Дисертації з теми "United Nations sanctions"
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Husein, Yasmin. "International sanctions, gender and the state : the impact of the United Nations sanctions on Iraqi women." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422901.
Повний текст джерелаTeglund, Carl-Mikael. "Economic sanctions as warfare : A study about the economic sanctions on Iraq 1990-2003." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7630.
Повний текст джерелаI have conducted a survey of the economic sanctions on Iraq 1990-2003 and focused on how the sanctions were implemented and how economic sanctions work in practice. In particular, I have researched the objectives the United Nations had for implementing economic punishment on Iraq, how they came into use and the outcome of it in brief.
As for the million-dollar question: Were the economic sanctions on Iraq efficient and did they “work”? My opinion stands clear that economic sanctions can work in the future. The sanction policy faced major problems in Iraq, but it also disarmed the Iraqi dictator and gave more autonomous power for the Kurds in the north. They did not “work” as the world community had expected, but no one knows what the outcome would have been if the United Nations had not reacted with such determination as they did in this matter. It is easy to be wise after the event, and it is my personal wish that economic sanctions can be used in the future, as an alternative to open war, but with a lower cost in terms of civilian lives.
Murphy, Rosemary Alice. "The development of economic sanctions in the practice of the United Nations Security Council." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12869/.
Повний текст джерелаLake, Daniel Roger. "Between a rock and a hard place : the political economy of complying with coercion /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3130208.
Повний текст джерелаYoungson, Patricia Anne. "From brinkmanship to coercive containment - developments in post cold war crisis management." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU123139.
Повний текст джерелаTegenfeldt, Hugo. "On the Effectiveness of Non-Proliferative Sanctions : Why have UN sanctions against North Korea failed?" Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7232.
Повний текст джерелаMopp, Adrian Carl. "National liberation movement in the international political arena: a case study of the African National Congress at the United Nations (1960 to February 1990)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003018.
Повний текст джерелаHochstedler, Robert. "United States counter-narcotics policies towards Burma, and how the illegal myanmar regime is manipulating those policies to commit ethnic genocide." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FHochstedler%5FNSA.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThesis Advisor(s): Aurel Croissant. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p.123-129) Also available in print.
Jungk, Margaret A. "UN-sanctioned military intervention in intra-state humanitarian crises." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340467.
Повний текст джерелаHunsaker, Christine. "A study of South Africa's National Party perceptions of United States foreign policy in the 1980's with particular reference to sanctions." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17312.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation seeks to represent, as clearly as it is possible, South Africa's National Party perceptions on United States foreign policy in the 1980s. The primary area of focus is the policy switch from constructive engagement to punitive sanctions in the mid-1980s and the circumstances to which they have given rise. The following is a brief summary and the contents of the dissertation. The dissertation will give a complete and formal statement in chapter two on U.S. foreign policy toward South Africa since approximately World War Two. The dissertation will provide a clear definition and understanding of economic sanctions in chapter three and touch on the current on-going sanctions debate in South Africa. The core of the dissertation is displayed in chapter four which is a presentation the of field data collected from personal interviews with a third of the National Party caucus. This displays the National Party's perceptions on U.S. foreign policy. Following, chapter five presents alternative views to those held by the NP on the same issues discussed in chapter four. The final chapter makes an attempt at some conclusions based on the data presented in the dissertation. This study is important because it maintains that the data and questions presented in this dissertation offer interview material that has been little studied in the past, thus the findings have the virtue of freshness and uniqueness.
Tzanos, John, and Evelina Johansson. "Förebyggande interventioner : En normativ och begreppsutredande analys." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-389.
Повний текст джерелаDenna uppsats syftar till att undersöka de normativa utrymmen som det finns i dagens internationella samhälle för förebyggande interventioner. Interventioner definieras som ett medel i en större politisk strategi som sker inom en suverän stats gränser mot dess officiella vilja. Vidare skiljer sig förebyggande interventioner från icke-förebyggande genom dess preventiva karaktär. Utifrån en begreppsanalys studeras olika interventionsformer och argument för interventionspolitikens legitimerande. I den följande normativa analysen diskuteras och ställs olika argument om interventioners legitimerande emot varandra, och det normativa utrymmet för interventioner undersöks. Interventioner, förebyggande interventioner och legitimerandet av desamma är kopplat till begrepp som suveränitet och auktoritet men också till internationella lagar och universella normer samt motiven bakom interventionerna.
Ett av de stora dilemman som uppstår kring förebyggande interventioner är valet mellan att bryta mot de internationella politiska normerna och skadan av ett passivt förhållningssätt mot mänskligt lidande. I dagens internationella samhälle skulle det kunna finnas ett normativt utrymme för förebyggande interventioner under förutsättning att motiven bakom interventionen värderas högre än argumenten mot den förebyggande interventionen. Avsaknaden av en tydlig suverän auktoritet, allmänt giltiga och accepterade motiv och ett legalt utrymme gör att det är svårt att finna en normativ yta för förebyggande interventioner i det internationella samhället. Trots en ökad positiv retorik från FN rörande förebyggande interventioner, samt att interventioner blivit alltmer accepterade, vilket inte var fallet bara femtio år tillbaka, saknar förebyggande interventioner fortfarande en allmängiltig legitimitet och acceptans.
The objective of this thesis is to study the normative space and scope for pre-emptive interventions in the international society of today. Interventions are defined as part of a broader political strategy aimed at changing the actual course of actions within a specific sovereign country against that country’s official will. Further, are pre-emptive interventions distinguished from non-pre-emptive interventions by the latter’s reactive character. Through a concept analysis are different types of intervention and the arguments for the legitimacy of different intervention policies studied. In the following normative analysis different arguments for the legitimacy of interventions are positioned against each other, and thereby the space and scope for pre-emptive interventions is examined. Interventions, pre-emptive interventions and the legitimacy thereof, are connected to concepts of sovereignty and authority, as well as international law, universal norms and the motives behind the interventions.
One of the main dilemmas considering pre-emptive interventions is the choice between breaking international political norms, and the damage of doing nothing and passively watching ongoing human suffering. Today’s international society would have a space and scope for pre-emptive interventions provided that the motives behind the intervention are considered more valid than the arguments against the same policy. The lack of an obvious international authority, general valid and acceptable motives, and a legal space for pre-emptive interventions, make it difficult to find legitimate grounds and a normative space and scope for them. In spite of an increasingly positive rhetoric by the UN on pre-emptive interventions, among other examples, pre-emptive interventions remain a general notion of legitimacy and acceptance.
LIU, WEI-CHE, and 劉瑋哲. "On the Interaction between International Law and Global Governance from the Mechanism and Practices of Economic Sanctions by the United Nations and European Union." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6886gd.
Повний текст джерела東吳大學
法律學系
106
Economic sanction has been a hot topic that draws international spotlights. From the new round of sanctions against North Korea, the removal of sanction against Iran by the United Nations in 2016, to the sanction against Russia by the United States and European countries for its annexation of Crimea, the issue of economic sanction has received a great deal of international attention. Economic sanctions can be in the form of “collective sanction” which is initiated by the United Nations and is UN Security Council’s legitimate and peaceful measure to maintain international peace. They can also be “unilateral sanction” which are a measure initiated by the European Union on its own and bypasses the system of the United Nations. However, the legitimacy and legality of such sanctions are often controversial. In contrast to military actions, sanctions are flexible and cost-effective and are often considered as a major diplomatic mean to force the targeted states to change their policies and return to negotiations. Whether it is a sanction that follows the Chapter 7 in the Charter of the United Nations or a sanction introduced by European Union, the main purpose is to force the targeted states which violate international norms and values to concede and change their policies. The United Nations is an important institution of international governance and sanctions are its major and frequently used governing tool. Before 1990s, the United Nations employed “comprehensive sanction.” However, such sanctions often resulted in serious humanitarian crises in the targeted states. Consequently, the United Nation later utilized “targeted sanction” or “smart sanction” instead to against specific individuals or entities. Yet, these sanctions still raise disputes of human rights. In addition to the United Nations, European Union is also a major player of international governance. Its “Common Foreign and Security Policy” especially wield binding power over its members. As a main participant of international sanctions, European Union’s influence should not be underestimated. Since restrictive measures such as economic sanctions are part of EU’s “Common Foreign and Security Policy” and involve divisions of responsibilities among various institutions and complex European Union Law, they are the best subject for analyzing EU’s “Common Foreign and Security Policy.” To understand economic sanctions, Chapter 2 of this thesis will discuss the history of development of economic sanctions and provide an analysis based on international laws, international economics, and global governance. It will also summarize the practices of economics sanctions of the United Kingdom and the United States. Chapter 3 will focus on the United Nations’ mechanism of sanctions, including discussions of UN’s process and organizations of policy making and relating laws. Chapter 3 will also include case studies of UN sanctions against Afghanistan, Taliban, Al-Qaeda, Iran, and Iraq. Chapter 4 will focus on the development of European Union’s common foreign policy, its decision-making process of economic sanctions, and important case studies of economic sanctions against Russia and Yassin Kadi. Finally, this thesis will examine results and impacts of economic sanctions and relevant issues, including violations of human rights and humanitarian crises. In addition, it will also discuss the issues of anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) that are closely related to sanctions. Through the study on the economic sanctions of international organizations, the author hopes to uncover secrets of economic sanctions and contribute to the vast literature on international laws and global governance.
Pejchová, Petra. "Nástroje EU v boji proti terorismu: problémy sankčních opatření." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324101.
Повний текст джерела(9775976), Wessam Abughalia. "The impacts of international economic embargoes on Libyan banks, financial institutions and its economy." Thesis, 2014. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/The_impacts_of_international_economic_embargoes_on_Libyan_banks_financial_institutions_and_its_economy/21359448.
Повний текст джерелаInternational economic embargoes (IEEs) against nation states have become one of the most contested issues in the world because of the complex relationship between global politics and national economic systems. Such embargoes have been imposed six times on Iran, Iraq, North Korea and Cuba and eight times on Libya by the United States (US) from 1981 to 1991, and from the United Nations (UN) from 1992 to 2003. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of the IEEs on the Libyan economy in general, with special reference to Libyan banks and financial institutions over the last three decades (1980 to 2010). This research answers two main questions. First, have the IEEs achieved their intended goals? Second, given Libya's position as a Third World nation that was under IEEs for 12 years, have such economic restrictions had any significant effects on the activities and performance of the Libyan banking sector and Libyan financial institutions, and if so, what strategies has Libya used to deal with such embargoes?
In this study, empirical research was conducted to investigate the effects of IEEs on Libyan banks and the Libyan economy. In general, the IEEs had a negative effect on the exchange of modern technology and services in the Libyan economy. This implies that most of the transactions between the local banks were very slow due to weak infrastructure and inadequate communication systems during economic sanctions. Moreover, the sharp decline in oil prices during 1993 to 1998 had an overall negative effect on the Libyan economy during the IEEs. To cope with the crisis, many positive monetary and financial policies were implemented by the former Libyan government-including attempts to reform the banking sector, such as controlling the interest rate, encouraging privatisation and controlling the exchange rate.
More specifically, the key findings indicated that the effect of United Nations sanctions had direct negative effects on the Libyan banking sector, including the areas of the banking staff experts, technological equipment, and foreign business. In terms of the impact of IEEs on the Libyan economy, it had more adverse effects on other sectors of the economy, such as education, health, tourism, and agriculture.
With regard to coping strategies used by the Libyan government against the IEEs, these strategies reduced the harmful effects of embargoes on the Libyan banking sector and its economy. It can be said that during international embargoes, there were successful trading relations between Libya, the European Union (EU) and neighbouring countries.
Caleiras, João Fernendo de Sousa. "Portugal no conselho de segurança das Nações Unidas." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/17230.
Повний текст джерелаA Organização das Nações Unidas é uma organização internacional criada logo após a segunda Guerra Mundial, cujo objetivo principal é a promoção da cooperação, do desenvolvimento económico e social, bem como a garantia da paz e segurança internacionais. Os Estados, como atores fundamentais do sistema político internacional, têm interesses estratégicos e olham para a participação nas organizações internacionais como uma oportunidade de alcançar esses objetivos. O Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas tem uma função bastante importante na preservação da paz e segurança internacionais, sendo o órgão da Organização das Nações Unidas no qual estão representados quinze Estados membros, cinco permanentes e dez não permanentes, sendo estes últimos eleitos para mandatos de dois anos. A participação no Conselho de Segurança é uma oportunidade única para as médias potências como Portugal conseguirem promover os seus interesses nacionais e para aumentar a sua visibilidade internacional, para além de poderem contribuir para os destinos do mundo durante o período do mandato. Portugal exerceu o seu terceiro mandato como membro não permanente do Conselho de Segurança no biénio 2011-2012, derrotando o Canadá após uma campanha de sucesso desenvolvida pela política diplomacia. Esta dissertação debruça-se sobre o processo de candidatura e eleição, bem como sobre o papel desempenhado por Portugal durante dois anos no Conselho de Segurança, focando em particular o exercício da presidência e a intervenção no âmbito do Comité de Sanções à Líbia. O seu objetivo é demonstrar o impacto da participação Portuguesa no Conselho de Segurança para a paz e segurança internacionais, bem como aferir a importância geopolítica para o país da pertença a este órgão das Nações unidas.
Poč, Marek. "Politika mezinárodních sankcí a jejich vliv na ekonomiku jednotlivých zemí - případ Ruska a Íránu." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-384603.
Повний текст джерелаGagné, Krishna. "Une analyse de la sanction économique en droit international." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2407.
Повний текст джерелаThe fundamental criticism addressed to internationallaw denounces the weaknesses of its sanctions mechanisms. For this reason, severallegal thinkers conc1uded to the inexistence of international law. The present text studies the rhetoric behind this statement and examines its validity. To do so, we analyze in the first place the relationship between sanction and law through the positivist framework of the XIXth Century. We examine in turn the so-called fundamental elements of sanction. We compare these elements with different non-Iegal orders so that we can ultimately reject the positivist theory according to which coercion and centralization ofpower are the fundamental elements of sanction. Chapter II examines the United Nations Security Council framework for adopting economic sanctions. This step allows us to underline the main sources ofweaknesses and limitations of internationallaw. In this respect we observe that the lack of international cooperation is the major weakness of internationallaw. Furthermore, an analysis of the relevant dispositions of the United Nations Charter shows that the veto right and the principle of international sovereignty are two elements that hamper international cooperation. We then study the objectives behind the adoption of sanctions as well as their effectiveness. Finally, we study general embargoes as well as arms embargos. This inquiry allows us to focus on the effects of economic sanctions on both civilians and third States. It also helps us understand the problems with regard to the administration of a sanction, as well as the ways to bypass the prohibitions.
"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit, option recherche (LL.M)". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 10% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Excellent mémoire qui aborde de façon intelligente et stimulante un sujet par ailleurs complexe. Félicitations des membres du jury qui ont apprécié avoir le privilège de lire ce texte."
Sheen, Seongho. "Trade, technology and security U.S. bilateral export-control negotiations with South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Australia /." 2001. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/53474812.html.
Повний текст джерела