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1
Robbins, William G. "The United States Forest Service and the Problem of History." Public Historian 15, no. 3 (1993): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3378714.
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Hall, O. F. "New Zealand's Privatization of Forest Lands: Policy Lessons for the United States and Elsewhere?" Forest Science 43, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/43.2.181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Two forest policy questions are examined: 1. What particular problems in New Zealand's privatization of public forest lands (1985 to 1995) need thorough examination prior to proposing it in the United States or elsewhere? 2. What light does the New Zealand experience throw on the question of whether privatization and subdivision of forest lands is the solution to multiple use conflicts among forest land uses and users? A brief history of the origin and implementation of New Zealand's forest privatization policy is given, including the disestablishment of its national Forest Service. Two unique features of New Zealand made privatization especially appropriate there: the history of many government-operated businesses, and the great area and productivity of a very distinctive and differentiated forest type—radiata pine plantations. Nine objectives of privatization stated in New Zealand, 5 specifically on forestry, are analyzed. Six of the 9 were concluded to be successful in New Zealand. Possibilities of success in the United States are examined. As a solution for multiple-use problems, both positive and negative results of the policy are found. Finally, 6 tentative "lessons" are concluded that should be reviewed in countries where a similar policy is proposed: 1. Privatization should involve either leasing or fee simple sale of forested land primarily suited to rapid tree growth of commercially valuable species suitable for being managed for successive crops of timber at a profit, with covenants for regeneration after harvest. 2. Lands critical for recreational, aesthetic, or habitat values should remain publicly owned. 3. Lands on which re-investment of some of the income in regeneration is of questionable profitability should not be entered into the policy. 4. The policy could be successful in avoiding many but not all multiple-use conflicts for the managers. 5. In public forests retained for exclusively noncommodity uses, questions of the availability of some useful and valuable woods may require arbitration of conflicts. 6. Privatization doesn't solve the struggle to financially support park and wilderness and special wildlife habitat. For. Sci. 43(2):181-193.
3
Freeman, Richard. "The EcoFactory: The United States Forest Service and the Political Construction of Ecosystem Management." Environmental History 7, no. 4 (October 2002): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3986060.
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4
Klyza, Christopher McGrory. "Ideas, Institutions, and Policy Patterns: Hardrock Mining, Forestry, and Grazing Policy on United States Public Lands, 1870–1985." Studies in American Political Development 8, no. 2 (1994): 341–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001279.
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From the mid–1800s through the mid–1980s, the federal government initiated programs to manage three types of resources on the lands that it controlled. The discovery of gold in California and elsewhere in the West prompted the first government policy in the 1860s. Debate over the nation's forests began in the 1870s, and a system of national forests to be managed by a federal Forest Service was created in the late 1800s and early 1900s. And in the 1930s, the government finally began to manage the lands no one wanted, its grazing lands. The federal government continues to be an active manager of national resources. Indeed, with control of nearly 30 percent of the nation's land, it is the largest land manager in the country.
5
Bengston, David N., Jim Dator, Michael J. Dockry, and Aubrey Yee. "Alternative Futures for Forest-Based Nanomaterials." World Futures Review 8, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 197–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1946756716659650.
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Forestry and forest products research has entered into a robust research agenda focused on creating nano-sized particles and nanoproducts from wood. As wood-based materials can be sustainably produced, the potential of these renewable products could be limitless and include high-end compostable electronics, paint-on solar panels, and lightweight materials for airplanes and cars. Others warn about potential serious negative health and environmental consequences. Either way, wood-based nanomaterials could disrupt forestry as we know it. This article is a summary and analysis of a collaborative research project exploring the futures of wood-based nanomaterials within the context of the futures of forests and forest management within the United States. We start by describing the history of forestry through the lens of the U.S. Forest Service, then describe nanotechnology in general and wood-based nanocellulose specifically. Next, we outline the Manoa School alternative futures method, and how we used it to design and carry out a “complete futures of x” project. Following the Manoa School approach, we describe four alternative futures for forestry and forest management. We conclude with implications for the future of forestry, forests, and forest-based nanomaterials, as well as a discussion on the implementation of a complete “futures of x” project.
6
Coufal, James, Carl Wiedemann, Jacob Gorman, Larry Teeter, Yaoqi Zhang, Michael Kilgore, Kristell Miller, et al. "Consulting Forestry / Certification and Ecosystem Services." Journal of Forestry 109, no. 8 (December 1, 2011): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/109.8.530.
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Abstract 45The industrialization of the United States throughout the 19th century resulted in the exploitation of millions of acres of timberland across the country. Logging during that era was described by critics as “cut out and get out” because the land was usually abandoned after the merchantable timber was exhausted. Concern about future timber supplies and the effect of logging on watersheds spurred the development of professional forestry after the Civil War. The first forestry leaders, including Bernhard Fernow and Gifford Pinchot, encouraged private non-industrial forest owners to sustainably manage their woodlands and specifically warned against destructive logging practices—including “cutting the best and leaving the rest”—aka high-grading. During the 1920s and 30s both the Forest Service and SAF spurred initiatives to encourage sustainable timber harvesting practices on private forestland. Although great progress has been made in forest management, logging on most private non-industrial forest land in the east has not changed significantly since the 19th century. Landowners usually sell timber without using the services of a forester, allowing the buyer to selectively cut the most valuable trees in the woodlot. Although this can reduce future value by 70-90%, it remains common practice because both the landowner and the timber buyer maximize short term income. The timber value and productivity of millions of acres of woodland throughout the United States have been significantly degraded as a result. This paper will trace the history of high-grading as described by forestry leaders from the 19th century through the 21st and will show that much work remains unfinished.
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Lugo, Ariel, and Grizelle González. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Tropical Forests: Management and Ecology in the Anthropocene." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010048.
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This Special Issue of Forests is based on papers presented at the 75th anniversary of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service International Institute of Tropical Forestry as well as other papers relevant to the topic of the Special Issue. The Institute is but one leg of a conservation relay among cultures and institutions that began in Puerto Rico a millennium ago. The Institute began operations in 1939 and celebrated its 75th anniversary on May, 2014. Over its 75 years of operation, the Institute has focused its research on tropical forests, with the scope of the research expanding over the years. An analysis of the lines of research of the Institute showed that over its history about 69 lines of research have been established and that of the original 17 lines of research between 1939 and 1949, all but one remained active in 2014. This history and continuity of the research program has allowed the Institute to observe ecological phenomena over decades, including the evolving forest structure and functioning on degraded land restoration experiments that began before the formal establishment of the Institute and are now over 80 years old.
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Greiner, S. Michelle, Kerry E. Grimm, and Amy E. M. Waltz. "Managing for Resilience? Examining Management Implications of Resilience in Southwestern National Forests." Journal of Forestry 118, no. 4 (March 12, 2020): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa006.
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Abstract The United States Forest Service 2012 Planning Rule prioritizes making lands resilient to climate change. Although researchers have investigated the history of “resilience” and its multiple interpretations, few have examined perceptions or experiences of resource staff tasked with implementing resilience. We interviewed Forest Service staff in the Southwestern Region to evaluate how managers and planners interpret resilience as an agency strategy, execution of resilience in management, and climate change’s impact on perception of resilience. Interviewees identified resilience as a main driver of agency response to land management but, when applying the concept, experienced barriers including ambiguity; scale; management specificity versus broad, adaptive landscape approach; and lack of metrics or examples. Interviewees found restoring ecosystem function to promote resilience while planning for future changed landscapes difficult. They desired landscape-scale collaboration to understand how to operationalize the resilience directive. Our findings revealed obstacles and opportunities for resilience in a managerial context.
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Kauppi, P. E., R. A. Birdsey, Y. Pan, A. Ihalainen, P. Nöjd, and A. Lehtonen. "Effects of land management on large trees and carbon stocks." Biogeosciences 12, no. 3 (February 12, 2015): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-855-2015.
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Abstract. Large trees are important and unique organisms in forests, providing ecosystem services including carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere and long-term storage. Some reports have raised concerns about the global decline of large trees. Based on observations from two regions in Finland and three regions in the United States we report that trends of large trees during recent decades have been surprisingly variable among regions. In southern Finland, the growing stock volume of trees larger than 30 cm at breast height increased nearly five-fold during the second half of the 20th century, yet more recently ceased to expand. In the United States, large hardwood trees have become increasingly common in the Northeast since the 1950s, while large softwood trees declined until the mid 1990s as a consequence of harvests in the Pacific region, and then rebounded when harvesting there was reduced. We conclude that in the regions studied, the history of land use and forest management governs changes of the diameter-class distributions of tree populations. Large trees have significant benefits; for example, they can constitute a large proportion of the carbon stock and affect greatly the carbon density of forests. Large trees usually have deeper roots and long lifetimes. They affect forest structure and function and provide habitats for other species. An accumulating stock of large trees in existing forests may have negligible direct biophysical effects on climate through transpiration or forest albedo. Understanding changes in the demography of tree populations makes a contribution to estimating the past impact and future potential of forests in the global carbon budget and to assessing other ecosystem services of forests.
10
Stansfield, Sally K., Charles H. Calisher, Ann R. Hunt, and William G. Winkler. "Antibodies to arboviruses in an Alaskan population at occupational risk of infection." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-213.
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A total of 435 United States Geological Survey and United States Forest Service workers in Alaska were studied for serologic evidence of past infections with four arboviruses known or suspected to be human pathogens. Of the personnel tested, 36 (8.3%) had the neutralizing antibody to Jamestown Canyon but not snowshoe hare virus, 6 (1.4%) had the antibody to snowshoe hare but not Jamestown Canyon virus, 53 (12.2%) had the antibody to both viruses, 17 (3.9%) had the antibody to Northway virus, and 15 (3.4%) had the antibody to Klamath virus. The indices most significantly correlated with presence of the Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare antibodies were the amount of field work (p < 0.0001 for both antibodies) and the duration of employment by the agencies (p < 0.0001 for Jamestown Canyon and 0.004 for snowshoe hare). The antibody to the four arboviruses also correlated strongly with a history of travel in certain remote or wilderness areas in Alaska (p values ranged from < 0.001 to 0.086).
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Kauppi, P. E., R. A. Birdsey, Y. Pan, A. Ihalainen, P. Nöjd, and A. Lehtonen. "Effects of land management on large trees and carbon stocks." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2014): 2735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-2735-2014.
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Abstract. Large trees are important and unique organisms in forests, providing ecosystem services including carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere and long-term storage. There is concern about reports of global decline of big trees. Based on observations from Finland and the United States we report that trends of big trees during recent decades have been surprisingly variable among regions. In southern Finland, the growing stock volume of trees larger than 30 cm at breast height increased nearly five-fold during the second half of the 20th century, yet more recently ceased to expand. In the United States, large hardwood trees have become increasingly common since the 1950s, while large softwood trees declined until the mid 1990's as a consequence of harvests in the Pacific region, and then rebounded when harvesting there was reduced. We conclude that in the regions studied, the history of land use and forest management governs changes of tree populations especially with reference to large trees. Large trees affect greatly the carbon density of forests and usually have deeper roots and relatively lower mortality than small trees. An accumulating stock of large trees in forests may have negligible direct biophysical effects on climate because from changes in transpiration or forest albedo. Large trees have particular ecological importance and often constitute an unusually large proportion of biomass carbon stocks in a forest. Understanding the changes in big tree distributions in different regions of the world and the demography of tree populations makes a contribution to estimating the past impact and future potential of the role of forests in the global carbon budget.
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Syphard, Alexandra D., and Jon E. Keeley. "Historical reconstructions of California wildfires vary by data source." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 12 (2016): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16050.
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Historical data are essential for understanding how fire activity responds to different drivers. It is important that the source of data is commensurate with the spatial and temporal scale of the question addressed, but fire history databases are derived from different sources with different restrictions. In California, a frequently used fire history dataset is the State of California Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP) fire history database, which circumscribes fire perimeters at a relatively fine scale. It includes large fires on both state and federal lands but only covers fires that were mapped or had other spatially explicit data. A different database is the state and federal governments’ annual reports of all fires. They are more complete than the FRAP database but are only spatially explicit to the level of county (California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection – Cal Fire) or forest (United States Forest Service – USFS). We found substantial differences between the FRAP database and the annual summaries, with the largest and most consistent discrepancy being in fire frequency. The FRAP database missed the majority of fires and is thus a poor indicator of fire frequency or indicators of ignition sources. The FRAP database is also deficient in area burned, especially before 1950. Even in contemporary records, the huge number of smaller fires not included in the FRAP database account for substantial cumulative differences in area burned. Wildfires in California account for nearly half of the western United States fire suppression budget. Therefore, the conclusions about data discrepancies and the implications for fire research are of broad importance.
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Zhou, Xiaoping, John R. Mills, and Lawrence Teeter. "Modeling Forest Type Transitions in the Southcentral Region: Results from Three Methods." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/27.3.190.
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Abstract In recent years much interest has developed about the dynamics of forest type transitions, especially the transitions of land to and from southern pine plantations. This article presents 50-yr-forest type projections developed from two approaches to specifying the type transition matrices. One approach used transition matrices derived with remeasured plot data for six forest types using USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data. These data tracked transitions that occurred either naturally or artificially on inventory plots during one remeasurement cycle. The second approach relied on expert opinion surveys that predicted trends in the future of forest management. The transition matrices were developed from the responses regarding managers' intentions to regenerate stands following harvest. The survey was developed for the 2000 Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act Timber Assessment (2000 RPA). The timber inventories in eight states in the southcentral United States are projected with these methods of handling type transitions, and the results are compared to the 2000 RPA, which used a combination or hybrid approach to type transitioning. All three techniques conclude the area of planted pine is expected to increase well into the future. They are contradictory, however, in predicting the area other forest types will occupy, especially natural pine and upland hardwoods. Projections based on recent history give us one result; projections based on managers' intentions show another. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):190–197.
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Carlsson, Moa. "Computing views, remodeling environments." Social Studies of Science 52, no. 2 (October 6, 2021): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03063127211048943.
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This article traces the development and expansion of early computer systems for analyzing views at three state-owned agencies in the United States and Great Britain: the US Forest Service, the Central Electricity Generating Board of England and Wales, and the Greater London Authority. Following the technology over four decades, from 1968 to 2012, the article traces assumptions incorporated into initial programs and propagated through to the present. These programs were designed to address questions about visual environments and proximities by numerical calculations alone, without the need for field observations. Each historical episode provides unique insights into the role of abstraction and calculation in the production of landscapes and the built environment, and shows how computer-generated view data became an important currency in planning control, not primarily for aesthetic but for financial and political reasons.
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Calkin, David E., Crystal S. Stonesifer, Matthew P. Thompson, and Charles W. McHugh. "Large airtanker use and outcomes in suppressing wildland fires in the United States." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 2 (2014): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13031.
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Wildfire activity in the United States incurs substantial costs and losses, and presents challenges to federal, state, tribal and local agencies that have responsibility for wildfire management. Beyond the potential socioeconomic and ecological losses, and the monetary costs to taxpayers due to suppression, wildfire management is a dangerous occupation. Aviation resources, in particular large airtankers, currently play a critical role in wildfire management, and account for a relatively large share of both suppression expenditure and firefighting fatalities. A recent airtanker modernisation strategy released by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the US Department of Interior highlighted cost effectiveness as the fundamental tenet of both the replacement strategy and the use of aerial firefighting resources. However, determining the cost effectiveness of alternative airtanker fleets is challenging due to limited data and substantial uncertainty regarding aerial firefighting effectiveness. In this paper, we significantly expand on current airtanker usage and effectiveness knowledge, by incorporating spatially explicit drop location data linked to firefighting resource orders to better identify the period in the fire history when drops occurred, and through characterisation of the resulting outcomes of fires that received drops during initial attack. Our results confirm earlier work suggesting extensive use of large airtankers on extended attack, despite policy suggesting priority use in initial attack. Further, results suggest that containment rates for fires receiving large airtanker use during initial attack are quite low. We explore possible causes for these results, address potential limitations with our methods and data, and offer recommendations for improvements in data collection and aviation management.
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Riquelme, Marcos A., Richard W. Hofstetter, David Auty, and Monica L. Gaylord. "Bunching as a Method to Reduce Wood Moisture through Transpirational Drying following Forest Restoration Treatments in Northern Arizona." Journal of Forestry 118, no. 6 (September 28, 2020): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvaa038.
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Abstract Thinning is a necessary silvicultural activity for restoring the long-term sustainability of pine forests in much of the southwestern United States. In northern Arizona, a landscape-scale restoration effort, called the Four Forest Restoration Initiative, has been implemented to recover the long-term sustainability of 2.4 million acres on four national forests. Cost-effective and efficient thinning methods are needed due to the scale of the project to help improve habitat, conserve biodiversity, protect old growth, reduce risk of severe wildfire, and restore natural forest structure and function. Mechanical cutting using a feller-buncher is the primary method of thinning in these forests due to the extreme high number of small-diameter ponderosa pine trees. A feller-buncher places harvested trees into small piles known as “bunches.” In this review, we highlight advantages and disadvantages of bunching tree materials in restoration programs and review published studies on transpirational drying of bunches of various tree species in different forest habitats across the United States, including ponderosa pine in Arizona. Studies show that transpirational drying of trees in bunches can be an effective method to allow for wood drying, but this process can be affected by abiotic factors associated with seasonal climate and stand characteristics. Study Implications The Four Forest Restoration Initiative makes up the largest landscape-level collaborative project in the history of the USDA Forest Service with more than 2.4 million acres of forest habitat. Thinning is a necessary silvicultural activity for restoring the long-term sustainability of these forests in northern Arizona. Because of the extremely high number (i.e., average of 720 trees per acre) of small-diameter ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees, mechanical cutting is more cost effective than individual saw cutting, which is why a feller-buncher machine is the primary thinning tool. During feller-buncher thinning, small piles of trees known as “bunches” are created. Bunching trees can allow for wood drying in the field that translates into lower operational costs because drier trees are lighter in weight, which reduces transportation costs. In northern Arizona, a 60-day time frame is allotted for transpirational drying before tree materials must be removed from the forest. However, because the drying process through bunching is affected by abiotic conditions, there may be a need to adjust this time frame to account for seasonal weather patterns. For example, during spring, when weather in northern Arizona is hot and dry, less time might be necessary for tree bunches to lose enough moisture while still rendering the thinning operation profitable and simultaneously avoiding bark beetle proliferation given that their life cycle consists of about 40 days. Furthermore, bunching studies should be developed to look at individual tree species in their respective locations and to investigate the effects of the presence, partial presence, or absence of branches and bark on trees within bunches. Studies should also be conducted to look at the effects of bunches on insect communities, particularly those that can cause extensive tree mortality.
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Caudill, Hannah, and Jennifer Baka. "Conceptualizations of Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation: A Case Study of the Daniel Boone National Forest." Southeastern Geographer 64, no. 2 (June 2024): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2024.a929408.
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abstract: The Daniel Boone National Forest (DBNF) contains numerous abandoned mine sites left over from eastern Kentucky's history of coal mining, many of which are leaching contaminants into the environment. The United States Forest Service is acting to reclaim these sites to mitigate negative impacts. There are several other governmental and non-governmental actors in Appalachia with different conceptualizations of reclamation's purpose. This research examines the mine land reclamation process on a protected area within a region with a history of resource extraction and builds on previous work to understand different conceptualizations of abandoned mine land reclamation in Appalachia. Content analysis was conducted on DBNF project documentation, interviews, and documentation from state and federal agencies, and NGOs. These documents indicate that government entities tend to conceptualize reclamation and its purpose in a siloed manner. This research also reveals that non-governmental actors tend to conceptualize reclamation in a holistic manner but are less able to exert control over an area. The DBNF largely conceptualizes the purpose of reclamation as achieving ecosystem restoration but may benefit from working more closely with NGOs and adopting a similarly holistic approach. Opening a dialogue between these actors could help address the knowledge gap present at the DBNF's sites.
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Gould, Nicholas P., Lars Y. Pomara, Sandhya Nepal, Scott L. Goodrick, and Danny C. Lee. "Mapping Firescapes for Wild and Prescribed Fire Management: A Landscape Classification Approach." Land 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2023): 2180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12122180.
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Risks associated with severe wildfire are growing in forest landscapes due to interactions among climate change, fuel accumulation from fire suppression, an expanding wildland–urban interface, and additional factors. People, infrastructure, ecosystem services, and forest health all face varying degrees of risk. The spatial distributions of the many social and ecological factors that influence wildfire, its impacts, and management responses are an important landscape-level context for managing risks and fostering resilient lands and communities. Decision-support tools that integrate these varied distributions can provide a holistic and readily interpreted characterization of landscapes, helping fire management decision making be appropriate, efficient, and effective. Firescapes—landscape types defined in relation to fire, its drivers, and its effects as a socioecological system—fill this role, providing a way to organize and interpret spatial variation along multiple relevant dimensions. We describe a quantitative approach for classifying and mapping firescapes for decision support, using the southeastern United States as a case study. We worked with regional partners to compile relevant large-scale datasets and identify 73 variables for analysis. We used factor analysis to reduce the data to eight factors with intuitive interpretations relevant to fire dynamics, fire history, forest characteristics, climate, conservation and ecosystem service values, social and ecological landscape properties, and social vulnerabilities. We then used cluster analysis on the factors to generate quantitative landscape classes, which we interpreted as nine distinctive firescape classes. The firescapes provide a broad-scale socioecological information context for wildfire risk management and planning. The analytical approach can accommodate different data types at a variety of scales, incorporate new monitoring data as they are available, and can be used under data-driven scenarios to assess possible consequences of future change. The resulting firescape maps can provide decision support to forest managers, planners, and other stakeholders, informing appropriate strategies to manage fire and associated risks, build community and forest resilience to fire, and improve conservation outcomes.
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Saker, V. A. "The Rise of Multiple-Use Management in the Intermountain West: A History of Region 4 of the Forest Service. By Thomas G. Alexander. (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1987. v + 267 pp. Notes, bibliography, illustrations. $13.00)." Environmental History Review 12, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3984288.
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Obata, Shingo, Chris J. Cieszewski, Roger C. Lowe, and Pete Bettinger. "Random Forest Regression Model for Estimation of the Growing Stock Volumes in Georgia, USA, Using Dense Landsat Time Series and FIA Dataset." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020218.
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The forest volumes are essential as they are directly related to the economic and environmental values of the forests. Satellite-based forest volume estimation was first developed in the 1990s, and the accuracy of the estimation has been improved over time. One of the satellite-based forest volume estimation issues is that it tends to overestimate the large volume class and underestimate the small volume class. Free availability of the major satellite imagery and the development of cloud-based computational platforms facilitate an immense amount of satellite imagery in the estimation. In this paper, we set three objectives: (1) to examine whether the long Landsat time series contributes to the improvement of the estimation accuracy, (2) to explore the effectiveness of forest disturbance record and land cover data as ancillary spatial data on the accuracy of the estimation, and (3) to apply the bias correction method to reduce the bias of the estimation. We computed three Tasseled-cap components from the Landsat data for preparation of short (2014–2016) and long (1984–2016) time series. Each data entity was analyzed with harmonic regressions resulting in the coefficients and the fitted values recorded as pixel values in a multilayer raster database. Data included Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit field inventory measurements provided by the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the National Land Cover Database and disturbance history data added as ancillary information. The totality of the available data was organized into seven distinct Random Forest (RF) models with different variables compared against each other to identify the ones with the most satisfactory performance. A bias correction method was then applied to all the RF models to examine the effectiveness of the method. Among the seven models, the worst one used the coefficients and fitted values of the short Landsat time series only, and the best one used coefficients and fitted values of both short and long Landsat time series. Using the Out-of-bag (OOB) score, the best model was found to be 34.4% better than the worst one. The model that used only the long time series data had almost the same OOB score as the best model. The results indicate that the use of the long Landsat time series improves model performance. Contrary to the previous research employing forest disturbance data as a feature variable had almost no effect on OOB. The bias correction method reduced the relative size of the bias in the estimates of the best model from 3.79% to −1.47%, the bottom 10% bias by 12.5 points, and the top 10% bias by 9.9 points. Depending on the types of forest, important feature variables were differed, reflecting the relationship between the time series remote sensing data we computed for this research and the forests’ phenological characteristics. The availability of Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and accessibility of the precise locations of the FIA data are likely to improve the model estimates further.
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Obata, Shingo, Chris J. Cieszewski, Roger C. Lowe III, and Pete Bettinger. "Random Forest Regression Model for Estimation of the Growing Stock Volumes in Georgia, USA, Using Dense Landsat Time Series and FIA Dataset." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 10, 2021): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020218.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The forest volumes are essential as they are directly related to the economic and environmental values of the forests. Satellite-based forest volume estimation was first developed in the 1990s, and the accuracy of the estimation has been improved over time. One of the satellite-based forest volume estimation issues is that it tends to overestimate the large volume class and underestimate the small volume class. Free availability of the major satellite imagery and the development of cloud-based computational platforms facilitate an immense amount of satellite imagery in the estimation. In this paper, we set three objectives: (1) to examine whether the long Landsat time series contributes to the improvement of the estimation accuracy, (2) to explore the effectiveness of forest disturbance record and land cover data as ancillary spatial data on the accuracy of the estimation, and (3) to apply the bias correction method to reduce the bias of the estimation. We computed three Tasseled-cap components from the Landsat data for preparation of short (2014–2016) and long (1984–2016) time series. Each data entity was analyzed with harmonic regressions resulting in the coefficients and the fitted values recorded as pixel values in a multilayer raster database. Data included Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit field inventory measurements provided by the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and the National Land Cover Database and disturbance history data added as ancillary information. The totality of the available data was organized into seven distinct Random Forest (RF) models with different variables compared against each other to identify the ones with the most satisfactory performance. A bias correction method was then applied to all the RF models to examine the effectiveness of the method. Among the seven models, the worst one used the coefficients and fitted values of the short Landsat time series only, and the best one used coefficients and fitted values of both short and long Landsat time series. Using the Out-of-bag (OOB) score, the best model was found to be 34.4% better than the worst one. The model that used only the long time series data had almost the same OOB score as the best model. The results indicate that the use of the long Landsat time series improves model performance. Contrary to the previous research employing forest disturbance data as a feature variable had almost no effect on OOB. The bias correction method reduced the relative size of the bias in the estimates of the best model from 3.79% to −1.47%, the bottom 10% bias by 12.5 points, and the top 10% bias by 9.9 points. Depending on the types of forest, important feature variables were differed, reflecting the relationship between the time series remote sensing data we computed for this research and the forests’ phenological characteristics. The availability of Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data and accessibility of the precise locations of the FIA data are likely to improve the model estimates further.
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Fazio, James, and Edwin Krumpe. "Underlying Beliefs and Attitudes about Topping Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 25, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1999.028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Topping trees has long been a problem in community forestry, not only by creating visual blight, but also by endangering the health of trees and the safety of pedestrians and property. Despite regulations in some cities and a long history of educational campaigns, the practice continues. In this study, a survey was conducted in one region of the United States to determine the reasons behind the continuing practice, in part by directly interviewing people who had requested or allowed their shade trees to be topped. The survey investigated attitudes toward topping, knowledge of basic tree care, how the individuals receive advice related to tree care, how their topping service was obtained, and related sociodemographic characteristics. A second survey was conducted among tree care companies in the same study area to allow comparisons and determine policies toward topping.
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Minnich, RA, and CJ Bahre. "Wildland Fire and Chaparral Succession Along the California Baja-California Boundary." International Journal of Wildland Fire 5, no. 1 (1995): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9950013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The United States-Mexico international boundary from ElPaso, Texas to the Pacific Coast shows clear differences in plant communities that were homogeneous prior to being split by a continuous fence at the turn of the century. This study evaluates how disparate fire regimes in California (fire suppression) and northern Baja California (little or no fire control) have influenced succession in the chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) chaparral communities spanning the international boundary between the border towns of Jacume and Tecate. Fire history was reconstructed using U.S. Forest Service fire maps and repeat aerial photography. Once plotted onto topographic maps and dated, the burns were divided into age-classes and sampled using 50 m point-quarter transects to develop successional chronosequences. Although fires are more frequent and smaller on the Mexican side of the border, our repeat photographs of the boundary monument markers together with field samples show that chaparral succession is similar across the international boundary in species composition, stem densities, and average mass shrub height. Chamise chaparral appears to be stable under disparate fire regimes because sprouting habits and latent seed pools permit efficient stand establishment under either short or long fire intervals. Chaparral recovery during the period examined here is unrelated to fire size because recolonization of burns by long-range seed dispersal is not a trait of the majority of the local shrub species and the shrubs either resprout. or germinate from soil seed reservoirs.
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Gutierrez, R., and Sarah Rinkevich. "Distribution and Abundance of Spotted Owls in Zion Natioinal Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2941.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The recent listing of the Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a threatened species (Federal Register 1990) raises heated debate concerning the long-term survival of the species and perceived economic cost to timber industry (Thomas et al. 1988). Long term studies of the owls's ecology are necessary to provide information needed for ecologically based management plans (Dawson et al. 1987). Much is already known about the natural and life history of the Northern spotted owl (Forsman et al. 1984, Gutierrez et al. 1984, Gutierrez 1985, Franklin et al. 1990) as well as the California subspecies (S. o. occidentalis) (Gutierrez and Pritchard 1990). In contrast, the Mexican spotted owl (S. o. Iucida) is the least studied of the three subspecies (Ganey and Balda 1989). It is known that this latter subspecies inhabits rocky canyonlands and coniferous forests in the southwestern United States and Mexico (Kertell1977, Wagner et al. 1982, Webb 1983, Johnson and Johnson 1985, Ganey 1988, and Skaggs 1988) but there are few published studies on its ecology and habitat needs (Ganey 1988). Also, the effects of human activities, such as recreation, on the Mexican subspecies are unclear, particularly in isolated habitats (Gutierrez 1985). Therefore, in 1989, we initiated a two year investigation of abundance and distribution of Mexican spotted owls in Zion National Park. This report summarizes our 1990 survey effort and research findings.
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Bone, Christopher, Cassandra Moseley, Kirsten Vinyeta, and R. Patrick Bixler. "Employing resilience in the United States Forest Service." Land Use Policy 52 (March 2016): 430–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.01.003.
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Stephens, Scott L. "Forest fire causes and extent on United States Forest Service lands." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 3 (2005): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nationally, the causes and extent of fire on lands administrated by the United States Forest Service varied significantly from 1940 to 2000, with California experiencing the largest relative annual burned areas. The south-east and California experienced the largest relative area burned by fires from human ignitions. No significant differences were detected in the relative area burned by lightning in California, the upper and central Rocky Mountains, and the south-west, which all experienced the highest levels. The north-west and Rocky Mountains have experienced significant increases in the relative total area burned; the north-east, south-east, California, and coastal Alaska all remained unchanged. The northern Rocky Mountains, south-west, and north-east have all experienced significant increases in the amount of area burned by lightning without significant increases in lightning ignitions. Increasing fuel hazards in these areas probably contributed to the increasing area burned by lightning fires; changing climate could have also contributed to the increase in wildfire area from 1940 to 2000. To be effective across the diverse forest types and conditions in the USA, fire policy should better recognize and respond to the diversity of US forests and how they have burned in the past. This analysis determined that there is high geographical diversity on wildfire occurrence and causes. Local input is therefore important in designing diverse, ground-based solutions to address fire management challenges in the United States.
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Pelz, K. A., G. Hayward, A. N. Gray, E. M. Berryman, C. W. Woodall, A. Nathanson, and N. A. Morgan. "Quantifying old-growth forest of United States Forest Service public lands." Forest Ecology and Management 549 (December 2023): 121437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121437.
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Moffat, Steverson O., and Frederick W. Cubbage. "The Political Situation Facing the United States Forest Service." Journal of Forest Research 3, no. 4 (November 1998): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02762191.
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Lucey, Thomas A., Jeffrey M. Hawkins, and Duane M. Giannangelo. "U.S. History Interpretations of Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers." Social Studies Research and Practice 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-01-2009-b0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Teachers’ understandings of content affect their abilities to develop creative instructional strategies for learning. The authors investigated understandings of United States history among a convenience sample of pre-service and in-service teachers enrolled in social studies methods and multicultural education courses at two institutions of higher learning. They employed a 30-item survey concerning events and topics from all 10 United States historical eras, involving both conventional and revisionist interpretations. The authors found very low percentages of correct responses. Respondents taking more history courses generally answered more items correctly. White students answered more revisionist items correctly than underrepresented students. The findings are generally consistent with previous interpretations of pre-service and in-service teachers’ United States history understandings. The authors provide suggestions for teacher preparation and future research.
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Kellison, R. C., Russ Lea, and Paul Marsh. "Introduction ofEucalyptusspp. into the United States with Special Emphasis on the Southern United States." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/189393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction ofEucalyptusspp. into the United States from Australia on a significant scale resulted from the gold rush into California in 1849. Numerous species were evaluated for fuel, wood products, and amenity purposes. The first recorded entry of eucalyptus into the southern United Stated was in 1878. Subsequent performance of selected species for ornamental purposes caused forest industry to visualize plantations for fiber production. That interest led the Florida Forestry Foundation to initiate species-introduction trials in 1959. The results were sufficiently promising that a contingent of forest products companies formed a cooperative to work with the USDA Forest Service, Lehigh Acres, FL, USA, on genetic improvement of selected species for fiber production. The Florida initiative caused other industrial forestry companies in the upper South to establish plantations regardless of the species or seed source. The result was invariably the same: failure. Bruce Zobel, Professor of Forestry, North Carolina State University, initiated a concerted effort to assess the potential worth of eucalyptus for plantation use. The joint industrial effort evaluated 569 sources representing 103 species over a 14-year period. The three levels of testing, screening, in-depth, and semioperational trials led to identification of some species and sources that offered promise for adaptation, but severe winter temperatures in late 1983 and early 1984 and 1985 terminated the project. Despite the failed attempt valuable silvicultural practices were ascertained that will be beneficial to other researchers and practitioners when attempts are again made to introduce the species complex into the US South.
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Walshok, Mary Lindenstein, and Elaine Pitt Enarson. "Woods-Working Women: Sexual Integration in the United States Forest Service." Contemporary Sociology 14, no. 3 (May 1985): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071337.
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Cumming, Anne, Daniel Twardus, and David Nowak. "Urban Forest Health Monitoring: Large-Scale Assessments in the United States." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2008.047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USFS), together with state partners, developed methods to monitor urban forest structure, function, and health at a large statewide scale. Pilot studies have been established in five states using protocols based on USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis and Forest Health Monitoring program data collection standards. Variables and data analysis are described. Advantages of a large-scale monitoring study are discussed and examples of results from Wisconsin are presented. Studies in Indiana, Wisconsin, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Colorado, U.S., have shown that urban forest health monitoring data collection and analysis is feasible and can be implemented nationally.
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Butler, Brett J., and Zhao Ma. "Family Forest Owner Trends in the Northern United States." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/28.1.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Understanding forest ownership trends is critical for understanding forest trends. In the northern United States, where 55% of the forestland is controlled by families and individuals, it is imperative that we understand the trends within this complex and dynamic group of owners. The US Forest Service conducted forest landowner surveys across this region, and the rest of the United States, in 1993 and 2006. The published results are not directly comparable because of differences in what was reported and how the data were processed. Fortunately, the same sample designs were used and a subset of identical or near identical questions was asked on both surveys so that reprocessing the data allows for trends to be accurately assessed. The average size of family forest holdings decreased from 25 to 20 ac, reasons for owning remained amenity centered, and the owners are now more likely to be older, retired, have a higher income, and more educated.
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Sass, Emma M., Marla Markowski-Lindsay, Brett J. Butler, Jesse Caputo, Andrew Hartsell, Emily Huff, and Amanda Robillard. "Dynamics of Large Corporate Forestland Ownerships in the United States." Journal of Forestry 119, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvab013.
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Abstract Ownership of forestland in the United States has changed in recent decades, including the proliferation of timber investment management organizations (TIMOs) and real estate investment trusts (REITs), with the potential to alter forest management and timber supply. This article quantifies forest ownership transitions among ownership categories between 2007 and 2017 and investigates how and why large corporate ownerships own and manage their forestlands. Ownership transitions were determined from refined USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis data; we also conducted a survey of large corporate forestland ownerships. Corporate forestland acreage increased between 2007 and 2017, while family and public forestland decreased. Large corporate landowners report multidimensional, financially focused land management, although industry, timber investment management organizations, real estate investment trusts, and other owners report some different motivations and income streams. This work provides a baseline to track future ownership transitions and the behaviors of large corporate forestland owners.
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Force, Jo Ellen. "Firewood Use on National Forests in the Western United States." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.4.111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract USDA Forest Service personnel from 81 of the 87 national forests in the 11 western states responded to an April 1984 mail survey on firewood for personal use. Firewood use increased steadily from 1970 to 1982 when 655,000 permits were issued, and forest managers estimate 2.8 million cords were cut. In 1983, there were 462,000 permits issued and an estimated 2 0 million cords cut. Forest managers say the decrease may reflect more accurate records being kept because of permit fees in 1983. Until reliable, accurate firewood use data are available, utilization of this forest resource cannot be fully understood, and the ability to predict future trends is limited. However, 93 percent of the forest managers predict that the demand for fire-wood will increase during the next five years. Managers believe the major factors influencing supply and demand are accessibility, the amount of timber harvested, and the cost of conventional fuels for home heating. Adoption of 15 firewood management practices was examined and provides guidance to forest managers responsible for the firewood resource. West. J. Appl. For. 1:111-115, Oct. 86.
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Calkin, David, and Krista Gebert. "Modeling Fuel Treatment Costs on Forest Service Lands in the Western United States." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/21.4.217.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Years of successful fire suppression have led to high fuel loads on the nation's forests, and steps are being taken by the nation's land management agencies to reduce these fuel loads. However, to achieve desired outcomes in a fiscally responsible manner, the cost and effectiveness in reducing losses due to wildland fire of different fuel treatments in different forest settings must be understood. Currently, prioritizing fuel treatment activities and planning budget expenditures is limited by a lack of accurate cost data. The primary objective of this research was to develop regression models that may be used to estimate the cost of hazardous fuel reduction treatments based on USDA Forest Service Region, biophysical setting, treatment type, and design. A survey instrument was used to obtain activity-specific information directly from fire management officers at Forest Service Ranger Districts for treatments occurring between 2001 and 2003. For both prescribed burns and mechanical activities, treatment size described the largest amount of variation in cost per acre, with increased size reducing cost per acre, on average. We confirmed that data on Forest Service fuel treatment activities maintained in the National Fire Plan Operations and Reporting System were not sufficiently accurate for reasonable cost analysis and modeling.
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Heidari, Hadi, Mazdak Arabi, and Travis Warziniack. "Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests." Atmosphere 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12080981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Climate change, with warming temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns, may increase natural-caused forest fire activity. Increasing natural-caused fires throughout western United States national forests could place people, property, and infrastructure at risk in the future. We used the fine K nearest neighbor (KNN) method coupled with the downscaled Multivariate Adaptive Constructed Analogs (MACA) climate dataset to estimate changes in the rate of natural-caused fires in western United States national forests. We projected changes in the rate of minor and major forest fires from historical (1986–2015) to future (2070–2099) conditions to characterize fire-prone national forests under a range of climate change scenarios. The results indicate that climate change can add to the occurrence of forest fires in western United States national forests, particularly in Rocky Mountain, Pacific Southwest, and Southwestern United States Forest Service regions. Although summer months are projected to have the highest rate of natural-caused forest fire activity in the future, the rate of natural-caused forest fires is likely to increase from August to December in the future compared to the historical conditions. Improved understanding of altered forest fire regimes can help forest managers to better understand the potential effects of climate change on future fire activity and implement actions to attenuate possible negative consequences.
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Bettinger, PhD, Pete, Krista L. Merry, MS, and Jeffrey Hepinstall, PhD. "Post-hurricane forest management responses in the southern United States." Journal of Emergency Management 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2009.0038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although people living along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the United States may have limited experience dealing with major hurricane damage, hurricanes are imminent and pose potentially dire consequences to forest resources. In addition to understanding the physical and biological reactions of forests to extreme weather conditions, there are a number of managerial responses that should be considered based on this past experience. This article presents a summary of the more pertinent forest management responses, and where appropriate, highlights situations where these were beneficial to the overall (economic, ecological, social) recovery effort. Management responses address not only the immediate needs for clearing roads and restoring basic service needs, but also the longer-term issues related to timber salvage, reforestation, forest health, and fire danger. The damage from strong winds and storm surges may also result in serious consequences for ecological values. However, challenges and issues related to the restoration of forests and forest-related values may require several years to address. Therefore, the objective of this review article is to provide a summary of the experiences of forest land managers, researchers, and emergency planners who have directly responded to severe storms affecting the southern United States.
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Hassler, Curt C., Lawrence E. Osborn, Shawn T. Grushecky, and Joseph F. McNeel. "Hardwood Log Grading in the United States—Part II: United States Forest Service Log Grades and the Hardwood Industry." Forest Products Journal 69, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-18-00022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The major effort to develop hardwood log grades was undertaken by the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDAFS) during the 1940s through the 1960s. While the USDAFS officially adopted the grading system for their own use in 1952, it has never taken hold in the hardwood lumber industry. This article discusses the variety of reasons that have most likely contributed to this failure of adoption of the USDAFS system by the industry, ranging from ease of use, to individual log grades covering wide ranges of log characteristics/quality, and to overlapping grades for a given set of log attributes, among others. Finally, the authors suggest developing a hardwood log grading system that embraces the de facto industry system of scaling diameter and clear faces.
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Walls, Margaret, and Yusuke Kuwayama. "Evaluating Payments for Watershed Services Programs in the United States." Water Economics and Policy 05, no. 04 (October 2019): 1950003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x19500036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We review 15 forest watershed protection programs in the United States in which a local government agency or water provider collects payments from downstream service beneficiaries, such as water consumers, and pays upstream forest landowners for provision of watershed services. We describe the features of these Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) programs, focusing on funding sources, how the payment mechanisms work, and outcomes achieved. We also assess the extent to which the programs adhere to the economic principles that are associated with efficient or cost effective PWS schemes. In general, we find that payments in the programs do not closely reflect the marginal value of the service provided. Payments received by landowners mainly reflect the landowners’ opportunity costs. Fees paid by water consumers are set to yield revenue targets and/or reflect the avoided cost of additional water filtration and treatment. The programs appear to yield societal benefits, primarily through cost savings, but data from program outcomes is limited and more rigorous analysis of both the benefits and costs would be worthwhile.
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Negròn, José F., Barbara J. Bentz, Christopher J. Fettig, Nancy Gillette, E. Matthew Hansen, Jane L. Hayes, Rick G. Kelsey, et al. "US Forest Service Bark Beetle Research in the Western United States: Looking Toward the Future." Journal of Forestry 106, no. 6 (September 1, 2008): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/106.6.325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Bark beetles cause extensive tree mortality in coniferous forests of western North America and play an important role in the disturbance ecology of these ecosystems. Recently, elevated populations of bark beetles have been observed in all conifer forest types across the western United States. This has heightened public awareness of the issue and triggered legislation for increased funding for state and federal agencies to address issues associated with bark beetle outbreaks. Recently, US Forest Service, Research and Development entomologists from the western research stations met with US Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection entomologists, our primary stakeholder, to identify bark beetle research priorities. These include vegetation management; ecological, economic, and social consequences of outbreaks; fire and bark beetle interactions; effects of climate change on bark beetle populations; and chemical ecology.
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Flores, David, and Emily Haire. "The Development of an Organizational Safety Culture in the United States Forest Service." Journal of Forestry 119, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvab025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract For over 100 years, the US Forest Service (USFS) has developed initiatives to improve safety outcomes. Herein we discuss the engineered solutions used from 1910 through 1994, when the agency relied on physical science to address the hazards of wildland fire suppression. We then interpret safety initiatives of the subsequent 25 years, as the USFS incorporated social science perspectives both into its understanding of emergency fire incidents and its mitigation of vulnerabilities across all fields of work. Tracing the safety programs using a historical sociology approach, we identify, within the agency’s narrative, three recent developments in its organizational safety culture: cultural awareness, cultural management, and cultural reorganization. This article describes how the development of top-down safety initiatives are questioned and shaped by employees who actively influence the trajectory of a safety culture in the USFS.
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Wall, Trey P., Brian P. Oswald, Kathryn R. Kidd, and Ray L. Darville. "An evaluation of United States forest Service prescribed fire regimes in East Texas." Forest Ecology and Management 449 (October 2019): 117485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117485.
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Frayer, W. E., and George M. Furnival. "Forest Survey Sampling Designs: A History." Journal of Forestry 97, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/97.12.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Extensive inventories of forested lands in the United States were begun in the early part of the 20th century, but widespread, frequent use was not common until after World War II. Various sampling designs have been tried; some have proved efficient for estimating certain parameters but not others. Some designs, though efficient in many respects, have been abandoned because of their complexity Others, while possibly not demonstrating high efficiency, have been adopted because of their simplicity. This is a history of these applications.
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McRoberts, Ronald E., William H. McWilliams, Gregory A. Reams, Thomas L. Schmidt, Jennifer C. Jenkins, Katherine P. O'Neill, Patrick D. Miles, and Gary J. Brand. "Assessing Sustainability Using Data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the United States Forest Service." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 18, no. 1 (April 5, 2004): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j091v18n01_02.
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Page-Dumroese, Deborah S., Carlos Rodriguez Franco, James G. Archuleta, Marcus E. Taylor, Kraig Kidwell, Jeffrey C. High, and Kathleen Adam. "Forest Biomass Policies and Regulations in the United States of America." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Using woody biomass from public lands could attract private investments, increase carbon dioxide emission reductions from sustainably harvested low-grade wood to mitigate climate change, provide benefits for the environment, and support rural community economies. Available for use are about 210 million oven dry tons (in the western U.S. alone) of small-diameter wood and harvest residues that could be removed through hazard-fuel treatments and used for bioenergy and bioproducts; representing an economic value of approximately USD 5.97 billion (109). Reaching that utilization goal requires an assessment of current U.S. policies, regulations and directives influencing the use of forest biomass and identification of barriers, challenges, and potential opportunities associated with the use of woody biomass from public lands. One objective of this review is to support the implementation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USDA-FS) new effort called “Confronting the Wildfire Crisis: A Strategy for Protecting Communities and Improving Resilience in America’s Forests”, but greater coordination of public policies (regulatory legislation, government subsidies, support programs) at different government levels could increase adoption of forest biomass for bioenergy and bioproducts while also promoting different supply chains for long-term biomass supplies and industry investments. Harmonizing the definition of key biomass terms used by different programs that support using forest biomass for bioenergy and other bioproducts, including the Renewable Fuel Standard, may increase forest biomass use from public lands.
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Gürsel, Bahar. "Citizenship and Military Service in Italian-American Relations, 1901-1918." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 7, no. 3 (July 2008): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s153778140000075x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conflicts over citizenship and military service became a central issue in Italian-American relations in the early twentieth century. The United States and Italy founded their concepts of citizenship on two different bases, jus soli and jus sanguinis. As a consequence of this difference and the swelling number of Italian immigrants naturalized in America, the two governments' policies about naturalization and military service collided until 1918. The Italian government's policy put Italian Americans' loyalty to the United States in jeopardy, especially for men who wished to return to Italy for business or educational purposes. Thus, the study of Italian Americans' experiences in the context of the policies of both countries illustrates a key aspect of the relationship between the United States and Italy, both in terms of social experience and public policy.
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Vogt, J. T., B. D. Allen, D. Paulsen, and R. T. Trout Fryxell. "A Unique Academic–Government Collaboration Yields First Report of Detailed Habitat Description for Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Madison County, KY." Journal of Medical Entomology 58, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 1970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab061.
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Abstract Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, Asian longhorned tick, was collected in Madison County, Kentucky, United States as part of an ongoing collaborative-tick surveillance project. This is the first collection of this invasive tick that includes ancillary data on habitat and landscape features derived from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program.
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Oswalt, Christopher M., Songlin Fei, Qinfeng Guo, Basil V. Iannone III, Sonja N. Oswalt, Bryan C. Pijanowski, and Kevin M. Potter. "A subcontinental view of forest plant invasions." NeoBiota 24 (January 16, 2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.24.4526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the last few decades, considerable attention has focused on small-scale studies of invasive plants and invaded systems. Unfortunately, small scale studies rarely provide comprehensive insight into the complexities of biological invasions at macroscales. Systematic and repeated monitoring of biological invasions at broad scales are rare. In this report, we highlight a unique invasive plant database from the national Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the United States Forest Service. We demonstrate the importance and capability of this subcontinental-wide database by showcasing several critical macroscale invasion patterns that have emerged from its initial analysis: (1) large portion of the forests systems (39%) in the United States are impacted by invasive plants, (2) forests in the eastern United States harbor more invasive species than the western regions, (3) human land-use legacies at regional to national scales may drive large-scale invasion patterns. This accumulated dataset, which continues to grow in temporal richness with repeated measurements, will allow the understanding of invasion patterns and processes at multi-spatial and temporal scales. Such insights are not possible from smaller-scale studies, illustrating the benefit that can be gained by investing in the development of regional to continental-wide invasion monitoring programs elsewhere.
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Li, Xiaoyong, Hanqin Tian, Chaoqun Lu, and Shufen Pan. "Four-century history of land transformation by humans in the United States (1630–2020): annual and 1 km grid data for the HIStory of LAND changes (HISLAND-US)." Earth System Science Data 15, no. 2 (March 3, 2023): 1005–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1005-2023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The land of the conterminous United States (CONUS) has been transformed dramatically by humans over the last four centuries through land clearing, agricultural expansion and intensification, and urban sprawl. High-resolution geospatial data on long-term historical changes in land use and land cover (LULC) across the CONUS are essential for predictive understanding of natural–human interactions and land-based climate solutions for the United States. A few efforts have reconstructed historical changes in cropland and urban extent in the United States since the mid-19th century. However, the long-term trajectories of multiple LULC types with high spatial and temporal resolutions since the colonial era (early 17th century) in the United States are not available yet. By integrating multi-source data, such as high-resolution remote sensing image-based LULC data, model-based LULC products, and historical census data, we reconstructed the history of land use and land cover for the conterminous United States (HISLAND-US) at an annual timescale and 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution in the past 390 years (1630–2020). The results show widespread expansion of cropland and urban land associated with rapid loss of natural vegetation. Croplands are mainly converted from forest, shrub, and grassland, especially in the Great Plains and North Central regions. Forest planting and regeneration accelerated the forest recovery in the Northeast and Southeast since the 1920s. The geospatial and long-term historical LULC data from this study provide critical information for assessing the LULC impacts on regional climate, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles as well as achieving sustainable use of land in the nation. The datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7055086 (Li et al., 2022).