." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 6 (August 8, 2005): 063901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2007870.

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16

Flores, Edgar, Joële Viallon, Tiphaine Choteau, Philippe Moussay, Faraz Idrees, Robert I. Wielgosz, Jeongsoon Lee, et al. "CCQM-K120 (Carbon dioxide at background and urban level)." Metrologia 56, no. 1A (November 29, 2018): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/56/1a/08001.

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17

Roizblatt, Arturo, Javier Cerda, Carolina Conejero, Marcela Flores, Christian Fau, Felipe González, Gustavo Quijada, Alberto Botto, and Carolina Muñiz. "Childhood Background of Homelessness in a Chilean Urban Center." Journal of Family Psychotherapy 15, no. 1-2 (June 7, 2004): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j085v15n01_14.

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18

Hornikx, Maarten, Jens Forssén, Dick Botteldooren, Timothy van Renterghem, Weigang Wei, Mikael Ögren, and Erik Salomons. "Urban Background Noise Mapping: The Multiple-Reflection Correction Term." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 100, no. 2 (March 1, 2014): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918709.

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19

d'Amore, G., L. Anglesio, M. Tasso, A. Benedetto, and S. Roletti. "Outdoor Background ELF Magnetic Fields in an Urban Environment." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 94, no. 4 (April 2, 2001): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006513.

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20

Hämeri, Kaarle, Markku Kulmala, Unto Tapper, Eija Issakainen, and Kari Hämekoski. "Field measurements in urban background — the effect of photochemistry." Journal of Aerosol Science 22 (1991): S677—S680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(05)80192-2.

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21

Broaded, C. Montgomery, and Chongshun Liu. "Family Background, Gender and Educational Attainment in Urban China." China Quarterly 145 (March 1996): 53–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000044131.

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Substantial gender imbalances in Chinese higher education and in the urban occupational structure are widely recognized.1 Women comprise only about one–third of students in colleges and universities, and they tend to be concentrated in particular types of institutions, such as teacher training colleges, and departments such as humanities, while men predominate in the scientific and engineering fields that have served as the primary avenues for upward occupational and political mobility. In the urban workforce, men are overrepresented in state–run factories and in positions of authority and expertise generally, while women are overrepresented in the collective sector, medium and light industry, and in the lower clerical and service sectors. These circumstances are the result of pervasive societal sorting processes which begin much earlier in life than sitting for the college entrance exams or entering the labour force, and which channel girls and boys towards different if partially overlapping futures. The research we report here on the determinants of educational attainment at the senior high school level helps to shed light on processes of gender differentiation and stratification in urban China.

22

Lovejoy, Paul E. "The urban background of Enslaved Muslims in the Americas." Slavery & Abolition 26, no. 3 (December 2005): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440390500319612.

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23

Ntalampiras, Stavros. "Universal background modeling for acoustic surveillance of urban traffic." Digital Signal Processing 31 (August 2014): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2014.05.003.

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24

Sorg, Aileen, Alexandre Gouy, Colin Charles Tièche, and Martin Zieger. "Human background DNA on stones in an urban environment." Forensic Science International: Genetics 65 (July 2023): 102880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102880.

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25

Schlittenlacher, Josef, and Karine Wales. "Annoyance of helicopter-like sounds in urban background noise." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 6 (February 1, 2023): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0164.

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Scenarios of urban air mobility see electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOLs) operating within cities. Rotorcraft sounds are typically characterised by short bursts of noise, although eVTOLs offer more opportunities for a quieter sound design. We asked participants to compare the annoyance of a reference sequence of bursts of noise with a burst duration of 20 ms with that of a test sequence for which the burst duration was 1 or 5 ms. There were 20 bursts/s. A two-interval, two-alternative forced-choice task and a 1-up/1-down procedure was used. Both sequences were played in background noise that had either the same root-mean-square (RMS) level as the sequence of bursts or 10 dB less. The results were similar to those for loudness: On average, sequences with 1-ms bursts needed 6-7 dB less RMS level to sound equally annoying as the 20-ms bursts, and sequences with 5-ms bursts needed 3 dB less. This suggests that psychoacoustic annoyance is mainly explained by loudness and that the RMS level is an insufficient descriptor. Compared between the two background noise levels, the level difference for equal annoyance between short and 20-ms bursts was 1.5 dB larger in the louder background, which was statistically significant.

26

Huang, Wenyan, Fu Zou, and Aidi Li. "Investigation and application of urban background resources based on multi technology integration." Advances in Economics and Management Research 1, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aemr.3.1.222.

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With the development of natural resources management from extensive management to refined management, the traditional survey methods had problems such as single survey methods and data sources, and less detailed data of urban land space. It was difficult to meet the needs of urban land space monitoring and refined management of natural resources. Therefore, more detailed urban background resource data was urgently needed to support the needs of land space planning and refined management of natural resources. Through the research of multi technology integrated urban background resource investigation method, this paper conducts detailed investigation and integrated application on the production, life, ecology, history and humanities of urban land space, so as to provide better data and technical support for the fine management of natural resources.

27

Bolleter, Julian. "Background noise: a review of the effects of background infill on urban liveability in Perth." Australian Planner 53, no. 4 (October 2016): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2016.1245201.

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28

Xu, Lingling, Xiaoqiu Chen, Jinsheng Chen, Fuwang Zhang, Chi He, Ke Du, and Yang Wang. "Characterization of PM10 atmospheric aerosol at urban and urban background sites in Fuzhou city, China." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19, no. 5 (June 2012): 1443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0759-6.

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29

Gao, Lan, Xu Yue, Xiaoyan Meng, Li Du, Yadong Lei, Chenguang Tian, and Liang Qiu. "Comparison of Ozone and PM2.5 Concentrations over Urban, Suburban, and Background Sites in China." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 37, no. 12 (November 17, 2020): 1297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0054-2.

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AbstractSurface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are dominant air pollutants in China. Concentrations of these pollutants can show significant differences between urban and nonurban areas. However, such contrast has never been explored on the country level. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of urban-to-suburban and urban-to-background difference for O3 (Δ[O3]) and PM2.5 (Δ[PM2.5]) concentrations in China using monitoring data from 1171 urban, 110 suburban, and 15 background sites built by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC). On the annual mean basis, the urban-to-suburban Δ[O3] is −3.7 ppbv in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, 1.0 ppbv in the Yangtze River Delta, −3.5 ppbv in the Pearl River Delta, and −3.8 ppbv in the Sichuan Basin. On the contrary, the urban-to-suburban Δ[PM2.5] is 15.8, −0.3, 3.5 and 2.4 µg m−3 in those areas, respectively. The urban-to-suburban contrast is more significant in winter for both Δ[O3] and Δ[PM2.5]. In eastern China, urban-to-background differences are also moderate during summer, with −5.1 to 6.8 ppbv for Δ[O3] and −0.1 to 22.5 µg m−3 for Δ[PM2.5]. However, such contrasts are much larger in winter, with −22.2 to 5.5 ppbv for Δ[O3] and 3.1 to 82.3 µg m−3 for Δ[PM2.5]. Since the urban region accounts for only 2% of the whole country’s area, the urban-dominant air quality data from the CNEMC network may overestimate winter [PM2.5] but underestimate winter [O3] over the vast domain of China. The study suggests that the CNEMC monitoring data should be used with caution for evaluating chemical models and assessing ecosystem health, which require more data outside urban areas.

30

Bin, Li. "Migration of Korean Chinese: The Economic Background." Practicing Anthropology 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.24.1.k6057247243x4220.

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Migration is a major trend in contemporary China and that is true of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, the easternmost part of Jilin Province. By the term migration, I will mainly refer to voluntary population movements from rural to urban areas.

31

Яковлев, Г. А., and В. С. Яковлева. "Distortion of radiation background in urban environment due to aggressive influence of technosphere. Stage 1: radon and alpha-background." Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физико-математические науки, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26117/2079-6641-2020-32-3-154-164.

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Работа посвящена проверка возможности замены промышленно выпускаемых радиометров радона более экономичными детекторами альфа- и/или бета-излучения для проведения круглогодичного и периодического мониторинга радона в городской атмосфере. Выявлена значимая корреляция между интегральными (средними за месяц) значениями ЭРОА радона и плотности потока альфа-излучения. Это подтверждает, что мониторинг альфа-фона в городской среде может надежно заменить мониторинг величины ЭРОА радона, которая является нормируемой и характеризует внутреннее облучение населения альфа-излучением. Получено, что при известной сезонной закономерности в динамике коэффициента радиоактивного равновесия между радоном и дочерними продуктами его распада также можно будет осуществить замену мониторинга радона в городской атмосфере мониторингом плотности потока альфа-излучения. The work is devoted to testing the possibility of replacing industrially produced radon radiometers with more economical detectors of alpha and/or beta-radiation for conducting year-round and periodic monitoring of radon in the urban atmosphere. A significant correlation was revealed between the integral (monthly average) values of the EEC of radon and the flux density of alpha radiation. This confirms that the monitoring of the alpha background in the urban environment can reliably replace the monitoring of the EEC of radon, which is normalized and characterizes the internal exposure of the population to alpha radiation. It was found that with a known seasonal pattern in the dynamics of the coefficient of radioactive equilibrium between radon and its daughter decay products, it will also be possible to replace monitoring of radon in the urban atmosphere by monitoring the flux density of alpha radiation.

32

Storper, Michael, and Allen J Scott. "Debates atuais sobre a teoria urbana: uma avaliação crítica/Current debates in urban theory: A critical assessment." Geografares, no. 27 (November 28, 2018): 30–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7147/geo27.22001.

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Os estudos urbanos atualmente são marcados por muitos debates ativos. Em um artigo anterior, abordamos alguns desses debates propondo um conceito fundamental de urbanização e de forma urbana para identificar uma linguagem comum para a pesquisa urbana. No presente trabalho, faremos uma breve recapitulação desse quadro. Utilizaremos então este material preliminar como base para uma crítica das três versões atualmente mais influentes da análise urbana, a saber, a teoria urbana pós-colonial, as abordagens teóricas do agenciamento e da urbanização planetária. Nós avaliaremos cada uma dessas versões e cada uma delas pretende ser considerada a melhor abordagem sobre as realidades urbanas. Faremos a crítica de: a) teoria urbana pós-colonial, por seu particularismo e sua insistência na provincianização do conhecimento, b) abordagens teóricas do agenciamento, por sua indeterminação e ecletismo, e c) urbanização planetária, pela desvalorização radical das forças de aglomeração e de nodalidade na geografia urbano-econômica.Palavras-chave: Teoria da aglomeração, teoria do agenciamento, teoria da urbanização planetária, urbanismo pós-colonial, teoria urbanaABSTRACTUrban studies today is marked by many active debates. In an earlier paper, we addressed some of these debates by proposing a foundational concept of urbanisation and urban form as a way of identifying a common language for urban research. In the present paper we provide a brief recapitulation of that framework. We then use this preliminary material as background to a critique of three currently influential versions of urban analysis, namely, postcolonial urban theory, assemblage theoretic approaches and planetary urbanism. We evaluate each of these versions in turn and find them seriously wanting as statements about urban realities.We criticise (a) postcolonial urban theory for its particularism and its insistence on the provincialisation of knowledge, (b) assemblage theoretic approaches for their indeterminacy and eclecticism and (c) planetary urbanism for its radical devaluation of the forces of agglomeration and nodality in urban-economic geography.Keywords: agglomeration theory, assemblage theory, planetary urbanisation theory, post-colonial urbanism, urban theory.

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MALYSHEVA, Svetlana G. "HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAMARA EMBANKMENTS." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.02.15.

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Practical experience in the construction of urban embankments in coastal areas, as well as ways to implement possible projects are considered. The research task is to find a solution to new scenarios of the organic existence of the natural and man-made environment at the border of the city and water. Priority approaches are determined in solving the problem of organizing traffic flows along the coastline of urban areas. The analysis of the foreign experience of the last two decades, which substantiates the ways to comprehensively solve the complex problem of modern development of coastal territories, is carried out. Examples illustrate options for shaping public spaces of embankments and improving the transport situation in an urban environment of coastal zones.

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Hansik Kim. "The Character and Background of Post-War Urban Initiation Novel." Studies in Korean Literature ll, no. 43 (December 2012): 397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.20881/skl.2012..43.012.

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SUGAWARA, Hirofumi, Ryoko ODA, and Naoko SEINO. "Urban Thermal Influence on the Background Environment of Convective Precipitation." Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 96A (2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2018-010.

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Høibø, Olav, Eric Hansen, Erlend Nybakk, and Marius Nygaard. "Preferences for Urban Building Materials: Does Building Culture Background Matter? †." Forests 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080504.

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A fast-growing global population, increasing urbanization, and an increasing flow of people with different building cultural backgrounds bring material use in the housing sector into focus. The aim of this study is to identify material preferences in the building environment in cities and to determine if the building cultural background impacts those preferences. The data in this study consisted of responses from two groups of dwellers in Norway, including immigrants from countries where wood is an uncommon building material and native Norwegians from a building culture where wood is common. We found that the most preferred materials were often the same as the most common materials currently used in city buildings. Only small differences were found between the two groups of dwellers that were studied. Most differences were related to concerns about material choice in general and where individuals wanted to live. Respondents who preferred city living preferred commonly used city materials, such as concrete and steel. For cladding materials, stone/bricks were the most preferred. However, stained or painted wood was one of the most preferred, even though it is not commonly used in city buildings.

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Török, Sz, Sz Sándor, C. Xhoffer, R. Van Grieken, K. W. Jones, S. R. Sutton, and R. L. Rivers. "X-Ray Microprobe Studies of Hungarian Background and Urban Aerosols." Advances in X-ray Analysis 35, B (1991): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800013471.

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In order to determine the polluting atmospheric sources in urban and background areas source apportionment of the air particulate matter is necessary. Hitherto these studies were mostly based on bulk composition measurements of the aerosol. Source profiles, i.e. the concentrations of several elements for air particulate matter originating from one source, can be deduced from the receptor data using a number of multivariate techniques among which the chemical mass balance. The application is limited by the large number of observations that must be made for each of the variables. Often an elaborated sample preparation is necessary for fractionating the sample into several sub samples, according to the density, particle diameter or other relevant properties . Often this may results in poorly resolved source profiles.

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Ivanova, Zinaida, and Igor Pryadko. "Urban design against the background of biosphere and social processes." MATEC Web of Conferences 106 (2017): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710601012.

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Zhao, Lei, Xuhui Lee, Ronald B. Smith, and Keith Oleson. "Strong contributions of local background climate to urban heat islands." Nature 511, no. 7508 (July 2014): 216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13462.

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Johnston, M. Francis, and Li Huimin. "Estimating China's Urban Unemployment Rate: Background, mechanics and an alternative." Journal of Contemporary China 11, no. 31 (May 2002): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10670560220129595.

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Jamriska, M., T. C. DuBois, and A. Skvortsov. "Statistical characterisation of bio-aerosol background in an urban environment." Atmospheric Environment 54 (July 2012): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.049.

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Venegas, L. E., and N. A. Mazzeo. "Modelling of urban background pollution in Buenos Aires City (Argentina)." Environmental Modelling & Software 21, no. 4 (April 2006): 577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.08.013.

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Noonan, Anne E., Renée Spencer, Deborah Belle, and Amber Hewitt. "Urban Adolescents’ Understandings of the Relationship Between Background and Success." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 29, no. 6 (July 29, 2012): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-012-0270-4.

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Moreno, Teresa, Javier Lavín, Xavier Querol, Andrés Alastuey, Mar Viana, and Wes Gibbons. "Controls on hourly variations in urban background air pollutant concentrations." Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 27 (September 2009): 4178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.05.041.

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Larson, Timothy, Lars Moseholm, David Slater, and Cyra Cain. "“Local background” levels of carbon monoxide in an urban area." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 30, no. 6 (November 1996): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0965-8564(96)00007-9.

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Zhang, Jialin, and Kenneth Bigel. "Education Inequality in China: Comparison of Family Background in Shanghai and Jinzhai." International Business & Economics Studies 6, no. 2 (March 11, 2024): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v6n2p1.

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This research aims to compare different aspects of family environment influence from both academic and economic perspectives between Shanghai, an urban city, and Jinzhai, a rural region. This research also attempts to present some potential solutions to lessen the education inequalities between urban and rural areas.

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Bousiotis, Dimitrios, Manuel Dall'Osto, David C. S. Beddows, Francis D. Pope, and Roy M. Harrison. "Analysis of new particle formation (NPF) events at nearby rural, urban background and urban roadside sites." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 8 (April 30, 2019): 5679–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5679-2019.

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Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) events have different patterns of development depending on the conditions of the area in which they occur. In this study, particle size distributions in the range of 16.6–604 nm (7 years of data) were analysed and NPF events occurring at three sites of differing characteristics – rural Harwell (HAR), urban background North Kensington (NK), urban roadside Marylebone Road (MR), London, UK – were extracted and studied. The different atmospheric conditions in each study area not only have an effect on the frequency of the events, but also affect their development. The frequency of NPF events is similar at the rural and urban background locations (about 7 % of days), with a high proportion of events occurring at both sites on the same day (45 %). The frequency of NPF events at the urban roadside site is slightly less (6 % of days), and higher particle growth rates (average 5.5 nm h−1 at MR compared to 3.4 and 4.2 nm h−1 at HAR and NK respectively) must result from rapid gas-to-particle conversion of traffic-generated pollutants. A general pattern is found in which the condensation sink increases with the degree of pollution of the site, but this is counteracted by increased particle growth rates at the more polluted location. A key finding of this study is that the role of the urban environment leads to an increment of 20 % in N16–20 nm in the urban background compared to that of the rural area in NPF events occurring at both sites. The relationship of the origin of incoming air masses is also considered and an association of regional events with cleaner air masses is found. Due to lower availability of condensable species, NPF events that are associated with cleaner atmospheric conditions have lower growth rates of the newly formed particles. The decisive effect of the condensation sink in the development of NPF events and the survivability of the newly formed particles is underlined, and influences the overall contribution of NPF events to the number of ultrafine particles in an area. The other key factor identified by this study is the important role that pollution, both from traffic and other sources in the urban environment (such as heating or cooking), plays in new particle formation events.

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Fu, De Ren, and Yao Zhi Huang. "Urban Agricultural Landscape Development Ideas on the Background of Urban and Rural Economic and Social Development." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1872–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1872.

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Urban agricultural landscape depends on agricultural production, which is a composite function of the system with the combination of modern agriculture, rural culture, tourism and leisure as well as environmental education, farming experience. With the development of rural and urban, urbanization and agricultural modernization, metropolitan agricultural landscape has been given serious impact and challenge. The article analyzes relationship between rural, urban development and metropolitan agricultural landscape, then, it proposed strategy of the metropolitan agricultural landscape in Taihu Lake.

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Yang, Jun, Yichen Wang, Bing Xue, Yunfei Li, Xiangming Xiao, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, and Baojie He. "Contribution of urban ventilation to the thermal environment and urban energy demand: Different climate background perspectives." Science of The Total Environment 795 (November 2021): 148791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148791.

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He, Ju, Yunxiao Dang, Wenzhong Zhang, and Li Chen. "Perception of Urban Public Safety of Floating Population with Higher Education Background: Evidence from Urban China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 8663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228663.

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The Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused people to pay significant attention to urban public safety issues. The city’s public safety is an important part of the high-quality development and the construction of a liveable city. To understand whether and how factors at different levels affect the public security of particular group of people in a city. This study uses data from an extensive questionnaire survey by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China (MOHURD) in 11 cities. This study uses the descriptive statistical method and Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) to study the perception of urban public safety (PUPS) and its influencing factors of floating population with higher education background (FPHEB) from the three levels of city–district–individual. The study finds that (1) when FPHEB is placed in a district and a city at the same time, the influence of the city on PUPS is greater than that of the district; (2) the urban’s infrastructure security and economic development security positively affect the floating population; (3) the GDP and the number of stadiums and hospitals of the district are significantly positively correlated with the PUPS of the FPHEB, whereas the increase of population density and road density have negative effects; (4) FPHEB with distinct attributes will make their PUPS also different. This study is not only a reflection on the construction of urban public security after the COVID-19 outbreak but can also be used as a theoretical reference for the government in constructing urban public security. This study also enriches the research on the floating population and makes good scientific suggestions for the city’s PUPS of the FPHEB. The research results can provide a better reference for the government’s urban safety construction from the perspective of residents’ perception.