Дисертації з теми "Unsteady mode"

Due to concerns about the impacts of carbon emissions on the environment, the security of supply of electricity and the likelihood of achieving "peak-oil" in the near future, governments have legislated to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. An attractive alternative is power obtained from tidal currents, and the coast of the British Isles is especially hydraulically active. Tidal energy converters typically resemble wind turbines however, unlike wind turbines, they are expected to operate in an environment which is singularly hostile, and will also be expected to generate power in non-ideal operating conditions. This thesis is concerned with the ability to model individual and groups of tidal devices including their mutual interactions. The ability to capture unsteady inflow conditions at realistic array spacing requires preservation of turbine wakes over a sufficiently large range at spatial resolutions and over time durations which are not feasible using standard computational fluid dynamics software. This thesis has combined methodologies developed for helicopter wake modelling with techniques used in naval architecture for modelling thick maritime propellers into a computational tool. The particular formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations employed allows the determination of the unsteady pressure and force distributions on a turbine rotor due to the effects of a neighbouring device, even if it is operating some significant distance upstream. The constituents of the method of this thesis are developed and applied to "proof-of-principle" studies. These include flow past static and oscillating 2-D aerofoils and past a 3-D wing, wind turbine and tidal turbine configuration. The results from these studies demonstrate that the model is convergent and capable of capturing the time dependant forces on these devices, and by comparison with analytical or experimental results, or via inter-model comparison begins the process of calibration and validation of the model. The method is then applied to flow past groups of turbines in various array configurations, and a coaxial, contra-rotating device. The outcome of this work is a decision making tool which can be used to improve success and reduce risk in tidal power array planning, optimise device configurations and is translatable back into rotorcraft or naval architecture usage.

A method for predicting unsteady, subsonic aeroelastic responses has been developed. The technique accounts for aerodynamic nonlinearities associated with angles of attack, vortex-dominated flow, static deformations, and unsteady behavior. The angle of attack is limited only by the occurrence of stall or vortex bursting near the wing. The fluid and the wing together are treated as a single dynamical system, and the equations of motion for the structure and flowfield are integrated simultaneously and interactively in the time domain. The method employs an iterative scheme based on a predictor-corrector technique. The aerodynamic loads are computed by the general unsteady vortex-lattice method and are determined simultaneously with the motion of the wing. Because the unsteady vortex-lattice method predicts the wake as part of the solution, the history of the motion is taken into account; hysteresis is predicted. Two models are used to demonstrate the technique: a rigid wing on an elastic support experiencing plunge and pitch about the elastic axis, and an elastic wing rigidly supported at the root chord experiencing spanwise bending and twisting. The method can be readily extended to account for structural nonlinearities and/or substitute aerodynamic load models. The time domain solution coupled with the unsteady vortex-lattice method provides the capability of graphically depicting wing and wake motion.
Ph. D.

This study is concerned with the recovery of fluid mechanical modes that can be used to describe the physical properties of unsteady separated flows. The flow configuration of interest is a spanwise homogeneous NACA 0015 airfoil with leading edge laminar separation and turbulent recirculation. An in-depth understanding of the unsteady flow dynamics and fluid mechanical stability properties, can assist in the future development of more efficient separation control strategies. In order to provide a richer understanding of the physics, the flow fields are numerically generated, and characterised at various key Reynolds numbers leading up to the target turbulent case. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition modes are recovered to most efficiently represent the unsteady scales of motion, and linear stability modes are sought to identify how a perturbation will evolve in this unsteady environment. The generation of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition modes can require very large amounts of data, and the current study presents a means of recovering these modes using parallel computation. To enable the stability analysis, a means of performing the calculation in steady two-dimensional flows of semi-complex geometry has been developed. The corrections required to perform the stability analysis in unsteady turbulent flows has also been identified by using a non-linear eddy viscosity model to close the triple decomposition stability equations. It is intended that the means of recovering these fluid mechanical modes can assist in the future development of reduced order models necessary for the control of unsteady separated flows
Cette étude s’intéresse à la détermination de modes pouvant être utilisés en mécanique des fluides pour décrire les propriétés physiques d'écoulements instationnaires décollés. La configuration d'écoulement qui nous intéresse est un profil d'aile NACA 0015 transversalement homogène caractérisé par un décollement laminaire au bord d'attaque et une zone de recirculation turbulente. Comprendre en profondeur la dynamique instationnaire de l'écoulement et ses propriétés de stabilité peut aider à améliorer l'efficacité de futures stratégies de contrôle de décollement. Afin de mieux appréhender la physique, l'écoulement est d’abord simulé puis caractérisé pour plusieurs valeurs du nombre de Reynolds allant jusqu’au régime turbulent. On retrouve alors que les modes obtenus par décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) représentent de manière efficace les échelles instationnaires du mouvement. Par ailleurs, les modes de stabilité linéaire sont recherchés afin d'identifier comment une perturbation évolue dans un environnement instationnaire. La détermination des modes de Proper Orthogonal Decomposition pouvant nécessiter une grande quantité de données, cette étude présente un moyen de les évaluer par calcul parallèle. Pour permettre l'analyse de stabilité, il a fallu développer des programmes permettant de réaliser les calculs pour un écoulement stationnaire bidimensionnel en géométrie semi-complexe. Les corrections nécessaires pour effectuer l'analyse de stabilité dans des écoulements turbulents instationnaires ont aussi été identifiés en utilisant un modèle de viscosité tourbillonnaire non linéaire pour fermer les équations de stabilité en décomposition triple. La détermination de ces modes en mécanique des fluides doit aider le développement futur de modèles réduits nécessaires au contrôle d'écoulement instationnaire décollé

A new unsteady rotor/fuselage interactional aerodynamics model has been developed. This model loosely couples a Generalized Dynamic Wake Theory (GDWT) to a Navier-Stokes solution procedure. This coupling is achieved using a newly developed unsteady pressure jump boundary condition in the Navier-Stokes model. The new unsteady pressure jump boundary condition models each rotor blade as a moving pressure jump which travels around the rotor azimuth =and is applied between two adjacent planes in a cylindrical, non-rotating grid. Comparisons are made between predictions using this new model and experiments for an isolated rotor and for a coupled rotor/fuselage configuration.
Ph. D.

Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Chandrasekhara, M. S. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 10, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Unsteady Aerodynamics, UCAV Maneuvers, 2D-unsteady flows. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-44). Also available in print.

The present study focuses on the sediment deposition and consequent dredging issues in Lower Ohio River at the Olmsted Locks and Dam area-River mile (RM)-964.4 during the ongoing in-the-wet construction methodology. The study reach is between Locks and Dam 53 (RM 962.6) at upstream, and RM 970 at downstream. One dimensional (1-D) HEC-RAS numerical modeling in conjunction with Arc-GIS was employed. Stream flow measurements, velocity, incoming sediment concentration, bed gradation, and annual hydrographic survey data acquired from public archives of USGS and USACE Louisville District were used as inputs. The model was subjected to the 1-D quasi-unsteady and completely unsteady sediment transport module, available in the latest HEC-RAS 5.0 Beta release. Calibration and validation of the hydrodynamic and sediment models were performed using measured water surface elevation, velocity, and sediment loads at measured sections. Post-model calibration and validation, deposition to excavated cross-sections for future dam shells at Olmsted was predicted, which warrants dredging. The study attempted to analyze the sediment transport trend with the focus on depositionat Olmsted Locks and Dam area using the sensitivity analysis approach of transport capacity functions. Moreover, the capability of 1-D HEC-RAS quasi-unsteady and completely unsteady models were assessed in prediction of sediment deposition in the construction area (dam shells excavation area). A temporal deposition prediction model was developed that can potentially replace the current ad-hoc approach used to determine the dredging schedule. Likewise, a representative environmental risk associated with sedimentation in the study area was examined. The model can potentially be used as a decision support tool to analyze the long term impact of sedimentation in the vicinity of Olmsted Locks and Dam if further updates on the river bathymetry, and specific field data are supplemented to the model.

Simulating the complex physics and dynamics associated with unsteady aeroelastic systems is often attempted with high-fidelity numerical models. While these high-fidelity approaches are powerful in terms of capturing the main physical features, they may not discern the role of underlying phenomena that are interrelated in a complex manner. This often makes it difficult to characterize the relevant causal mechanisms of the observed features. Besides, the extensive computational resources and time associated with the use these tools could limit the capability of assessing different configurations for design purposes. These shortcomings present the need for the development of simplified and reduced-order models that embody relevant physical aspects and elucidate the underlying phenomena that help in characterizing these aspects. In this work, different fluid and aeroelastic systems are considered and reduced-order models governing their behavior are developed. In the first part of the dissertation, a methodology, based on the method of multiple scales, is implemented to show its usefulness and effectiveness in the characterization of the physics underlying the system, the implementation of control strategies, and the identification of high-impact system parameters. In the second part, the unsteady aerodynamic aspects of flapping micro air vehicles (MAVs) are modeled. This modeling is required for evaluation of performance requirements associated with flapping flight. The extensive computational resources and time associated with the implementation of high-fidelity simulations limit the ability to perform optimization and sensitivity analyses in the early stages of MAV design. To overcome this and enable rapid and reasonably accurate exploration of a large design space, a medium-fidelity aerodynamic tool (the unsteady vortex lattice method) is implemented to simulate flapping wing flight. This model is then combined with uncertainty quantification and optimization tools to test and analyze the performance of flapping wing MAVs under varying conditions. This analysis can be used to provide guidance and baseline for assessment of MAVs performance in the early stages of decision making on flapping kinematics, flight mechanics, and control strategies.
Ph. D.

The simulation tool ROBOOST, in use at the Alma Propulsion Lab of the University of Bologna – Forlì Campus, exploits a hybrid ballistic model 0D-1D. The need of a complete Q1D model for the entire combustion time, from motor start-up to burn out arised. The present work is devoted to the development and test of a Q1D unsteady ballistic model for solid rocket motors performance prediction. The newly developed code, called SOL1D, is written in Matlab environment and is capable of predicting the time and space evolution of all the main thermodynamic variables during the solid rocket motor combustion process. The model has been tested and validated on a BARIA motor, thus demonstrating its adherence to experimental data. SOL1D paves the way for future works aimed at simulating performances of actual launchers.

Steady and unsteady flow over a generic Suboff submarine model is studied. The skin-friction magnitudes are measured by using hot-film sensors each connected to a constant temperature anemometer. The local minima in the skin-friction magnitudes are used to obtain the separation locations. Steady static pressure measurements on the model surface are performed at 10° and 20° angles of attack. Steady and unsteady results are presented for two model configurations: barebody and sail-on-side case. The dynamic plunge-pitch-roll model mount (DyPPiR) is used to simulate the pitchup maneuvers. The pitchup maneuver is a linear ramp from 1° to 27° in 0.33 seconds. All the tests are conducted at ReL=5,500,000 with a nominal wind tunnel speed of 42.7±1 m/s. Steady results show that the flow structure on the leeward side of the barebody can be characterized by the crossflow separation. In the sail-on-side case, the separation pattern of the non-sail region follow the barebody separation trend closely. The flow on the sail side is strongly affected by the presence of the sail and the separation pattern is different from the crossflow separation. The flow in the vicinity of the sail-body junction is dominated by the horseshoe type separation. Unsteady results of the barebody and the non-sail region of the sail-on-side case show significant time lags between unsteady and steady crossflow separation locations. These effects produce the difference in separation topology between the unsteady and steady flowfields. A first-order time lag model approximates the unsteady separation locations reasonably well and time lags are obtained by fitting the model equation with the experimental data. The unsteady separation pattern of the sail side does not follow the quasi-steady data with a time lag and the unsteady separation structure is different from the unsteady crossflow separation topology observed for the barebody and the non-sail region of the sail-on-side case.
Master of Science

A hybrid model for simulating rogue waves in random seas on a large time and space scale is proposed in this thesis. It is formed by combining the derived fifth order Enhanced Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation based on Fourier transform (ENLSE-5F), the fully nonlinear Enhanced Spectral Boundary Integral (ESBI) method and its simplified version. The numerical techniques and algorithm for coupling three models on time scale are provided. Using them, and the switch between the three models during the computation is triggered automatically according to wave nonlinearities. Numerical tests are carried out and the results indicate that this hybrid model could simulate rogue waves both accurately and efficiently. In some cases showed, the hybrid model is more than 10 times faster than just using the ESBI method.

Alterations along the Mississippi River, such as dams and levees, have greatly reduced the amount of freshwater and sediment that reaches the Louisiana coastal area. Several freshwater and sediment diversions have been proposed to combat the associated land loss problem. To aid in this restoration effort a 1-D numerical model was calibrated, validated, and used to predict the response of the river to certain stimuli, such as proposed diversions, channel closures, channel modifications, and relative sea level rise. This study utilized HEC-RAS 4.0, a 1-D mobile-bed numerical model, which was calibrated using a discharge hydrograph at Tarbert Landing and a stage hydrograph at the Gulf of Mexico, to calculate the hydrodynamics of the river. The model showed that RSLR will decrease the capacity of the Lower Mississippi River to carry bed material. The stage at Carrollton Gage is not significantly impacted by large scale diversions

Le problème de la cavité poreuse carrée est largement utilisé comme cas de référence courant pour les problèmes de Convection Naturelle (CN) en milieux poreux. Il peut être utilisé pour plusieurs applications numériques, théoriques et pratiques. Par ailleurs, toutes les solutions de haute précision existantes dans la littérature scientifique sont développées dans des conditions de régime permanent. Cependant, il est bien connu que les processus de CN dans les milieux poreux se produisent naturellement dans un régime dépendant du temps, car les conditions aux limites peuvent être variables dans le temps. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, la solution en régime permanent est souvent simulée comme une solution transitoire qui évolue jusqu'à atteindre l'état d'équilibre. Ces régimes dépendant du temps sont très efficaces pour détecter les effets des variations de paramètres sur le processus physique de CN, en particulier pour les sujets d'intérêt de cette thèse: la variation du niveau d'inclinaison du domaine et la prise en compte des variations de température de la paroi chaude dans le temps. À cet effet, trois objectifs sont identifiés dans cette thèse: 1. Développer une solution de convection naturelle en fonction du temps dans des milieux poreux en utilisant le Modèle Darcy en deux modes: transitoire et instable. 2. Étudier le comportement en fonction du temps de la convection naturelle dans des milieux poreux ayant le niveau d'inclinaison du domaine comme paramètre variable dans deux modes: transitoire et instable. 3. Développer une solution de convection naturelle en fonction du temps dans des milieux poreux en utilisant le Modèle Darcy-Lapwood-Brinkman en deux modes: transitoire et instable. Pour ce faire, du fait de la grande précision dans les domaines simplement connectés, une méthode spectrale de résidus pondérés de type Galerkin est choisie pour développer une solution au problème de CN dans une cavité carrée poreuse. L’application de la procédure de Fourier-Galerkin (FG), deux configurations traitant des régimes instables sont considérées où chaque solution est dérivée pour une large gamme des nombres de Rayleigh (Ra) avec d'autres conditions spéciales. Ce travail de thèse est subdivisé en cinq chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, nous avons présenté un aperçu physique du processus de convection naturelle en milieux poreux. Dans le deuxième chapitre, le développement mathématique des équations, la méthode de résolution et la procédure de résolution sont décrits en détails. Dans le chapitre trois, la première étude de cas de cette thèse, la solution dépendante du temps de la convection naturelle dans une cavité carrée remplie de milieux poreux saturé utilisant le modèle de Darcy est développé. Dans le chapitre quatre, le problème de variation temporelle de Darcy-Lapwood- Brinkman de CN dans une enceinte poreuse saturée carrée est étudié. Dans le chapitre cinq, les solutions dépendant du temps sont développées pour le problème de convection naturelle utilisant la loi de Darcy dans une cavité poreuse inclinée et considéré comme une étude complète sur les effets de l'inclinaison du domaine sur le processus physique du problème de convection libre. Pour tous les cas, les régimes transitoires et instables sont considérés
The problem of the porous square cavity is extensively used as a common benchmark case for Natural convection (NC) problem in porous media. It can be used for several numerical, theoretical, and practical purposes. All the existing high accurate solutions are developed under steady-state conditions. However, it is well known that the processes of NC in porous media occurs naturally in a time-dependent procedure, as boundary conditions can be variable in time. Also, the convergence of the steady-state solution is known to be difficult. To overcome this difficulty, the steady-state solution is often simulated as a transient solution that evolves until reaching the steady-state condition. These time-dependent modes are very efficient to detect the effects of the parameter variations on the physical process of NC, especially for the subject of interest in this thesis: the domain inclination level and hot wall temperature variation in time. For this purpose, three goals are identified in this Thesis: 1. Developing a time-dependent solution of natural convection in porous media using the Darcy model in two modes: Transient and unsteady. 2. Investigating the time-dependent behavior of natural convection in porous media having the domain inclination level as a variable parameter in two modes: Transient and unsteady. 3. Developing a time-dependent solution of natural convection in porous media using the Darcy-Lapwood-Brinkman model in two modes: Transient and unsteady. To do so, according to the high accuracy in the simply connected domains, one of the Galerkin spectral weighted residual method is chosen to develop a space-time dependent solution for NC problem in a square porous cavity. Applying the Fourier-Galerkin (FG) procedure, two configurations dealing with transient and unsteady regimes are considered where each solution is derived for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers with other special conditions. This work of thesis is explained in details as five chapters.The NC physical process with the time-dependent variations is described in the transient mode to reach the steady-state solution and for the unsteady mode during a one period using periodic sinusoidal boundary conditions on the cavity hot wall. Finally, the work of this thesis is described in details in five chapters; while the sixth and last chapter is devoted to the summary and conclusion.The results in this thesis work provide a set of high-accurate data that are published in three papers to be used for testing numerical codes of heat transfer in time-dependent configurations

Severe stenosis may cause critical flow conditions related to artery collapse, plaque cap rupture which leads directly to stroke and heart attack. In this paper, a nonlinear viscoelastic model and a numerical method are introduced to study dynamic behaviors of the tube wall and viscous flow through a viscoelastic tube with a stenosis simulating blood flow in human carotid arteries. The Mooney-Rivlin material model is used to derive a nonlinear viscoelastic thin-wall model for the stenotic viscoelastic tube wall. The mechanical parameters in the Mooney-Rivlin model are calculated from experimental measurements. Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation are used as the governing equation for the fluid flow. Interactions between fluid flow and the viscoelastic axisymmetric tube wall are handled by an incremental boundary iteration method. A Generalized Finite Differences Method (GFD) is used to solve the fluid model. The Fourth-Order Runge-Kutta method is used to deal with the viscoelastic wall model where the viscoelastic parameter is adjusted to match experimental measurements. Our result shows that viscoelasticity of tube wall causes considerable phase lag between the tube radius and input pressure. Severe stenosis causes cyclic pressure changes at the throat of the stenosis, cyclic tube compression and expansions, and shear stress change directions in the region just distal to stenosis under unsteady conditions. Results from our nonlinear viscoelastic wall model are compared with results from previous elastic wall model and experimental data. Clear improvements of our viscoelastic model over previous elastic model were found in simulating the phase lag between the pressure and wall motion as observed in experiments. Numerical solutions are compared with both stationary and dynamic experimental results. Mooney-Rivlin model with proper parameters fits the non-linear experimental stress-strain relationship of wall very well. The phase lags of tube wall motion, flow rate variations with respect to the imposed pulsating pressure are simulated well by choosing the viscoelastic parameter properly. Agreement between numerical results and experimental results is improved over the previous elastic model.

This work presents novel formulations for models describing acoustically forced combustion in three disjoint regimes; highly turbulent, laminar, and the moderately turbulent flamelet regime. Particular emphasis is placed on simplification of the models to facilitate analytical solutions while still reflecting real phenomenology. Each derivation is treated by beginning with general reacting flow equations, identifying a small subset of physics thought to be dominant in the corresponding regime, and making appropriate simplifications. Each model is non-dimensionalized and both naturally occurring and popular dimensionless parameters are investigated. The well-stirred reactor (WSR) is used to characterize the highly turbulent regime. It is confirmed that, consistent with the regime to which it is ascribed for static predictions, the WSR is most appropriate to predict the dynamics of chemical kinetics. Both convection time and chemical time dynamics are derived as explicit closed-form functions of dimensionless quantities such as the Damk\"ohler number and several newly defined parameters. The plug-flow reactor (PFR) is applied to a laminar, burner stabilized flame, using a number of established approaches, but with new attention to developing simple albeit accurate expressions governing the flame's frequency response. The system is studied experimentally using a ceramic honeycomb burner, combusting a methane-air mixture, numerically using a nonlinear FEA solver, and analytically by exact solution of the simplified governing equations. Accurately capturing non-unity Lewis-number effects are essential to capturing both the static and the dynamic response of the flame. It is shown that the flame dynamics can be expressed solely in terms of static quantities. Finally, a Reynolds-averaged flamelet model is applied to a hypothetical burner stabilized flame with homogeneous, isotropic turbulence. Exact solution with a simplified turbulent reaction model parallels that of the plug flow reactor closely, demonstrating a relation between static quantities and the flame frequency response. Comparison with published experiments using considerably more complex flame geometries yields unexpected similarities in frequency scale, and phase behavior. The observed differences are attributed to specific physical phenomena that were deliberately omitted to simplify the model's derivation.
Ph. D.

A new turbulence model designed for two-dimensional, steady and unsteady boundary layers in strong adverse pressure gradients is described. The model is developed in a rational way based on an understanding of the flow physics obtained from recent experimental observations. The turbulent shear stress is given by a mixing length model, but the variation of the mixing length in the outer region is not constant; it varies according to an integral form of the turbulence kinetic-energy equation. This approach allows for the history effects of the turbulence to be taken into account in an approximate but rational way. The form of the near-wall mixing length model is derived based on the rigorous distribution of the shear stress near the wall, and it takes into account the pressure and convection terms which become important in strong adverse pressure gradients. Since the significance of the normal stresses in turbulent kinetic-energy production is increasing as separation is approached, a model accounting for this contribution is incorporated. The model is calibrated using available experimental data. These data also indicate a change in turbulence structure near and through separation. Such a change can be significant and is accounted for here using an empirical function. The complete model was tested against steady and unsteady, two-dimensional experimental cases with adverse pressure gradient up to separation. Improved predictions compared to those obtained with other turbulence models were demonstrated. The general and rational approach that led to the derivation of the model allows the straightforward extension of the model in the region of separation. The further extension to steady and unsteady, three-dimensional cases is indicated.
Ph. D.

The harmonic oscillatory tests for a fighter aircraft configuration using the Dynamic Plunge-Pitch-Roll (DyPPiR) model mount at Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel are described and analyzed. The corresponding data reduction methods are developed on the basis of multirate digital signal processing techniques. Since the model is sting-mounted to the support system of DyPPiR, the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) is first used to identify the frequencies of the elastic modes of sting. Then the sampling rate conversion systems are built up in digital domain to resample the data at a lower rate without introducing distortions to the signals of interest. Finally linear-phase Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters are designed by Remez exchange algorithm to extract the aerodynamic characteristics responses to the programmed motions from the resampled measurements. These data reduction procedures are also illustrated through examples. The results obtained from the harmonic oscillatory tests are then illustrated and the associated flow mechanisms are discussed. Since no significant hysteresis loops are observed for the lift and the drag coefficients for the current angle of attack range and the tested reduced frequencies, the dynamic lags of separated and vortex flow effects are small in the current oscillatory tests. However, large hysteresis loops are observed for pitch moment coefficient in the current tests. This observation suggests that at current flow conditions, pitch moment has large pitch rate and alpha-dot dependencies. Then the nondimensional maximum pitch rate q__max is introduced to characterize these harmonic oscillatory motions. It is found that at current flow conditions, all the hysteresis loops of pitch moment coefficient with same nondimensional maximum pitch rate are tangential to one another at both top and bottom of the loops, implying approximately same maximum offset of these loops from static values. Several cases are also illustrated. Based on the results obtained and those from references, a state-space model is developed to describe the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics up to the high angle of attack regime. A nondimensional coordinate is introduced as the state variable describing the flow separation or vortex burst. First-order differential equation is used to govern the dynamics of flow separation or vortex bursting through this state variable. To be valid for general configurations, Taylor series expansions in terms of the input variables are used in the determination of aerodynamic characteristics, resembling the current approach of the stability derivatives. However, these derivatives are longer constant. They are dependent on the state variable of flow separation or vortex burst. In this way, the changes in stability derivatives with the angle of attack are included dynamically. The performance of the model is then validated by the wind-tunnel measurements of an NACA 0015 airfoil, a 70 degree delta wing and, finally two F-18 aircraft configurations. The results obtained show that within the framework of the proposed model, it is possible to obtain good agreement with different unsteady wind tunnel data in high angle-of-attack regime.
Ph. D.

The two-dimensional depth-averaged shallow water equations have attracted considerable attentions as a practical way to solve flows with free surface. Compared to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, the shallow water equations give essentially the same results at much lower cost. Solving the shallow water equations by the Godunov-type finite volume method is a newly emerging area. The Godunov-type finite volume method is good at capturing the discontinuous fronts in numerical solutions. This makes the method suitable for solving the system of shallow water equations. In this dissertation, both the shallow water equations and the Godunov-type finite volume method are described in detail. A new surface flow routing method is proposed in the dissertation. The method does not limit the shallow water equations to open channels but extends the shallow water equations to the whole domain. Results show that the new routing method is a promising method for prediction of watershed runoff. The method is also applied to turbulence modeling of free surface flow. The κ - ε turbulence model is incorporated into the system of shallow water equations. The outcomes prove that the turbulence modeling is necessary for calculation of free surface flow. At last part of the dissertation, a total load sediment transport model is described and the model is tested against 1D and 2D laboratory experiments. In summary, the proposed numerical method shows good potential in solving free surface flow problems. And future development will be focusing on river meandering simulation, non-equilibrium sediment transport and surface flow - subsurface flow interaction.

Au cours des dernières décennies, la théorie de la stabilité a été intensivement utilisée pour caractériser le comportement instationnaire d'écoulements. Cela a donné naissance à un grand nombre d'approches, mais malheureusement chacune d'entre elles semble présenter ses propres limitations. De plus, leurs conditions de validité sont encore très mal connues, ce qui soulève la question de la fiabilité de ce genre de méthodes dans un cas général.Cette problématique est traitée dans cette thèse en s'intéressant dans un premier temps aux approches classiques de stabilité, qui étudient l'évolution de petites perturbations autour d'une solution stationnaire -- un champ de base -- des équations de Navier-Stokes. Pour cela, le phénomène du screech -- un bruit tonal que peuvent causer les jets sous-détendus -- est étudié d'un point de vue de la stabilité linéaire. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la dynamique non-linéaire du phénomène est correctement prédite par une analyse linéaire de stabilité du champ de base. Une confrontation avec d'autres analyses similaires montre qu'un tel résultat n'est pas toujours observé. Cependant, lorsque les oscillations auto-entretenues d'un écoulement sont provoquées par un bouclage acoustique, comme c'est le cas entre autres pour le screech, l'écoulement de cavité ou encore les jets impactants, alors les non-linéarités ont une faible influence sur le phénomène de sélection de fréquence. Cela explique la capacité d'une analyse linéaire à caractériser ces écoulements, même dans le régime non-linéaire.Une autre approche, consistant à étudier la stabilité linéaire du champ moyen, a montré de bons résultats dans certaines configurations qui ne peuvent être correctement étudiées par une analyse linéaire du champ de base. Cela est justifié dans cette thèse en mettant en évidence le rôle que joue la résolvante autour du champ moyen dans la dynamique d'un écoulement. Il est montré que lorsque cet opérateur présente une forte séparation de valeurs singulières, ce qui correspond à l'existence d'un mécanisme d'instabilité fort, alors les modes de Fourier de l'écoulement sont proportionnels aux modes de résolvante dominants. Ce résultat fournit des conditions mathématiques et physiques pour l'utilisation et le sens de diverses méthodes d'analyse du champ moyen, telles qu'une analyse d'équations de stabilité parabolisées (Parabolised Stability Equations). De plus, cela permet de mettre en place un modèle de prédiction du spectre fréquentiel en tout point d'un écoulement, à partir d'une ou de quelques mesures ponctuelles et du champ moyen. L'ensemble de ces résultats est illustré et validé sur un cas de marche descendante turbulente. Enfin, cela est exploité dans un cadre expérimental, afin de reconstruire le comportement instationnaire d'un jet rond transitionnel, à partir de la seule connaissance du champ moyen et d'une mesure ponctuelle. L'étude montre que, sous certaines précautions expérimentales, la reconstruction est très précise et robuste
Linear stability theory has been intensively used over the past decades for the characterization of unsteady flow behaviors. While the existing approaches are numerous, none has the ability to address any general flow. Moreover, clear validity conditions for these techniques are often missing, and this raises the question of their general reliability.In this thesis, this question is addressed by first considering the classical stability approach, which focuses on the evolution of small disturbances about a steady solution -- a base flow -- of the Navier-Stokes equations.To this end, the screech phenomenon -- a tonal noise that is sometimes generated by underexpanded jets -- is studied from alinear stability point of view. The results reveal that the nonlinear dynamics of this phenomenon is well-predicted by a linear base flow stability analysis. A confrontation with other similar analyses from the literature shows that such a satisfactory result is not always observed. However, when a self-sustained oscillating flow is driven by an acoustic feedback loop, as it is the case for the screech phenomenon, cavity flows and impinging jets for instance, then the nonlinearities have a weak impact on the frequency selection process, explaining the ability of a linear analysis to characterize the flow, even in the nonlinear regime.Another alternative approach, based on a linearization about the mean flow, is known to be successful in some cases where a base flow analysis fails. This observation from the literature is explained in this thesis by outlining the role of the resolvent operator, arising from a linearization about the mean flow, in the dynamics of a flow. The main finding is that if this operator displays a clear separation of singular values, which relates to the existence of one strong convective instability mechanism, then the Fourier modes areproportional to the first resolvent modes. This result provides mathematical and physical conditions for the use and meaning of several mean flow stability techniques, such as a parabolised stability equations analysis of a mean flow.Moreover, it leads to a predictive model for the frequency spectrum of a flow field at any arbitrary location, from the sole knowledge of the mean flow and the frequency spectrum at one or more points. All these findings are illustrated and validated in the case of a turbulent backward facing step flow. Finally, these results are exploited in an experimental context, for the reconstruction of the unsteady behavior of a transitional round jet, from the sole knowledge of the mean flow and one point-wise measurement. The study shows that, after following a few experimental precautions, detailed in the manuscript, the reconstruction is very accurate and robust

Hydraulic piston accumulators play a major role especially within the field of stationary hydraulics. The calculation of the amount of hydraulic energy which can be stored in such an accumulator is crucial when it comes to a precise system design. The knowledge of the temperature and pressure within the accumulator is required in order to calculate the amount of energy to be stored. The state of the art solution to estimate the state of change of such an accumulator is the implementation of a costly measurement system within the accumulator which tracks the position of the piston. The goal of this paper is to develop and to analyse a time efficient simulation approach for the gaseous phase within a piston accumulator depending on the accumulator’s load cycle. Temperature, pressure, density and velocity profiles inside of the gaseous phase are calculated transiently in order to achieve that goal. The simulation model is derived in one dimensional environment to save computational effort. Having derived a valid model of the gaseous phase it will be possible in future works to replace the expensive position measurement system by pressure and temperature transducers and then use the model to calculate the position of the piston and therefore estimate the state of change.

[ES] Está fuera de toda duda que la industria del automóvil está viviendo una profunda transformación que, durante los últimos años, ha progresado a un ritmo acelerado. Debido a la crecientemente estricta regulación sobre emisiones contaminantes y la necesidad de satisfacer la siempre creciente demanda de movilidad sostenible, es necesario que los motores de combustión modernos reduzcan su consumo y emisiones manteniendo el rendimiento del motor. Para enfrentarse a este desafío, los ingenieros de investigación y desarrollo han redoblado sus esfuerzos a la hora de diseñar y mejorar los modelos unidimensionales, hasta el punto en el que el desarrollo de modelos 1D así como la simulación juegan un papel fundamental en los primeras etapas de diseño de nuevos motores y tecnologías. Al mismo tiempo, la tecnología de turbosobrealimentación se ha consolidado como una de las más efectivas a la hora de construir motores de alta eficiencia, lo que ha hecho evidente la importancia de comprender y modelar correctamente los efectos asociados a los turbogrupos. Particularmente, los fenómenos que ocurren en la turbina en condiciones de flujo fuertemente pulsante han demostrado ser complicadas de modelar y sin embargo decisivas, ya que los códigos de simulación son especialmente útiles cuando son diseñados para trabajar en condiciones realistas. Este trabajo se centra en mejorar los modelos unidimensionales actuales así como en desarrollar nuevas soluciones con el objetivo de contribuir a una mejor predicción del comportamiento de la turbina sometida a condiciones de flujo pulsante. Tanto los esfuerzos realizados en los trabajos experimentales como en los de modelado se han producido para poder proporcionar métodos que sean fáciles de adaptar a las diferentes configuraciones de turbogrupo usadas en la industria, por ello, pueden ser aplicados por ejemplo en turbinas de entrada simple y también en las cada vez más usadas turbinas de entrada doble. En cuanto al trabajo de modelado en la parte de turbina de entrada simple, el foco se ha puesto en presentar una versión mejorada de un código quasi-2D. La validación del modelo se basa en los datos experimentales que están disponibles de trabajos enteriores de la literatura, proporcionando una comparación completa entre los modelos quasi-2D y el clásico modelo 1D. La presión a la entrada y salida de la turbina se ha descompuesto en ondas que viajan hacia delante y hacia atrás por medio de la descomposición de presiones, empleando la componente reflejada y transmitida para verificar la bondad del modelo. El trabajo experimental de esta tesis se centra en desarrollar un nuevo método para ensayar cualquier turbina de doble entrada sometida a condiciones de flujo fuertemente pulsante. La configuración del banco de gas se ha diseñado para ser suficientemente flexible como para realizar pulsos en las dos ramas de entrada por separado, así como para usar condiciones de flujo caliente o condiciones ambiente con mínimos cambios en la instalación. La campaña experimental se usa para validar un modelo integrado unidimensional de turbina tipo twin scroll con especial foco en las componentes reflejada y transmitida para analizar el desempeño del modelo su capacidad de predicción de la acústica no lineal. Finalmente, después de desarrollar el trabajo experimental y de modelado, se presenta un procedimiento para caracterizar el sonido y ruido de la turbina por medio de matrices de transferencia acústica que es comparado con el código unidimensional completo. En este sentido, el método proporciona una herramienta útil y fácil de implementar para simulaciones en tiempo real que aplica de una manera práctica el trabajo de modelado expuesto a lo largo de esta tesis.
[CAT] Està fora de tot dubte que la indústria de l'automòbil està vivint una profunda transformació que, durant els últims anys, ha progressat a un ritme accelerat. A causa de la creixentment estricta regulació sobre emissions contaminants i la necessitat de satisfer la sempre creixent demanda de mobilitat sostenible, és necessari que els motors de combustió moderns reduïsquen el seu consum i emissions mantenint el rendiment del motor. Per a enfrontar-se a aquest desafiament, els enginyers de recerca i desenvolupament han redoblat els seus esforços a l'hora de dissenyar i millorar els models unidimensionals, fins al punt en el qual el desenvolupament de models 1D així com la simulació juguen un paper fonamental en les primeres etapes de disseny de nous motors i tecnologies. Al mateix temps, la tecnologia de turbosobrealimentación s'ha consolidat com una de les més efectives a l'hora de construir motors d'alta eficiència, la qual cosa ha fet evident la importància de comprendre i modelar correctament els efectes associats als turbogrupos. Particularment, els fenòmens que ocorren en la turbina en condicions de flux fortament polsant han demostrat ser complicades de modelar i no obstant això decisives, ja que els codis de simulació són especialment útils quan són dissenyats per a treballar en condicions realistes. Aquest treball se centra en millorar els models unidimensionals actuals així com a desenvolupar noves solucions amb l'objectiu de contribuir a una millor predicció del comportament de la turbina sotmesa a condicions de flux polsant. Tant els esforços realitzats en els treballs experimentals com en els de modelatge s'han produït per a poder proporcionar mètodes que siguen fàcils d'adaptar a les diferents configuracions de turbogrupo usades en l'indústria, per això, poden ser aplicats per exemple en turbines d'entrada simple i també en les cada vegada més usades turbines d'entrada doble. Pel que fa al treball de modelatge en la part de turbina d'entrada simple, el focus s'ha posat a presentar una versió millorada d'un codi quasi-2D. La validació del model es basa en les dades experimentals que estan disponibles de treballs anteriors de la literatura, proporcionant una comparació completa entre els models quasi-2D i el clàssic model 1D. La pressió a l'entrada i eixida de la turbina s'ha descompost en ones que viatgen cap avant i cap enrere per mitjà de la descomposició de pressions, emprant la component reflectida i transmesa per a verificar la bondat del model. El treball experimental d'aquesta tesi se centra en desenvolupar un nou mètode per a assajar qualsevol turbina de doble entrada sotmesa a condicions de flux fortament pulsante. La configuració del banc de gas s'ha dissenyat per a ser prou flexible com per a realitzar polsos en les dues branques d'entrada per separat, així com per a usar condicions de flux calent o condicions ambient amb mínims canvis en la instal·lació. La campanya experimental s'usa per a validar un model integrat unidimensional de turbina tipus twin-scroll amb especial focus en les components reflectida i transmesa per a analitzar l'acompliment del model la seua capacitat de predicció de l'acústica no lineal. Finalment, després de desenvolupar el treball experimental i de modelatge, es presenta un procediment per a caracteritzar el so i soroll de la turbina per mitjà de matrius de transferència acústica que és comparat amb el codi unidimensional complet. En aquest sentit, el mètode proporciona una eina útil i fàcil d'implementar per a simulacions en temps real que aplica d'una manera pràctica el treball de modelatge exposat al llarg d'aquesta tesi.
[EN] It is beyond all doubt that the automotive industry is living a deep transformation that, during the last years, has progressed at an ever accelerating rate. Due to the increasingly stringent pollutant emission regulations and the necessity to fulfil an ever growing demand for sustainable mobility, the modern internal combustion engines are required to strongly reduce the fuel consumption and emissions, while keeping the engine performance. In order to confront this challenge, engine research and development engineers have redoubled their efforts in designing and improving one-dimensional codes, to the point that the development of 1D models and simulation campaigns play a major role in the early steps of designing new engines or technologies. At the same time as the turbocharging technology has arisen as one of the most effective and extended solutions for building high efficient engines, the importance of understanding and modelling correctly the turbocharger effects has become evident. In particular, the phenomena that occurs in the turbine under highly pulsating conditions have proven to be challenging to model and yet decisive, as simulation codes are especially useful when they are designed to work under realistic conditions. This work focusses on the improvement of current one-dimensional models as well as in the development of new solutions with the aim of contributing to a better prediction of the turbine performance under pulsating conditions. Both experimental and modelling efforts have been made in order to provide methods that are easily adaptable to different turbocharger configurations used in the industry, so they can be applied for example in single turbines and also in the increasingly used two-scroll turbine technology. Regarding the modelling work of the single entry turbine part, the work has been focused in presenting an improved version of a quasi-2D code. The validation of the model is based on the experimental data available from previous works of the literature, providing a complete comparison between the quasi-2D and a classic 1D model. By means of a pressure decomposition, the pressure at the turbine inlet and outlet has been split into forward and backward travelling waves, employing the reflected and transmitted components to verify the goodness of the model. The experimental work of the thesis is centred in developing a new method in order to test any two-scroll turbine under highly pulsating flow conditions. The gas stand setup has been designed to be flexible enough to perform pulses in both inlet branches separately as well as to use hot or ambient conditions with minimal changes in the installation. The experimental campaign is used to fully validate an integrated 1D twin-scroll turbine model with special focus in the reflected and transmitted components for analysing the performance of the model and its non-linear acoustics prediction capabilities. Finally, after the experiment and modelling work is developed, a procedure to characterise the turbine sound and noise by means of acoustic transfer matrices is presented and tested against the fully one-dimensional code. In this sense, this method provides a useful and easily-implementable tool for fast and real time simulations that applies in a practical way the modelling work exposed along this thesis.
Soler Blanco, P. (2020). Simulation and modelling of the performance of radial turbochargers under unsteady flow [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/141609
TESIS

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第14139号
工博第2973号
新制||工||1441(附属図書館)
26445
UT51-2008-N456
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻
(主査)教授 細田 尚, 教授 後藤 仁志, 准教授 牛島 省
学位規則第4条第1項該当

Fluid-structure interactions appear in many industrial applications in the field of energy technology. As the components are more and more pushed to higher performance, taking fluid-structure interaction phenomena into account has a great impact on the design as well as in the cost and safety. Internal flows related to propulsion systems in aerodynamics area are of our interest; and particularly aeroelasticity and flutter phenomena. A new 2D flexible generic model, so called bump, based on previous studies at the division of Heat and Power Technology about fluid-structure interactions is here presented. The overall goal is to enhance comprehension of flutter phenomenon. The current study exposes a preliminary experimental campaign regarding mechanical behaviour on two different test objects: an existing one made of polyurethane and a new one of aluminium. The setup is built in such a way that it allows the bumps to oscillate until 500Hz. The objective is to reach this frequency range by remaining in the first bending mode shape which is indeed considered as fundamental for flutter study. In this manner being as close as possible to the bending flutter configuration in high-subsonic and transonic flows will provide a deeper understanding of the shock wave boundary layer interaction and the force phase angle related to it. The results have pointed out that the bumps can reach a frequency of 250Hz by remaining in the first bending mode shape. The one in polyurethane can even reach frequency up to 350Hz; however, amplitude is higher than the theoretical one fixed to 0.5mm. Then unsteady pressure measurements for one operating point have been performed based on using recessed-mounted pressure transducers with Kulite fast response sensors. Variation amplitudes and phases of the unsteady pressure are thus correlated with the vibrations of the model. The operating point has been defined with respect to previous studies on the same static geometric model in order to use steady state base line; the steady flows appear consistent with each other. The results have pointed out that the shock wave induces strong amplification of the steady static pressure; however, this rise decreases when the reduced frequency increases. Finally some elements regarding propagating waves are suggested in the analysis for deeper investigations on such complex phenomena.

The motivation behind this investigation was the need to further the understanding of the gas dynamic behaviour of automotive catalysts under pulsating flow conditions, with a view to improving the ease and accuracy of simulating engine-catalyst systems. A VIRTUAL 4-STROKE model representative of a current-generation engine-catalyst system was developed and simulated over a range of operating conditions. The capability . of this model to simulate a current-generation engine-catalyst system model was evaluated against measured results obtained during dynamometer experiments. A separate simulation program based on the catalyst model incorporated in VIRTUAL 4STROKE was also developed so that tests in which catalyst substrates were subjected to individual blowdown pulses could be simulated, thus allowing the fundamental elements of this catalyst model to be assessed in relative isolation from the complex superposition effects encountered on a running engine. Results from this simulation program was compared against measured results obtained during experiments on the QUB Single Shot Rig. In this way, the merits and demerits of the catalyst element of the VIRTUAL 4STROKE model were assessed at a fundamental level, as well as in the context of a running engine. While measured-simulated correlations were good, some possible improvements to both the model and the experimental procedure were identified.

This thesis presents the results of an experimental investigation of scale-model trains in crosswinds, undertaken to assess steady and unsteady aerodynamic effects of the vehicle movement simulation. A 1:25 scale-model train was tested in the University of Birmingham's TRAIN rig facility. A crosswind generator was designed and constructed to enable static and moving model experiments in the presence of crosswinds in this facility. An on­ board pressure measuring system comprising a series of miniaturised pressure transducers and a bespoke stand­ alone data logger were developed. Static and moving model experiments were carried out investigating a scale­ model of the Class 390 Pendolino train, on a nominal flat ground infrastructure scenario whilst subjected to a crosswind at 30° yaw angle. The test facility, measuring equipment and experimental methodology that were developed led to a more realistic underbody flow simulation and to a reduced margin of experimental uncertainty with respect to previous moving model tests. Furthermore, they enabled detailed surface pressure data to be measured, which are suitable for CFD benchmarking. The results support the reliability of wind tunnel tests on static vehicles for investigating steady aerodynamic coefficients but suggest that their use in the analysis of train unsteady aerodynamics is not entirely satisfactory.

The current standard of simulating flood flow in natural river reaches is based on solving the 1-D or 2-D St. Venant equations or using hybrid 1-D/2-D models based on the same equations. These models are not always able to accurately predict floodwave propagation, especially around and downstream of regions where 3-D effects become important, or at times when the main assumptions associated with these models are violated (e.g. flow becomes pressurized due to presence of a hydraulic structure like a bridge or a culvert). A 3-D modeling approach, though computationally much more expensive, is not subject to such limitations and should be able to predict accurately predict floodwave propagation even in regions where 3-D effects are expected to be significant. This dissertation describes the development and validation of a 3-D time-accurate RANS-based model to study flood-related problems in natural environments. It also discusses how results from these 3-D simulations can be used to better calibrate lower order models. Applications are included where the flow becomes pressurized during high flow conditions and the sediment entrainment potential of the flow during the flooding event is estimated. Another important category of applications discussed in the present study are floodwave propagation induced by a sudden dam break failure. Results show that 2-D models show fairly large differences with 3-D model predictions especially in regions where 3-D effects are expected to be significant (e.g. near channel-floodplain transition, in highly curved channels, near hydraulic structures). The study also discusses the use of the validated 3-D model as an engineering design tool to identify the optimum solution for flood protection measures intended to reduce flooding in the Iowa River near Iowa City. 3-D simulation results are also used to discuss hysteresis effects in the relationship between bed shear stress and the stage/discharge. Such effects need to be taken into consideration to accurately estimate erosion associated with the passage of a floodwave.

Este trabalho representa a continuidade de estudos envolvendo a problemática dos escoamentos com superfície livre, contemplando a análise do fenômeno transiente em canais, a partir do modelo matemático unidimensional de Saint-Venant. Para tanto, é desenvolvido um modelo computacional em linguagem FORTRAN, capaz de avaliar o comportamento do escoamento não permanente. As equações hidrodinâmicas completas são discretizadas por um esquema completamente implícito de diferenças finitas e aplicadas no modelo computacional para a avaliação de dois casos. O modelo é previamente testado para um caso simples, cujos resultados são analisados viabilizando o modelo. No primeiro caso, o modelo é aplicado ao canal de alimentação da Usina Hidrelétrica Monjolinho em São Carlos-SP, para avaliar a necessidade de vertedouro quando se dá o fechamento brusco da turbina, e a ocorrência da entrada de ar na mesma quando da sua abertura repentina. No segundo caso, procurou-se avaliar o desenvolvimento do escoamento no Canal do Trabalhador, responsável pelo abastecimento da cidade de Fortaleza-CE. Com manobras de enchimento e esvaziamento do sistema, é possível determinar o tempo de antecedência de liga-desliga do sistema de recalque a partir das alturas dágua e velocidades de ocorrência, permitindo também a automação para as operações de controle. Em ambos os casos o modelo reproduziu resultados que ilustram com coerência os conceitos pré-estabelecidos, constituindo numa ferramenta útil para análise do fenômeno transiente nos escoamentos em condutos livres.
This work presents a computational model developed in FORTRAN language for the study of unsteady open-channel flows with the use of Saint-Venant one-dimensional equation. The discretization of hydrodynamic equations are presented in a completely implicit method of finite differences and applied in the model for the investigation of two cases, besides the one used previously to test the model. In the first case, the model is applied for a channel that supplies the Monjolinho hydroelectric plant in Sao Carlos SP, aiming to evaluate the need of a spillway when the turbine is closed and the flow abruptly stopped, as well as the occurrence of air entering the turbine when it is opened instantaneously. In the second case, the model simulates the development of the flow in the Trabalhador channel, responsible for the water supply in the city of Fortaleza - CE, in order to make possible the automation of operational control, based on data of flow velocity and water level. In both cases the model is presented as a useful tool for the analysis of unsteady open-channel flows, showing results and coherency with theory.

Includes bibliographical references.
In this thesis, it is hypothesized that in bioleaching flow reactor systems, high reaction rate regions exist that can be maintained by application of biological stress trajectories. Reactor models are developed for the purpose of optimising plant operation, understood here as maximising the production rate. Complicating this attempt are a) the non-linear dynamics associated with the kinetics and b) the primary reaction's being multiphase. Mathematical models are developed to establish which particle parameters are necessary to describe reactor performance using the method of segregation. The models are distinguished by the combination of either particle residence time or age and/or particle size distributions. The models evaluated at steady state are validated against pilot plant data obtained from the Fairview Mine in South Africa and were found to be in good agreement with the data. As the model was developed using a segregation approach and thus incorporates age distributions in the model formulation, the model could be extended to unsteady state operation.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A trial closure of the emergency gate of the Berg River Dam was undertaken by the Trans- Caledon Tunnel Authority (TCTA) on 12 June 2008. The air vent downstream of the emergency gate was designed to introduce air to mitigate the negative pressures that were expected in the conduit during emergency gate operations. The emergency gate has to close when the radial gate at the downstream end of the outlet conduit fails. Contrary to the theoretical design, the measured air vent velocities in the field indicated that, while the emergency gate was closing, very large volumes of air were apparently continuously being released from the air vent, commencing when the gate was about 30% closed (i.e. 70% open). This is in contrast to what the design intended, namely that air should have been drawn into the vent. This thesis is concerned with the testing of a 1:14.066 physical model representing the outlet works and air vent of the Berg River Dam as a means to determine the reasons for the release of large volumes of air from the air vent during the trial closure in 2008. It also seeks solutions to mitigate the excessive airflow from the air vent. It was concluded that the air velocity in the air vent was independent of the rate of closure of the emergency gate, but to increase with increasing water head. The problem at the Berg River Dam was determined to be one of air blowback. Modifications were made to the configuration of the model in order to determine whether the configuration of the outlet works caused air to be released from the air vent. It was determined that the downward sloping roof at the outlet of the conduit, used to accommodate the radial gate chamber, was the cause of the air blowback phenomenon. An additional air vent was fitted directly onto the conduit at the constriction was found to be ineffective in reducing the air blowback. It was concluded that there are no rational structural change that can prevent or inhibit a recurrence of the blowback phenomenon in the Berg River Dam outlet conduit. The recommendation follows that the outlet conduit should not be constricted by any structural or mechanism further downstream in the conduit.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ʼn Toetssluiting van die noodsluis van die Bergrivierdam is op 12 Junie 2008 deur die TCTA (Trans-Caledon Tunnel Authority) uitgevoer. Die lugskag stroomaf van die noodsluis is ontwerp om lug in te voer om die verwagte negatiewe drukke tydens die noodsluissluiting te beperk. Die noodsluis moet sluit indien die radiaalsluis aan die einde van die uitlaatpyp sou faal. In teenstelling met die teoretiese ontwerp, het die gemete lugsnelhede in die lugskag in die veld aangedui dat groot volumes lug voortdurend uit die lugskag vrygelaat word wanneer die noodsluis ongeveer 30% toe is (dit wil sê 70% oop). Dit is in teenstelling met die ontwerp, want die lugskag is ontwerp vir die insuig van lug. Hierdie tesis het ten doel om die redes vir die vrylating van groot volumes lug uit die lugskag vas te stel met behulp van ʼn 1:14.066 fisiese skaalmodel van die uitlaatwerke en lugskag van die Bergrivierdam soos getoets tydens die inwydingstoetssluiting in 2008. Die toetse op die model het getoon dat die lugsnelheid in die lugskag onafhankik van die sluistoemaak tyd is, maar verhoog met die toename in die watervlak. Die Bergrivier dam probleem was bepaal as die van lug terugslag. Die model is gewysig ten einde te bepaal of die spesifieke samestelling van die uitlaatwerke die oorsaak van die vrystelling van lug uit die lugskag is. Die analises en verandering aan die uitleg toon aan dat die skuins afwaartse dak van die uitlaattonnel om die radiaalsluiskamer te huisves die rede was vir die vrylating van die lug uit die lugskag. ‘n Addisionele lugskag was gebou in die dak van die uitlaattonnel reg bo die sametrekking, maar was oneffektief om die terug vloei van lug te verminder. Die gevolgtrekking is dat daar geen rasionele strukturele verandering aangebring kan word aan die Bergrivier dam om die vrystelling van lug uit die lugskag te verhoed of te verminder nie. ’n Aanbeveling vir toekomstige ontwerpe is dus dat die uitlaattonnel nie beperkend by die uitlaatend moet wees nie.

Growing concerns about the environmental impact of fossil fuel energy and improvements in both the cost and performance of wind turbine technologies has spurred a sharp expansion in wind energy generation. However, both the increasing size of wind farms and the increased contribution of wind energy to the overall electricity generation market has created new challenges. As wind farms grow in size and power density, the aerodynamic wake interactions that occur between neighboring turbines become increasingly important in characterizing the unsteady turbine loads and power output of the farm. Turbine wake interactions also impact variability of farm power generation, acting either to increase variability or decrease variability depending on the wind farm control algorithm. In this dissertation, both the unsteady vortex wake loading and the effect of wake interaction on farm power variability are investigated in order to better understand the fundamental physics that govern these processes and to better control wind farm operations to mitigate negative effects of wake interaction. The first part of the dissertation examines the effect of wake interactions between neighboring turbines on the variability in power output of a wind farm, demonstrating that turbine wake interactions can have a beneficial effect on reducing wind farm variability if the farm is properly controlled. In order to balance multiple objectives, such as maximizing farm power generation while reducing power variability, a model predictive control (MPC) technique with a novel farm power variability minimization objective function is utilized. The controller operation is influenced by a number of different time scales, including the MPC time horizon, the delay time between turbines, and the fluctuation time scales inherent in the incident wind. In the current research, a non-linear MPC technique is developed and used to investigate the effect of three time scales on wind farm operation and on variability in farm power output. The goal of the proposed controller is to explore the behavior of an "ideal" farm-level MPC controller with different wind, delay and horizon time scales and to examine the reduction of system power variability that is possible in such a controller by effective use of wake interactions. The second part of the dissertation addresses the unsteady vortex loading on a downstream turbine caused by the interaction of the turbine blades with coherent vortex structures found within the upstream turbine wake. Periodic, stochastic, and transient loads all have an impact on the lifetime of the wind turbine blades and drivetrain. Vortex cutting (or vortex chopping) is a type of stochastic load that is commonly observed when a propeller or blade passes through a vortex structure and the blade width is of the same order of magnitude as the vortex core diameter. A series of Navier-Stokes simulations of vortex cutting with and without axial flow are presented. The goal of this research is to better understand the challenging physics of vortex cutting by the blade rotor, as well as to develop a simple, physics-based, validated expression to characterize the unsteady force induced by vortex

Understanding distortion transfer and generation through fan and compressor blade rows is able to assist in blade design and performance prediction. Using full annulus unsteady RANS simulations, the effects of distortion as it passes through the rotor of a transonic fan at five radial locations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span) are analyzed. The inlet distortion profile is a 90-degree sector with a 15% total pressure deficit. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. Results are presented and compared for three operating points (near-stall, design, and choke). These results are used to explain the relationship between inlet total pressure distortion, pressure-induced swirl, total pressure distortion transfer, total temperature distortion generation, and circumferential rotor work variation. It is shown that very large changes in pressure-induced swirl and distortion transfer and generation occur between near-stall and design, but only small changes are seen between design and choke. The greatest changes are shown to be near the tip. Local power variations are shown to correlate with total pressure distortion transfer and total temperature distortion generation.It can be difficult to predict the transfer of distortion through a fan or compressor because traditional experimental and computational methods are very expensive and time consuming. The Harmonic Balance approach is a promising alternative which uses Fourier techniques to represent fluid flow solutions and which can provide unsteady solutions much more quickly than traditional unsteady solvers. Relatively little work has been done to assess how much Fourier information is necessary to calculate a sufficiently accurate solution with the Harmonic Balance Solver. A study is performed to analyze the effects of varying the amount of modal content that is used in Harmonic Balance simulations. Inlet distortion profiles with varying magnitudes are used in order to analyze trends and provide insight into the distortion flow physics for various inlet conditions. The geometry is a single stage axial compressor that consists of an inlet guide vane followed by the NASA Stage 37 rotor. It is shown that simulations with greater magnitudes of distortion require more modal content in order to achieve sufficiently accurate results. Harmonic Balance simulations are shown to have significantly lower computational costs than simulations with a conventional unsteady solver.

Voluntary coughs are used as a diagnostic tool to detect lung diseases. Understanding the mechanics of a cough is therefore crucial to accurately interpreting the test results. A cough is characterised by a dynamic compression of the airways, resulting in large flow velocities and producing transient peak expiratory flows. Existing models for pulmonary flow have one or more of the following limitations: 1) they assume quasi-steady flows, 2) they assume low speed flows, 3) they assume a symmetrical branching airway system. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a model for a cough in the branching pulmonary airway system. First, the time-dependent one-dimensional equations for flow in a compliant tube is used to simulate a cough in a single airway. Using anatomical and physiological data, the tube law coupling the fluid and airway mechanics is constructed to accurately mimic the airway behaviour in its inflated and collapsed states. Next, a novel model for air flow in an airway bifurcation is constructed. The model is the first to capture successfully subcritical and supercritical flows across the bifurcation and allows for free time evolution from one case to another. The model is investigated by simulating a cough in both symmetric and asymmetric airway bifurcations. Finally, a cough model for the complete branching airway system is developed. The model takes into account the key factors involved in a cough; namely, the compliance of the lungs and the airways, the coughing effort and the sudden opening of the glottis. The reliability of the model is assessed by comparing the model predictions with previous experimental results. The model captures the main characteristics of forced expiatory flows; namely, the flow limitation phenomenon (the flow out of the lungs becomes independent of the applied expiratory effort) and the negative effort dependence phenomenon (the flow out of the lungs decreases with increasing expiratory effort). The model also gives a good qualitative agreement with the measured values of airway resistance. The location of the collapsed airway segment during forced expiration is, however, inconsistent with previous experimental results. The effect of changing the model parameters on the model predictions is therefore discussed.

The Mississippi River (MR) has been engineered with the development of the levee system, dams for flood control measures, jetties, revetments and dredging of the navigation channel. These alterations have reduced the replenishment of the sediment to the Louisiana Coastal area. To aid in the restoration planning, 1-D numerical models have been calibrated and validated to predict the river response to various changes such as channel modifications, varied flow conditions and hurricane situations. This study utilized the HEC-RAS 4.1 and the CHARIMA (Dr. Forrest Holly, University of Iowa). The models were calibrated for hydrodynamics and sediment using Tarbert Landing discharges (HEC-RAS), Belle Chasse sand concentrations (CHARIMA), and Gulf of Mexico (GOM) stages. The models showed that a large percentage of the river flow is lost over the East Bank downstream of Bohemia which reduces the sand transport capacity of the river. This reach is subject to flow reversals during hurricanes.

The transport or the separation of solid particles or droplets suspended in a fluid flow is a common task in mechanical and process engineering. To improve machinery and physical processes (e.g. for coal combustion, reduction of NO_x and soot) an optimization of complex phenomena by simulation applying the fundamental conservation equations is required. Fluid-particle flows are characterized by the ratio of density of the two phases gamma=rho_P/rho_F, by the Stokes number St=tau_P/tau_F and by the loading in terms of void and mass fraction. Those numbers (Stokes number, gamma) define the flow regime and which relevant forces are acting on the particle. Dependent on the geometrical configuration the particle-wall interaction might have a heavy impact on the mean flow structure. The occurrence of particle-particle collisions becomes also more and more important with the increase of the local void fraction of the particulate phase. With increase of the particle loading the interaction with the fluid phase can not been neglected and 2-way or even 4-way coupling between the continous and disperse phases has to be taken into account. For dilute to moderate dense particle flows the Euler-Lagrange method is capable to resolve the main flow mechanism. An accurate computation needs unfortunately a high number of numerical particles (1,...,10^7) to get the reliable statistics for the underlying modelling correlations. Due to the fact that a Lagrangian algorithm cannot be vectorized for complex meshes the only way to finish those simulations in a reasonable time is the parallization applying the message passing paradigma. Frank et al. describes the basic ideas for a parallel Eulererian-Lagrangian solver, which uses multigrid for acceleration of the flow equations. The performance figures are quite good, though only steady problems are tackled. The presented paper is aimed to the numerical prediction of time-dependend fluid-particle flows using the simultanous particle tracking approach based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian and the particle-source-in-cell (PSI-Cell) approach. It is shown in the paper that for the unsteady flow prediction efficiency and load balancing of the parallel numerical simulation is an even more pronounced problem in comparison with the steady flow calculations, because the time steps for the time integration along one particle trajectory are very small per one time step of fluid flow integration and so the floating point workload on a single processor node is usualy rather low. Much time is spent for communication and waiting time of the processors, because for cold flow particle convection not very extensive calculations are necessary. One remedy might be a highspeed switch like Myrinet or Dolphin PCI/SCI (500 MByte/s), which could balance the relative high floating point performance of INTEL PIII processors and the weak capacity of the Fast-Ethernet communication network (100 Mbit/s) of the Chemnitz Linux Cluster (CLIC) used for the presented calculations. Corresponding to the discussed examples calculation times and parallel performance will be presented. Another point is the communication of many small packages, which should be summed up to bigger messages, because each message requires a startup time independently of its size. Summarising the potential of such a parallel algorithm, it will be shown that a Beowulf-type cluster computer is a highly competitve alternative to the classical main frame computer for the investigated Eulerian-Lagrangian simultanous particle tracking approach.

A three-dimensional, parallel, finite volume solver which uses Roe'
s upwind flux differencing scheme for spatial and Runge-Kutta explicit multistage time stepping scheme for temporal discretization on unstructured meshes is developed for the unsteady solution of external viscous flow around rotating bodies. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the aerodynamic dynamic stability derivative coefficients for rotating missile configurations. Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation is adapted to the solver for the simulation of the rotation of the body. Eigenvalues of the Euler equations in ALE form has been derived. Body rotation is simply performed by rotating the entire computational domain including the body of the projectile by means of rotation matrices. Spalart-Allmaras one-euqation turbulence model is implemented to the solver. The solver developed is first verified in 3-D for inviscid flow over two missile configurations. Then inviscid flow over a rotating missile is tested. Viscous flux computation algorithms and Spalarat-Allmaras turbulence model implementation are validated in 2-D by performing calculations for viscous flow over flat plate, NACA0012 airfoil and NLR 7301 airfoil with trailing edge flap. The ALE formulation is validated in 2-D on a rapidly pitching NACA0012 airfoil. Afterwards three-dimensional validation studies for viscous, laminar and turbulent flow calculations are performed on 3-D flat plate problem. At last, as a validation test case, unsteady laminar and turbulent viscous flow calculations over a spinning M910 projectile configuration are performed. Results are qualitatively in agreement with the analytical solutions, experimental measurements and previous studies for steady and unsteady flow calculations.

This thesis aims at analysing the predictive capabilities of statistical URANS and hybrid RANS-LES methods to model complex flows at high Reynolds numbers and carrying out a physical analysis of the near-region turbulence and coherent structures. This study handles configurations included in the European research programmes ATAAC (Advanced Turbulent Simulation for Aerodynamics Application Challenges) and TFAST (Transition Location Effect on Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction). First, the detached flow in a configuration of a tandem of cylinders, positionned behind one another, is investigated at Reynolds number 166000. A static case, corresponding to the layout of the support of a landing gear, is initially considered. The fluid-structure interaction is then studied in a dynamic case where the downstream cylinder, situated in the wake of the upstream one, is given one degree of freedom in translation in the crosswise direction. A parametric study of the structural parameters is carried out to identify the various regimes of interaction. Secondly, the physics of the transonic buffet is studied by means of time-frequency analysis and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), in the Mach number range 0.70–0.75. The interactions between the main shock wave, the alternately detached boundary layer and the vortices developing in the wake are analysed. A stochastic forcing, based on reinjection of synthetic turbulence in the transport equations of kinetic energy and dissipation rate by using POD reconstruction, has been introduced in the so-called organised-eddy simulation (OES) approach. This method introduces an upscale turbulence modelling, acting as an eddy-blocking mechanism able to capture thin shear-layer and turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces around the body. This method highly improves the aerodynamic forces prediction and opens new ensemble-averaged approaches able to model the coherent and random processes at high Reynolds number. Finally, the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) is investigated in the case of an oblique shock wave at Mach number 1.7 in order to contribute to the so-called "laminar wing design" studies at European level. The performance of statistical URANS and hybrid RANS-LES models is analysed with comparison, with experimental results, of integral boundary-layer values (displacement and momentum thicknesses) and wall quantities (friction coefficient). The influence of a transitional boundary layer on the SWBLI is featured.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxix, 269 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: A. Terry Conlisk, Biomedical Engineering Center. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 261-269).

The main aim of the thesis is to assess the origin of surge phenomena, primarily surge waves at the weir pool Střekov, using the selected methodology. The paper is divided into several parts. There is a brief introduction to the problematics and research of possible solution methods, followed by a verification of these methods on a physical model and finally an application of a numerical method for an assessment of the chosen locality.

Les générateurs thermoélectriques (TEG), associant des modules thermoélectriques à des échangeurs de chaleur adaptés, permettent de produire de l’électricité à partir d’une source chaude et d’une source froide. Leur utilisation, réservée actuellement à des applications de niche, va s’avérer judicieuse pour différentes applications industrielles ou domestiques en raison de la disponibilité imminente de nouveaux matériaux thermoélectriques permettant des rendements améliorés et des coûts moindres. Pour rendre plus attractive l’utilisation des TEG et améliorer le rendement global des futures installations, une conception et une utilisation optimisées sont indispensables.La conception de TEG performants nécessite le développement de modèles numériques intégrant tous les éléments de la chaîne énergétique (source chaude, source froide, échangeurs, convertisseurs électriques). L’objectif de la thèse est de créer un outil de simulation du fonctionnement des générateurs sur l’ensemble du cycle de production de chaleur et donc sur des fonctionnements réels dépendant du temps. Le modèle développé en 3D pour les transferts de chaleur prend en compte la dépendance à la température des propriétés des matériaux et l’effet Thomson pour le modèle thermoélectrique.La validation de cet outil de simulation a nécessité la comparaison des prédictions du modèle à des résultats expérimentaux. Un dispositif expérimental a été complété et amélioré afin de mieux répondre aux attentes des études en régime instationnaire. Ce banc d'essai permet d'effectuer des tests avec différentes configurations de générateur thermoélectrique et différentes conditions de fonctionnement. Le modèle a montré une estimation correcte des températures du système et de la production électrique du TEG. Le modèle numérique est validé et peut être utilisé pour la prédiction du fonctionnement d’un TEG dans diverses conditions
Thermoelectric generators (TEG), combine thermoelectric modules with heat exchangers, making it possible to produce electricity from a hot source and a cold source. Their use, which is currently reserved for niche applications, will prove useful for various industrial or domestic applications due to the imminent availability of new thermoelectric materials allowing improved yields and lower costs. To make the use of TEGs more attractive and to improve the overall efficiency of future installations, optimized design and use are essential.The high-performance TEG design requires the development of numerical models integrating all the elements of the energy chain (hot source, cold source, exchangers, electric converters).The aim of the thesis is to create a tool for simulating the operation of generators over the entire heat production cycle and thus on real time-dependent operations. The model developed in 3D for heat transfer takes into account the temperature dependence of the properties of the materials and the Thomson effect for the thermoelectric model.The validation of this simulation tool required the comparison of model predictions with experimental results. An experimental device has been completed and improved to match better the expectations of unsteady studies. This test bench allows testing with different thermoelectric generator configurations and different operating conditions.The model showed a correct estimation of system temperatures and electrical output of TEG. The numerical model is validated and can be used to predict the operation of a TEG under various conditions