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1
Goodrick, Amanda. "Study on Correlation between Wind Speed and Temperature using Information Entropy." International Journal on Information Theory 11, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijit.2022.11301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project investigated temperature and wind speed correlation using information entropy. The hourly temperature and wind speed were retrieved over two weeks for two different regions of the United States, Boston, Massachusetts and Lincoln, Nebraska. Differential entropy was used to calculate mutual information between the hourly change in each variable. Findings revealed that mutual information shared between the two variables was greater in Lincoln than in Boston, indicating change in temperature and wind speed had a stronger correlation in Lincoln than in Boston.
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Bromley, Ray. "Megalopolis Revisited: Reflections on Gottmann, Doxiadis, and the Northeastern United States." Ekistics and The New Habitat 82, no. 2 (April 26, 2024): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e2022822664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The term megalopolis, derived from the Greek language, has been used for over 2,400 years to signify ‘great city’ or ‘giant city.’ It was first applied as a placename in Ancient Greece, but its primary application on the global scene began in the late 1950s when the French geographer Jean Gottmann wrote a major book on the urbanized northeast of the United States, the corridor from Boston to New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington D.C., conceiving the region as an integrated whole called Megalopolis. At that time this region was perhaps the most populous, and certainly the most prosperous, giant conurbation in the world—the pivotal center of the post-World War II global system. Subsequently the term megalopolis was built into Constantinos Doxiadis’ typology of past, present, and future human settlements, acquiring a global significance and many potential applications in other world regions. With over 60 years of hindsight, this paper reviews Gottmann’s Megalopolis as a regional monograph. It also discusses the collaboration between Gottmann and Doxiadis, and Gottmann’s transition from describing a specific geographical region to conceptualizing major polynuclear urban agglomerations with 25 to 100 million inhabitants in different parts of the world.
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Kathman, Jacob, and Michelle Benson. "Cut Short? United Nations Peacekeeping and Civil War Duration to Negotiated Settlements." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 7 (January 25, 2019): 1601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002718817104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While much literature on peacekeeping seeks to determine the effect of United Nations (UN) intervention on post-conflict peace processes, most peacekeeping operations (PKOs) are deployed to active conflicts. The limited research on peacekeeping in active civil conflicts suggests that robust PKOs reduce hostilities. Yet, if PKOs serve to extend conflict duration, even lowered hostilities can yield greater destruction over time. We thus explore the effect of peacekeeping on conflict duration. We argue that PKOs with larger troop deployments are better able to increase the cost of combat, improve information sharing between belligerents, and provide security guarantees, thus reducing the time to negotiated resolutions. Using fine-grained data on monthly peacekeeping personnel commitments and observations of ongoing conflict between combatants, we examine how variations in mission deployments affect the success of UN peacekeeping in ending civil conflicts. As expected, our findings indicate that larger troop deployments shorten war duration to negotiated resolution.
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Boris, Monica Bielski. "STARTING ON THE ROAD TO REGIONAL POWER: COMMUNITY LABOR UNITED AND THE GREATER BOSTON LABOR COUNCIL." WorkingUSA 12, no. 1 (March 2009): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-4580.2008.01216.x.
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Darby, Paul. "Gaelic sport and the Irish diaspora in Boston, 1879–90." Irish Historical Studies 33, no. 132 (November 2003): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140001590x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although Gaelic sports have been played in an organised fashion for over a century in the United States, academic research on the development and role of these sports among the Irish diaspora has been extremely limited. This is hardly surprising, given the more general disregard of the significance of sport in the burgeoning literature examining the Irish experience in America. In its most general aspect, this study seeks to redress this neglect. Drawing predominantly on archival material from the John J. Burns Library at Boston College and from Boston Public Library, the article charts and explores the processes involved in the transfer of Gaelic sports from Ireland to one of the most significant focal points of Irish immigration, Boston. This analysis not only identifies and examines the key agencies and individuals responsible for the early development of Irish sports in Boston, but also seeks to explore the role they played in the promotion and preservation of a distinctively Irish ethnic identity. In particular, the article assesses the extent to which Gaelic games have functioned as an arena in which Irish nationalism was fostered in the greater Boston area during the 1880s. Before turning to these central concerns, it is important to understand the social milieu in which these games developed. Thus the article begins with a brief context-setting discussion that charts Irish emigration to Boston and offers some insights into the socio-economic and political environment encountered by the Irish on completion of their journey.
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Costigane, Helen. "Dignitas Connubii: Greater Fairness in Declarations of Nullity?" Ecclesiastical Law Journal 10, no. 2 (April 16, 2008): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x0800118x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Shattered Faith is the story of Sheila Rauch Kennedy's marriage and divorce from Congressman Joe Kennedy, a member of one of the best known families in the United States of America. Married in 1979 in a Catholic Church, Mr Kennedy was a Catholic while Mrs Kennedy remained an Episcopalian. Twin sons were born in 1980 and baptised as Catholics, with godparents from both Christian churches. The marriage began to unravel when Mr Kennedy was elected to Congress. Separation in 1989 was followed by divorce because of ‘irreconcilable differences’. In 1993, Mrs Kennedy received notification from the Metropolitan Tribunal of the Archdiocese of Boston, informing her of the petition lodged by her former husband to have the marriage declared null on the grounds of lack of due discretion of judgement (though whose lack of due discretion is not made clear). Shocked, and while willing to acknowledge that the marriage had failed (evidenced in a divorce), she could not accept that it had never existed as a sacrament.
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Gleaton, Tony. "Manifesting Destiny." Boom 5, no. 2 (2015): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2015.5.2.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Manifesting Destiny is a work in progress by photographer Tony Gleaton. It is a historical examination of African-descended people in the greater Trans-Mississippi West, and an attempt to counter the notion that Africans in North America, both enslaved and free, owe their historical beginnings and foothold on this continent solely to the settlements along the eastern seaboard of the United States. In this article, Gleaton chronicles the interactions, failures, accomplishments, and misdeeds of people who were part of the African diaspora in California. Through photographs and accompanying text he identifies the locations of particular events and explains what transpired there.
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Zink, Valerie. "A quiet transfer: the Judaization of Jerusalem." Contemporary Arab Affairs 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550910802576148.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since its inception in 1948, Israel has sought to transform the physical and demographic landscape of Jerusalem to correspond with the Zionist vision of a united and fundamentally Jewish Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty. While much of this has been accomplished through the violent expulsion of Arab residents during the wars of 1948 and 1967, the Judaization of Jerusalem has relied equally on measures taken during times of ‘peace’: the strategic extension of Jerusalem's municipal boundaries, bureaucratic and legal restrictions on Palestinian land use, disenfranchisement of Jerusalem residents, the expansion of settlements in ‘Greater Jerusalem’, and the construction of the separation wall.
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NOWAK, ZACHARY. "Something Brewing in Boston: A Study of Forward Integration in American Breweries at the Turn of the Twentieth Century." Enterprise & Society 18, no. 2 (January 18, 2017): 324–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2016.59.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article, I describe the partial forward integration of turn-of-the-twentieth-century Boston breweries. I argue that both brewers and saloonkeepers used the fluid market in capital lending as a lever of power. An analysis of the minutes of three breweries and their loan records, covering more than ten years, reveals that saloonkeepers were often delinquent in repaying their annual loans and brewery owners only infrequently threatened to call the loans. Using the structure-conduct-performance paradigm, I suggest that the particular conditions in Boston (a limited number of saloon licenses and a geographical position that precluded long-distance shipping of beer) gave the saloonkeepers much greater leverage in the so-called “tied system.” Brewers used vertical restraints but, because of obligations to British owners, did not fully forward integrate by buying saloon property, as brewers did in the United Kingdom.
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Curtis, Heather D. "Visions of Self, Success, and Society among Young Men in Antebellum Boston." Church History 73, no. 3 (September 2004): 613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700098310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When Dwight L. Moody left his native town of Northfield, Massachusetts, for Boston in 1854, he was one among hundreds of young men flocking to urban centers in hopes of achieving greater prosperity and “success” in mercantile careers than their families had attained through agricultural pursuits or village commerce. This trend was part of a larger pattern of urban growth that began in the early nineteenth century, fueled by both foreign immigration and the expansion of industrial capitalism. In the decades prior to the Civil War, Boston's population expanded exponentially, reaching nearly 140,000 at the time of the 1850 census, a six-fold increase since 1800. Of this number, nearly one-half were of “foreign” birth or parentage, and an additional 25,000 were “Americans” who had migrated to Boston from rural New England and other areas of the United States. Only around 50,000—or 35 percent of the total population—had been born and raised in Boston. This rapid influx of newcomers to the city provoked growing concern among native Bostonians, as the presence of rural youths, Irish Catholics, and other “outsiders” began to challenge and transform traditional patterns of social, economic, political, and religious life.
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von Hoffman, Alexander. ""Of Greater Lasting Consequence": Frederick Law Olmsted and the Fate of Franklin Park, Boston." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 47, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990380.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay explores the reasons that Franklin Park in Boston, Massachusetts, failed to fulfill the high expectations of its designer, Frederick Law Olmsted. The fate of Olmsted's lofty goals in Boston is revealing because it sheds light upon his thought and work, on the historic development of the urban park in the United States, and on the significance of the movement for public parks as a turn-of-the-century reform effort. In 1886 Olmsted presented his plan for Franklin Park, the crucial component of Boston's new park system. Influenced by Ruskin and others, Olmsted held that contemplation of the park's vistas of rolling lawns would reverse the debilitating effects of city life. The success of Franklin Park, he felt, depended upon sequestering the Country Park section of the scheme and protecting it from noisy, crowded, and athletic activities. Olmsted's choice of the "beautiful" style of landscape without visual centers of interest allowed local golfers, bicyclists, and baseball players in the 1890s to shape Franklin Park's pleasant but empty-looking spaces for their own uses. Then, in 1910, the park commissioners added ornate flower displays and a wild animal zoo, both ideas that Olmsted had explicitly condemned. The alternative uses of the park were accepted because they were promoted by powerful groups of middle-class and upper-middle-class Bostonians and because their proponents claimed for them the same properties of mental, physical, and moral improvement that Olmsted claimed for his peaceful park scenery.
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Sargent, Maryann, Yanina Barrera, Thomas Nehrkorn, Lucy R. Hutyra, Conor K. Gately, Taylor Jones, Kathryn McKain, et al. "Anthropogenic and biogenic CO2 fluxes in the Boston urban region." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 29 (July 2, 2018): 7491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803715115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the pending withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accord, cities are now leading US actions toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing effective mitigation strategies requires the ability to measure and track emissions over time and at various scales. We report CO2 emissions in the Boston, MA, urban region from September 2013 to December 2014 based on atmospheric observations in an inverse model framework. Continuous atmospheric measurements of CO2 from five sites in and around Boston were combined with a high-resolution bottom-up CO2 emission inventory and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to determine regional emissions. Our model−measurement framework incorporates emissions estimates from submodels for both anthropogenic and biological CO2 fluxes, and development of a CO2 concentration curtain at the boundary of the study region based on a combination of tower measurements and modeled vertical concentration gradients. We demonstrate that an emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution and the inclusion of urban biological fluxes are both essential to accurately modeling annual CO2 fluxes using surface measurement networks. We calculated annual average emissions in the Boston region of 0.92 kg C·m−2·y−1 (95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 1.06), which is 14% higher than the Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions System inventory. Based on the capability of the model−measurement approach demonstrated here, our framework should be able to detect changes in CO2 emissions of greater than 18%, providing stakeholders with critical information to assess mitigation efforts in Boston and surrounding areas.
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Brown, Casey, and Arthur Holcombe. "In pursuit of the millennium development goals in water and sanitation." Water Policy 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2004.0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recognition of the United Nations designating 2003 as the “Year for Fresh Water” and the endorsement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in water and sanitation, the United Nations Association of Greater Boston (UNA-GB) convened speakers to address strategies for meeting these goals. Water professionals from the public sector, private sector and non-governmental organizations shared their experiences and recommendations. Over the course of the discussions, three themes emerged that appear critical for implementing successful water initiatives. First, the water and sanitation. nancing gap requires mobilization of local capital through innovative financial tools. Second, public institutions that manage water must be focused and enabled to carry out their mandate effectively. Private sector collaboration can only succeed when coupled with strong public partners. Third, the MDG cannot be met with conventional technological approaches. Technology must be appropriate to the. nancial and technical context to which it is applied and must engender ef.cient use of water resources.
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Erker, Daniel, and Joanna Bruso. "Uh, bueno, em … : Filled pauses as a site of contact-induced change in Boston Spanish." Language Variation and Change 29, no. 2 (July 2017): 205–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394517000102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThere is mounting evidence that the filled pauses that pervade spontaneous speech constitute a rich site of linguistic inquiry. The present study uses a comparative variationist method to explore possible effects of language contact on pause behavior, examining 3810 filled pauses produced by 24 Spanish-speaking residents of Boston, Massachusetts. Interspeaker differences in pause behavior correlate with intensity of contact. Participants who have lived in the United States for a larger fraction of their lives, who use English more frequently, and who do so more proficiently fill pauses differently when speaking Spanish than do those who have spent less time in the contact setting and whose English skills and usage are more restricted. Results show that a greater degree of contact corresponds to increased use of centralized vowels in phonologically filled pauses (i.e., more frequent use of [a(m)] and [ə(m)] at the expense of [e(m)]). This pattern is interpreted as evidence of contact-induced change.
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Krus, Anthony M. "The Timing of Precolumbian Militarization in the U.S. Midwest and Southeast." American Antiquity 81, no. 2 (April 2016): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.81.2.375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBayesian chronological modeling is used to investigate the chronology of bastioned palisades during the precolumbian period in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States. Nine precolumbian settlements in the Midwest and Southeast with bastioned palisades have been subject to scientific dating (Angel Mounds, Annis Village, Aztalan, Cahokia Mounds, Etowah, Kincaid Mounds, Jonathan Creek, Moundville, and Southwind). Complete radiocarbon datasets from these sites are presented within an interpretative Bayesian statistical framework. The results provide a glimpse into the history of Mississippi period (A.D. 1000–1700) fortifications with bastions and indicate that the analyzed fortifications were built and maintained predominantly in A.D. 1200–1400. This finding suggests a greater institutionalized role for defense and warfare in post-A.D. 1200 Mississippian societies. Additionally, modeling results further indicate that the investigated Mississippian centers continued to maintain fortifications for generations after their construction.
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BOTHWELL, BEAU. "“For Thee America! For Thee Syria?”: Alexander Maloof, Orientalist Music, and the Politics of the Syrian Mahjar." Journal of the Society for American Music 14, no. 4 (November 2020): 383–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196320000310.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn 1894 Syrian émigré Alexander Maloof arrived in the United States to join the thriving community in New York's “Syrian Quarter.” Working first as a music instructor and pianist, Maloof found success as a bandleader, composer, arranger, and publisher, integrating Arabic and US popular music and light classical styles. He wrote and edited Arabic-language piano songbooks for the Arabophone communities in the United States, and ran the Maloof Records label, the “Oriental” division of the Gennett Company's “race records” enterprise. Drawing on Arabic-language discourse from around the Syrian mahjar (diaspora), this article uses Maloof's output to demonstrate music's role in the vibrant and contested political conversations taking place in Arabic around the world, from the homelands around Beirut and Damascus, to the initial Syrian settlements in Cairo and Paris, to the American colonies in Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires and New York. Concluding with a discussion of the 1919 “American Maid” (composed under a pseudonym), I argue that a thorough understanding of the history of Orientalist popular music in the Americas requires a decentering of European American audiences in order to examine those questions animating the New York mahjar, most centrally the political fate of greater Syria.
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Miller, Edward, Pamela Nadash, Elizabeth Simpson, and Marc Cohen. "Expanding Housing With Services in the United States: The Case of the Right Care, Right Place, Right Time Program." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1948.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Older people living in congregate environments are obvious beneficiaries of supportive services. The potential for prevention is clear, particularly among low-income elders living in subsidized housing; it is this group that is at high risk for significant healthcare and other costs, and it is this group that suffers considerably from a fragmented healthcare system. The purpose of this presentation is to illustrate the potential of housing with services, drawing from evaluation of The Right Care, Right Place, Right Time (R3) initiative (R3) located in the Greater Boston area. The R3 program consists of two on-site wellness teams, including a wellness nurse and wellness coordinator. Each team is responsible for about 200 participants across two housing sites. Evaluation findings highlight the potential of housing with services for improving the health, quality of life, and access to health-related services and supports among seniors living independently in affordable housing, while reducing healthcare costs.
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Pecora, Nicole, Xiaomin Zhao, Kathleen Nudel, Maria Hoffmann, Ning Li, Andrew B. Onderdonk, Deborah Yokoe, Eric Brown, Marc Allard та Lynn Bry. "Diverse Vectors and Mechanisms Spread New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamases among Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the Greater Boston Area". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 63, № 2 (10 грудня 2018): e02040-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02040-18.
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ABSTRACT New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases (NDMs) are an uncommon but emerging cause of carbapenem resistance in the United States. Genomic factors promoting their domestic spread remain poorly characterized. A prospective genomic surveillance program among Boston-area hospitals identified multiple new occurrences of NDM-carrying strains of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae complex in inpatient and outpatient settings, representing the first occurrences of NDM-mediated resistance since initiating genomic surveillance in 2011. Cases included domestic patients with no international exposures. PacBio sequencing of isolates identified strain characteristics, resistance genes, and the complement of mobile vectors mediating spread. Analyses revealed a common 3,114-bp region containing the blaNDM gene, with carriage of this conserved region among unique strains by diverse transposon and plasmid backbones. Functional studies revealed a broad capacity for blaNDM transmission by conjugation, transposition, and complex interplasmid recombination events. NDMs represent a rapidly spreading form of drug resistance that can occur in inpatient and outpatient settings and in patients without international exposures. In contrast to Tn4401-based spread of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPCs), diverse transposable elements mobilize NDM enzymes, commonly with other resistance genes, enabling naive strains to acquire multi- and extensively drug-resistant profiles with single transposition or plasmid conjugation events. Genomic surveillance provides effective means to rapidly identify these gene-level drivers of resistance and mobilization in order to inform clinical decisions to prevent further spread.
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Rachmad, Sri Hartini, Meilisa Hajriani, Muhammad Basorudin, Muhammad Fajar, Nona Iriana, Kennith G. C. Dillena, and Okki Navarone Wibisono. "Boosting Housing Markets: Amplifying Reserve Requirements for Greater Economic Growth, Insights from China and Indonesia." Jurnal Sains Matematika dan Statistika 10, no. 1 (April 10, 2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/jsms.v10i1.25895.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Enhancing the inclusivity, safety, resilience, and sustainability of urban areas, as outlined in Goal 11 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to be accomplished by 2030, entails ensuring universal access to adequate, secure, and affordable housing along with essential services, and the enhancement of informal settlements. Consequently, numerous megacities worldwide grapple with burgeoning populations, precipitating a surge in housing costs, particularly exacerbated by volatile financial environments. The post-2013 financial recuperation in the United States precipitated a capital exodus towards Emerging economies, precipitating currency depreciation and imported inflation due to heavy reliance on foreign reserves. In response, the Indonesian central bank augmented reserve requirements to curtail money supply, while its Chinese counterpart reduced such requisites to stimulate economic expansion. This inquiry endeavors to discern the short-term impact of heightened reserve requirements on consumer, investment, and working capital credit pertinent to housing consumption, and in the long run, examines their ramifications on total output within the current account. Employing the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), this study scrutinizes the central bank's credit policies' influence on overall output over both temporal horizons. Augmenting reserve requirements, integral to banks' balance sheets, impinges on liquidity and credit provisioning capacities, affecting not only consumer and housing credit but also investment and working capital credit, crucial financing conduits bolstering real sector activity and economic growth.
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Morgan, David L., Michael P. Wainscott, and Heidi C. Knowles. "Emergency Medical Services Liability Litigation in the United States: 1987 to 1992." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0004142x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIntroduction:Although emergency medical services (EMS) liability litigation is a concern of many prehospital health care providers, there have been no studies of these legal cases nationwide and no local case studies since 1987.Methods:A retrospective case series was obtained from a computerized database of trial court cases filed against EMS agencies nation-wide. All legal cases that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study sample. These cases must have involved either ambulance collisions (AC) or patient care (PC) incidents, and they must have been closed between 1987 and 1992.Results:There were 76 cases that met the inclusion criteria. Half of these cases involved an AC, and the other cases alleged negligence of a PC encounter. Thirty (78.9%) of the plaintiffs in the AC cases were other motorists, and 35 (92.1%) of the plaintiffs in the PC cases were EMS patients. Almost half of the cases named an individual (usually an emergency medical technician or paramedic) as a codefendant. Thirty-one (40.8%) of the cases were closed without any payment to the plaintiff. There were five cases with plaintiffs' awards or settlements greater than [US] $1 million. Most (71.0%) ofthe ACs occurred in an intersection or when one vehicle rear-ended another vehicle. The most common negligence allegations in the PC cases were arrival delay, inadequate assessment, inadequate treatment, patient transport delay, and no patient transport.Conclusion:Risk management for EMS requires specific knowledge of the common sources of EMS liability litigation. This sample of recent legal cases provides the common allegations of negligence. Recommendations to decrease the legal risk of EMS agencies and prehospital providers are suggested.
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Weitzman, Michael, Joel J. Alpert, Lorraine V. Klerman, Herbert Kayne, George A. Lamb, Karen Roth Geromini, Karen T. Kane, and Lynda Rose. "High-Risk Youth and Health: The Case of Excessive School Absence." Pediatrics 78, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.78.2.313.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Excessive school absence is a major educational and social problem in the United States, yet very little is known about its etiology or how to prevent or ameliorate it. This paper reports results from a series of related studies conducted in seven Boston middle schools (grades 6, 7, and 8) to test the hypotheses that (1) health problems and unmet health needs are major characteristics distinguishing excessively absent students from regular attenders and (2) that a health-oriented approach using medically mediated interventions is effective in reducing absences among excessively absent students. There were no significant differences between regular attenders and excessively absent students on multiple measures of student and family health status, health habits, and health service utilization patterns in a casecontrol study. The intervention program was not associated with a significant decrease in absence school-wide or for participating students. We conclude that demographic and educational characteristics of students exert a greater effect on their behavior in regard to absence from school than do health status or receipt of health services and that a health-oriented approach, such as the one used here, will not have a major impact on what remains one of the most profound educational and social problems involving children in the United States today.
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Khogali, Hind Abdel Moneim. "Assessment Method on United Nation Sustainable Development Goals, Applied for a Sustainable City, with a Focus on Greater Khartoum Services." Journal of Sustainable Development 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v15n1p14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first approach for environmentally sustainable development to the global community was introduced in 1992 in the United Nations conference on environment and development, the "Earth Summit", which took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(genda21). Defining Sustainable development as the one that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Therefore, the study will focus on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals UN-SDGs and the making of Sustainable cities. The aim of the research is to propose a framework to transform Greater Khartoum into a Sustainable city and to find out criteria for an Assessment Method that is applicable for Greater Khartoum. Which including providing Safe affordable housing and basic services, Sustainable transportation, Sustainable home settlements in the three towns, protect culture and Natural Heritage, Reduce Waste including water, air and solid waste, public access, Green-space, Support positive economic, social, and environmental links between urban and rural areas, National and local disaster risk reduction strategies, Interlinkages and implications for policy-making
In addition, the methodology of the research focuses on defining, identifying, and measuring the indicators and sub-items. The measurement applied through survey and questionnaire. Distributed and distribute to all engineers specialized in architecture, urban, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineers in the three cities (Khartoum-Khartoum North-Omdurman).
Finally, the outcomes of the research, applying the criteria of SDGs to evaluate the present situation in sustainable development criteria in Greater Khartoum; most of the indicator record results the research recorded results show that the goals were not achieved in most of the situations, between (20-30) especially in services (Table 1), waste management and open spaces are average (40-49). Will provide valuable recommendations towards improving the future and urban planning and sustainable development for the Capital city.
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Thompson, Rebecca R., Dana Rose Garfin, E. Alison Holman, and Roxane Cohen Silver. "Distress, Worry, and Functioning Following a Global Health Crisis: A National Study of Americans’ Responses to Ebola." Clinical Psychological Science 5, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702617692030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The 2014 Ebola crisis received unprecedented media attention in the United States, despite low risk of transmission. We examined theoretically derived correlates of psychological response to the crisis, including Ebola-related media exposure, prior mental health history, and stress response to a recent prior collective trauma (the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing, BMB). A national probability sample completed a survey 2–4 weeks post-BMB; 18 months later, the same sample reported responses to the Ebola crisis ( N = 3,447). History of mental health diagnoses, acute stress response to the BMB, and Ebola-related media exposure were associated with greater psychological distress and functional impairment. Prior acute stress and Ebola-related media exposure were also associated with Ebola-related worry; individuals with higher BMB-related acute stress who consumed more Ebola-related media were more worried about contracting Ebola. Media coverage of the Ebola public health crisis was associated with negative psychological outcomes, even among individuals at low risk for contracting the disease.
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Agénor, Madina, Dougie Zubizarreta, Sophia Geffen, Natasha Ramanayake, Shane Giraldo, Allison McGuirk, Mateo Caballero, and Keosha Bond. "“Making a Way Out of No Way:” Understanding the Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Experiences of Transmasculine Young Adults of Color in the United States." Qualitative Health Research 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10497323211050051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research focusing on the specific and unique sexual and reproductive health care experiences of transmasculine young adults of color are extremely scarce. We conducted five focus group discussions with 19 Black, Latinx, Asian, Native, and other transmasculine individuals of color aged 18–25 years in the greater Boston area. Using thematic analysis, we found that transmasculine young adults of color experienced cissexism, heterosexism, and racism in accessing and utilizing sexual and reproductive health services. These multiple forms of discrimination undermined participants’ receipt of high-quality sexual and reproductive health information and care from competent health care providers who shared their lived experiences. Participants relied on support from their lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer peers to obtain needed sexual and reproductive health resources and minimize harm during clinical encounters. Multilevel interventions are needed to promote access to person-centered and structurally competent sexual and reproductive health care among transmasculine young adults of color.
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Vasic, B., M. Utepov, and V. Kubieva. "Good practices for family and school community: world and domestic experience." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Pedagogy series 100, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ped4/33-41.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and practical issues on effective strategies of double capacity building for family and school unification in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this regard, the world practices of effective strategies for uniting family and school were studied. Among foreign studies, it is necessary to distinguish such forms of education with a greater share of parental participation as homeschooling. In the United States (3 % of all school children, about 1.5 million people), Canada, and the United Kingdom. In Russia — from 70 to 100 thousand children. In Kazakhstan offer various forms from absolute «loosening» and «unschooling» («unschooling») to distance learning, including in online schools, and external exams, for example, via Skype. American Association Boston Basic: partners and advisors operate mainly on charitable donations from the public and the government. The primary role of the Association is to educate black par-ents in raising children from birth. The U.S. Department of Education and Science's Early Childhood Longi-tudinal Study Program (ECLS) includes four longitudinal studies that examine child development, school readiness, and early school experience. In domestic practice, the Private Fund «Just Support» (Almaty, Ka-zakhstan) should be highlighted. The Fund works with 30 educational organizations of Almaty city and 30 organizations of East Kazakhstan region. The Fund's mission is to contribute to the development of the Re-public of Kazakhstan's human capital.
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Fortuna, L. R., K. Álvarez, Z. Ramos Ortiz, Y. Wang, X. Mozo Alegría, B. L. Cook, and M. Alegría. "Mental health, migration stressors and suicidal ideation among Latino immigrants in Spain and the United States." European Psychiatry 36 (August 2016): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.03.001.
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AbstractBackgroundImmigration stress appears to augment the risk for suicide behaviors for Latinos. Yet, specific risk factors that contribute to suicidal ideation (SI) among diverse Latino immigrant populations are not well established.MethodsData were collected in Boston, Madrid and Barcelona using a screening battery assessing mental health, substance abuse risk, trauma exposure, demographics, and sociocultural factors. Prevalence rates of lifetime and 30-day SI were compared across sites. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and sociocultural-contextual factors associated with 30-day SI.ResultsFive hundred and sixty-seven Latino patients from primary care, behavioral health and HIV clinics and community agencies participated. Rates of lifetime SI ranged from 29–35%; rates for 30-day SI were 21–23%. Rates of SI were not statistically different between sites. Factors associated with SI included exposure to discrimination, lower ethnic identity, elevated family conflict, and low sense of belonging (P < 0.01). In the adjusted model, higher scores on depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma exposure were significantly associated with 30-day SI (OR = 1.14, 1.04, and 7.76, respectively). Greater number of years living in the host country was significantly associated with increased odds of having SI (OR = 2.22) while having citizenship status was associated with lower odds (OR = 0.45).ConclusionLatinos suffering depression, trauma exposure, and immigration stressors are more likely to experience SI. Despite differences in country of origin, education, and other demographic factors between countries, rates of SI did not differ. Recommendations for prevention and clinical practice for addressing suicidal ideation risk among Latino immigrants are discussed.
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Fernández, Paz, and Matías Ceacero. "Sustainable city and effects on it of natural hazard: Design by gamification." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(161).
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With this study we want to go deeper into the design and management of cities, as well as their sustainability. Similarly, we want to check the effects of different natural hazards in cities by carrying out simulations, using gamification. In order to do this, we start from the hypothesis that the material used, Cities: Skylines, could have potential both as a tool for territorial planning and in the Analysis and Management of Natural Hazards. To confirm this hypothesis, a series of variables will be handled, such as the sustainable city that we are going to build and the measures that will be established to prevent or minimize the impacts produced by natural damage. In this sense, in order for our city to achieve sustainability, these measures must be effective in comparison with another city that does not contemplate them, in which we assume that the losses will be greater in the face of the same catastrophe. To justify this study, we start from the evidence that the current human population settlements present an unsustainable model, to a greater or lesser extent. Due to this, numerous authors have studied the impacts produced by these settlements on the environment, as well as new models that mitigate, as far as possible, these impacts, thus paving the way for the current unsustainability. This is a current issue, which is demonstrated by the approval in 2015 of the Agenda 2030 on sustainable development by the United Nations Organization, which has 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Of these, we have focused on the eleventh because it is more relevant to our work, as it aims to make urban agglomerations inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. In the goals of this ODS we can see that one of its purposes is to make cities resilient and resistant to natural hazards. This can be justified by the approximately 90,000 deaths per year that they cause, in addition to direct losses of property and indirect losses of goods and services and some intangible losses. Bearing this in mind, the need for actions to prevent, minimize or repair these damages caused by natural hazards is more than notable, as is the importance of our study. Keywords: Urban sustainability, Natural hazards, Gamification.
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Keser, Zafer, Rajani Sebastian, Khader M. Hasan, and Argye E. Hillis. "Right Hemispheric Homologous Language Pathways Negatively Predicts Poststroke Naming Recovery." Stroke 51, no. 3 (March 2020): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028293.
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Background and Purpose— Stroke is the leading cause of disability in United States, and aphasia is a common sequela after a left hemisphere stroke. Functional imaging and brain stimulation studies show that right hemisphere structures are detrimental to aphasia recovery but evidence from diffusion tensor imaging is lacking. We investigated the role of homologous language pathways in naming recovery after left hemispheric stroke. Methods— Patients with aphasia after a left hemispheric stroke underwent naming assessment using the Boston Naming Test and diffusion tensor imaging at the acute and chronic time points. We analyzed diffusion tensor imaging of right arcuate fasciculus and frontal aslant tracts. We used Wilcoxon rank-sum test to evaluate structural lateralization patterns and partial Spearman correlation/multivariate generalized linear model to determine the role of right arcuate fasciculus and frontal aslant tracts in naming recovery after controlling for confounders. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons. Results— On average, the structural integrity of left language pathways deteriorated more than their right homologs, such that there was rightward lateralization in the chronic stage. Regression/correlation analyses showed that greater preservation of tract integrity of right arcuate fasciculus was associated with poorer naming recovery. Conclusions— Our study provides preliminary evidence that preservation of right homologs of language pathways is associated with poor recovery of naming after a left hemispheric stroke, consistent with previous evidence that maintaining greater reliance on left hemisphere structures is associated with better language recovery.
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Kaplan, Jonathan L., Warren C. Hammert, and James E. Zin. "Lawsuits against plastic surgeons: Does locale affect incidence of claims?" Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery 15, no. 3 (September 2007): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255030701500309.
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Background Physicians continue to practice in a very litigious environment. Some physicians try to mitigate their exposure to lawsuits by avoiding geographical locations known for their high incidence of medical malpractice claims. Not only are certain areas of the United States known to have a higher incidence of litigation, but it is also assumed that certain areas of the hospital incur a greater liability. There seems to be a medicolegal dogma suggesting a higher percentage of malpractice claims coming from patients seen in the emergency room (ER), as well as higher settlements for ER claims. Objective To determine if there is any validity to the dogma that a higher percentage of malpractice claims arise from the ER. Methods An analysis of common plastic surgery consults that result in malpractice claims was performed. The location where the basis for the lawsuit arose – the ER, office (clinic) or the operating room (OR) – was evaluated. The value of the indemnity paid and whether its value increased or decreased based on the location of the misadventure was evaluated. Results According to the data, which represented 60% of American physicians, there was a larger absolute number of malpractice claims arising from the OR, not the ER. However, the highest average indemnity was paid for cases involving amputations when the misadventure originated in the ER. Conclusions The dogma that a greater percentage of lawsuits come from incidents arising in the ER is not supported. However, depending on the patient's injury and diagnosis, a lawsuit from the ER can be more costly than one from the OR.
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BARBOSA, Vasco, Mónica Marcela SUÁREZ PRADILLA, and Juan Eduardo CHICA-MEJIA. ""The Growing Suburban Sprawl in Large Latin American Cities: Applying Space Syntax to the Case of Northern Peripheral Region of Bogotá "." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning SI, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jsspsi.05.cspter.
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"The expansion of urban land in Latin American cities has been extensive over the last 30 years. Urbanisation has grown considerably, and, according to the United Nations, it is expected that approximately 70% of the population will live in large cities by the year 2050. This process leads to more complex urban relations, more intense suburbanisation, larger settlements in the peripheral areas of cities and, subsequently, a significant reduction of urban green infrastructure. The aim of this paper is to assess whether the expansion areas defined in different planning instruments generate urban inclusion and are aligned with the already consolidated urban area. The case study areas are represented by the municipalities of Chía and Cajicá in the northern suburbs of Bogotá city, which have a strong integration with the central city. The methodology integrates data from municipal land use plans and the spatial syntax method to visualise the effect of expansion on urban morphology. The results obtained show that Chía presents an area of greater integration than Cajicá, specifically the centre of the municipality, in which there is a high level of functionality with respect to the new expansion areas defined in the Master Plan. This study concludes that the new expansion areas should be developed on the central axes, where the highest integration values are located, and at a greater distance from natural elements such as rivers. Finally, the methodological approach can be replicated to analyse other urban areas and support decision-making on urban functionality and expansion.
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Assaf, Shireen, and Christina Juan. "Stunting and Anemia in Children from Urban Poor Environments in 28 Low and Middle-income Countries: A Meta-analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 18, 2020): 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113539.
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Child malnutrition remains a global concern with implications not only for children’s health and cognitive function, but also for countries’ economic growth. Recent reports suggest that global nutrition targets will not be met by 2025. Large gaps are evident between and within countries. One of the largest disparities in child malnutrition within counties is between urban and rural children. Large disparities also exist in urban areas that have higher rates of child malnutrition in the urban poor areas or slums. This paper examines stunting and anemia related to an urban poverty measure in children under age 5 in 28 low and middle-income countries with Demographic and Health Survey data. We used the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) definition to define urban poor areas as a proxy for slums. The results show that in several countries, children had a higher risk of stunting and anemia in urban poor areas compared to children in urban non-poor areas. In some countries, this risk was similar to the risk between the rural and urban non-poor. Tests of heterogeneity showed that these results were not homogeneous across countries. These results help to identify areas of greater disadvantage and the required interventions for stunting and anemia.
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Walker, Margaret, Noelle K. LoConte, Kajua B. Lor, John M. Hampton, Andrea M. Schiefelbein, Kha Lor, Molinna Bui, and Roberto J. Vidri. "Survival of the Hmong population diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.152.
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152 Background: The Hmong people constitute an Asian-American subgroup, accounting for 0.1% of the United States (US) population. Originating from Laos and Vietnam, Hmong individuals fought as secret soldiers for the US during the Vietnam War and later immigrated to the US, with the largest settlements in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and California. The Hmong population has faced various health disparities in the domains of mental health, chronic disease, and cancer. This study seeks to investigate trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival in the US Hmong population. Methods: Cases of colon and rectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 2004-2017 were identified within the National Cancer Database. Summary statistics of demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and treatment variables were calculated. Multiple Cox proportional hazard models were constructed using sets of demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, and treatment variables to identify factors associated with overall survival (OS) within the Hmong population diagnosed with CRC. Results: One hundred and twenty (0.01%) Hmong individuals were identified within a total of 881,243 CRC cases. Their average age at diagnosis was 58.9 years, compared 68.7 years for Non-Hispanic White (NHW) individuals (p < 0.01). Over half of Hmong individuals (52.5%) were diagnosed with Stage III or VI disease (NHW, 42.5%, p < 0.03), and they more frequently resided in the lowest median income quartile (p < 0.01), the lowest high school degree achievement quartile (p < 0.01), and had higher rates of Medicaid coverage (p < 0.01) compared to NHWs. When adjusting only for age, sex, stage, and Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score, Hmong individuals had a greater hazard of death compared to their NHW counterparts (HR 1.43, p < 0.01). However, in a multivariable model accounting for all variables suspected to be associated with CRC outcomes, OS was similar between these groups (HR 1.01, p < 0.93). Conclusions: Hmong individuals diagnosed with CRC appear to have similar overall survival to Non-Hispanic Whites despite belonging to lower socioeconomic groups, being diagnosed at a younger age and with a higher proportion of Stage III/VI disease. This may point to a robust response to treatment and resilience within the Hmong community. Future efforts will focus on disseminating this information and developing community-based approaches for health screening and prevention.
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Seiglie, Jacqueline, Jesse Platt, Sara Jane Cromer, Bridget Bunda, Andrea Foulkes, Ingrid Bassett, John Hsu, et al. "55. Diabetes, Obesity and COVID-19 Disease: An Observational Study of Outcomes Among Hospitalized Patients in Boston, Massachusetts." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S158—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.365.
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Abstract Background In the United States, diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the most common chronic diseases, with approximately 34.2 million people affected. DM has also emerged as a commonly reported risk factor among people hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we sought to evaluate whether people with DM who are hospitalized with COVID-19 were more likely to experience poor early outcomes and whether this association remained after adjustment for obesity status. Methods We analyzed data from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) COVID-19 Data Registry. The sample included 450 people with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were hospitalized at MGH between March 11, 2020 and April 30, 2020. The primary outcomes were (1) admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and (2) need for mechanical ventilation or death, both within 14 days of presentation to care. Data were obtained by manual chart review and via an EMR-associated database. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between diabetes and these outcomes. All models were adjusted for age, sex, race, BMI category and key comorbidities. Results In this study, 178 (39.6%) of 450 participants had DM and 346 (76.9%) were overweight or obese. People with DM were on average older and had a higher BMI than those without DM. A higher percentage of patients with DM were admitted to the ICU (42.1% vs 29.8%, p=0.007) and required mechanical ventilation or died (46.6% vs 27.7%, p< 0.001), compared with patients without DM (Figure 1). In adjusted models, DM was associated with a greater odds of ICU admission (aOR: 1.58 [95% CI: 1.01–2.46]) and mechanical ventilation or death (2.15 [1.38–3.34). Obesity was associated with a greater odds of ICU admission (2.15 [1.20–3.86]) but not with mechanical ventilation or death (1.52 [0.87–2.67]). Table 1 provides the model results in full. Figure 1. ICU Admission and mechanical ventilation or death within 14-days by diabetes status among 450 people hospitalized with COVID-19 Conclusion Diabetes was associated with poor outcomes within 14-days of presentation to care for COVID-19. These findings remained after adjustment for obesity. Our findings can help guide risk mitigation efforts and patient-centered care decision making for people with DM and obesity, particularly in areas of the US that have a high prevalence of DM and obesity and are in early phases of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Disclosures Sara Jane Cromer, MD, Depuy-Synthes (a Johnson & Johnson company) (Employee) James Meigs, MD, Quest Diagnostics (Other Financial or Material Support, Academic Associate) Deborah Wexler, MD, Novo Nordisk (Other Financial or Material Support, Data Monitoring Committee)
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Csomós, György. "Mapping Spatial and Temporal Changes of Global Corporate Research and Development Activities by Conducting a Bibliometric Analysis." Quaestiones Geographicae 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/quageo-2017-0005.
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Abstract Corporate research and development (R&D) activities have long been highly concentrated in a handful of world cities. This is due to the fact that these cities (e.g., Tokyo, New York, London, and Paris) are home to the largest and most powerful transnational corporations and are globally important sites for innovative start-up firms that operate in the fastest growing industries. However, in tandem with the rapid technological changes of our age, corporate R&D activities have shifted towards newly emerging and now globally significant R&D centres, like San Jose, San Francisco, and Boston in the United States, and Beijing, Seoul, and Shenzhen in East Asia. In this paper, I will conduct a bibliometric analysis to define which cities are centres of corporate R&D activities, how different industries influence their performance, and what spatial tendencies characterise the period from 1980 to 2014. The bibliometric analysis is based upon an assumption that implies there is a close connection between the number of scientific articles published by a given firm and the volume of its R&D activity. Results show that firms headquartered in Tokyo, New York, London, and Paris published the largest combined number of scientific articles in the period from 1980 to 2014, but that the growth rate of the annual output of scientific articles was much greater in Boston, San Jose, Beijing, and Seoul, as well as some Taiwanese cities. Furthermore, it can also be seen that those cities that have the largest number of articles; i.e., that can be considered as the most significant sites of corporate R&D in which firms operate in fast-growing industries, are primarily in the pharmaceutical and information technology industries. For these reasons, some mid-sized cities that are home to globally significant pharmaceutical or information technology firms are also top corporate R&D hubs.
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Gordon, Eric, and Rogelio Alejandro Lopez. "The Practice of Civic Tech: Tensions in the Adoption and Use of New Technologies in Community Based Organizations." Media and Communication 7, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2180.
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This article reports on a qualitative study of community based organizations’ (CBOs) adoption of information communication technologies (ICT). As ICTs in the civic sector, otherwise known as civic tech, get adopted with greater regularity in large and small organizations, there is need to understand how these technologies shape and challenge the nature of civic work. Based on a nine-month ethnographic study of one organization in Boston and additional interviews with fourteen other organizations throughout the United States, the study addresses a guiding research question: how do CBOs reconcile the changing (increasingly mediated) nature of civic work as ICTs, and their effective adoption and use for civic purposes, increasingly represent forward-thinking, progress, and innovation in the civic sector?—of civic tech as a measure of “keeping up with the times.” From a sense of top-down pressures to innovate in a fast-moving civic sector, to changing bottom-up media practices among community constituents, our findings identify four tensions in the daily practice of civic tech, including: 1) function vs. representation, 2) amplification vs. transformation, 3) grassroots vs. grasstops, and 4) youth vs. adults. These four tensions, derived from a grounded theory approach, provide a conceptual picture of a civic tech landscape that is much more complicated than a suite of tools to help organizations become more efficient. The article concludes with recommendations for practitioners and researchers.
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Amick, Melissa M., Alexandra Clark, Catherine B. Fortier, Michael Esterman, Ann M. Rasmusson, Alexandra Kenna, William P. Milberg, and Regina McGlinchey. "PTSD Modifies Performance on a Task of Affective Executive Control among Deployed OEF/OIF Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 7 (July 3, 2013): 792–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000544.
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AbstractIndividuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show a cognitive bias for threatening information, reflecting dysregulated executive control for affective stimuli. This study examined whether comorbid mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) with PTSD exacerbates this bias. A computer-administered Affective Go/No-Go task measured reaction times (RTs) and errors of omission and commission to words with a non–combat-related positive or negative valence in 72 deployed United States service members from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Incidents of military-related mTBI were measured with the Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Participants were divided into those with (mTBI+, n = 34) and without a history of military-related mTBI (mTBI−, n = 38). Valence of the target stimuli differentially impacted errors of commission and decision bias (criterion) in the mTBI+ and mTBI− groups. Specifically, within the mTBI+ group, increasing severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with an increasingly liberal response pattern (defined as more commission errors to negative distractors and greater hit rate for positive stimuli) in the positive compared to the negative blocks. This association was not observed in the mTBI− group. This study underscores the importance of considering the impact of a military-related mTBI and PTSD severity upon affective executive control. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)
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Wang, Michelle J., Melissa Schapero, Ronald Iverson, and Christina D. Yarrington. "Obstetric Hemorrhage Risk Associated with Novel COVID-19 Diagnosis from a Single-Institution Cohort in the United States." American Journal of Perinatology 37, no. 14 (September 29, 2020): 1411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1718403.
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Objective The study aimed to compare the quantitative blood loss (QBL) and hemorrhage-related outcomes of pregnant women with and without a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. Study Design This retrospective cohort study of all live deliveries at Boston Medical Center between April 1, 2020 and July 22, 2020 compares the outcomes of pregnant women with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 positive diagnosis and pregnant women without COVID-19. The primary outcomes are QBL and obstetric hemorrhage. The secondary outcomes analyzed were a maternal composite outcome that consisted of obstetric hemorrhage, telemetry-level (intermediate care unit) or intensive care unit, transfusion, length of stay greater than 5 days, or intraamniotic infection, and individual components of the maternal composite outcome. Groups were compared using Student's t-test, Chi-squared tests, or Fisher's exact. Logistic regression was used to adjust for confounding variables. Results Of 813 women who delivered a live infant between April 1 and July 22, 2020, 53 women were diagnosed with COVID-19 on admission to the hospital. Women with a COVID-19 diagnosis at their time of delivery were significantly more likely to identify as a race other than white (p = 0.01), to deliver preterm (p = 0.05), to be diagnosed with preeclampsia with severe features (p < 0.01), and to require general anesthesia (p < 0.01). Women diagnosed with COVID-19 did not have a significantly higher QBL (p = 0.64). COVID-19 positive pregnant patients had no increased adjusted odds of obstetric hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–1.04) and no increased adjusted odds of the maternal morbidity composite (aOR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.50–1.93) when compared with those without a diagnosis of COVID-19. Conclusion Pregnant women with COVID-19 diagnosis do not have increased risk for obstetric hemorrhage, increased QBL or risk of maternal morbidity compared with pregnant women without a COVID-19 diagnosis. Further research is needed to describe the impact of a COVID-19 diagnosis on maternal hematologic physiology and pregnancy outcomes. Key Points
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Asfari, Ahmed, Joshua Wolovits, Avihu Z. Gazit, Qalab Abbas, Andrew J. Macfadyen, David S. Cooper, Craig Futterman, et al. "A Near Real-Time Risk Analytics Algorithm Predicts Elevated Lactate Levels in Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Patients." Critical Care Explorations 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): e1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000001013.
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BACKGROUND: Postoperative pediatric congenital heart patients are predisposed to develop low-cardiac output syndrome. Serum lactate (lactic acid [LA]) is a well-defined marker of inadequate systemic oxygen delivery. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that a near real-time risk index calculated by a noninvasive predictive analytics algorithm predicts elevated LA in pediatric patients admitted to a cardiac ICU (CICU). DERIVATION COHORT: Ten tertiary CICUs in the United States and Pakistan. VALIDATION COHORT: Retrospective observational study performed to validate a hyperlactatemia (HLA) index using T3 platform data (Etiometry, Boston, MA) from pediatric patients less than or equal to 12 years of age admitted to CICU (n = 3,496) from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020. Patients lacking required data for module or LA measurements were excluded. PREDICTION MODEL: Physiologic algorithm used to calculate an HLA index that incorporates physiologic data from patients in a CICU. The algorithm uses Bayes’ theorem to interpret newly acquired data in a near real-time manner given its own previous assessment of the physiologic state of the patient. RESULTS: A total of 58,168 LA measurements were obtained from 3,496 patients included in a validation dataset. HLA was defined as LA level greater than 4 mmol/L. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis and a complete dataset, the HLA index predicted HLA with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve 0.95). As the index value increased, the likelihood of having higher LA increased (p < 0.01). In the validation dataset, the relative risk of having LA greater than 4 mmol/L when the HLA index is less than 1 is 0.07 (95% CI: 0.06-0.08), and the relative risk of having LA less than 4 mmol/L when the HLA index greater than 99 is 0.13 (95% CI, 0.12–0.14). CONCLUSIONS: These results validate the capacity of the HLA index. This novel index can provide a noninvasive prediction of elevated LA. The HLA index showed strong positive association with elevated LA levels, potentially providing bedside clinicians with an early, noninvasive warning of impaired cardiac output and oxygen delivery. Prospective studies are required to analyze the effect of this index on clinical decision-making and outcomes in pediatric population.
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Folta, Sara C., Oyedolapo Anyanwu, Jennifer Pustz, Jennifer Oslund, Laura Paige Penkert, and Norbert Wilson. "Food Choice With Economic Scarcity and Time Abundance: A Qualitative Study." Health Education & Behavior 49, no. 1 (October 12, 2021): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10901981211045926.
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Consumers with low income in the United States have higher vulnerability to unhealthy diets compared with the general population. Although some literature speculates that scarcity is an explanation for this disparity, empirical evidence is lacking. We conducted a qualitative study of food choice to explore whether scarcity-related phenomena, such as tunneling and bandwidth tax, may contribute to unhealthy dietary choices. We used participant-driven photo elicitation ( n = 18) to investigate the food choice behaviors of individuals living in the greater Boston area who met the federal guidelines for poverty. Participants took photos at the point of food acquisition for 1 month, after which we interviewed them using a semistructured interview guide with the photos as prompts. Thematic coding was used for analysis. Respondents had relative time abundance. Two major themes emerged: participants used a set of strategies to stretch their budgets, and they highly prioritized cost and preference when making food choices. The extreme focus on obtaining food at low cost, which required time and effort, was suggestive of tunneling. We found no evidence of the bandwidth tax. Our findings raise the hypothesis of scarcity as a continuum: when individuals experience multiple resource constraints, they experience scarcity; whereas people with very limited finances and relative time abundance may instead be in a prescarcity condition, with a hyperfocus on a scarce resource that could lead to tunneling as constraints increase. Additional studies are needed to understand whether and how tunneling and bandwidth tax emerge, independently or together, as people face different levels and types of scarcity.
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VoPham, Trang, Mimi Ton, and Matthew D. Weaver. "Spatiotemporal light exposure modeling for environmental circadian misalignment and solar jetlag." Environmental Epidemiology 8, no. 2 (March 7, 2024): e301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ee9.0000000000000301.
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Background: Light exposure is the most powerful resetting signal for circadian rhythms. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a high-resolution geospatial light exposure model that measures environmental circadian misalignment (or solar jetlag) as the mismatch between the social clock and sun clock, which occurs from geographic variation in light exposure leading to delayed circadian phase from relatively less morning light exposure and greater evening light exposure with increasing westward position within a time zone. Methods: The light exposure model (30 m2 spatial resolution) incorporated geospatial data across the United States on time zones, elevation (using Google Earth Engine), sunrise time, and sunset time to estimate solar jetlag scores (higher values indicate higher environmental circadian misalignment). The validation study compared the light exposure model in 2022, which was linked with geocoded residential addresses of n = 20 participants in Boston, MA (eastern time zone position) and Seattle, WA (western time zone position) using a geographic information system, with illuminance values captured from wearable LYS light sensors and with sun times from the Solar Calculator. Results: Western versus eastern positions within a time zone were associated with higher solar jetlag scores from the light exposure model (P < 0.01) and relatively larger differences in sunset time measured using light sensors (social clock) and the Solar Calculator (sun clock) (P = 0.04). Conclusion: We developed and validated a geospatial light exposure model, enabling high spatiotemporal resolution and comprehensive characterization of geographic variation in light exposure potentially impacting circadian phase in epidemiologic studies.
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Landis, J., R. Cervero, and P. Hall. "Transit Joint Development in the USA: An Inventory and Policy Assessment." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 9, no. 4 (December 1991): 431–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c090431.
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The joint development of urban mass transit facilities and private real estate projects has become a popular practice throughout the United States. As of October 1990, 114 transit joint-development projects had been constructed in more than two dozen US cities, although the vast majority of projects have been concentrated in just five cities: New York City, Washington, DC, Philadelphia, Atlanta, and Boston. Of completed joint-development projects 58% have occurred at or near heavy-rail transit stations; another 18% of projects have been developed around commuter rail facilities. Transit joint-development activity can be classified into two basic forms: (1) revenue-sharing arrangements, and (2) cost-sharing arrangements. Of the joint-development projects completed to date, 40% have involved cost-sharing, and 25% have involved revenue-sharing. The remaining projects have involved both types. Joint-development projects have yet to generate very much income to local transit operators, either through capital contributions or through yearly lease payments. Except in New York City, capital contributions from joint development have generally amounted to less than 1% of yearly capital expenditures. This study reveals that there are four conditions necessary for successful joint-development projects. First, the local real estate market must be active and healthy. Second, the agency with the lead responsibility for pursuing joint development must have an entrepreneurial bent. Third, coordination is essential when joint-development projects involve more than one public agency. Fourth, sponsoring agencies need to understand that there are benefits to joint development that go beyond generating revenues. To date, in fact, the direct revenue benefits of joint development have been quite small. The best joint-development projects are those that encourage greater transit usage, create more interesting station environments, and reinforce other planning and development goals.
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Amosse, Felizarda, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Helena Boene, Sumedha Sharma, Zefanias Nhamirre, Corssino Tchavana, Laura A. Magee, et al. "The development and implementation of a community engagement strategy to improve maternal health in southern Mozambique." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): e0001106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001106.
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Delays to seek medical help can contribute to maternal deaths particularly in community settings at home or on the road to a health facility. Community engagement (CE) can improve care-seeking behaviours and complements community-based interventions strengthening maternal health. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process undertaken to develop and implement a large-scale community engagement strategy in rural southern Mozambique. The CE strategy was developed within the context of the “Community-Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia” (NCT01911494) conducted between 2015–2017 in southern Mozambique. Key CE messages included pregnancy complications and their warning signs, including pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, as well as emergency readiness, birth preparedness, decision-making mechanisms, transport options and information about the trial. CE meeting logs were used to record quantitative and qualitative information on demographic data and feedback. Quantitative data was analyzed using RStudio (RStudio Inc, Boston, United States) and community feedback was qualitatively analyzed on NVivo12 (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia). CE activities reached 19,169 participants during 4,239 meetings. CE activities were reported to be well received by community members though there was a relatively lower participation of men (3565 /18.6%). The use of recognized local leaders and personnel, such as community leaders, nurses and community health workers, allowed for greater acceptance of CE activities and maximized coverage of health messages in the community setting. Our CE strategy was effective in integrating maternal health promoting activities in routine care of community health workers and nurses in the area. Understanding district differences, engaging husbands, partners, mothers-in-law and community-level decision-makers to build local support for maternal health and flexibility to tailor messages to local needs were important in developing sustainable forms of CE. Better strategies are needed to effectively engage men in maternal health promotion who were less available due to working outside of the home or neighbourhoods
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Nguyen, Mai. "Rethink International Volunteering and the Making of a Peaceful World." Voluntaris 11, no. 2 (2023): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2196-3886-2023-2-340.
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ADL (2020): The Purpose and Power of Protest. https://www.adl.org/resources/tools-and- strategies/purpose-and-power-protest (2.8.2023). Amnesty International (2022): Protect the Protest! Why we must save our right to protest. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ACT30/5856/2022/en/ (2.8.2023). de Brabandere, Luc (2005): The Forgotten Half of Change: Achieving Greater Creativity Through Changes in Perception. Chicago. Eyben, Rosalind (2014): International Aid and the Making of a Better World: Reflexive Prac- tice. Oxfordshire. Gerzon, Mark (2010): American Citizen, Global Citizen. Boulder, Colorado. ICJA; ICJA Freiwilligenaustausch weltweit (2022): Weltwärts – resilient and sustainable? Unpublished documentation on Weltwärts Partner Conference. Pritchard, Tom (2023): Google Maps vs. Apple Maps: Which navigation app is best? https:// www.tomsguide.com/news/google-maps-vs-apple-maps (2.8.2023). Maloy, Robert; Trust, Torrey (2020): Building Democracy for All. EdTech Books. https:// edtechbooks.org/democracy (2.8.2023). Mandela, Nelson (2003): Long Walk to Freedom. Abridged Edition. Boston, Massachusetts. SIPRI – Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2023): World military expen-diture reaches new record high as European spending surges. https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2023/world-military-expenditure-reaches-new-record-high-europe- an-spending-surges (2.8.2023). The World Bank (2022): Press Release: World Bank Group Delivers Record $31.7 Billion in Climate Finance in Fiscal Year 2022. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/09/07/world-bank-group-delivers-record-31-7-billion-in-climate-finance-in- fiscal-year-2022 (2.8.2023). Thich, Nhat Hanh (1995): Peace is Every Step. London. UN-United Nations, Meetings Coverage and Press Releases (2022): Seventy-sixth session, 18th meeting (pm) – Assessed Contributions, More Support for Peacebuilding Fund Key to Meet Growing Field Needs, Speakers Say, as Fifth Committee Reviews 2022/23 Propo- sed Peacekeeping Budget. https://press.un.org/en/2022/gaab4386.doc.htm (2.8.2023).
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Ma, Wu, Grant M. Domke, Christopher W. Woodall, and Anthony W. D’Amato. "Land Use Changes, Disturbances, and Their Interactions on Future Forest Aboveground Biomass Dynamics in the Northern US." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070606.
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Land use change (LUC), disturbances, and their interactions play an important role in regional forest carbon (C) dynamics. Here we quantified how these activities and events may influence future aboveground biomass (AGB) dynamics in forests using national forest inventory (NFI) and Landsat time series data in the Northern United States (US). Total forest AGB predictions were based on simulations of diameter growth, mortality, and recruitment using matrix growth models under varying levels of LUC and disturbance severity (low (L), medium (M), and high (H)) every five years from 2018 to 2098. Land use change included the integrated effects of deforestation and reforestation/afforestation (forest [F]→agriculture [A], settlements [S, urbanization/other], and A&S→F), specifically, conversion from F→A, F→S, F→A&S, A→F, S→F, and A&S→F. Disturbances included natural and anthropogenic disturbances such as wildfire, weather, insects and disease, and forest harvesting. Results revealed that, when simultaneously considering both medium LUC and disturbances, total forest AGB predictions of LUC + fire, LUC + weather, LUC + insect & disease, and LUC + harvest indicated substantial increases in regional C stocks (± standard deviation) from 1.88 (±0.13) to 3.29 (±0.28), 3.10 (±0.24), 2.91 (±0.19), and 2.68 (±0.17) Pg C, respectively, from 2018 to 2098. An uncertainty analysis with fuzzy sets suggested that medium LUC under disturbances would lead to greater forest AGB C uptake than undisturbed forest C uptake with high certainty, except for LUC + harvest. The matrix models in this study were parameterized using NFI and Landsat data from the past few decades. Thus, our results imply that if recent trends persist, LUC will remain an important driver of forest C uptake, while disturbances may result in C emissions rather than undisturbed forest C uptake by 2098. The combined effects of LUC and disturbances may serve as an important driver of C uptake and emissions in the Northern US well into the 21st century.
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ARORA, PRADEEP, GREGORIO T. OBRADOR, ROBIN RUTHAZER, ANNAMARIA T. KAUSZ, KLEMENS B. MEYER, CONSTANCE S. JENULESON, and BRIAN J. G. PEREIRA. "Prevalence, Predictors, and Consequences of Late Nephrology Referral at a Tertiary Care Center." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 10, no. 6 (June 1999): 1281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v1061281.
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Abstract. Despite improvements in dialysis care, mortality of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) remains high. One factor that has thus far received little attention, but might contribute to morbidity and mortality, is the timing of referral to the nephrologist. This study examines the hypothesis that late referral of patients to the nephrologist might lead to suboptimal pre-ESRD care. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the patient records and electronic databases of New England Medical Center, its affiliated dialysis unit (Dialysis Clinics, Inc., Boston), and the office records of the outpatient nephrology clinic. Early (ER) and late (LR) referral were defined by the time of first nephrology encounter greater than or less than 4 mo, respectively, before initiation of dialysis. Multivariate models were built to explore factors associated with LR, and whether LR is associated with hypoalbuminemia or late initiation of dialysis. Of the 135 patients, 30 (22%) were referred late. There were no differences in age, gender, race, and cause of ESRD between ER and LR patients. However, there were significant differences in insurance coverage between these two groups. In the multivariate analysis, patients covered by health maintenance organizations were more likely to be referred late (odds ratio = 4.5) than patients covered by Medicare. Compared to ER, LR patients were more likely to have hypoalbuminemia (56% versus 80%), hematocrit <28% (33% versus 55%), and predicted GFR <5 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (17% versus 40%) at the start of dialysis, and less likely to have received erythropoietin (40% versus 17%) or have a functioning permanent vascular access for the first hemodialysis (40% versus 4%). It is concluded that late referral to the nephrologist is common in the United States and is associated with poor pre-ESRD care. Pre-ESRD care of patients treated by nephrologists was also less than ideal. The patient-, physician-, and system-related factors behind this observation are unclear. Meanwhile, pre-ESRD educational efforts need to target patients, generalists, and nephrologists.
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Johnson, Melissa, Lilian Siu, David Hong, Patrick Schoffski, Vladimir Galvao, Fatima Rangwala, Robert Hernandez, et al. "494 Phase 1 dose escalation and dose expansion study of an agonist redirected checkpoint (ARC) fusion protein, SL-279252 (PD1-Fc-OX40L), in subjects with advanced solid tumors or lymphomas." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 9, Suppl 2 (November 2021): A526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.494.
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BackgroundPD1-Fc-OX40L, is a hexameric, bi-functional fusion protein with an extracellular domain (ECD) of PD-1 (70 pM affinity to PD-L1) linked to the ECD of OX40L (324 pM affinity to OX40) through an Fc linker. The therapeutic activity of mPD1-Fc-OX40L in murine tumors was superior to PD1 blocking, OX40 agonist or combination antibody therapy.1MethodsThe first-in-human, Phase 1 dose escalation study is evaluating SL-279252 as monotherapy in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors or lymphomas. Objectives include evaluation of safety, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, pharmacodynamic (PD) effects, and anti-tumor activity per iRECIST.ResultsAs of 11 June 2021, 43 pts were enrolled and dosed intravenously with SL-279252 (median age 64 years; 56% male; median [range] of 3 [0–5] prior systemic therapies for metastatic disease): 30 pts were treated on schedule 1 (day 1, 8, 15, 29, then every 2 weeks ) from dose level 0.0001–6 mg/kg, and 13 pts treated on schedule 2 (weekly) from dose level 0.3–3 mg/kg. 58% of pts were PD-1/L1 inhibitor experienced, and most tumors lacked PD-L1 expression. Common (>15%) treatment emergent adverse events (AEs) of any grade (G) were constipation in 11 (26%) pts, back pain 8 (19%) pts, anemia 7 (16%) pts and decreased appetite 7 (16%) pts. Infusion-related reactions (G1/2) were noted in 3 (7%) pts. G3 treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) were neutropenia (2%) and hypercalcemia (2%); no G4/5 TRAEs or DLTs occurred. SL-279252 Cmax and AUC increased linearly up to 3mg/kg, and greater than proportional increase in AUC was observed at 6 mg/kg. The preliminary T½ was ~23 hours. Dose-dependent receptor occupancy on CD4+OX40+ T cells persisted for >7 days and these cells rapidly marginated from the peripheral blood post infusion. Increases in the number of proliferating central and/or effector memory T cells were seen in some pts at doses of ≥1mg/kg. Analysis of paired tumor biopsies is ongoing. Best response was 1 durable confirmed iPR (ocular melanoma, 4 prior systemic regimens) in a pt who remained on treatment for >1 yr, and iSD in 12 pts (1 unconfirmed iPR). iSD for > 24 wks occurred in 6/12 pts.ConclusionsSL-279252 is well-tolerated in pts with refractory solid tumors with no maximum tolerated dose (MTD) reached. OX40-dependent PD effects and durable anti-tumor activity was observed. Trends for PK/PD effects at ≥1 mg/kg suggests dose exploration in PD-L1 expressing cancers is warranted beyond 6 mg/kg.AcknowledgementsThanks are extended to study participants; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Boston, MA, United States; Cathrine Leonowens, PhD, Nuventra Pharma Sciences, Durham, NC, United States and Cadence Communications and Research, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States. This study is funded by Shattuck Labs, Inc. Austin, TX and Durham, NC, United States.Trial RegistrationNCT03894618ReferencesFromm G, de Silva S, Johannes K, Patel A, Hornblower JC, Schreiber TH. Agonist redirected checkpoint, PD1-Fc-OX40L, for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2018;6: 1–16.Ethics ApprovalThis study is being conducted in full conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by all IRBs/ethics committees from each clinical site participating in the study. Specific approval numbers can be provided upon request.
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Selyukov, Maksim V., Natalia P. Shalygina, and Anna M. Kulik. "Factors of the Russian-Chinese economic relations development in the Eurasian integration field." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-1-23-29.
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Introduction. We can confidently say already that in the current conditions of global economic development, China is the most important and priority partner in the development of our country’s foreign economic activity. Theoretical analysis. The development of a strategic approach to bilateral economic cooperation with China is the most relevant in the modern system of coordinates of Russia’s foreign economic activity. Nowadays China is really the most important and priority partner in the issues related to the development of our country’s foreign economic activity. There have been different stages in the history of relations between Russia and China, but their current state gives hope for even greater mutually beneficial effect in the strategic perspective. The need to study the formation, transformation and development of Russian-Chinese relations in the context of foreign economic relations and projects is due to the growing influence of China in Russia over the past four years, the cooling of relations between Russia and the West after the events of 2014 and the Russian “turn to the East”. Empirical analysis. Speaking about the effectiveness of foreign trade relations between Russia and China in 2019, it should be noted that Russia’s trade turnover with China in 2019 increased by 3.4% to $110.76 billion, including Russia’s exports to China increased by 3.2% to $61.05 billion, imports from China to Russia increased by 3.6% to $49.7 billion. In comparison, the trade turnover between China and the United States fell by 14.6% to $541.22 billion againist the background of a trade war between these countries. It amounted to USD 541.22 billion, with USD 418 billion coming from China to America. Results. The prerequisites and factors for further development of relations and deepening of trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China have recently been growing. In addition to classical factors: geographical, territorial and, consequently, common border, which allows the development of new forms of cooperation and business (cross-border trade, cross-border economic zones and clusters, interbank settlements in national currencies in border areas, etc.). Political factors are increasing, as well as the impact of modern world economic trends on deepening bilateral economic relations between the countries. However, it is important to remember that in today’s realities Russia needs China more than China needs Russia.
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Liu, Xue, Alex de Sherbinin, and Yanni Zhan. "Mapping Urban Extent at Large Spatial Scales Using Machine Learning Methods with VIIRS Nighttime Light and MODIS Daytime NDVI Data." Remote Sensing 11, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11101247.
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Urbanization poses significant challenges on sustainable development, disaster resilience, climate change mitigation, and environmental and resource management. Accurate urban extent datasets at large spatial scales are essential for researchers and policymakers to better understand urbanization dynamics and its socioeconomic drivers and impacts. While high-resolution urban extent data products - including the Global Human Settlements Layer (GHSL), the Global Man-Made Impervious Surface (GMIS), the Global Human Built-Up and Settlement Extent (HBASE), and the Global Urban Footprint (GUF) - have recently become available, intermediate-resolution urban extent data products including the 1 km SEDAC’s Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), MODIS 1km, and MODIS 500 m still have many users and have been demonstrated in a recent study to be more appropriate in urbanization process analysis (around 500 m resolution) than those at higher resolutions (30 m). The objective of this study is to improve large-scale urban extent mapping at an intermediate resolution (500 m) using machine learning methods through combining the complementary nighttime Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and daytime Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, taking the conterminous United States (CONUS) as the study area. The effectiveness of commonly-used machine learning methods, including random forest (RF), gradient boosting machine (GBM), neural network (NN), and their ensemble (ESB), has been explored. Our results show that these machine learning methods can achieve similar high accuracies across all accuracy metrics (>95% overall accuracy, >98% producer’s accuracy, and >92% user’s accuracy) with Kappa coefficients greater than 0.90, which have not been achieved in the existing data products or by previous studies; the ESB is not able to produce significantly better accuracies than individual machine learning methods; the total misclassifications generated by GBM are more than those generated by RF, NN, and ESB by 14%, 16%, and 11%, respectively, with NN having the least total misclassifications. This indicates that using these machine learning methods, especially NN and RF, with the combination of VIIRS nighttime light and MODIS daytime normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, high accuracy intermediate-resolution urban extent data products at large spatial scales can be achieved. The methodology has the potential to be applied to annual continental-to-global scale urban extent mapping at intermediate resolutions.
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Katims, Phoebe A., Robert M. Bilder, and Kristen D. Enriquez. "1 Race, Ethnicity, Education, Sex and Gender Effects on Neuropsychological Test Scores: Limitations of Current Evidence and Impact on Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723007646.
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Objective:Interpretation of neuropsychological (NP) tests depends on the quality of the normative standards available for the tests. Co-norming across tests is necessary when interpreting differences between scores on different tests. The relevance of specific norms for an individual examinee further depends on multiple design features of the standardization studies, including: when the studies were conducted, sampling strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, age, sex/gender, education, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and region. This paper examines the standardization studies of the most widely used NP tests, identifies their strengths and weaknesses, and makes recommendations for interpretive caveats based on these analyses.Participants and Methods:We reviewed the standardization strategies and coded information about the sampling frames, inclusion/exclusion criteria, stratification methods, demographic characteristics, and sample sizes overall and within each stratum where relevant. These methods were applied to the WAIS-IV, WMS-IV, CVLT3, D-KEFS, Pearson Advanced Clinical Solutions (ACS), Rey Complex Figure Test, WCST, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, RBANS, BVMT-R, HVLT, Halstead-Reitan (“Heaton et al”) Norms for Boston Naming, Finger Tapping, Grooved Pegboard), MOANS, and MOAANS (Boston Naming, Trail Making Test, Judgement of Line Orientation). We calculated multiple indexes for each test, including standard errors and confidence intervals for scaled scores.Results:Most tests used age only as a stratification factor, providing “age corrected” scores for selected age bands. The sample sizes for the age strata range from 1 to ∼200 but were usually less than 100 participants/stratum. Sex differences were rarely reported and some studies had markedly uneven distributions of sex. Education was not used as a stratification factor in any study, and few norms attempted corrections for education. The possible interactions of age and education on test scores are seldom reported and cell sizes for combinations of age and education may be too small to enable robust estimates of scores, especially at lower levels of education and older ages. The possible impact of race and ethnicity are rarely interrogated except in ACS, Heaton and MOAANS norms, which all focus on “African American” participants. Discrepancies in scores across ACS, Heaton and MOAANS suggest marked sampling differences.Conclusions:Existing norms have major limitations which may impact the clinical assessment of individuals and result in inappropriate treatment recommendations as well as lead to inappropriate classification in clinical trials, which may include score “cutoffs” based on widely used normative standards. Most norms use only age as a stratification factor, despite robust impacts of education on scores. Race and ethnicity are poorly represented, fail to reflect current demographic characteristics of the United States, and existing norms present major conflicts for African American groups, with the same raw scores differing by a full standard deviation depending only on the source of normative data. Sex differences are examined infrequently and it remains unclear to what extent sex or gender differences may affect some scores. There is an urgent need for new, preferably “dynamic” normative standards, that include sampling by socially and demographically meaningful metrics, to provide greater precision in assessment of neuropsychological scores and score discrepancies, and for evaluating the inclusion/exclusion criteria, and criteria for efficacy in clinical trials that use neurocognitive endpoints.
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Zahner, William, Suzanne Chapin, Rich Levine, Lingjun A. He, and Robert Afonso. "Examining the Recruitment, Placement, and Career Trajectories of Secondary Mathematics Teachers Prepared for High-Need Schools." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 121, no. 2 (February 2019): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811912100201.
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Background School leaders are challenged by the relatively limited supply and high turnover of qualified secondary school mathematics teachers. In response, policy makers and teacher educators have developed various pathways and incentives to recruit, train, place, and support highly qualified mathematics teachers to work in hard-to-staff schools. Focus of Study In this study, we investigate the recruitment, placement, and early career trajectories of 158 Grades 6–12 mathematics teachers from two preparation programs focused on staffing “high-need” schools in the same region. Setting The contrasting programs were both supported by the same university in the Northeast United States. Participants & Programs The participants were 158 secondary school (Grades 6–12) mathematics teachers. Of these, 48 were recruited and prepared through a teacher education program with financial support from the National Science Foundation-funded Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program. The other 110 school mathematics teachers were recruited and trained through the Greater Boston office of Teach For America. Both programs required two years of service in high-need schools. Research Design In this study, we used a comparative design. Descriptive profiles of teachers from each program were created. Then, participants’ early career trajectories were compared using logistic regression and survival analysis. Data Collection and Analysis We administered a longitudinal survey and created a database combining survey data and each program's administrative data. Conclusions Our data illustrate that the Noyce scholarship-supported pathway was generally successful in recruiting individuals with STEM majors, training them to be mathematics teachers, and placing those individuals as secondary school mathematics teachers in high-need schools. The comparison of the scholarship-pathway teachers with the secondary school mathematics teachers in the alternative-certification pathway provides a useful contrast. On the one hand, the alternatively certified secondary school mathematics teachers were less likely than the scholarship-pathway teachers to have STEM majors, and the attrition rate for the alternatively prepared teachers was higher than the attrition rate for the scholarship-supported teachers, particularly after they had completed the two-year service requirement. On the other hand, the alternative-certification program recruited a more diverse pool of potential teachers and placed these teachers in schools serving a higher proportion of low-SES students.