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Статті в журналах з теми "Upper Alsace":
1
Strobel, Maj-Brit. "Die Verschriftungen in der Dialekterhebung Friedrich Maurers in Baden und im Elsass als Evidenz für die Verbreitung der Standardlautung." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 49, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 155–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2021-2024.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper examines the development of lay transcriptions of base dialects within a period of 50 years in the early 20th century in the Upper Rhine area in Alsace and Baden. I argue that the spread of spoken standard German can be documented by the development of these transcriptions. In alignment with Ganswindt (2017), it is assumed that the still not widespread standard competence at the beginning of this period is reflected in ‚misspellings‘ in the transcriptions of the dialect, since the Standard German grapheme was associated with the phonetics of the regional standard. The lay transcriptions of the Upper German delabialization by the participating teachers from Friedrich Maurer’s indirect dialect survey from 1941 and the survey of the so-called Wenkeratlas from 1887/88 serve as data. A place-by-place comparison via vector maps allows to localize variation patterns. It can be shown that the ‘misspellings’ – i. e. rounded variants in the area of delabialization – are scattered throughout the area and significantly decrease in time as the spoken German standard is spreading. This is especially the case in the area of Baden, where the amount of ‘misspellings’ diminishes from about 30–60 % to 5–30 %. In Alsace, on the other hand, the amount of ‘misspellings’ is generally much lower and consequently the decrease is as well. I argue that the reason for the difference between transcriptions from Baden and Alsace is to be found in the different repertoire structures with a diglossia with two written standard languages – French and German – in Alsace.
2
Pfeiffer, Martin. "Grenzüberschreitende Identitäten im badischen Oberrheingebiet: Unterschiede in der Konstruktion sprachlicher und regionaler Verbundenheit mit dem Elsass." Linguistik Online 98, no. 5 (November 8, 2019): 329–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.98.5943.
Анотація:
Based on a qualitative analysis of 127 sociolinguistic interviews with speakers of Alemannic from 22 villages and towns along the Franco-German border at the Upper Rhine in Baden (Germany), this contribution investigates the construction of trans-border identities. The paper explores how Badeners perceive the relationship with Alsace (France) with regard to three thematic fields: 1) regional ties with Alsace, 2) language choice in communication across the border, and 3) comprehension of the Alsatian dialect.
Two factors are shown to play a major role for the construction of trans-border identities. First, identities vary between regions, which can be explained by historical differences, especially with respect to political circumstances. The closer the historical relationship between the respective region and Alsace, the stronger the trans-border identity. Second, there is an influence of the geographical distance to the border. The closer a village is located to the border (the Rhine), the stronger the (self- and other-)ascription of linguistic and regional ties to Alsace.
Furthermore, analysis reveals a correlation between the perception of regional ties to Alsace and language choice in trans-border communication: Persons who construct a shared regional cohesiveness across the border tend to use the Alemannic dialect when interacting with Alsatians, whereas persons who do not perceive such a cohesiveness mainly use Standard German or French.
3
Richard, Olivier. "Duncan (Hardy), Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire. Upper Germany, 1346-1521." Revue d’Alsace, no. 145 (November 1, 2019): 389–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/alsace.3652.
4
Auer, Peter. "Dialect divergence at the state border: the case of Alsatian and German Alemannic." Globe: A Journal of Language, Culture and Communication 15 (October 18, 2023): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/ojs.globe.v15i.8038.
Анотація:
This paper summarizes recent research on the German/French border in the Upper Rhine Region, where the state border cuts across a traditional Alemannic dialect area. It is argued that the present-day divergence of the dialects is due to different repertoire types and different language ideologies in France and Germany, which counteract the positive effects of border permeability. Despite this general tendency for the dialects to diverge at the state border, it is also shown that traditional regional affiliations with and orientations to Alsace continue to impact the speed of dialect levelling on the German side.
5
Rousseau, Denis-Didier. "Paleoclimatology of the Achenheim series (middle and upper pleistocene, Alsace, France) A. malacological analysis." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 59 (January 1987): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(87)90087-3.
6
Courtinat, Bernard, and Fabrice Malartre. "Palynofacies variations in a carbonate ramp system environment (Upper Muschelkalk, NE France)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 174, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/174.6.595.
Анотація:
Abstract This study analyses variations in the size of black woody phytoclast and palynofacies types of shallow subtidal environments evolving to deeper subtidal environments, of latest Illyrdian-latest Fassanian age (Upper Muschelkalk). Some of the results display some discrepancies between elevated particle sizes that were supposedly deposited in a relative proximal source and the rich veryhachid palynofacies that are thought to represent distal marine environments. A case study of the succession in the Héming quarry, located in the Alsace-Lorraine trough (southwestern part of the intracratonic Germanic basin) reveals that : (1) the palynological assemblages are dominated by acritarchs belonging to micrhystridids, disaccate pollen and woody phytoclasts; (2) the abundance of phytoclasts, sporomorphs and marine groups is not correlated with lithologies; (3) the length of the processes of micrhystridids is not a useful parameter in defining palynofacies types. In carbonate ramp environments, many factors could have confused the palynological signals such as high-energy events and the water level on which the nutrient supply depended pro parte. All these factors seem to have been governed by climatic or tectono-eustatic events.
7
Braun, Andreas, Rudolf Maass, and Reinhard Schmidt-Effing. "Upper Devonian Radiolarians from the Breuschtal (Northern Vosges, Alsace) and their regional and stratigraphic relations." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 185, no. 2 (August 21, 1992): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/185/1992/161.
8
Carbiener, R., M. Tr�moli�res, J. L. Mercier, and A. Ortscheit. "Aquatic macrophyte communities as bioindicators of eutrophication in calcareous oligosaprobe stream waters (Upper Rhine plain, Alsace)." Vegetatio 86, no. 1 (February 1990): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00045135.
9
Vacher, Jean-Pierre, Roberto D'Agostino, and Sylvain Ursenbacher. "Characterizing the taxonomic status of Sphingonotus caerulans in the upper Rhine Valley of Alsace (France) (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Oedipodinae)." Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 126, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32475/bsef_2221.
Анотація:
Sphingonotus is a genus of grasshoppers that contains species groups with several closely related species, among which Sphingonotus caerulans and an unnamed Sphingonotus that are found in continental France. The exact distribution of both species is still under investigation, but it is believed that S. caerulans might be restricted to the northern part of the country, and that Sphingonotus sp. occurs in the southern half and might reach the north east. We explored the genetic identity of Sphingonotus grasshoppers in the upper Rhine Valley of Alsace (northeastern France) using combined fragments of mtDNA ND5 and cytb genes included with other available samples in ML and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. The results indicate that the five specimens sampled within this region belong to S. caerulans. The actual distribution of Sphingonotus sp. in France remains to be investigated with wider sampling, especially to get a better knowledge on its northern limit.
10
Himmelsbach, I., R. Glaser, J. Schoenbein, D. Riemann, and B. Martin. "Reconstruction of flood events based on documentary data and transnational flood risk analysis of the Upper Rhine and its French and German tributaries since AD 1480." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 14, 2015): 4149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4149-2015.
Анотація:
Abstract. This paper presents the long-term analysis of flood occurrence along the southern part of the Upper Rhine River system and of 14 of its tributaries in France and Germany covering the period starting from 1480 BC. Special focus is given on the temporal and spatial variations of flood events and their underlying meteorological causes over time. Examples are presented of how long-term information about flood events and knowledge about the historical aspect of flood protection in a given area can help to improve the understanding of risk analysis and therefor transnational risk management. Within this context, special focus is given to flood vulnerability while comparing selected historical and modern extreme events, establishing a common evaluation scheme. The transnational aspect becomes especially evident analyzing the tributaries: on this scale, flood protection developed impressively different on the French and German sides. We argue that comparing high technological standards of flood protection, which were initiated by the dukes of Baden on the German side starting in the early 19th century, misled people to the common belief that the mechanical means of flood protection like dams and barrages can guarantee the security from floods and their impacts. This lead to widespread settlements and the establishment of infrastructure as well as modern industries in potentially unsafe areas until today. The legal status in Alsace on the French side of the Rhine did not allow for continuous flood protection measurements, leading to a constant – and probably at last annoying – reminder that the floodplains are a potentially unsafe place to be. From a modern perspective of flood risk management, this leads to a significant lower aggregation of value in the floodplains of the small rivers in Alsace compared to those on the Baden side – an interesting fact – especially if the modern European Flood directive is taken into account.
Дисертації з теми "Upper Alsace":
1
Vidal, Jeanne. "Altérations hydrothermales associées aux zones de fractures à l'interface de la couverture sédimentaire et du socle cristallin dans le Fossé rhénan supérieur : application aux forages géothermiques de Rittershoffen (Alsace, France)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAH008/document.
Анотація:
La connaissance des réseaux de fractures est essentielle pour comprendre la circulation des fluides dans un réservoir. Cette thèse s’appuie sur la reconnaissance du réseau de fractures naturelles qui chenalisent les circulations à l’échelle des deux forages profonds GRT-1 et GRT-2 de Rittershoffen (Alsace, France) qui ont recoupé les sédiments gréseux triasiques et le socle granitique altéré dans le cadre d’un projet industriel de géothermie. L’étude structurale de ce réseau de fractures a été réalisée à partir d’imageries de paroi acoustiques corrélées à des diagraphies géophysiques standard tandis que l’étude pétro-minéralogique se base sur les échantillons de cuttings. Les zones de fractures perméables des puits de Rittershoffen montrent une organisation asymétrique de la perméabilité. Des fractures ouvertes à l’échelle du puits semblent agir comme des drains perméables entourés de halos d’altération hydrothermale. Ces zones de fractures sont associées à des perturbations locales du profil de température dans le puits. La présence de minéraux illitiques hétérogènes pourrait être un indicateur pour prospecter les zones de circulations actuelles et passées à l’échelle des puits. Cette étude géologique permet d’évoluer vers un modèle de forage hydrothermal possédant des connexions favorables avec le réservoir sans avoir recours à des opérations de stimulationThe knowledge of the fracture network is a key challenge to understand the fluid circulation through a reservoir. The aim of this PhD project is to investigate the natural fracture network that channelized the hydrothermal circulations into two deep wells GRT-1 and GRT-2 at Rittershoffen (Alsace, France) that intersect Triassic sandstones and altered granitic basement in the framework of an industrial geothermal project. The structural study of the fracture network was based on acoustic image logs correlated with standard geophysical logs, whereas the mineralogical study was based on cutting samples. Permeable fracture zones of wells at Rittershoffen present an asymmetrical organization of permeability. Open fractures at the borehole scale act as fluid pathways surrounded by halos of hydrothermal alteration. These fracture zones are associated with local thermal anomalies in the temperature profiles at the borehole scale. Occurrences of heterogeneous illitic minerals could be a good indicator to prospect zones of actual and past circulations at the borehole scale
2
Schuler, Monique. "Environnements et paleoclimats paleogenes. Palynologie et biostratigraphie de l'eocene et de l'oligocene inferieur dans les fosses rhenan, rhodanien et de hesse." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13229.
Анотація:
L'analyse palynologique des formations d'age eocene et oligocene inferieur des bassins situes le long du rift ouest-europeen a permis la reconstitution des environnements et des climats au paleogene grace a la riche microflore terrestre et aquatique ou 80 formes nouvelles ont ete reconnues. Trois domaines de recherche majeurs ont ete explore. 1. La biostratigraphie : l'evolution de la microflore dans le temps precise les correlations biostratigraphiques entre les bassins etudies et ceux d'europe du nord-ouest. 2. La reconstitution des paleovegetations et des paleoenvironnements. La structure et la composition des paleovegetations montre la dominance de la strate arboree et arborescente, avec cependant des variations a l'eocene superieur et a l'oligocene inferieur ou la strate arbustive et les fourres et buissons se developpent. La strate herbacee est tres peu representee et ne devient significative qu'a l'oligocene moyen. 3. Paleoclimats regionaux et globaux : des problemes environnementaux et climatiques particuliers ont egalement ete discutes tels la zonation latitudinale climatique, la rythmicite des evenements climatiques, la formation des evaporites et leur relation avec la tectonique, le climat et le milieu marin. La synthese des donnees climatiques precise la crise eocene/oligocene et sa mise en evidence dans le monde vegetal, ainsi que l'evolution paleoclimatique globale au paleogene. Dans les bassins du rift ouest-europeen, le refroidissement general est observe mais il se produit de facon progressive; la limite eocene/oligocene s'y ressent davantage dans les environnements que dans les variations climatiques
3
Haffen, Sébastien. "Caractéristiques géothermiques du réservoir gréseux du Buntsandstein d'Alsace." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780947.
Анотація:
Le Buntsandstein, localisé dans le graben du Rhin supérieur, apparait comme une cible intéressante pour la géothermie, associant une formation argilo-gréseuse à l'anomalie thermique régionale. Cette étude vise à caractériser les propriétés pétrophysiques de ces grès ainsi que la fracturation les affectant, dans le but de fournir un modèle conceptuel de la formation qui servira de guide pour son exploitation futur. Les faciès sédimentaires sont composés par cinq faciès pétrographiques (grès propres, grès à enrobage argileux, grès à matrice argileuse, grès silicifiés et grès à ciment carbonaté), qui se répartissent dans des proportions variables et contrôlent une partie des propriétés pétrophysiques mesurées à l'échelle matricielle. La comparaison des données pétrophysiques, des données macroscopiques issues d'une analyse de gradients de température, des données de modélisation et de la fracturation permet de construire un modèle de circulation dans le réservoir. Ces analyses mettent en avant le rôle de la zone endommagée des zones de faille pour le transfert de fluides à grande échelle, mais aussi celui de deux faciès sédimentaires : les grès déposés dans un environnement de Playa Lake et fluvio-éolien. L'analyse de différents affleurements montre que la fracturation évolue en fonction de la situation dans la pile sédimentaire et en fonction de la situation par rapport aux accidents tectoniques majeures.
4
Bourgeois, David. "La mine, un fait urbain ? : traces du capitalisme médiéval dans le Rhin supérieur (XIVe-XVe siècles)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Mulhouse, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024MULH8915.
Анотація:
Le développement de l’exploitation des mines de métaux polymétalliques non-ferreux dans la partie méridionale du massif des Vosges, à partir du XIVe siècle a considérablement transformé l’économie du Rhin supérieur. La fin de l’époque médiévale, au cours de la seconde moitié du XVe siècle voit l’accélération de ce mouvement sous l’impulsion des forces économiques du Rhin supérieur. Les marchands bâlois comptent parmi les principaux protagonistes de cet élan qui voit les puits de mines s’ouvrir des territoires Habsbourg vers le Comté de Bourgogne. Cet épisode minier est l’occasion de mettre en lumière les traces d’un capitalisme médiéval s’affirmant à Bâle, sur les bords du RhinThe development of non-ferrous polymetallic metal mines in the southern part of the Vosges mountains, from the 14th century onwards, considerably transformed the economy of the Upper Rhine. The end of the medieval period, during the second half of the 15th century, saw the acceleration of this movement thanks to the economic strength of the Upper Rhine. Basel merchants were among the main protagonists of this momentum which saw mines opening from the Habsburg territories to the County of Burgundy. This mining episode is an opportunity to highlight the traces of medieval capitalism asserting itself in Basel, on the banks of the Rhine
5
Aichholzer, Coralie. "Le log complet de la stratigrahie de la zone rhénane ainsi que les modilités stratigraphiques, sédimentaires et structurales de la transition socle-couverture : application à la géothermie profonde." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAH008/document.
Анотація:
Depuis la mise en place en 2010, d’une nouvelle tarification française sur le tarif de l’énergie géothermique, l’Alsace est la région de France la plus dynamique quant à la réalisation de forages géothermiques profonds à haute température (>150°C). Ainsi, l’approche géologique, qui a été primordiale pour les forages de Rittershoffen, le sera encore davantage pour les projets à venir compte tenu de la méconnaissance géologique de certaines zones profondes du bassin rhénan. Cette étude propose d’appréhender la compréhension de l’architecture stratigraphique et séquentielle des formations de la couverture sédimentaire rhénane. 15 puits profonds ont été réinterprétés et corrélés à travers l’ensemble du bassin, permettant l’élaboration d’une colonne stratigraphique complète incluant le sommet et la base de chaque formation. Ces réinterprétations ont également mis en lumière le signal caractéristique de la diagraphie gamma-ray (GR) de chacune des formations de la colonne stratigraphique rhénane. De plus, la caractérisation lithostratigraphique du passage entre le socle et la couverture sédimentaire a fait l’objet d’un axe important de rechercheSince the introduction of a new French pricing system for geothermal energy in 2010, Alsace has been the most dynamic region in France for deep geothermal drilling at high temperatures (>150°C). Thus, the geological approach, which has been essential for the Rittershoffen boreholes, will be even more for future projects given the lack of geological knowledge of some deep parts of the URG. This study aims at understanding the stratigraphic and sequential architecture of the formations of the URG sedimentary cover. 15 deep wells were reinterpreted and correlated throughout the basin, allowing the development of a complete stratigraphic column including the top and base of each formation. These reinterpretations also highlighted the characteristic gamma-ray signal (GR) of each of the formations in the URG stratigraphic column. In addition, the lithostratigraphic characterization of the transition between the basement and the sedimentary cover was the subject of an important research focus
Книги з теми "Upper Alsace":
1
Scott, Tom. Regional identity and economic change: The Upper Rhine, 1450-1600. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
2
Scott, Tom. The Swiss or Swabian War of 1499. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725275.003.0007.
Анотація:
The Swiss (or Swabian) War had its origins beyond Swabia itself, in conflicts between Austrian Tirol and the Rhaetian Leagues; Emperor Maximilian’s plans to invade Italy, however, drew in the Swabian League, which in early 1499 mustered troops to defend its own region from attack or plunder. Imperial troops were sent from the Netherlands, with the result that three separate theatres of war developed: in Vorarlberg, on the Hochrhein, and on the Upper Rhine/Alsace. A series of skirmishes quickly brought hostilities to an end in a ‘war’ which was essentially accidental and avoidable. Much of the fighting consisted of raiding and plundering. By the Treaty of Basel (October 1499) the status quo ante enshrined in the Perpetual Accord was restored; the city of Basel, however, was admitted as a full member to the Confederation.
Частини книг з теми "Upper Alsace":
1
Dalmais, Eléonore, Guillaume Ravier, Vincent Maurer, David Fries, Albert Genter, and Béatrice Pandélis. "Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact of Deep Geothermal Energy, an Upper Rhine Graben Perspective." In Geothermal Energy - Impacts and Improvements [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107395.
Анотація:
The Upper Rhine Graben is a region renowned in Europe for the exploitation and development of geothermal energy with projects in France, Germany and Switzerland. In the last 20 years, numerous seismic events have been felt by local population triggering social concerns that have been addressed at different levels (state regulation, technical adaptation of projects and communication). Indeed, geothermal projects need a high level of acceptance by inhabitants in the surrounding area. In this regard, the local socio-economic impact is a crucial factor in social acceptance. Nevertheless, this energy resource has many advantages such as competitive heat prices and low environmental impacts, quantified by Life Cycle Analysis. This approach is also completed by continuous environmental monitoring. Moreover, additional valorization of geothermal water through its use for low temperature heating or recovery of mineral resources are ways of providing additional benefits to the local community. This chapter is dedicated to present the environmental and socio-economic impacts of two operational EGS projects (Soultz-sous-Forêts and Rittershoffen) located in Northern Alsace (France) producing geothermal electricity and heat in a rural area.
2
Goudissard, Simon, François Bachellerie, and Nathalie Schneider. "Middle Paleolithic Remains and Loess/Paleosol Sequences at Eguisheim (France)." In The Rhine During the Middle Paleolithic: Boundary or Corridor?, 163–82. Kerns Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51315/9783935751353.008.
Анотація:
Archaeological excavations at Eguisheim have revealed a small quantity of Middle Paleolithic finds associated with periglacial mammal fragments. Given the scarcity of such occurrences in Alsace (eastern France) and important older Paleolithic discoveries around Eguisheim, close attention was paid to the chrono-stratigraphical framework of these remains. The investigated sequence starts with loessic Saalian deposits. A Bt horizon, attributed to the Eemian Interglacial, has revealed Middle Paleolithic finds in a primary position (one pseudo-Levallois point and fragmented faunal bones). It is covered by a dark and humic Early Glacial soil. The stratigraphical sequence continues with silty deposits from the Middle Pleniglacial. An erosive phase during the Middle/Upper Pleniglacial transition results in large gullies with sandy fills; these contain reworked lithic artifacts and fragmented mammal bones. A second episode of loess deposition occurs during the Upper Pleniglacial. Our results are consistent with the chrono-stratigraphical framework established for loess deposits in northwestern Europe. The overall stratigraphy shows marked lateral discontinuity, which results from the topographical context, at the bottom of a loess-covered hill. This particular context allowed the preservation of ancient deposits, only 2-3 meters below the present surface.
3
Wuscher, Patrice, Olivier Moine, Agnès Gauthier, and Frank Preusser. "Middle Paleolithic Geomorphological and Paleoenvironmental Setting of the Alsace Region: State of the Art and New Data." In The Rhine During the Middle Paleolithic: Boundary or Corridor?, 97–119. Kerns Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51315/9783935751353.005.
Анотація:
The Upper Rhine Plain is part of a Cenozoic graben, which is approximately 40 km wide and 300 km long. This geological structure determines the geometry and the thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments, with a subsiding central zone and loess-covered alluvial terraces on its margins. In Alsace, most of the recorded Paleolithic remains are concentrated on the margins while the central area appears to be devoid of occupation. Recent investigations have been carried out in the region within the framework of the PaleoEls Project, and in the course of rescue excavations. They indicate that the sedimentary deposits, which are locally very thick, pose an obstacle for studying archaeological sites and are partly responsible for the observed distribution pattern. However, they also provide a chronological and palaeoenvironmental framework for the Middle Paleolithic. For the Upper Pleistocene, loess sequences attest to the establishment of pine forests during the first half of the period (from approximately 100,000 to 70,000 years ago), phases of erosion around the middle of the period (from approximately 100,000 to 30,000 years ago) and significant levels of deposition which fossilize tundra gleys over the course of the second half of the period (from approximately 30,000 to 20,000 years ago). Loess sequences also indicate environmental conditions that were dryer and richer in biodiversity than those in northern France. Around Strasbourg, alluvial clayey loams, more than 20 m deep, indicate the existence of a flood plain occupied by wet meadowlands and few trees during Pleistocene interstadial or interglacial times that was conducive to human occupation. While these deposits are currently only accessible through coring, Late Glacial and Holocene formations, which are easy to study, can serve as a model for studying the more discontinuous records from the earlier periods. They show the tendency for shrinkage in that part of the plain submitted to flooding from the Pleniglacial to the recent Holocene, leading us to envisage a situation where the plain was easy to cross during the Middle Paleolithic. Thus, from a geomorphological point of view, there is no reason to believe that the Rhine River acted as a boundary or posed an obstacle to human movement.
4
Duchacek, Ivo D. "Perforated Sovereignties: Towards a Typology of New Actors in International Relations." In Federalism and International Relations, 1–33. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198274919.003.0001.
Анотація:
Abstract As managers of economic, social, cultural, and environmental affairs, non-central governments in North America and Western Europe, especially in federal or regionalized systems, have been increasingly induced to react to events abroad and respond to or initiate various contacts with foreign centres of economic, cultural, and political influence. These contacts involve not only immediate neighbours across sovereign frontiers - such as northern Swiss cantons, the West German Land of Baden-Württemberg, and French Upper Alsace (Regio Basiliensis) - but also distant centres of industrial or investment power. In 1985, for example, twenty- nine US states had fifty-five permanent offices in seventeen foreign countries (eighteen US states had their separate missions in Tokyo) while only four states had overseas representation in 1970. (In Chapter 10 Earl Fry lists and analyses numerous other US state initiatives abroad.) In addition, eighteen US port authorities and cities had their representatives in Europe, ranging from Alabama’s Port of Mobile to the Texas Port Authority of Corpus Christi. Six Canadian provinces (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) have established forty-six permanent missions in eleven foreign countries: as the Feldmans point out in Chapter 7, the Canadian provinces’ commitment to defend their interests ‘beyond Canadian borders challenges the conventional concept of sovereignty and the federal view of a national monopoly in foreign policy’.