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Helmita, Helmita, and Haicha Fadella. "A Sociological Analysis of The Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde." Jurnal Ilmiah Langue and Parole 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36057/jilp.v2i1.329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research is a about the marriage crisis is reflected in Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband drama, what strategy is employed to maintain a marriage, and why did Oscar Wilde give concern in the marital crisis. The purpose of this study is (1) To describe the marital crisis illustrated reflected in the drama An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde (2) To explain the strategy in maintaining a marriage (3) and to reveal the reason why Oscar Wilde gave concern in the marital crisis. The approach used is a sociology approach that the discusses an external aspects of a drama. The theory used in this research is the theory sociology of literature according to Alan Swingewood and Diana Laurenson which states that conflict in life, especially in every househould, is a reflection of the life everyone. This study employs the qualitative method. The object of the study is An Ideal Husband play written by Oscar Wilde. The data sources are divided into two, namely primary data source and secondary data source. The primary data source is the play script itself and the secondary data sources are script text and some references related to the research. The technique of the data collection is note-taking. The technique of the data analysis is descriptive analysis.The first, marital crisis is illustrated in Oscar Wilde’s An Ideal Husband play are when a woman marries with a man who have important position in their work, inability someone to accept reality from their spouse in past, no children in the family, jealousy, and wife’s opinion that her husband is ideal. The second, the strategies are employed to maintain a marriage are introspection, making agreement between husband and wife, and accepting reality. The third, Oscar Wilde gave concern in marital crisis because he wants to criticize the England society in that era especially in upper class society that hypocrite for many cases.
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Neima, Anna. "The Politics of Community Drama in Interwar England." Twentieth Century British History 31, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 170–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwz035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract There was a wave of reform-oriented drama across England in the 1920s and 1930s, which extended from urban, socialist theatre to the ‘late modernist’ enthusiasm for rural pageantry and from adult education to Church revival. Most scholarship looks at drama in these various milieus separately, but this study of three plays that were put on in a corner of South West England—a nativity play, an innovative ‘dance-mime’, and a Workers’ Educational Association narrative piece—brings them together. These plays shared a connection to Dartington Hall, a social and cultural experiment set on a large estate in Devon in 1925 by an American heiress, Dorothy Elmhirst, and her Yorkshire-born husband, Leonard, which became a nexus for the various strands of community-seeking theatre evident in interwar England—as well as for social reform more generally. This article shows how dramatic performances formed part of the quest for communal unity that was a dominant strand in social thinking between the wars: driven by fears about class strife, the effects of democratization, the recurrence of war, and the fragmenting effects of secular modernity, elites, artists, and activists of diverse hues tried to reform the very idea of Englishness by putting on plays—fostering values of community and communality, while often taking inspiration from an idealized vision of the rural community of England’s pre-industrial past.
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MacDonald, James. "Developing a National Drama at the Citadel." Canadian Theatre Review 136 (September 2008): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.136.004.
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Play development at Edmonton's Citadel Theatre has its roots in founder Joe Shoctor's vision of bringing world class theatre to Edmonton audiences. Shoctor was never averse to taking risks — in fact, he relished the opportunity to knock parochial Edmonton on its head. After luring John Neville from England in 1973, Shoctor gave his new artistic director carte blanche to bring a new style of theatre to Edmonton, which included productions of new Canadian plays, such as Babel Rap by John Lazarus (1974/5) and Crabdance by Beverly Simons (1976/7).
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Bhati, Tripti. "BELINDA’S WORLD OF TRIVIALITY IN THE RAPE OF THE LOCK: A MICROCOSM OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND AND THE IRONIC JUXTAPOSITION OF HER STORY WITH THE CLASSICAL EPICS." SCHOLARLY RESEARCH JOURNAL FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES 10, no. 73 (September 1, 2022): 17681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v10i73.11670.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Rape of the Lock is one of the best examples of mock-epic or mock-heroic poems written in English History. It is an imitation of Horatian satire, written in the Eighteenth-Century by Alexander Pope, in which he uses irony, sarcasm, and exaggeration to expose follies and vanities of the aristocratic or upper class in England in an undignified and grandiose manner. Written in heroic couplets about a trivial subject matter, the poet juxtaposes the trivial world of the upper class with the heroic deeds mentioned in the classical epics. This paper navigates the epic allusions used in The Rape of the Lock to mock the shortcomings of the upper class in England and to also satirize the epic tradition itself.
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Vlasova, Ekaterina V., and Irina A. Tislenkova. "Means of simile actualization in the language of modern social groups in England." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 25 (2021): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-156-163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the article is to reveal the means of expressing simile in the speech of characters belonging to modern upper, middle and lower classes, based on the texts of contemporary English fiction: Caryl Churchill «Top Girls», Patrick Marber «Dealer’s Choice» and India Knight «Comfort and Joy». Conducting speech analysis, the authors use the sociolinguistic approach, allowing to take into account the social class of the speaker. The article demonstrates that the choice of different language means for conveying simile is dictated by such specific characteristics of the social layer to which communicants pertain as leading values, level of education, income, and the degree of freedom in expressing emotions. The article concludes that simile in speech of upper class representatives is expressed by neutral vocabulary to convey positive emotions and informal vocabulary to demonstrate hyperbolized negative evaluation, reflecting a critical and ironic evaluation of everyday events. Simile in the statements of middle class speakers is expressed in formal vocabulary, French words, rhymes, political terms, clichés, deformed phraseological units, which reflect the desire to imitate the upper classes, indicate modesty and self-doubt of the communicants. Simile in the judgments of lower-class Englishmen is conveyed by argotisms, helping to express an outburst of negative emotions, as well as by religious and literary allusions that are misused and contain an abundance of logical errors.
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Callender, Claire, and Geoff Mason. "Does Student Loan Debt Deter Higher Education Participation? New Evidence from England." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 671, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 20–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217696041.
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Research among prospective UK undergraduates in 2002 found that some students, especially from low social classes, were deterred from applying to university because of fear of debt. This article investigates whether this is still the case today in England despite the changing higher education landscape since 2002. The article describes findings from a 2015 survey of prospective undergraduates and compares them with those from the 2002 study. We find that students’ attitudes to taking on student loan debt are more favorable in 2015 than in 2002. Debt-averse attitudes remain much stronger among lower-class students than among upper-class students, and more so than in 2002. However, lower-class students in 2015 do not have stronger debt-averse attitudes than do middle-class students. Finally, debt-averse attitudes seem more likely to deter planning for higher education among lower-class students in 2015 than in 2002.
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Ningsih, Anastasia Juwita, and Tomi Arianto. "REPRESENTATION AND IMPACT OF SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE IN GOLDMAN’S “THE LION IN WINTER” STORY." eScience Humanity Journal 3, no. 1 (November 25, 2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37296/esci.v3i1.49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Symbolic violence is a type of violence that is difficult to detect. However, this type of violence is really visible. It can be found in numerous forms and tactics throughout the entertain environment which is drama. Especially in “The Lion in Winter” drama. It is reflecfed the issue about the woman who had symbolic violence from her environment. Not only symbolic violence, the woman got gender inequality that continues to discredit her and patriarchal construction system that legitimizes gender inequality. Feminist approach applied to support the data in this research. This research used Bourdieu (1991) theory to analyze the representation of symbolic violence. Bourdieu used this notion to explain the mechanism by which the elite, or the ruling upper class, transmits their lifestyle to the ruling lower class. The method in this research applied in the descriptive qualitative method from Creswell (2009). To collect the data, this research used theory from Ratna (2004) which is regard to the actions and dialog performance. The story in the drama was studied using library research and a feminism perspective. The Result of the research showed that symbolic violence reflected from the main character who is becoming discrimination without relazing if she is in indoctrinate. The impacts of symbolic violence make the main character become betrayal, lying, disrespect, hatred speech, and insult.
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Bora, Simona Floare. "Exploring learners’ perceptions towards collaborative work through drama in foreign language learning: A view from a mandatory Italian high-school curriculum." Scenario: A Journal for Performative Teaching, Learning, Research XIII, no. 2 (December 10, 2019): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.13.2.11.
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This article focuses on learners’ perceptions related to the collaborative work through a drama project undertaken as part of a rather rigid high-school mandatory curriculum. The project aimed to offer a dynamic and safe learning environment in which learners could acquire language in an interactive and collaborative way and to help the learners to develop their oral skills and increase their motivation towards learning a foreign language. A class of final year Italian students (n=10) with a level of language ranging from low intermediate to upper intermediate took part in the drama classes which were implemented longitudinally over two academic terms (20 weeks): self-standing play excerpts combined with drama games in the second term followed by a full-scale performance of a single play in the third term. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire, follow-up interviews and researcher’s field notes. Findings revealed that learners perceived that collaboration and interaction through drama were important elements for promoting a positive attitude towards learning a foreign language and their oral production despite the challenges that a full-scale production may pose when subjected to the various constraints of time and the syllabus requirements of a compulsory curriculum.
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Wilson, Jean. "The Noble Imp: The Upper-Class Child in English Renaissance Art and Literature." Antiquaries Journal 70, no. 2 (September 1990): 360–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500070839.
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In the Beauchamp Chapel of St Mary's, Warwick, lies the body of Lord Denbigh, son of Robert, Earl of Leicester, and of his wife, Lettice Knollys (pl. XXXVIIa). The tomb, unlike those of his parents, his uncle, Ambrose Dudley, or the original denizen of the chapel, Richard Beauchamp, warrants little mention in guides and histories, and yet the child who was buried there was for the course of his short life one of the greatest heirs in England, and his tomb embodies the contradictions and ambiguities of the English Renaissance attitude to children.
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Shaheen Qamar and Dr. (Smt.) Aruna Sharma. "Reassertions of Class Consciousness and Tragic Vision in John Galsworthy’s Strife." Creative Launcher 7, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2022.7.6.13.
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John Galsworthy, a contemporary playwright of G. B. Shaw, established realism in drama in the early 20th century England. Through his plays, he exposed the socio-economic, socio-political, socio-cultural, and socio-legal problems in a realistic, sincere and impartial way, providing implied solutions to those problems as an objective observer of the contemporary English life. With objective impartiality, he exposed the wrong-headedness of some traditional beliefs and advocated social reform. The objective of the present paper is to expose the metaphors of tragic vision on account of class consciousness in John Galsworthy’s Strife followed by some implied solutions. The reasons of tragic vision are pride, lack of human insight, extreme and fanatical approach, rigidity, class consciousness, uncompromising stands, warring faction, obstinacy, and desire to win and dominate, etc. Through this play the playwright wishes to establish the notion that human beings should be ruled by logic and reason and his testimony lies in portraying the futility and stupidity of quarrelling over conceptual differences, which might have been settled by compromise or arbitration.
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Armstrong, Gordon S. "Art, Folly, and the Bright Eyes of Children: The Origins of Regency Toy Theatre Reevaluated." Theatre Survey 26, no. 2 (November 1985): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557400008607.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regency toy Theatre flourished in England in the years between 1811 and 1830. At the height of its popularity thousands of middle and working class youths, together with their upper class “betters,” escaped the grim realities of industrial London for the joys of staging — and playing all the parts of — The Fairy of the Oak, or Harlequin's Regatta (1811), Ferdinand of Spain, or Ancient Chivalry (1813), Bluebeard (1824), or even more exotic pieces such as “The Grand New Spectacle called Korastikan, Prince of Assassins” (1824).
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Siahaan, Manuela Indriati, and Tomi Arianto. "SOCIAL CLASS CONFLICT REFLECTED IN “FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD” NOVEL BY THOMAS HARDY." JURNAL BASIS 7, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.33884/basisupb.v7i2.2472.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aimed to analyze social class conflict reflected in novel of Far from the Madding Crowd by Tomas Hardy. This descriptive qualitative research focuses on the social class conflict in England which is reflected in this novel. This study uses a sociological approach and analyzes the distribution of social classes in this novel and the social class conflicts that occur in this novel. The method used in writing this thesis is a qualitative descriptive method, namely the author describes, memorizes, and analyzes existing data. Quotations from books in libraries and the internet related to this research. The theory used is the theory of sociology with experts Max Weber and Karl Max.. The theory proposed by Karl Marx is an explicit theory, based on Marx's description of the laws of historical development, capitalism and socialism. Theory of sociology is used to analyze the social class divisions that exist in this novel while Maxisme class theory analyzes the conflicts. The results are have featured three male characters who became the main characters are Mr. Boldwood, Mr. Troy and Mr. Oak coming from three different classes of lower classes, middle classes, and upper classes. The social that happen among of three male character are: First, Bribery are shown conflict between Mr. Boldwood and Mr. Troy are representation to Upper Class and Middle Class. Second, Arrogance are shown conflict between Mr. Boldwood and Mr. Troy are representation to Middle Class and Upper Class. Third, are shown conflict between Mr. Troy and Mr. Oak are representation to Middle Class and Lower Class.
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D. Mapari, Ms Dimple, and Shankarlal Khandelwal. "Performative Aspects of Mahesh Dattani’s Plays." International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 7, no. 4 (2022): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.74.33.
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Modern theatre in India comprises mainly of English, Hindi, Marathi and Hinglish (comprising of a mix of Hindi and English dialogues) plays. English theatre was brought to India during the British rule and was watched mostly by art connoisseurs of the rich, upper class. This, however, changed after independence, as, many Indians entered the fray and theatre slowly became open for common people too. The post-independence Indian English drama is notable for a wide range of subjects treated, issues presented and also it takes into its compass some globally appealing issues. It displays a remarkable growth and maturity. Mahesh Dattani is a dynamic dramatist, a professional Baratnatyam dancer, a drama teacher, a stage director, and an actor. A person, who has touched almost every aspect of the theatre and has received the first ‘SahityaAkadami Award’ (1998) for writing in English, he is rightly called the successor of Girish Karnad for his innovations in dialogue writing, pragmatic stage decorations, light arrangements, etc. One of his major contributions is that he has infused actability into Indian drama in English. It seems that, all the limitations, which in a way marred the beauty of Indian English theatre down the decades, are finally overcome. As Reena Mitra observes, ‘Dattani confidently challenges the traditional denotations and connotations of the words’ India’ and ‘Indians’.1 What makes his plays ‘performance oriented’ are his dramatic techniques. The paper intends to focus upon the aspects which make his drama stand out.
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Wahrman, Dror. "“Middle-Class” Domesticity Goes Public: Gender, Class, and Politics from Queen Caroline to Queen Victoria." Journal of British Studies 32, no. 4 (October 1993): 396–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386041.
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In early 1831, the novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton contributed a comparative essay to the Edinburgh Review on “the spirit of society” in England and France. A key issue for discussion, of course, was that of fashion. “Our fashion,” stated Bulwer-Lytton, “may indeed be considered the aggregate of the opinions of our women.” The fundamental dichotomy which ran through these pages was that between public and private: “the proper sphere of woman,” Bulwer-Lytton continued, “is private life, and the proper limit to her virtues, the private affections.” And in antithesis to the aggregate opinions of “the domestic class of women”—in his view, the only virtuous kind of women—which constituted fashion, stood “public opinion”; that exclusive masculine realm, that should remain free of “feminine influence.”Some two years later, in his two-volume England and the English, Bulwer-Lytton restated the antithesis between fashion and public opinion, both repeating his earlier formulation and at the same time significantly modifying it. By 1833, his definitions of fashion and opinion ran as follows: “The middle classes interest themselves in grave matters: the aggregate of their sentiments is called OPINION. The great interest themselves in frivolities, and the aggregate of their sentiments is termed FASHION.” Here, Bulwer-Lytton no longer designated fashion as the aggregate of the opinions of women but, instead, as the aggregate of the opinions of the upper classes; and public opinion was no longer the domain of men but, instead, the aggregate of the opinions of the “middle class.”
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Paterson, Lindsay, and Cristina Iannelli. "Social Class and Educational Attainment: A Comparative Study of England, Wales, and Scotland." Sociology of Education 80, no. 4 (October 2007): 330–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003804070708000403.
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This article examines variations among England, Wales, and Scotland in the association between social origin and educational attainment and the role that different national educational policies may have played in shaping these variations. The findings show that country variation in the association between origins and attainment was mostly or entirely due to variations in overall levels of attainment. Moreover, inequality was the highest where the proportions attaining a particular threshold were the highest—upper secondary school or higher in Scotland. The authors propose a refinement of Raftery and Hout's theory of maximally maintained inequality that takes into account that the trajectory of inequality is not linear: inequality can widen in the initial phase of expanding opportunity, en route to an eventual contraction, because the most advantaged groups are the first to exploit any new opportunities that policy changes offer. The results show that country differences in educational policy have not yielded different changes over time in the association between origin and educational attainment.
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HANKS, ROBERT K. "GEORGES CLEMENCEAU AND THE ENGLISH." Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (March 2002): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x01002242.
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Georges Clemenceau has traditionally been portrayed as a narrow-minded French nationalist. In spite of this reputation, he had many personal friends in England and was widely considered during his lifetime to be France's most eminent anglophile. Although his biographers briefly mention these ties, no one has systematically explored their political and diplomatic implications. Making use of new archival and journalistic evidence, this article will examine Clemenceau's relationships with several English upper-class mavericks: the positivist Frederic Harrison, the head-strong and opinionated Maxse family, and the idiosyncratic social democratic leader Henry M. Hyndman. Their influence encouraged in him an attitude toward England which blended sincere anglophilia with a deep-rooted distrust of its governing classes. Only by exploring this paradox can we understand the roots of Clemenceau's ultimate disillusionment with England.
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Zatoń, Michał, Melissa Grey, and Olev Vinn. "Microconchid tubeworms (Class Tentaculita) from the Joggins Formation (Pennsylvanian), Nova Scotia, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 7 (July 2014): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Microconchids have been described from the classic Pennsylvanian locality at Joggins, Nova Scotia. These encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms have previously been mentioned and described from Joggins under the polychaete genus Spirorbis. Detailed morphological and microstructural investigation revealed that they belong to the species Microconchus carbonarius Murchison, confirming the previous tentative assignment (as Spirorbis carbonarius) made by Sir J. William Dawson in the nineteenth century. The occurrence of the same species in Upper Carboniferous deposits of England provides evidence supporting a connection between England and Nova Scotia in the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian). Migration of the species could have been possible via brackish seas connecting both areas during maximum sea level during the Pennsylvanian. The species inhabited retrograding poorly drained coastal plain and open-water brackish environments, encrusting bivalve shells and plant remains in both sandstone and limestone deposits. Their high density (up to 19 individuals/cm2) may have resulted from their aggregative behaviour, high fecundity, and a lack of any competition with other skeleton-bearing encrusters. The large number (34%) of regenerated tubes indicates that microconchids were often preyed upon by associated animals, most probably fishes, which could graze on their dense encrusting aggregations.
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Retief, Francois P., and Louise C. Cilliers. "Claudius, the handicapped Caesar (41-54 A.D.)." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 29, no. 2 (January 13, 2010): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v29i2.8.
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Claudius, fourth Caesar of the Roman Empire, proved himself an able administrator, but physically and emotionally handicapped from birth. His parents, members of the imperial family, considered him mentally deficient and he was isolated from the general public and put in the care of an uneducated tutor who firmly disciplined the youngster. The historians report that he had a weak constitution caused by frequent illness, and when he appeared in public he was muffled in a protective cloak. To avoid possible embarrassment the ceremony of the toga virilis, at approximately 14 years of age, was a secretive affair held at midnight and devoid of the traditional procession. His grandfather, Augustus Caesar, had some sympathy for the young lad, but did not consider him capable of managing any position of public office appropriate for his age and position. This would also be the approach of the succeeding emperor, Tiberius. Claudius spent the fi rst four decades of his life in relative idleness, isolated from his family and upper class Romans, consorting with the lower classes, playing dice and revelling in excessive eating and drinking. He did, however, also involve himself seriously in a study of the sciences, literature, Greek and history – his role model in the latter being Livy. During his life time he published quite extensively, including dramas, an autobiography, a work in defence of Cicero, histories of Rome, Carthage and Etruria, and a book on dice. His first public office (besides an augurship under Augustus) was at the age of 47 years when the new emperor, Gaius (Caligula) made him a consul for two months. The Knights and a section of Senate now warmed towards Claudius, but Gaius and the majority of aristocratic Romans still despised him as dull-witted. After the assassination of Gaius, the Praetorian Guard in an extraordinary step, proclaimed a protesting Claudius (50 years old) as emperor, and convinced an astounded Senate to endorse this action. In spite of having had no significant preparation for the task, Claudius proved a most sensible and effective manager, improving the effectivity of Senate, putting the legal system on a sound footing, enlarging the borders of the Empire (including the conquest of England), extending citizenship to some of the provincials, foreigners and freedmen. Sensible building programs were initiated as well as the upgrading of roads and communication systems and the ensuring of an efficient food supply to Rome. Grand and regular gladiatorial games and other forms of public entertainment endeared him to the people. But he was also periodically responsible for mismanagement, corruption and brutality; much of this was subsequently blamed on the inordinate influence of people near him, and his trusted freedmen and wives in particular. The last two of his six wives (Messalina and Agrippina) were particularly guilty, and his death of poisoning at the age of 64 years (54 A.D.) was engineered by Agrippina. Through his life Claudius showed evidence of significant physical and psychological/emotional impediments. By many he was considered mentally deficient, but his impressive record as student of literature and history, and his administrative skill as emperor are ample evidence of his intellectual abilities. Physical abnormalities included an ungainly gait due to weakness of his right leg and probably arm. He had a tremor of the limbs and involuntary shaking of the head. He spoke indistinctly in a coarse, stuttering way, his mouth often drooled, his nose tended to run, and he had an uncouth laugh. He was emotionally labile, and when upset the above symptoms worsened and he became prone to irresponsible actions. We suggest that this symptom complex fits in with the diagnosis of cerebral palsy, and probably its extrapyramidal variant, although one-sided weakness suggests an additional component of hemiplegic paresis.
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Cooper, Chris. "Run, swim, throw, cheat: The future of drugs in sport." Biochemist 34, no. 3 (June 1, 2012): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03403034.
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Modern sport as we know it originated in 19th Century England, codifying competition while emphasizing fair play within a strong moral creed, at least as defined by 19th Century upperand upper-middle-class Englishmen1. Its bible is the semi-mythical description of sport at Rugby School described in Tom Brown's Schooldays. This book so inspired the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin that he founded the modern Olympic Games in 1896. We await the London version in 2012 with anticipation.
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Martin, Daniel. "Book Review: Heading North: The North of England in Film and Television and Social Class and Television Drama in Contemporary Britain." Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies 14, no. 4 (November 22, 2019): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1749602019872273.
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Ushakova, Evgeniya V. "Female education of the upper and middle classes in the 17th century England." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 22, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2022-22-1-100-104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In England the traditions of female education were formed over the centuries, and have survived to the present day. First of all, many educational institutions in England adhere to the idea of separate education of boys and girls, which serves a better education, according to school leaders. The most powerful argument in favor of separate education of boys and girls remains the same as it was one or two hundred years ago – boys and girls are more focused on learning being apart from each other. In addition, boys need a competitive environment more than girls who prefer cooperation and teamwork. In the XVII century female education becomes more widespread than in previous centuries. This century is characterized by an increase in the number of women’s educational institutions, changes in the goals and contents of female education, changes in the attitude to the female education and the role of women in the family and society, which were largely influenced by historical events – the English Revolution of the 1640s, the Republic under Cromwell, the Restoration, religious persecution, the ideas of the Enlightenment. The article presents the results of theoretical studies of the features of middle and upper class women education, types of women educational institutions existed in the XVII century, subjects studied there, and specifics of home education.
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Rodrick, Anne Baltz. "THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING AN EARNEST IMPROVER: CLASS, CASTE, AND SELF-HELP IN MID-VICTORIAN ENGLAND." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 1 (March 2001): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301291037.
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“THE NATION is only the aggregate of individual conditions, and civilization itself is but a question of personal improvement,” argued Samuel Smiles in his 1859 Self-Help, the work that codified the supremacy of aspiration over occupation as a marker of identity for thousands of readers on the ill-defined boundary of the lower-middle and upper-working classes (16; ch. 1).1 Smiles’s importance, then and now, lies not in his invention of “self-improvement” as a defining feature of this group, but rather in his skill at publicly expressing the complex set of ideals and values that had already been worked out in, and expressed by, small groups of improvers for at least two generations.
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Luthar, Suniya S., Phillip J. Small, and Lucia Ciciolla. "Adolescents from upper middle class communities: Substance misuse and addiction across early adulthood." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417000645.
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AbstractIn this prospective study of upper middle class youth, we document frequency of alcohol and drug use, as well as diagnoses of abuse and dependence, during early adulthood. Two cohorts were assessed as high school seniors and then annually across 4 college years (New England Study of Suburban Youth younger cohort [NESSY-Y]), and across ages 23–27 (NESSY older cohort [NESSY-O]; ns = 152 and 183 at final assessments, respectively). Across gender and annual assessments, results showed substantial elevations, relative to norms, for frequency of drunkenness and using marijuana, stimulants, and cocaine. Of more concern were psychiatric diagnoses of alcohol/drug dependence: among women and men, respectively, lifetime rates ranged between 19%–24% and 23%–40% among NESSY-Os at age 26; and 11%–16% and 19%–27% among NESSY-Ys at 22. Relative to norms, these rates among NESSY-O women and men were three and two times as high, respectively, and among NESSY-Y, close to one among women but twice as high among men. Findings also showed the protective power of parents’ containment (anticipated stringency of repercussions for substance use) at age 18; this was inversely associated with frequency of drunkenness and marijuana and stimulant use in adulthood. Results emphasize the need to take seriously the elevated rates of substance documented among adolescents in affluent American school communities.
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Schmenk, Barbara. "Helga Tschurtschenthaler: Drama-based foreign language learning. Encounters between self and other." Scenario: A Journal of Performative Teaching, Learning, Research X, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/scenario.10.1.8.
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Book reviews reflect the views and opinions of the respective reviewers and do not necessarily represent the position of SCENARIO. Helga Tschurtschenthaler’s study is one of the most important scholarly contributions in recent years to the field of drama-based foreign language teaching. She conducted her research in an EFL class in an upper secondary school in multilingual South Tyrol and presents a plethora of data that demonstrates the impact of drama in foreign language education on students’ sense of self as emerging multilingual subjects (Kramsch 2009). What stands out about this study, besides its detailed presentation and analysis of student data, is the fact that Tschurtschenthaler succeeds in connecting recent theoretical contributions to the fields of language education and identity to more practical considerations. Overcoming the gap between theory and practice in this domain is one of her signal achievements. “You are not you when you speak Italian. It’s as if you become someone else when you change into Italian. You don’t only sound different, but you even behave differently. Then, you’re not the person I know.” (11) These are the opening lines of the book, leading the reader directly to its main subject. Tschurtschenthaler explains that it was a ...
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Weig, Heidi. "Amateur Theatricals and the Dramatic Marketplace: Lacy’s and French’s Acting Editions of Plays." Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film 44, no. 2 (November 2017): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748372717742305.
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Historically an exclusive, upper-class entertainment, private theatricals became a widespread, primarily middle-class pastime in the course of the nineteenth century. To the emerging bourgeoisie, play-acting represented an important way to negotiate class identity by emulating the habits of social elites. The foremost raw materials for private stagings of drama were the acting editions of plays published most prolifically in the second half of the century by T. H. Lacy and Samuel French, consecutively. This paper examines Lacy’s and French’s publication and marketing strategies by placing side by side guide literature and play series issued by them, to illuminate the impact these strategies had on the dramatic marketplace, and the way that Lacy, in particular, engaged social anxieties about the theatre in establishing his business concept. It then traces the changing composition of Lacy’s and French’s Acting Editions to highlight a significant increase in plays by women from the 1880s onwards. I argue that this increase expresses the evolution of amateur theatricals into a distinctly middle-class social practice because the female dramatists that French’s favoured, produced work congruent with bourgeois interest in morally sound, domestic topics and educational value, and recommended themselves through the respectable public personas they created for themselves.
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Logan, Jeremy. "Synesthesia and feminism: A case study on Amy Beach (1867-1944)." New Sound, no. 46 (2015): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1546130l.
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As one of the most notable American woman composers of the early 20th Century, Amy Beach had to struggle with her social role as a woman born into the middle class of New England, USA. Before marrying into the upper class, she was already established as a concert pianist. Her husband pressured her not to perform in public, which affected her emotionally and compositionally. This paper will re-evaluate the work of Amy Beach within the context of her struggles as a woman composer and more specifically focus on her synesthesia and how it influenced her choice of keys and modes within her music. The colors of her keys will be compared to affects according to color psychology, as well as affects of key signatures.
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Phillips, Jim. "Labour Market in Crisis: The Moral Economy and Redundancy on the Upper Clyde, 1969–72." Scottish Historical Review 101, no. 1 (April 2022): 86–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2022.0548.
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The Upper Clyde Shipbuilders (UCS) work-in of 1971–2 is examined here within a moral-economy analysis of the longer history of deindustrialisation. Working-class expectations of security and voice in Scotland were cultivated by the management of industrial job losses from the late 1950s onwards. Labour governments were more trusted custodians of this moral economy than Conservative governments. Edward Heath’s Conservative government, elected in 1970, violated the moral economy by allowing unemployment to accelerate, with particularly punishing effects in Glasgow. A labour market crisis materialised in 1970 before UCS went into liquidation in 1971. This article revisits an academic survey of men who took voluntary redundancy from UCS in 1969 and 1970, before market conditions deteriorated. Their unexpected experience of downward occupational mobility transgressed the moral economy and was a previously-unremarked factor in the mobilisation of the work-in against further job losses. The episode widened the political gulf between Scotland and England. Conservative policy-makers were discredited in working-class communities in Scotland before Margaret Thatcher and her governments embarked on their reckless management of deindustrialisation from 1979.
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Guy, Donna J. "CLAH Lecture: Harrods Buenos Aires. The Case of the Unwanted Dresses, 1912–1940." Americas 77, no. 3 (July 2020): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2020.38.
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ABSTRACTIn 1912, a small department store called Harrods opened in Buenos Aires, one that by the 1920s expanded to almost a city block. Although named after the founder of the London store, the manager of Harrods London, Richard Burbidge, his son Woodman, and a few board members planned the purchase of land and opened the business, and then presented it to the entire London board. Unfamiliar with Buenos Aires, believing that women consumed more than men, and presuming that upper-class women there had the same consumer desires of those in England, the store opened catering to the upper-class female population and focused on readymade dresses. And, to the great surprise of the local manager, women of all classes did not want these dresses because they preferred to purchase cloth and take it to their dressmakers.The dilemma facing Harrods Buenos Aires, detailed in company reports in the archive of Harrods London and in scans of Buenos Aires Harrods archives in the possession of British bookseller Jennifer Wilton-Williams, show that sales reports, rather than studies of the Argentine market like those published by the US Department of Commerce, shaped the new department store's response. Until the 1940s, Harrods Buenos Aires focused on the sale of less expensive articles that came from its dining room, its cosmetics department, and infants’ and children's clothing. Furthermore, employees purchased more than 40 percent of the clothing. Originally imagined as the flagship of the upper-class female shopper, it ended up as a store for the middle class, especially women who bought gifts and enjoyed being seen in the dining room. It closed in 1998.
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Purba, Selvia Rosa Magdalena, and Mohamad Ikhwan Rosyidi. "Kinship Destruction as a Result of England’s Social Stratification Reflected on George Eliot’s Silas Marner." Rainbow : Journal of Literature, Linguistics and Culture Studies 12, no. 1 (May 3, 2023): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/rainbow.v12i1.67962.
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Industrialization in England had a great impact on the life of the world. However, the emergence of stratification sometimes leads society to divisions where conflict is inevitable. The condition let the true human relation be fractured. George Eliot’s Silas Marner portrays the class stratification classes in Warwickshire, England. The aims of this study are to describe kinship destruction as the result of English’s social stratification in George Eliot’s Silas Marner and to explain the reflection of society’s world vision where the author lived on the novel. The method used is the qualitative study and analysed by using Lucien Goldmann’s theory of genetic structuralism. Silas Marner shows that kinship destruction occurred is rooted from differentiation in society. The upper class are described as the one who always benefits and vice versa. Eventually, this is evoked social jealousy and conflicts. Meanwhile, society’s world vision that described is the bad result of social stratification in Warwickshire especially between landed gentry and local farmer. Eliot seemed to convey that social stratification existed is a trigger to a kinship destruction since the differentiations tend to create a conflict among them
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Walkiewicz, Karolina. "Od jabłka do „chińczyka”. Praktyki żywieniowe bohaterek prawniczych seriali stacji TVN." Kultura Popularna 2, no. 56 (June 29, 2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1140.
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In this article I try to analyze the dietary habits of the female protagonists of TVN legal TV series Magda M. and Agata’s Law. Although there’s been only a five year gap between original broadcasts of Magda M. and Agata's Law and action of both takes place in Warsaw lawyers environment, their lifestyle, food styles and upper-middle class problems are presented in a completely different way. Those TV series start a reflection on whether the protagonists of the series are paying attention to what they eat and whether food can be a determinant of social relationships. Analyzing the jungle of conflicting signals about diets, the growing trends for cooking and healthy nutrition, I ask the question about choices of independent and self-sufficient female protagonists of drama series, whose creators recognize that pro-health attitudes should be promoted among viewers.
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Dianiya, Vicky. "REPRESENTATION OF SOCIAL CLASS IN FILM (Semiotic Analysis of Roland Barthes Film Parasite)." Profetik: Jurnal Komunikasi 13, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/pjk.v13i2.1946.
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Social class differences have been formed long ago which can identify people's identities which are usually measured based on economic status. This class difference is depicted in Bong Joon-ho's Parasite film, telling of two families of different classes. The Kim family as a lower class and vice versa Mr. Park as the upper class. The core theme of the film Parasite is that of realistic drama about class domination which can also be seen around us. The paradigm used is critical interpretative, so researchers not only criticize but also make interpretations related to this Parasite film. In the analysis phase, this study uses Roland Barthes's semiotic analysis, which are signs in the form of words, images, sounds, movements and objects that are analyzed based on three things, namely parsing data based on the connotation, denotation and myths contained in the Parasite film scene. . Furthermore, representations produced through objects or images can produce meaning or processes that we understand or relate them to a meaning. Based on the first analysis of the film industry, Parasite Films are not included in the logic of most cultural industries but still succeed in penetrating the international market. Then, at the stage of representing social class markings in the film Parasite, it is found that there are at least five main points, namely: ease of life, fashion, boundaries, body odor, and color. Thus, the description of social class representation in the film Parasite is perfect both in its scenes, properties, and cinematography.
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Tanaka, Hirokazu, Wilma J. Nusselder, Matthias Bopp, Henrik Brønnum-Hansen, Ramune Kalediene, Jung Su Lee, Mall Leinsalu, et al. "Mortality inequalities by occupational class among men in Japan, South Korea and eight European countries: a national register-based study, 1990–2015." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 8 (May 29, 2019): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211715.
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BackgroundWe compared mortality inequalities by occupational class in Japan and South Korea with those in European countries, in order to determine whether patterns are similar.MethodsNational register-based data from Japan, South Korea and eight European countries (Finland, Denmark, England/Wales, France, Switzerland, Italy (Turin), Estonia, Lithuania) covering the period between 1990 and 2015 were collected and harmonised. We calculated age-standardised all-cause and cause-specific mortality among men aged 35–64 by occupational class and measured the magnitude of inequality with rate differences, rate ratios and the average inter-group difference.ResultsClear gradients in mortality were found in all European countries throughout the study period: manual workers had 1.6–2.5 times higher mortality than upper non-manual workers. However, in the most recent time-period, upper non-manual workers had higher mortality than manual workers in Japan and South Korea. This pattern emerged as a result of a rise in mortality among the upper non-manual group in Japan during the late 1990s, and in South Korea during the late 2000s, due to rising mortality from cancer and external causes (including suicide), in addition to strong mortality declines among lower non-manual and manual workers.ConclusionPatterns of mortality by occupational class are remarkably different between European countries and Japan and South Korea. The recently observed patterns in the latter two countries may be related to a larger impact on the higher occupational classes of the economic crisis of the late 1990s and the late 2000s, respectively, and show that a high socioeconomic position does not guarantee better health.
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McAllister, Charlie. "Cust & Hughes, Conflict in Early Stuart England - Studies in Religion And Politics 1600-1642. Lockyer, The Early Stuarts - A Political History of England 1603-1642." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 16, no. 1 (April 1, 1991): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.16.1.44-46.
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On January 30, 1649, the diminutive Charles I of England became a head shorter than all his contemporaries. Historians agree on that fact, but they disagree on nearly all others, especially on the causes of that decollation. "Whit," historians on the English Civil War proved that the early Stuart kings illegally resisted the natural development of liberty in England. Marxists on the English Revolution proved that it was a matter of class warfare during the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Both "schools" found conflict to be the axis on which the drama of the 1640s turned. Both perspectives were then criticized by "revisionists” who discovered the theme of consensus. Now those revisionists are themselves being revised, in the eternal game of historians staking their territory with the “correct” interpretation over the bodies ( many of which are still alive) of the previous regime. Their new game is an old one: conflict. Let me begin with the book that I know I cannot use, the one that revises the revisionists. Conflict in Early Stuart England is a collection of essays that grew out of Conrad Russell's Early Modem England Seminar at the Institute of Historical Research at London University. Richard Cust (Birmingham) and Ann Hughes (Manchester) provide a forty-page introduction that justifies and links the various articles. They thank the revisionists for their invaluable contributions to the debate, particularly Russell's Parliaments and English Politics 1621-1629 (1979), but argue that the proper approach is to look for disharmony rather than harmony. Cust and Hughes's pre-war England is a country on the edge, with two diametrically opposed spheres playing out their differences at all levels, local, national, and international. The Whigs were closer to the truth than the revisionists in seeing a series of fundamental conflicts: Court vs. Country, Arminians vs. Puritans, Monarchists vs. Parliamentarians. Though opposed, the spheres are not unconnected. Rather, they overlap at crucial points.
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shtiaq, Muhammad. "The Portrayal of Nineteenth Century’s Byronic Hero in Don Juan." Sumerianz Journal of Education, Linguistics and Literature, no. 51 (February 21, 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.47752/sjell.51.10.16.
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The goal of this article is to look at the nineteenth-century Byronic Heroes, based on Don Juan by Lord Byron. It demonstrates how he embodies this poem as an 1819 poem with social value due to its original concept. It investigates Byron’s attitudes to culture through portraying the major characters along with primary depictions of upper-class parents, which is one of the visions of England in the nineteenth century. It also focuses on Byron’s representation of nineteenth-century attitudes on romantic writing and the exact scenario of extramarital affairs. This study delineates gender discrimination and its influence on social lives in the nineteenth century. The main focus of this research is how Don Juan demonstrates Byronism through portraying authentic characters, attitude to living conditions, the impact of parents and religion, revolution, and class judgment.
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Brannigan, John, Marcela Santos Brigida, Thayane Verçosa, and Gabriela Ribeiro Nunes. "Thinking in Archipelagic Terms: An Interview with John Brannigan." Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 20, no. 35 (May 13, 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2021.59645.
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John Brannigan is Professor at the School of English, Drama and Film at University College Dublin. He has research interests in the twentieth-century literatures of Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales, with a particular focus on the relationships between literature and social and cultural identities. His first book, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism (1998), was a study of the leading historicist methodologies in late twentieth-century literary criticism. He has since published two books on the postwar history of English literature (2002, 2003), leading book-length studies of working-class authors Brendan Behan (2002) and Pat Barker (2005), and the first book to investigate twentieth-century Irish literature and culture using critical race theories, Race in Modern Irish Literature and Culture (2009). His most recent book, Archipelagic Modernism: Literature in the Irish and British Isles, 1890-1970 (2014), explores new ways of understanding the relationship between literature, place and environment in 20th-century Irish and British writing. He was editor of the international peer-reviewed journal, Irish University Review, from 2010 to 2016.
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Richardson, Malcolm. "The Fading Influence of the Medieval Ars Dictaminis in England After 1400." Rhetorica 19, no. 2 (2001): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2001.19.2.225.
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The influence of dictaminal treatises in England was weak throughout the Middle Ages and largely restricted to a limited number of royal clerks and a few academics. Most practitioners were royal chancery clerks who dealt with foreign and ecclesiastical powers. This article focuses chiefly on the use of dictaminal letters by middle class English citizens in the fifteenth and earlier sixteenth centuries. These letters show little significant influence of continental or English dictaminal theory but are chiefly either sprawling news bulletins like the Paston letters or, more commonly, imitations of the royal missives from the Signet or Privy Seal offices. As the fifteenth century ended even these vestigial dictaminal forms were replaced among the middles classes by business formats, such as the letter of credit, although they retained some use among the upper classes into the sixteenth century and in some royal missives into the eighteenth century. The article concludes with suggestions on ways contemporary genre theory might be usefully applied to analyze the rise and decline of the ars dictaminis.
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Shrestha, Muna. "The Impact of Capitalist Psychology of Mid Victorian Erain Charles Dickens’ Novel Great Expectations." Nepal Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 3, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njmr.v3i2.33020.
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My thesis argues that Charles Dickens reflects the capitalist psychology of mid Victorian London in his novel Great Expectations. It is fully narrated in the first person and a time conquering master piece of Charles Dickens. In this novel, he touches on expectations in the life of diverse characters, the greatest of which being the expectation of Pip, the central character of the novel and also his moves from childhood to adulthood. He portrays how difficult it is for a lower class person to become a gentleman. The life for the upper class is easy but the life for the lower class is hard and painful in Victorian England. He vividly represents the existing picture of the society working in the minds of various characters and their expectations. Dickens's themes include wealth and poverty, love and rejection and the eventual triumph of good over evil.The purpose of this study is to describe the writer’s view of capitalism and its consequences such as ending of family units, illness, mutual exploitation, human passions, expectations and selfishness through character and plot.
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Heaverly, Aralia, and Elisabeth Ngestirosa EWK. "Jane Austen's View on the Industrial Revolution in Pride and Prejudice." Linguistics and Literature Journal 1, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i1.216.
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This study dismantles Jane Austen’s view in Pride and Prejudice novel triggered by the social systems in British society. The society influenced by the phenomena of the industrial revolution in England in the late eighteenth century revealed the social system. This study aims to find out how Jane Austen views the revolution of the industry in British society. By having the focus on the sociology of literature, this study applies Lucien Goldman’s genetic structuralism. By the dialectical method, the study found that in Austen’s view the landed gentry system and inheritance system was adopted to measure the social class among the societies. Jane Austen thought the inheritance system as the fallacious practice in the society as the economic condition motivated British parents to apply matchmaking for their children to get a better life. Jane Austen views that the industrial revolution plays an important role in forming social occupation at that time. The working-class condition leads them to work in the town, while the upper-class society tends to open some businesses by doing trade at the town. The rest group of middle class tends to work and dedicate themselves to the rich people. Finally, Jane Austen puts her view toward the society in Pride and Prejudice.Keywords: author, class, genetic structuralism, the industrial revolution, view
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Nathania, Metta, and Suzy Azeharie. "Studi Semiotika Kelas Sosial Masyarakat Korea Utara dalam Serial Crash Landing On You." Koneksi 8, no. 1 (March 13, 2024): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v8i1.27646.
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This research was motivated by the popularity of Korean dramas in Indonesia. This research aimed to determine: 1) the representation of social class in North Korea in the Crash Landing on You series; 2) the elements of signs, objects, and interpretants about social class in the Crash Landing on You series. This research uses a qualitative approach and discourse analysis methods. The research subject is the Crash Landing on You series, and the research object is the social class representation. This research used Karl Marx's social class theory. The data collection method used primary and secondary data. Researchers interviewed two South Korean citizens, one Indonesian citizen living in South Korea, and a sociologist as a triangulator. The data analysis technique used Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic and Miles and Huberman’s data analysis stages. The results showed that the representation of social class is shown through employment, income, and education indicators. The upper social class has better access to various fields, while the lower social class has limited access to government facilities, work, and education. The analysis results of the sign, object, and interpretant elements show contrasting differences between the upper and lower social classes in the Crash Landing on You series. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kepopuleran drama Korea di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui: 1) representasi kelas sosial pada masyarakat Korea Utara dalam serial Crash Landing on You; 2) elemen sign, object dan interpretant tentang kelas sosial dalam serial Crash Landing on You. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisis wacana. Subjek penelitian yaitu serial Crash Landing on You dan objek penelitian yaitu representasi kelas sosial. Kelas sosial dalam penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan teori kelas sosial Karl Marx. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Peneliti mewawancarai dua warga Korea Selatan, satu warga Indonesia yang tinggal di Korea Selatan, dan sosiolog sebagai triangulator. Teknik analisis data menggunakan kajian semiotika Charles Sanders Peirce yang memuat sign, object dan interpretant serta tahapan analisis data Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa representasi kelas sosial pada masyarakat Korea Utara dalam serial Crash Landing on You ditampilkan melalui indikator pekerjaan, pendapatan dan pendidikan. Kelas sosial atas memiliki akses yang lebih baik dalam berbagai bidang, sedangkan kelas sosial bawah memiliki keterbatasan akses terhadap fasilitas pemerintah, pekerjaan, dan pendidikan. Analisis pada elemen sign, object, dan interpretant menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang kontras antara kelas sosial atas dan bawah dalam serial Crash Landing on You.
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Jeans, D. N. "Planning and the Myth of the English Countryside, in the Interwar Period." Rural History 1, no. 2 (October 1990): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003332.
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A landscape is never so valuable as when it is under threat, and the English rural countryside has been the subject of alarm for centuries. Raymond Williams identified an ‘escalator’ on which literary representation continually looked back upon a past golden age of rural virtue, ensuring that the idea of a ‘true’ rural England has persisted into the twentieth century with extraordinary power Thus Howard Newby can write of the ‘stereotypes and myths which surround the popular image of the rural world’, while, at the same time, he claims this fallacious perception is ‘one of the major protecting illusions of our time’. This illusion has been reinforced by the nature of English society. Sir Lewis Narnier believed English society to be ‘amphibious’ in the eighteenth century, with no sharp divide between town and country among the interests of the ruling classes. By the end of the nineteenth century the countryside, under the influence of Romanticism and a changing class structure, had become the preserve of an upper-class society increasingly separated from industrialism and the great towns. Yet this upper class was cemented by the public schools and the universities to include not only landowners, but an array of occupations, including many intellectuals. Until the First World War, despite increasing mechanisation and specialisation in the countryside, the land presented a rural face largely unspoiled by the intrusion of industrial and urban uses. Land was held in large estates, farmed by tenants in a world of mostly irregular fields, lanes and hedgerows, with buildings that preserved vernacular styles.
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Sawaya, Francesca. "Domesticity, Cultivation, and Vocation in Jane Addams and Sarah Orne Jewett." Nineteenth-Century Literature 48, no. 4 (March 1, 1994): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2933622.
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Critics have typically treated Sarah Orne Jewett's The Country of the Pointed Firs (1896) either as a portrayal of a dying New England town or, more recently, as a depiction of a powerful but marginalized female community. Both kinds of readings remove the novel from its historical context, thereby overlooking the ways in which Jewett addressed national political issues and debates. By contrast, this essay argues that Jewett's work involves itself in a turn-of-the-century progressive discourse about class conflict and woman's labor. Comparing Jewett's work to Jane Addams's Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910), the essay shows how upper-class progressive feminists combined ideas from the "cult of domesticity" with new ideas about woman's role as a consumer of culture to imagine themselves as particularly able to understand and transcend difference. For these women, the cultivated lady tourist becomes the model figure who can unite teh divided nation. While this new vision of class conflict and woman's labor did not reverse the hierarchies of the national culture, it did attempt to create a new relation between margin and center, especially a new relation between woman's labor and the larger society.
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Lainiyah, Laily, and Tadkiroatun Musfiro. "The Developed Relations between Social Class and Language in United Kingdom and United State of America." Journal of English Language Teaching and Linguistics 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21462/jeltl.v5i1.386.
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<p><em>There has been an arising issue related to the correlation between language and social among social communities in United Kingdom and America. Both of the social communities usually employ different language varieties which are in</em><em> accordance to the position of social class. In England, the higher social community tends to use Received Pronunciation while the lower social community tends to use estuary accent. On the other hand, in America, the higher social community tends to use Standard English while the lower social community tends to use African American English. The present study primarily focuses on the relationship between language and social class in United Kingdom and America in which the association of the language and social class is described qualitatively through reviewing any literatures related to the aforementioned issue. After examining the data, it is showed that, nowadays, even though Received Pronunciation is considered as the standard English in United Kingdom, the speakers of the language are only 3%. Furthermore, the Estuary accent is now used by the broadcasting station even though in the past they only used the Received Pronunciation. In addition, African American Language, which is considered as the language of lower social class, in the present day is also used by white people as upper class in America</em></p>
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Hall, Gary. "Culture and the University as White, Male, Liberal Humanist Public Space." New Formations 110, no. 110 (June 1, 2024): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/newf:110-111.04.2024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay takes readers on something of a journey. It opens by showing how, when it comes to the creative arts in the UK, it is upper‐ and middle‐class, privately educated, Oxbridge graduates who receive the bulk of the available financial support. It proceeds by arguing that their shared experience of private school and Oxbridge is a major reason so much of culture in England, and the university within it, is rather safe, homogenous and anti-intellectual, not to mention white, male and liberal humanist. At the same time, it maintains that it is not enough to change who is contributing to culture and the production of knowledge, and what they are being conditioned to write and publish about; what???s also needed is a change in how they are doing so. It ends by indicating some of the ways in which we can use new media and radical open access publishing to reinvent our (Euro-Western, modernist, middle-class, white, male) liberal humanist modes of being as writers and researchers.
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Kathrein, Jakob Franz. "Indigene und Cook. Der Tahitianer Omai (1751–1780) als Fallbeispiel für das Konzept des „Edlen Wilden“?" historia.scribere, no. 9 (June 9, 2017): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.9.555.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During James Cook’s second voyage of discovery, a young Tahitian by the name of Omai (1751–1780) was taken aboard the Adventure, one of the two ships of this expedition. Omai travelled to England, where he was introduced into the British Upper Class and much admired as a living example of a noble and pure South Sea islander in tune with Mother Nature. Omai became accepted in the highest society circles, was painted by several great artists of the time and became part of the collective hype surrounding James Cook’s voyages of discovery and the new experiences with non-European cultures. This paper compares available scientific literature on this topic and aims to analyze the role of Omai as a historical figure and as the personification of the idealized European concept of the noble savage.
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Su, Sha. "The Image in the Mirror-A Feminist Study on the Autobiographical Elements in Jane Eyre." International Journal of Education and Humanities 6, no. 1 (November 23, 2022): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v6i1.3041.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Jane Eyre, a full-length novel written by Charlotte Bronte in Victorian era deeply affected females. England was in a harsh reality in the 19th century---women live at the bottom of society and are suffered from male oppression and discrimination. Even educated women are subjected to dependency on the rich because of their poverty. Females in the upper class, however, accepted arranged marriages as their ultimate destination. Thus, Charlotte, as a woman writer, put her own ideals and pursuits in Jane Eyre to reveal the unequal status of women and want to use this work to encourage women to fight for their inherent rights. In this way, this paper will find out the similarities between Jane Eyre and Charlotte to prove it is an autobiography from feminist prospective.
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Rwafa, Urther, Washington Mushore, and Ephraim Vhutuza. "TOWARDS PEACE, HEALING AND RECONCILIATION IN ZIM-BABWE: THEATRICALISING POLITICAL VIOLENCE THROUGH RITUALS (2011)." Imbizo 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2078-9785/2843.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores the reconciliatory possibilities of the theatrical piece Rituals (2011) penned by Stephen Chifunyise and directed and produced by Daves Guzha. The Rituals’ theatrical piece memorialises as well as condemns a culture of violence demonstrated during the 2008 harmonised elections in Zimbabwe. Through “ritualized” performance, a community embarks on a metaphysical journey focused on exorcising the ghosts of political violence still haunting individuals, communities, politicians, and the nation as a whole. These day-to-day modes of healing and reconciliation, dramatised through Rituals, suggest that communities can create platforms for peace, cultivate tolerance and permit dialogue to prevail if victims are brought face-to-face with perpetrators of violence with the hope of ironing out political differences. It is going to be argued in this paper that although the political drama in Rituals, centralises politicians as major culprits that fomented violence, its failure to go beyond political meta-narratives constricts its capacity to explore the complexities of violence in Zimbabwe. These complexities are informed by factors such as lack of voter education, existence of age-old grudges, and fragmentation of community values, among others. Another critical strand to be explored in this article is one that interrogates Rituals’ potential to reach out to the wider audiences at grassroots levels, since the political drama in Rituals speaks to the “upper class” and intellectual circles, thereby foreclosing critical debate and “voices” that should emerge from “below” which are communities many of whom were directly involved. By adopting a down-top methodological approach, the article seeks to place communities at the forefront in confronting questions of violence, peace-building and reconciliation in Zimbabwe.
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Tromp, Marlene. "GWENDOLEN’S MADNESS." Victorian Literature and Culture 28, no. 2 (September 2000): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300282120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grandcourt threw himself into a chair and said, with undertoned peremptoriness, “Sit down.” She, already in the expectation of something unpleasant, had thrown off her burnous with nervous unconsciousness, and immediately obeyed . . . “Oblige me in future by not showing whims like a mad woman in a play.” (502; ch. 36; emphasis added)NOVELISTIC HEROINES, like Gwendolen in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, become trapped in a complex network of social contradictions when they face the threat of marital violence in a world where such violence was thought not to exist — the middle and upper classes. Though increasing attention was paid to violence in the Victorian home as the century progressed, pamphlets, studies, and legislative inquiry significantly ommited sustained or systematic scrutiny of violence in the home that existed beyond the bounds of the working classes. Frances Power Cobbe’s important essay, “Wife Torture in England,” sought to raise public awareness about marital violence and to stimulate interest in protective legislation for the victims. Yet, in spite of Cobbe’s willingness to consider the possibility that some “gentlemen” might be guilty of abuse, she presents the phenomenon of wife abuse as safely distant from the comfortable quarters of the middle and upper classes, asserting that “the dangerous wife-beater belongs almost exclusively to the artisan and labouring classes” (55). In the debates surrounding the passage of the Divorce Act of 1857, Parliament repeatedly made apparent their belief that middle- and upper-class men could not be a danger to their wives by focusing exclusively on marital violence as a working-class issue. Only in “the humbler ranks of life [was] some prompt remedy” necessary; only “poor women” were conceived of as sufferers of violence at the hands of their husbands (Hansard Parliamentary Debates, 3rd ser., 145 [25 May 1857], col. 801–02).
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BELFANTI, CARLO MARCO, and FABIO GIUSBERTI. "Clothing and social inequality in early modern Europe: introductory remarks." Continuity and Change 15, no. 3 (December 2000): 359–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416051003674.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the European society of the Ancien Régime lifestyle was an effective pointer to the social class to which a family and its members belonged. Social hierarchies were reflected in patterns of consumption: the upper classes had a definite need for ostentation, since lavish spending made their position at the top of the social scale manifest. Clothing had a decisive function in this connection: clothes were undoubtedly the most visible marks of high living, embodying a whole series of status signals – the quality of the cloth, the richness of the accessories, the colours – clearly identifying the social rank of the wearer. Yet a number of recent studies on pre-industrial consumerism have shown that in England – chiefly, but not alone among European societies – a taste and feeling for consumer goods caught on among other social classes besides the upper. It follows that the correspondence between clothing – or more broadly, a consumer pattern – on the one hand, and rank, on the other, is not something one can apply mechanically. The web of connections between dress and social hierarchy in early modern Europe was highly complex and varied, as the ensuing remarks briefly suggest.
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Hein, David. "The High Church Origins of the American Boarding School." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42, no. 4 (October 1991): 577–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002204690000052x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historians of education have deepened our understanding of the development of American boarding schools by challenging he popular view of them as straightforward continuations of New England academies or as imitations of British public schools and by tracing their actual roots back to a distinctive series of institutions that began in the United States in the 1820s, ‘30s, and ’40s. Sociologists have increased our awareness of the social and economic conditions that contributed to the flourishing of these schools as upper-class domains during the Gilded Age.1 It remains for the student of religious history to point out the close connection that existed between the prototypical American boarding schools and representatives of the Episcopal High Church tradition, and to attempt to demonstrate that this association was no coincidence but that the schools were themselves concrete expressions of the High Church outlook.
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Bird, Kym. "Performing Politics: Propaganda, Parody and a Women's Parliament." Theatre Research in Canada 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 168–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.13.1.168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The initial phase of women's drama in Canada coincides with the first wave of 19th-century Canadian feminism and the Canadian women's reform movement. At the time, a variety of women wrote and staged plays that grew out of their commitment to the political, ideological and social context of the movement. The 'Mock Parliament,' a form of theatrical parody in which men's and women's roles are reversed, was collectively created by different groups of suffragists in Manitoba, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia. This article attempts to recuperate these works for a history of Canadian feminist theatre. It will argue that the 'dual' conservative and liberal ideology of the suffrage movement informs all aspects of the Mock Parliament. On the one hand, these plays critique the division of gender roles that material feminism wants to uphold; they are testimony to the strength of a woman's movement that knew how to work as equal players within traditionally structured political organizations. On the other hand, they betray the safe, moderate tactics of an upper and middle-class, white womanhood who wanted political representation but no structural social change. These opposing tensions are inherent in theatrical parody which is both imitative and critical.