Дисертації з теми "UNESCO heritage"

The Panamanian isthmus hosts two sites inscribed on the World Heritage List: the Archaeological site of Panama Viejo (XVI cent.) and the Fortresses of Portobelo and San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII cent.). In order to support the conservation and valorisation of these places, in 2014 a collaboration work has been started among the Patronages of Panama Viejo and of Portobelo and San Lorenzo, the Italian CNR-ISAC and the Department of Physics and Earth Sciences of the University of Ferrara. Firstly, the project was focused on the characterization of rocks belonging to the masonries, in conjunction with the evaluation of their state of conservation and damage estimation in relation with the environmental impact. Furthermore, potential quarries of raw material supply have been identified and sampled. Therefore, after a survey and sampling campaign, specimens underwent the following analyses: stereomicroscope, PLM, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP and IC, highlighting at Panamá Viejo masonries mainly composed of polygenic breccias, tuffites, basaltic andesites, rhyolites and sporadic rhyodacites, while outcrops of breccias and andesites were identified. Considering Portobelo fortifications, coral limestones and sandstones have been identified as principal construction materials; while basaltic andesite has been observed only at Fuerte de San Fernando, where an outcrop of this material was present. Finally, at Fort San Lorenzo, tuffites and grainstones have been detected in the masonries and possible quarries of both have been found. Concerning the state of conservation, the most diffused deterioration phenomena are due to biological growth, exfoliation and detachment, disintegration, salt encrustations and chromatic alteration. Successively, in order to determine the environmental context, a selection of monitoring stations, recording climate parameters (near-surface air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall amount), have been chosen near the sites among national Panamanian networks. Besides, the same parameters were collected from two climate models, both from historical simulations and future scenarios: EC-Earth, 25 km of resolution, and Arpege 50 km of resolution, and compared with the monitored records. Utilizing environmental data obtained and applying specific damage functions it was possible to assess the deterioration phenomena occurring on heritage materials, as surface recession, cycles of salts transition and biomass accumulation. Considering the first one, it was utilized Lipfert function modified, related to the karst effect. The area of Portobelo and San Lorenzo showed a higher surface recession, especially considering the data extracted from EC-Earth experiment, both for the past and the future situation. In consideration of the salts cycles of dissolution and crystallization, halite has been elected as a priority phase of investigation, since sodium and chloride resulted ones of the most abundant ions in the samples, detected in all sites, also taking into account their proximity to the sea. The past situation (1979-2008) highlighted that the higher frequency of halite transition cycles is recorded during the dry season (November/December to April/ May). In general, Portobelo results the less interested by this phenomenon, while the area near San Lorenzo seems to be the most affected. In order to estimate the biomass accumulation on hard acid stones, the function developed by Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012) was applied. The highest yearly biomass values are recorded at Portobelo, both in the past and future. In conclusion, the obtained results contribute significantly to the formulation of guidelines and development of strategies for current and future preservation of the sites, and represent a fundamental knowledge for further related analysis, in order to increase the awareness of the possible risks connected with the climate change impact on Cultural Heritage.
L'istmo di Panama ospita due siti iscritti alla World Heritage List, ossia il sito Archeologico di Panama Viejo (XVI sec.) e i Fortini di Portobelo e San Lorenzo (XVII-XVIII sec.). Al fine di supportare la conservazione e la valorizzazione di questi luoghi, è stato avviato un lavoro di collaborazione tra i Patronati di Panama Viejo e di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, il CNR-ISAC e il Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra dell'Università di Ferrara. In primo luogo il progetto è stato focalizzato sulla caratterizzazione dei materiali lapidei naturali costituenti le murature, compresa la valutazione del loro stato di conservazione e dei fenomeni di degrado dovuti all'impatto ambientale. In aggiunta sono state identificate possibili cave di approvvigionamento dei materiali da costruzione. Pertanto, a seguito di una campagna di campionamento, i frammenti ottenuti sono stati sottoposti ad analisi per mezzo di stereomicroscopio, XRPD, SEM-EDX, XRF, MIP e IC. Queste hanno permesso di identificare brecce poligeniche, tufiti, andesiti basaltiche, rioliti e alcune riodaciti, come materiali impiegati nelle murature dei monumenti di Panamá Viejo; mentre sono stati individuati affioramenti di brecce e andesiti basaltiche. Considerando le fortificazioni di Portobelo, calcari corallini e arenarie sono i principali materiali costituenti le strutture murarie. Andesiti basaltiche sono state rinvenute solo a Fuerte de San Fernando, dove erano presenti anche in affioramento. Infine, presso Forte San Lorenzo, i materiali da costruzione impiegati sono tufiti e grainstone, delle quali sono state individuate anche possibili cave. Prendendo in considerazione lo stato di conservazione, i fenomeni di alterazione più diffusi sono ascrivibili a crescita biologica, esfoliazione e distacchi, disgregazione, incrostazioni saline ed alterazioni cromatiche. Successivamente, al fine di determinare il contesto ambientale, sono state selezionate delle stazioni di monitoraggio, appartenenti alla rete nazionale panamense, situate nei pressi dei siti oggetto di studio, che registrassero parametri climatici quali temperatura dell’aria, umidità relativa e pioggia. Gli stessi parametri sono stati estratti anche da simulazioni storiche e scenari futuri di due modelli climatici: EC-Earth, con risoluzione di 25 km, e Arpege, con risoluzione di 50 km, comparandoli con quelli ottenuti dalle centraline. Utilizzando i dati ambientali in specifiche funzioni di danno, è stato possibile valutare diverse morfologie di degrado come la recessione superficiale, cicli di transizioni saline e accumulo di biomassa. Riguardo alla prima, è stata utilizzata la funzione di Lipfert modificata, relativa all’effetto carsico. Questa ha permesso di rilevare una maggiore recessione nelle aree di Portobelo e San Lorenzo, specialmente considerando i dati di EC-Earth, sia per la situazione passata che futura. Considerando i cicli di dissoluzione e cristallizzazione dei sali, lo studio si è incentrato sulla halite, poiché sodio e cloro sono risultati essere gli ioni più abbondanti nei campioni di tutti i siti, essendo infatti tutte aree costiere marine. In generale, paragonando le condizioni passate e future, Portobelo risulta essere il meno interessato dal fenomeno, mentre l’area in prossimità di San Lorenzo la più soggetta. Al fine di stimare l’accumulo di biomassa su rocce acide, è stata impiegata la funzione messa a punto da Gomez-Bolea et al. (2012), rivelando valori di biomassa più elevati nella costa Nord, specialmente a Portobelo. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di contribuire significativamente alla futura formulazione di linee guida e nello sviluppo delle attuali e future strategie di preservazione dei siti, rappresentando una conoscenza fondamentale per studi successivi, al fine di incrementare la consapevolezza dei possibili rischi connessi all’impatto dei cambiamenti climatici sul patrimonio culturale.

This thesis examines UNESCO's World Heritage project in Djenne, a World Heritage site in Mali. It argues that only through a thorough understanding of UNESCO's history and political structure can the ideological basis for its work be revealed. UNESCO's recent focus on intangible heritage provides a model for examining the difficulties it encounters in Djenne. Accordingly, UNESCO's move from a concentration on 'outstanding universal value' and an archival approach to cultural heritage towards a more dynamic emphasis on cultural transmission finds a resonance in Djenne. A study of the work of artisans, guides and the Festival du Djennery held in the town all reveal cultural heritage to be a negotiated practice, in need of constant adaptation to remain relevant to a population struggling to live in conditions of extreme poverty.

In der Arbeit wird die historische Genese des UNESCO Welterbe-Programms zwischen 1960 und 1980 untersucht, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Rolle der sogenannten Entwicklungsländer in diesem Prozess. Die UNESCO engagierte sich in vielen dieser Länder im Bereich des Kultur- und Naturschutzes, zu einem Zeitpunkt an dem der Aufbau eines nationalen Erbes für diese Länder von besonderer Bedeutung war. Die Schlüsselkonzepte des Welterbediskurses: Nationales Erbe, Denkmalpflege und Humanität, sind europäischen Ursprungs und westlicher Natur. In Bezug auf die Entwicklungsländer gestaltete sich die Etablierung eines nationalen Erbes und die Konstruktion eines historischen Narratives in den meisten Fällen als Zusammenarbeit zwischen internationalen Experten und nationalen politischen Eliten. Außerdem galt vielen der involvierten Akteure Kulturtourismus in Entwicklungsländern, angeregt durch Altertümer und wilde Natur, als entscheidende Einnahmequelle für Devisen. Identifikation, Institutionalisierung und Ausübung von Denkmalpflege zu finanzieren war vielfach Bestandteil von Entwicklungshilfeprogrammen und Äthiopien ist ein besonders anschauliches Beispiel für diese Praxis. Die Welterbekonvention wurde in Äthiopien ab 1977 mit großem Erfolg umgesetzt, gleichzeitig jedoch herrschte ein Mangel an entsprechend ausgebildeten Fachkräften – Archäologen, Denkmalpfleger oder Kunsthistoriker– im Land um die Vorhaben tatsächlich umzusetzen. Das wirtschaftliche Potential von Kulturtourismus wurde als vielversprechend gelobt und Gelder für Denkmalpflege und Artenschutz wurden teilweise nur unter der Prämisse der touristischen Erschließung bereitgestellt. Äthiopiens Rolle in der Entstehungsphase des Welterbe-Programms ermöglicht es, die komplexen Prozesse der Wissensproduktion und Politisierung zu verstehen, die den Welterbe-Diskurs so maßgeblich prägen.
This dissertation looks into the historic genesis of the UNESCO World Heritage Programme, and gives a special relevance to the role of so-called developing countries in this. UNESCO was highly active in the field of conservation in these countries at a time that the establishment and promotion of a national heritage was perceived desirable by them. National heritage, conservation and humanitarianism – key concepts promoted in the World Heritage discourse – are European in their origin and Western in their nature. In the context of so-called developing countries, the establishment of a nation’s heritage was often a hybrid effort of international experts and national political elites, serving evolving national narratives. On a more concrete level, many actors involved saw cultural tourism, stimulated by monuments and wildlife, as a crucial source of foreign currency for these countries. Funding the identification and institutionalisation of heritage, and the conservation and management of heritage sites, was a practise occurring within and alongside other forms of technical assistance and developmental aid. Ethiopia provides a particular vivid example of these events. Ethiopia implemented the World Heritage Convention in 1977, with great effort and success. At the same time, the country was confronted with a skills-shortage crisis, due to there being at that time few native Ethiopian archaeologists, conservators, or art historians. The economic potential of heritage tourism in Ethiopia was appreciated early on and funds for conservation were sometimes raised entirely based upon the argument that the conservation of monuments would foster tourism, and development. Understanding the links between Ethiopia and the World Heritage programme during it’s initial phase provides insights into the complex processes of knowledge production, and politics, that constitutes the World Heritage discourse.

The article analyses the Portuguese legislation about Cultural Heritage, namely the approach towards Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), a new category promoted by the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003). Furthermore, it presents general considerations regarding inventories in the Portuguese scene, considering the importance of identifying ICH as a preliminary step in order to develop safeguarding strategies.

Object of this thesis is to find out, if the Austrian cultural monuments from the List of World Heritage UNESCO determinate tourism in the country. The thesis is divided into two bigger parts. The first part deals with the country characteristics, economy and tourism. The second part analyses culture heritage UNESCO in Austria. It describes Austrian cultural monuments, it presents statistics about tourism in regions and it deals with tourism development.

International protection of cultural sites aims at defining which cultural heritage is so exceptional for humanity as to require the participation of the whole international community in its safeguard, with the purpose of guaranteeing its transmission to future generations. This mechanism of selection is influenced by several factors that might affect the result: on one hand the general, even though partially overcome, subordinated role of Cultural Rights compared to other Human Rights; on the other hand, the marginal and circumscribed recognition of Women’s Rights. Consequently, Women’s Cultural Rights become bearers of a double burden. This thesis aims to investigate on how gender dynamics affect the decision of cultural properties and on how UNESCO, the main organization in this field, despite placing gender equality among its global priorities, reproduces those systems, listing as World Heritage Sites, properties whose access is forbidden to women.

Esta tese examina a noção de integridade - um dos principais crivos para a seleção de elementos culturais e naturais no sistema do patrimônio mundial -, buscando demonstrar a relação conflituosa entre os seus aspectos técnicos e político-administrativos na Organização das Nações Unidas para Educação, Ciência e Cultura [Unesco]. Para isso, a integridade é analisada a partir de três dimensões - a conceitual, a teórica e a institucional -, privilegiando fontes documentais como dicionários etimológicos e regulares; escritos da teoria do restauro; relatórios do Comitê e do Bureau do Patrimônio Mundial, de encontros de especialistas, de avaliação de nominações culturais e naturais; cartas circulares; guias operacionais; convenções; recomendações; e cartas patrimoniais, em diálogo com a historiografia sobre o tema. Assim, o trabalho evidencia que muitas decisões tomadas em nome da integridade foram impulsionadas por questões eminentemente políticoadministrativas, por vezes revestidas pelo véu da \"neutralidade\" das avaliações técnicas.
This thesis examines the notion of integrity - one of the main criteria for selecting cultural and natural areas in the World Heritage system -, seeking to demonstrate the conflicting relationship between its technical and political-administrative aspects in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [Unesco]. For this, integrity is analyzed from three dimensions - conceptual, theoretical and institutional -, favoring documental sources such as regular and etymological dictionaries; writings on restoration theory; reports from the World Heritage Committee and Bureau, expert meetings, assessments of cultural and natural nominations; circular letters; operational guidelines; conventions; recommendations; and heritage charters, in dialogue with the historiography on the subject. Therefore, the study shows that many decisions taken in the name of integrity were driven by eminently political and administrative issues, sometimes covered by the veil of \"neutrality\" of technical evaluations.

Einleitung: "Obwohl Schutzinstrumente zur Verfügung stehen, haben sich Kulturgüter zu einem der am häufigsten unrechtmäßig gehandelten Güter entwickelt. Der Verlust von national wertvollem Kulturgut bedeutet einen besonders großen Schaden für die Identität, die Geschichte sowie die Kultur eines Staates, da die Bezugsquelle der nationalen oder lokalen Identität der Bevöl-kerung der Mitgliedstaaten verloren geht. Seit 2013 plante die Europäische Kommission (KOM) eine Neufassung der Richtlinie 93/7/EWG vom 15.03.1993, die ein Rückgabesystem von unrechtmäßig verbrachten Kultur-gütern einführte. Zwischen der KOM, dem Rat der Europäischen Union (Rat) sowie dem Eu-ropäischen Parlament (EP) wurde die Meinung geteilt, dass die Richtlinie einer Überarbeitung unterzogen werden sollte, um die Rückbringung von Kulturgütern in der Europäischen Union (EU) zu verbessern. In der folgenden Arbeit soll die Frage untersucht werden, in welchen Aspekten sich die Richt-linie 2014/60/EU vom 15.05.2014 von der Richtlinie 93/7/EWG unterscheidet. Zur Beantwor-tung der Frage wird ein Normenvergleich gewählt, der die entsprechenden inhaltlichen Verän-derungen der neuen Richtlinie mit der alten vergleicht. Weiterhin sollen mögliche Auswirkun-gen auf die Novellierung des deutschen Kulturgüterschutzes gezeigt werden. Im folgenden Kapitel wird die Entstehung des Europäischen Sekundärrechts zum Thema der Rückgabe unrechtmäßig verbrachter national wertvoller Kulturgüter durch die Richtlinie 93/7/EWG (im Weiteren auch alte Richtlinie genannt) und ihre Verbindung zur Verordnung 3911/92 vom 31.12.1992 beschrieben. Anschließend an die Kritik und Umsetzung der Richt-linie folgt in Kapitel III eine Darstellung des deutschen Kulturgüterschutzes und den Bezug zur alten Richtlinie. Kapitel IV als Herzstück der Arbeit befasst sich mit der Darstellung und Ana-lyse der Richtlinie 2014/60/EU (im Weiteren neue Richtlinie genannt) und weist Veränderun-gen zur alten Richtlinie auf. Im Anschluss an eine zusammenfassende Bewertung wird auf die Umsetzung in Mitgliedstaaten eingegangen, die bis zum 18.12.2015 durchgeführt werden sollte. Des Weiteren wird die Umsetzung im neuen Kulturgutschutzgesetz (KGSG) aufge-zeigt, welches am 06.08.2016 in Kraft getreten ist."

The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage entered into force in 2009. Little is known of how, or even if, it is being implemented. This study examines the implementation of the Convention in its States Parties and investigates the reasons behind the observed levels of implementation. Through an investigation of the presence or absence of certain indicators in the national legislation of States Parties to the Convention, it is apparent that there is a low level of compliance with the 2001 Convention. Further, the Convention has so far had a very limited legal effect. From this examination of legal effectiveness, conclusions about the interpretation of certain ambiguous provisions of the Convention are also possible. In particular, there are a small number of indications that the ambiguities in Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention are being interpreted in favour of the coastal State, suggesting an increasing territorialisation of the EEZ. Interviews of relevant actors were conducted in five case study States. This allowed an examination of the other effects of the Convention and causes of the lack of implementation to be suggested. It is concluded that it is largely factors relating to the States themselves, most notably issues with capacity, that are causing this lack of effect. Finally, suggestions are made which could improve the effectiveness of the Convention and increase the protection of underwater cultural heritage around the world.

Negli ultimi decenni il settore pubblico ha vissuto una serie di cambiamenti e di trasformazioni. Queste trasformazioni sono state accompagnate, a livello teorico, da diversi modelli interpretativi. Uno di questi principali modelli individua un progressivo offuscamento dei confini fra settore pubblico e privato; in questo contesto di stato “svuotato” (hollow) delle proprie funzioni di governo gerarchico, le organizzazioni private acquistano sempre più importanza nel fornire servizi pubblici. Altri approcci ancora evidenziano come l’emergere di problemi di interesse pubblico sempre più complessi (wicked), comporti l’esigenza di un coinvolgimento di un numero sempre maggiori di soggetti, anche privati, nella loro risoluzione o nella formulazione di politiche adeguate. Questi diversi approcci hanno in comune l’idea che un nuovo modello organizzativo, alternativo sia alle forme di mercato sia alle gerarchie, si stia diffondendo in vari settori di pubblico interesse: la sanità, l’educazione, la pianificazione territoriale e la gestione delle risorse naturali. Questo modello, basato sul coordinamento di diversi soggetti - non esclusivamente pubblici - che condividono le proprie competenze, è il modello delle reti (networks). Il presente lavoro mira ad applicare il modello dei networks a un settore di rilevanza pubblica nel quale, finora, questo modello ha avuto una diffusione limitata, ovvero il settore della gestione del patrimonio culturale e naturale. Mentre in alcuni specifici ambiti del settore culturale, il modello delle reti è ampiamente diffuso e applicato (ad esempio, nell’ambito museale, nell’ambito dei festival o nell’ambito dei cluster creativi), la gestione del patrimonio è stata finora interpretata con un approccio prevalentemente rivolto all’analisi di una singola organizzazione. Inoltre, anche dove applicato, il concetto di network nel sistema culturale si limita perlopiù una descrizione dei rapporti fra singole organizzazioni, senza utilizzare la rete stessa come oggetto di studio. Un esempio di questa limitazione è dato dalla scarsa diffusione, nell’ambito dell’analisi della gestione del patrimonio culturale, di studi sulla performance che utilizzino la rete nel complesso come livello di analisi. Il presente lavoro raccoglie, in forma riorganizzata e sistematizzata, tre contributi (essays) volti a colmare le lacune riscontrate nell’analisi della performance delle reti di gestione del patrimonio culturale e naturale, applicando questo concetto al caso dei Siti italiani Patrimonio Mondiale UNESCO. Tre sono i focus principali di questo lavoro di ricerca; ognuno di essi è stato sviluppato in profondità in ciascuno dei tre contributi qui raccolti. 9 Il primo obiettivo del lavoro è la sistematizzazione dei diversi approcci teorici finora prodotti in letteratura sul tema delle reti (networks) e della performance delle reti (network performance), in modo da sviluppare un modello integrato di performance. Questo obiettivo viene affrontato nel primo capitolo, costituito dal contributo dal titolo “Network performance and its determinants: reviewing the theoretical perspectives for the development of an integrated model”. Il secondo obiettivo è di verificare la fattibilità dell’applicazione di un approccio configurazionale allo studio dei fattori che determinano la performance delle reti. Questo specifico tema viene trattato nel secondo capitolo, che presenta un contributo dal titolo “QCA as a configurational approach to network performance analysis: issues of complexity reduction and set calibration in a study on World Heritage Sites networks”. Il capitolo introduce e illustra la metodologia configurazionale della Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), individuando i due principali aspetti critici nella sua applicazione allo studio delle reti: la difficoltà nel ridurre la complessità del modello teorico al fine di ottenere un disegno della ricerca che conti un numero limitato di variabili e le problematiche concernenti il processo di calibrazione. Questo processo rappresenta uno dei punti cruciali nell’applicazione di una QCA e prevede la traduzione delle informazioni qualitative raccolte nei singoli casi in valori qualitativi. L’applicazione concreta di questi due aspetti viene descritta in dettaglio, illustrando il caso di studio preliminare di due aree UNESCO. Infine, il terzo obiettivo del presente lavoro è di individuare le combinazioni di fattori che determinano una maggiore performance nella gestione dei Siti UNESCO italiani, sulla base della comparazione sistematica di 13 casi analizzati tramite la metodologia della QCA. Il terzo contributo, dal titolo “Conditions affecting network performance in UNESCO World Heritage Sites: a Qualitative Comparative analysis of thirteen italian cases” si occupa proprio di questo obiettivo. I tre lavori qui raccolti e presentati insieme intendono dunque illustrare un percorso di ricerca coerente che si è articolato nelle dimensioni teorica, metodologica ed empirica. Essi vengono presentati in ordine tematico e, nonostante siano stati concepiti in origine per poter essere presentati autonomamente, sono stati riadattati in modo da evidenziare la coerenza del percorso di ricerca che è alla base della loro realizzazione. Si possono evidenziare tre maggiori contributi di questo lavoro all’avanzamento degli studi sulla performance delle reti: il primo teorico, il secondo metodologico e il terzo empirico. 10 Dal punto di vista teorico, questo lavoro, basandosi sui precedenti modelli sviluppati in letteratura, sistematizza un singolo modello complessivo di performance delle reti che integra tre livelli di performance - performance a livello di rete, di comunità e organizzativo – e quattro tipologie di fattori che influenzano la performance – esogeni, esterni, di interazione interna e di gestione della rete (network management). Dal punto di vista metodologico, questo lavoro fornisce un contributo alla finora limitata applicazione dell’approccio configurazionale allo studio della performance delle reti, tramite la verifica della fattibilità della Qualitative Comparative Analysis come metodologia. Inoltre, questo lavoro fornisce un contributo all’avanzamento della trasparenza nei processi di calibrazione nella QCA e al miglioramento dell’applicazione di metodologie miste (mixed methods) allo studio della perfromance delle reti. Inoltre, questo lavoro fornisce un contributo empirico all’analisi comparativa delle reti, tramite una prima applicazione del modello teorico sviluppato a una QCA applicata a tredici reti Patrimonio UNESCO. L’innovatività del contributo risiede nel fatto che esso analizza contemporaneamente tutte e tre le dimensioni della performance, evidenziando le diverse configurazioni delle condizioni interne alle reti che le determinano. I risultati contribuiscono all’avanzamento della conoscenza dei meccanismi interni alle reti di gestione del patrimonio e gettano nuova luce su aspetti quali le strategie di gestione (network management), il ruolo dei processi cooperativi e l’influenza sulla performance delle reti della stabilità del contesto nel quale le reti stesse operano. Infine, il presente lavoro evidenzia una serie di implicazioni pratiche (practical implications) derivanti dalla ricerca e rilevanti per il lavoro quotidiano di gestione dei siti UNESCO. Nota I contributi sono stati presentati nell’ambito di alcune conferenze scientifiche, fa le quali: - Conferenza IRSPM 2013, Praga (CZ), 10-12 Aprile, 2013. - Conferenza “MINAH, Managing Inhabited Natural Heritage”, Clermont-Ferrand (FR), 11-13 Settembre 2013. - NPS (New Public Sector Seminar) sul tema “The State, the Arts and Popular Culture”, Edinburgo (UK), 7-8 Novembre 2013. - Conferenza EURAM 2014, Valencia, 4-6 Giugno, 2014.
In the last decades, the public sector has undergone a series of changes and transformations in its service delivery and policy formulation role. In order to understand these transformations, different theoretical interpretative models have been developed. One of these approaches highlights the blurring of the sharp limits between the public and the private sector; in this context of “hollow” state, deprived from its hierarchical government functions, private organizations are gaining more and more importance in the provision of public services. Other approaches outline how a steadily increasing number of problems of public interest are becoming more and more complex, or “wicked”. This leads to the necessity, when solving these problems or formulating policies concerning them, of integrating a higher number of stakeholders, also private. These approaches share the common idea that a new form of organization, alternative both to markets and hierarchies, is gaining a relevant role in various sectors of traditionally public competence: among others, health, education, spatial planning and the management of natural resources. These organizational forms, based on the coordination of different, not necessarily public, stakeholders who share their own competences are referred to as “networks”. This work aims at applying the interpretive network model to the heritage management sector, since this sector of public importance has, so far, experienced a limited application of this model. While the network model is widely applied in some specific areas of the cultural sector (such as museums, festivals or creative clusters), heritage management has, until now, been mainly interpreted through approaches analyzing a single managing organization. Moreover, even where applied, the concept of networks in heritage management has been mostly limited to a mere description of the relations between single organizations, without considering the network itself as study object. One example for this limitation is represented by the gap in the application to heritage management of the concept of network performance, with whole networks as analysis level. In revised and systematic manner, this work collects three essays which aim at filling the gaps in network performance analysis within heritage management. It does so by applying the network concept to UNESCO World Heritage Sites cases. The overall analysis aims at 6 three principal aspects; each of them is elaborated in depth in each of the three contributions here collected. The first objective of the work is the systematization of the various theoretical approaches so far produced by literature on networks and network performance, with the aim to develop an integrated model of performance. The first chapter tackles this goal through the contribution titled “Network performance and its determinants: reviewing the theoretical perspectives for the development of an integrated model”. The second objective consists in analyzing the feasibility of applying a configurational approach to the analysis of factors determining network performance. This specific issue is examined in the second contribution, named “QCA as a configurational approach to network performance analysis: issues of complexity reduction and set calibration in a study on World Heritage Sites networks”. The chapter introduces and describes the configurational method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). It does so by identifying two main critical aspects in its application to networks: on the one hand, the difficulty to reduce the complexity of the theoretical model in order to obtain a reduced set of variables to analyses, and, on the other hand, the calibration process. This process is one of the critical steps when applying QCA, since it requires transforming qualitative information collected in single cases into quantitative values. The concrete application of these two aspects is described in detail by illustrating a preliminary case study of two UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study is of exploratory nature and is preparatory to the QCA analysis described in the third chapter. Finally, the results of the QCA are presented in this third chapter, under the title “Conditions affecting network performance in UNESCO World Heritage Sites: a Qualitative Comparative analysis of thirteen Italian cases”, the third contribution, actually approaches the system. The aim of this contribution consists in identifying the configuration of factors influencing network performance in Italian UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The three contributions collected and presented here aim therefore at illustrating a coherent research process, consisting of the theoretical, methodological and empirical dimensions. These contributions are thus presented in thematic order and, even though originally conceived to be presented separately, have been adapted in order to allow evidencing the sequence of the research process they are based on. 7 This work contributes to the further development of studies on network performance in three main ways: firstly, theoretical, secondly methodological and thirdly, empirical. Regarding the theoretical contribution, this work, referring to models previously developed in literature, systemizes one single integrated model of network performance integrating three levels of performance – performance on the network, community and organization level – and four typologies of factors influencing performance defined as exogenous, external, internal interaction and network management factors. Regarding methodologies, this work provides a contribution to the so far limited application of the configurational approach to network performance analysis. It does so by verifying the feasibility of QCA as methodology. Furthermore, this work contributes to bringing forward transparency in QCA calibration processes and to improving the application of mixed methods to the analysis of network performance. Finally, this work delivers an empirical contribution to the configurational comparative analysis of network performance, by applying, for the first time, an integrated theoretical network performance model in a QCA-based study of 13 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The innovative aspect consists in analyzing all three dimensions of network performance at the same time by outlining the various configurations of internal conditions of the network influencing them. The results contribute to advancing the knowledge of the mechanisms within networks managing World Heritage Sites and cast a new light on several aspects; among them, the nature of network management, the role of cooperative processes and the influence of the contextual factors on networks. Finally, the present work outlines a series of practical implications, relevant for the daily management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Note: The contributions were presented on several conferences, among which: - IRSPM 2013 conference, Prague (CZ), 10.-12.04.2013. - MINAH, Managing Inhabited Natural Heritage Conference, Clermont-Ferrand (FR), September 11.-13.09.2013. - NPS (New Public Sector Seminar) on “The State, the Arts and Popular Culture”, Edinburgh (UK), 07.-08.11.2013. - EURAM 2014 Conference, Valencia, 04.-06.06.2014.

This thesis deals with the potential of the Czech Republic selected sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. The aim of this work is to confirm the hypothesis that inclusion of the Czech immovable cultural monuments on World Heritage List has an impact on the number of domestic and foreign visitors. In this regard, we will try to outline the positive and negative aspects arising from the inscription of monuments on the World Heritage List. Content of work is the analysis of selected factors that may affect attendance at selected sites. Using sociological research oriented to visitors of selected World Heritage Sites will focus on the perception of visitors of World Heritage Sites, because they are the ones who make the demand for tourism services. In conclusion, the results of research evaluate and propose possible solutions to more closely involved World Heritage Site in the development of tourism in the region.

There are currently 962 geographic sites in the world that have been classified as World Heritage. World Heritage is a unique concept, privy to and defined by UNESCO-- the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization, one of the specialized agencies and autonomous organizations established within the UN-United Nations system. World Heritage is governed by an international treaty called the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972 (The `Convention'). The inscription of a World Heritage Site or designation of World Heritage Status is highly coveted and considered in UNESCO parlance to be of "Outstanding Value to Humanity." There are only 4 heritage property sites of English-speaking islands in the Caribbean basin, one of which is located on the island of St. Lucia called The Pitons Management Area (PMA). The PMA comprises 2902 hectares of protected marine and terrestrial property inscribed in 2004. In 2008, the island faced the threat of placement on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger (LWHD) for breaches of the Convention. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of World Heritage Status from three identified stakeholders: UNESCO, the St. Lucian national government and the local Soufrière township-home of the PMA. This was an exploratory attempt at gauging perceptions of local voices on World Heritage Status as it relates to the PMA and the island's classification as a small-island developing state (SIDS). Using political ecology as a theoretical framework for analyzing the role of power relationships in this case study, this research revealed that there is an overall lack of communication between the Soufrière community and the national government regarding education and sensitizing about the World Heritage program mandates and incorporating the local citizenry in the protection of their heritage. The majority of the local participants' support for World Heritage Status on the island of St. Lucia was dependent on perceptions of increased income and employment opportunities associated with World Heritage as a global construct and narrative. This research also showed concerns of UNESCO and the St. Lucian national government to be at odds with the 1972 Convention. Results indicated that the varied perceptions of the three stakeholder groups are based on the prioritized interests of each and incommensurate with the aims of protecting the PMA's heritage for posterity.

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Esta tese intitulada como “As ferrovias como Patrimônio Cultural Mundial: Os Estados-parte, a UNESCO e o Valor Universal Excepcional” apresenta como principal objetivo investigar a atribuição do valor universal excepcional “outstanding universal value” (OUV) às ferrovias inscritas na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial, através da análise destinada a identificar os critérios e requisitos necessários para o seu reconhecimento. Assim sendo, apresenta-se dividida em 03 etapas: a primeira corresponde ao eixo teórico da pesquisa, onde são abordados o entendimento do patrimônio ferroviário e do valor universal excepcional. Para tanto, são apresentados, em um primeiro momento, um panorama geral sobre as ferrovias, as discussões sobre a preservação do patrimônio ferroviário no contexto mundial, e a percepção do patrimônio ferroviário no âmbito da UNESCO. A seguinte abordagem teórica centra-se na compreensão do valor à luz da Teoria dos Valores (Axiologia dos Valores) e da Teoria da Conservação. O segundo eixo da pesquisa refere-se aos aspectos metodológicos adotados para a investigação da atribuição do valor universal excepcional às ferrovias mundiais. Desta forma, são selecionados 03 (três) estudos de caso, para a consecução do objetivo central desta tese: a ferrovia Semmering, na Áustria; a Ferrovia Darjeeling, na Índia; e a Ferrovia Rhaetian, que corta os países da Suíça e Itália. O método selecionado para a análise das aludidas ferrovias é a Análise de Contéudo, de Bardin, aplicado no corpus documental, composto pelos Documentos de Avaliação do Corpo Consultivo de cada ferrovia analisada. A tese utiliza como premissa de que a partir da identificação dos atributos das ferrovias é possível interpretar os valores que, de forma inter-relacionada, conformam a categoria do valor universal excepcional das ferrovias mundiais. Desta forma, a partir da análise realizada em cada uma das ferrovias selecionadas, foi possível inferir que o seu valor universal excepcional é composto por uma pluralidade de valores dinâmicos e interdependentes, que se relacionam de forma a ressaltar uma ordem e uma hierarquia, onde os valores de maior destaque são o que mais importam preservar, por justificarem o reconhecimento das ferrovias como patrimônio cultural mundial.
The dissertation "The railways as a World Cultural Heritage: States Parties, UNESCO and the Outstanding Universal Value" has aims at investigating the attribution of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to railways included on the World Heritage List, through the identification of criteria and requirements for recognition. The research focuses on 03 stages. The first stage is the theoretical framework of the research, aiming at approaching the theoretical problem: an understanding of the railway heritage and of outstanding universal value. Accordingly, there follow an overview of the railways, discussions on the preservation of the railway heritage in the global context, and in the UNESCO context. The second theoretical approach corresponds to the understanding of the value to the Theory of Values (Axiology of Values) and Conservation Theory. The second approach focused on the investigation of the empirical problem: the attribution of outstanding universal value. In this way, three (03) case studies to achieve the central objective of this thesis are highlighted: The Semmering Railway, Austria; the Railway Darjeeling, India; and the Rhaetian Railway, which crosses Switzerland and Italy. The method used for the analysis of that railway is Bardin`s Content Analysis, applied to the documentation corpus, consisting of the Advisory Body Assessment Document of each analyzed railroad. The dissertation is based on the premise that from the railways attributes of identification it is possible to interpret the values that make up the outstanding universal value of the world's railways. Thus, the empirical axis of research, analysis of each of the selected railways performed, leadin to infer that the outstanding universal value of the global railway is composed of a plurality of values dynamic and interdependent and that there is a hierarchy in its relations, point out an order, where the most outstanding values are what should be preserved, as justified by the recognition of the railways as a cultural world.

Cette thèse propose une analyse socio-politique des relations internationales au sein d'une Organisation Mondiale, en partant du cas concret de l’UNESCO dans le cadre de l’établissement des listes du Patrimoine Mondial. L’analyse sociologique des interactions entre les acteurs intervenant dans le choix et la publication des listes du Patrimoine Mondial forme le socle sur lequel une théorisation des processus en jeu est déployée. Bien que l'UNESCO fournisse aux états des outils leur permettant d'atteindre leurs objectifs nationaux, l'UNESCO contribue également à l’établissement de valeurs universelles et d’identités cosmopolites. Les dynamiques d’établissement des listes et leur contenu apparaissent de plus en plus marqués par les démarches des acteurs (états et individus) qui y participent. Le rôle de l'UNESCO apparaît donc ambivalent, dans la mesure où elle est en partie garante des institutions et des valeurs fondamentales qui sous-tendent sa création, et où elle favorise les jeux d’influence, l’établissement de rapports de force et les conflits. Cette tension n’affecte pas pour autant la valeur perçue par de nombreux acteurs des listes produites, et elle n’entame que partiellement les représentations de la capacité de l’institution à promouvoir la paix et la compréhension entre les peuples
This research project is a socio-political analysis of the International Relations within an International Organization, levering the practical case of UNESCO in the context of the establishing World Heritage Lists. It suggests a theorization of the underlying process, by which numerous actors take part in the selection and subsequent publication of World Heritage Lists. In addition to providing individual states with the tools to achieve their national objectives, UNESCO seem to contribute to the establishment of universal values and cosmopolitan identities. The establishment processes of these Lists and their content appear increasingly influenced by the behavior of their actors (i.e., states and individuals). In that context, the role of UNESCO seems ambivalent. It serves both as (a) guarantor for the underlying fundamental values of the institutions and as a place of (b) political economy, in which influences are exchanged between actors that can lead to power struggles and even conflicts. However, this tension doesn’t seem to impact the perceived value of the Lists by most actors and appears to only partially impact the perception of the Organization’s capacity to promote peace-building and closer relationships between peoples

In den Diskussionen zu Globalisierung und Global Governance wird häufig darauf hingewiesen, dass Staaten und zwischenstaatliche Organisationen allein nicht in der Lage sind, die verstärkt auftretenden transnationalen Probleme zu lösen. Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) gelten als Hoffnungsträger, die Problemlösungskompetenzen beisteuern und die Legitimität internationaler Politik verbessern könnten. Obwohl die UNESCO bereits seit 1945 eine ausgeprägte und institutionalisierte Zusammenarbeit mit der Zivilgesellschaft pflegt, lassen viele politikwissenschaftliche Studien über die Einbeziehung von NGOs durch internationale Organisationen die UNESCO völlig unberücksichtigt. In Arbeiten zu globalen öffentlichen Gütern bleibt die UNESCO ebenso unter-belichtet. Der Fokus richtet sich vor allem auf Umwelt und Klima. Doch das Weltkulturerbe ist gleichfalls ein globales öffentliches Gut. Mit dem Welterbeprogramm ruft die UNESCO alle Menschen weltweit auf, auch die Kulturstätten anderer Völker als ihr eigenes kulturelles Erbe zu begreifen und sich für dessen Erhaltung einzusetzen. Seit der von der UNESCO initiierten Rettung der nubischen Kulturstätten in den 1960er Jahren etablierte sich ein spannendes transnationales Politikfeld – leider wenig beachtet von der Politikwissenschaft. Wird in Medien über das Welterbe berichtet, findet die UNESCO meist nur im Zusammenhang mit der Verleihung des Welterbetitels Erwähnung. Von der Öffentlichkeit kaum wahrgenommen, hat die UNESCO auch die Aufgabe, Welterbestätten zu überwachen und ggf. Hilfsprogramme zu initiieren. Diese Studienarbeit wird politikwissenschaftliches Licht auf die Interaktionen zwischen UNESCO und Zivilgesellschaft zum Schutze von gefährdetem Kulturerbe werfen. Dabei konzentriere ich mich auf die Notfallmaßnahmen für die Kulturgüter in Syrien, die seit Beginn der kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen im Jahr 2011 massiv von Zerstörung und illegaler Entwendung bedroht sind. Eine umfassende Analyse aller Beziehungen zwischen NGOs und UNESCO im Rahmen der Arbeit ist unmöglich. Ich wählte deshalb die NGO ‚Heritage for Peace‘ aus, um an diesem Beispiel zu zeigen, aus welchen Gründen und in welchen Bereichen die UNESCO mit NGOs kooperiert bzw. welche Gründe dagegen sprechen. Theoretisch angeleitet wird die Arbeit von der Ressourcentausch-Theorie. Die Untersuchung beginne ich mit einer kurzen Darstellung des Kulturgutschutzes durch die UNESCO und der Situation, in der sich die syrischen Kulturgüter gegenwärtig befinden.

The purpose of this thesis is to figure out the significance of the bagpiping tradition in the Czech Republic its potential to be added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. The thesis explains the current laws and ordinances in the area of protection of intangible cultural heritage and its application in the Czech Republic. The paper then explores the history and development of the bagpiping tradition and shows the current presentation in rural culture. Based on this theoretical part it answers the question if the bagpiping tradition has potential to be added to the Representative List or if there are steps that need to be taken first.

A presente dissertação tem como objectivo estudar alguns aspectos do Turismo em Sintra, mais especificamente no âmbito da gestão da Paisagem Cultural, designada Património da Humanidade pela UNESCO. Para contextualizar esta investigação, torna-se relevante desenvolver os conceitos de turismo, turismo cultural e património, seguidos de uma análise ao concelho de Sintra, dos critérios que justificaram a candidatura da área em questão a Património da Humanidade e ainda das avaliações efectuadas pela UNESCO desde a sua entrada na Lista. Com este trabalho pretende-se dar a conhecer as acções empreendidas com vista ao desenvolvimento turístico na Paisagem Cultural de Sintra, não esquecendo o plano de gestão, nem as actividades que a empresa Parques de Sintra – Monte da Lua, SA tem vindo a desencadear com o intuito de atrair mais visitantes a Sintra.
The main purpose of this dissertation is to analyze some of the fundamental aspects of tourism in the Sintra touristic region, particularly the Cultural Landscape management, which was given the status of World Heritage by UNESCO. The definition of some basic concepts, such as tourism, cultural tourism and heritage, are of extreme importance in what concerns to the contextualization of this research project. Equally important, is the study of the Sintra County, the criteria that allowed its application to World Heritage and the evaluation reports to which UNESCO has submitted it since its acceptance in the list. This work intends to explore and to give notice of, not only the group of measures undertaken aiming the touristic development in Sintra’s Cultural Landscape, but also the management plan as well as the activities promoted by the company Parques de Sintra – Monte da Lua, which are expected to attract more visitors to Sintra.

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Nas últimas décadas os estudos com foco nos arquivos pessoais têm sido recorrentes no Brasil, o que nos mostra um desenvolvimento desta temática. Do mesmo modo, o conceito de patrimônio tem tomado lugar central em discussões políticas relacionadas à sua preservação e ampliação em todo o mundo. O desenvolvimento dos estudos sobre arquivos pessoais afirmam as qualidades informativas históricas destes conjuntos documentais. Mesmo com seu estereótipo de papéis acumulados por uma pessoa, são cada vez mais reconhecidos seus potenciais de representação de um período histórico da sociedade. Este reconhecimento é responsável por elevar seu status junto à comunidade científica e governos, propiciando maior preocupação em preservá-los. Do lado do conceito de patrimônio, o seu desenvolvimento histórico, em consonância com os desenvolvimentos culturais e sociais, gerou uma ampliação de seu sentido. Inicialmente apenas obras arquitetônicas e obras de arte, preferencialmente religiosas, eram entendidas como patrimônio histórico e cultural. Atualmente, este sentido se ampliou drasticamente e muitas novas categorias patrimoniais foram incorporadas. Dentre estas categorias, surge a do patrimônio documental. Um conceito pouco explorado, responsável por gerar mais dúvidas do que respostas. Ciente desta categoria patrimonial, a UNESCO, responsável por desenvolver e coordenar uma série de ações preservacionistas em todo o mundo, desenvolveu o Programa Memória do Mundo. Este programa tem por objetivo estimular a preservação e o acesso a conjuntos documentais considerados relevantes para a memória da humanidade, bem como contribuir para o maior reconhecimento dos valores destes conjuntos. O Brasil é participante deste programa e desenvolve desde 2007 a seleção de conjuntos documentais...
On the last decades the study with focus in personal records had been recurring in Brazil, which shows a growth in this thematic. Similarly, the concept of heritage has taken a central place in policy discussions related to the preservation worldwide. The development of studies on personal records shows the importance of these set of documents. Even sometimes seen as less important records, papers accumulated by a person have been increasingly recognized for their potential for representation of a historical period in society. This recognition is responsible to elevate its status within the government and scientific community, incising the concern to perseveration. On the heritage side, leads to the development of a broad sense related to the cultural and social status. Initially, only historical buddings and fine arts, preferentially religion related, where understood as part of the historical and cultural heritage especially in the Latin American reality. In present time, this sense was amplify drastically and new categories where created. Between these categories, surges the documental heritage. On concept less explored, responsible for more doubts and answers. Concern with this category, UNESCO, responsible for the coordination and developments of a series of preservation actions across the world, developed the Memory of World Program. This program has the objective to stimulate the preservation and access to records consider relevant for the mankind memory, as well to contribute to increase the status of this records. Brazil is a participant of this program and development since 2007 the selection of records holdings relevant for the cultural and national memory, which will integrated the Memory Of World Record. Between the years 2007 and 2010 a total of 38 holdings where nominated, 12 are personal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Maria Leandra Bizello
Banca: Luciana Quillet Heymann
Banca: Telma Campanha de Carvalho Madio
Resumo: Nas últimas décadas os estudos com foco nos arquivos pessoais têm sido recorrentes no Brasil, o que nos mostra um desenvolvimento desta temática. Do mesmo modo, o conceito de patrimônio tem tomado lugar central em discussões políticas relacionadas à sua preservação e ampliação em todo o mundo. O desenvolvimento dos estudos sobre arquivos pessoais afirmam as qualidades informativas históricas destes conjuntos documentais. Mesmo com seu estereótipo de papéis acumulados por uma pessoa, são cada vez mais reconhecidos seus potenciais de representação de um período histórico da sociedade. Este reconhecimento é responsável por elevar seu status junto à comunidade científica e governos, propiciando maior preocupação em preservá-los. Do lado do conceito de patrimônio, o seu desenvolvimento histórico, em consonância com os desenvolvimentos culturais e sociais, gerou uma ampliação de seu sentido. Inicialmente apenas obras arquitetônicas e obras de arte, preferencialmente religiosas, eram entendidas como patrimônio histórico e cultural. Atualmente, este sentido se ampliou drasticamente e muitas novas categorias patrimoniais foram incorporadas. Dentre estas categorias, surge a do patrimônio documental. Um conceito pouco explorado, responsável por gerar mais dúvidas do que respostas. Ciente desta categoria patrimonial, a UNESCO, responsável por desenvolver e coordenar uma série de ações preservacionistas em todo o mundo, desenvolveu o Programa Memória do Mundo. Este programa tem por objetivo estimular a preservação e o acesso a conjuntos documentais considerados relevantes para a memória da humanidade, bem como contribuir para o maior reconhecimento dos valores destes conjuntos. O Brasil é participante deste programa e desenvolve desde 2007 a seleção de conjuntos documentais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: On the last decades the study with focus in personal records had been recurring in Brazil, which shows a growth in this thematic. Similarly, the concept of heritage has taken a central place in policy discussions related to the preservation worldwide. The development of studies on personal records shows the importance of these set of documents. Even sometimes seen as less important records, papers accumulated by a person have been increasingly recognized for their potential for representation of a historical period in society. This recognition is responsible to elevate its status within the government and scientific community, incising the concern to perseveration. On the heritage side, leads to the development of a broad sense related to the cultural and social status. Initially, only historical buddings and fine arts, preferentially religion related, where understood as part of the historical and cultural heritage especially in the Latin American reality. In present time, this sense was amplify drastically and new categories where created. Between these categories, surges the documental heritage. On concept less explored, responsible for more doubts and answers. Concern with this category, UNESCO, responsible for the coordination and developments of a series of preservation actions across the world, developed the Memory of World Program. This program has the objective to stimulate the preservation and access to records consider relevant for the mankind memory, as well to contribute to increase the status of this records. Brazil is a participant of this program and development since 2007 the selection of records holdings relevant for the cultural and national memory, which will integrated the Memory Of World Record. Between the years 2007 and 2010 a total of 38 holdings where nominated, 12 are personal... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Die Bewahrung des kulturellen Erbes ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Menschheit. Dennoch leidet Kulturgut an illegalem Handel, wird unrechtmäßig ins Ausland verbracht und nicht an die Ursprungsstaaten zurückgegeben. Mit dem Ziel der Stärkung des Kulturgüterschutzes wird in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland derzeit an einem neuen einheitlichen Gesetz gearbeitet, das alle bestehenden deutschen Gesetze in diesem Problemfeld umfassen soll. Das neue Gesetz soll 2016 in Kraft treten. Der momentan vorliegende Gesetzesentwurf wird in den Medien kontrovers diskutiert. Das neue Gesetz soll unter anderem der besseren Umsetzung des UNESCO-Übereinkommens über Maßnahmen zum Verbot und zur Verhütung der unzulässigen Einfuhr, Ausfuhr und Übereignung von Kulturgut dienen. Dieses Übereinkommen (weiter in der Arbeit auch als UNESCO-Konvention bezeichnet) unterzeichneten die UNESCO-Mitgliedstaaten im Jahr 1970, um das Kulturgut vor illegalem Handel zu schützen. Bis jetzt wurde die Umsetzung der Konvention in Deutschland von der internationalen Gemeinschaft stark kritisiert. Es kam nämlich trotz mehrerer Anträge zur keinen einzigen Rückgabe von Kulturgut an die Ursprungsländer, vor allem wegen des deutschen Listenprinzips (Erfordernis der Eintragung ausländischer Kulturgüter in Listen). Allerdings stößt nicht nur die Umsetzung, sondern auch das UNESCO-Übereinkommen an sich auf Kritik. Die Konvention von 1970, die zur Zeit ihrer Entstehung ein bahnbrechendes Rechtsinstrument war, zog neue Vertragsstaaten allerdings nur langsam an und wies viele Mängel auf. Dennoch bemüht sich die UNESCO mit diversen Mitteln seit mehr als 40 Jahren darum, das Übereinkommen zu reformieren. Viele Hoffnungen auf die Verbesserung dessen Implementierung sind mit der Tätigkeit der Vertragsstaatenkonferenz und des von ihr im Jahr 2012 gegründeten beratenden Ausschusses verbunden.

JULIO, K. de. A ponta de Jericoacoara e seu potencial como sítio geológico do Brasil no patrimônio mundial (World Heritage Comitte - UNESCO). 2012. 109 f. Dissertação (mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012.
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This work tries to summarize the challenges UNESCO and RIWAQ NGO face in order to preserve and enhance Palestinian identity and social community through the particular frame of cultural heritage. Its main goal is to analyze how these organizations operate for the re-unification of the Palestinian fragmented identity, victim from almost a century of different kinds of colonization and occupation, in order to strengthen Palestinian community and offer solid bases to the creation a new political identity. The main question of the entire work attempts to foresee what kind of state would it be the future State of Palestine, and on what premises it currently relies upon. The first part of the work deals with the theoretical reconstruction of the legal framework of cultural heritage in Palestine and in the world, with a brief historical summary of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and an examination of Israel’s Architecture of occupation. The central chapters concentrate instead on the one hand on the work the UNESCO’s office in Ramallah is doing in order to improve Palestinian living conditions in West Bank and in Gaza through massive education and cultural policies. On the other hand, the second central chapter analyzes the efforts RIWAQ is taking since more than ten years to improve the social-economic conditions of Palestinian with simple acts of restoration of the historic centers, through interventions of restoration as well as promotion of international cultural and artistic events like the Biennale. I assume with this work that both organizations are practically involved into politics, despite their statutes, through their simple act of resistance against the annihilation of Palestinian identity. A first result is the discovery that the same term “politics”, in this case, does not deal anymore with political parties, but instead concerns a renovated communication among the different parts of this geographical fragmented Palestine, in order to create a new, strong and self-aware community, independent as much as possible from international humanitarian help. In the conclusion, I review the last achievements in terms of international recognition of the State of Palestine and I try to foresee the future of this Quasi-State.

Aux XXe et XXIe siècles, l'idée de protection du patrimoine culturel (matériel et immatériel) et des biens culturels s’est accrue tant au niveau national qu’international. Elle se manifeste notamment par la définition des biens à protéger, l’élaboration de normes et la mise en place d’institutions. Cette étude s’attache à la formation du droit du patrimoine culturel en Irak dans une perspective historique en retraçant la genèse des notions relatives au patrimoine culturel, l’évolution et la portée de la législation mais également en analysant les institutions et les règles juridiques contemporaines élaborées pour en assurer la protection. Dans le cadre de l’Irak, en lien avec les conflits récents, les années d'embargo et les atteintes portées au patrimoine culturel, la question de l’efficacité des dispositions nationales et internationales se pose. A partir d’une analyse des violations commises malgré les conventions internationales, la détermination d’une mise en jeu de la responsabilité pour atteinte au patrimoine culturel peut être envisagée. Depuis 2003, une politique est menée pour renforcer la protection, la conservation et la valorisation du patrimoine culturel avec l’appui d’une coopération internationale. A la lumière de ces différents éléments, cette thèse formule des préconisations pour contribuer à une réflexion sur de possibles évolutions
In the twentieth and twenty-First centuries, the idea of protection of tangible and intangible heritage and cultural properties developed tremendously at both national and international levels. This idea is specially coming out by defining the properties to protect, developing the standards necessary and establishing the institutions mandatory for this purpose.This study focuses on the formation of cultural heritage law in Iraq in a historical perspective by tracing the genesis of concepts related to cultural heritage, evolution of the legislation but also by analyzing the institutions and legal Contemporary rules developed to ensure the protection. In case of Iraq, especially with the recent conflicts, the embargo years and the damage caused to the cultural heritage, the effectiveness of national and international provisions remains questionable.From an analysis of committed violations despite international conventions, determination an implementation of the responsibility for the cultural heritage may be considered. Since 2003, a strategy is established to strengthen the protection, to conserve and valuate this precious heritage with the support of international cooperation. Using all these elements, this thesis suggests recommendations to contribute to further possible developments

This thesis depicts the UNESCO World Heritage Convention (1972), an international law for the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites, as an example of the multiple practices within international policy making. By analysing its transnational constitution, I show how the Convention is constructed in and between locales through bureaucratic and diplomatic procedures characterised by intersecting political and economic interests. Using neo-institutional theory, I argue that organisations such as UNESCO frame problems as global, provide solutions, and organise the actions of states, organizations, and individuals; furthermore, my research not only illustrates how this occurs but also explores the preconditions of international policy making. While adhering to its officially proclaimed aspirations, states, organisations, and individuals also use the Convention for other purposes such as international prestige, career advancement, publicity, identity, development, tourism – even war. Such contending interests raise the question of explaining the success of the Convention and thereby the preconditions of policy making at the international level. A conclusion reached by this study shows that growing interest in the Convention can be regarded to result only partially from the general acceptance of its global rhetoric and morally vested perspective or the need for states to gain legitimacy by engaging in international relations. My thesis proposes that rather than by its official aims and formal procedures, the Convention is constituted primarily through complex informal relations, concurring contexts, and external structures. Data for this ethnographic study consists of field notes from participant observations during UNESCO meetings in France, Morocco, Australia, and at the Convention’s secretariat. A case study of the Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland, a Swedish World Heritage site, is also included, along with interviews, documents, and media.

This thesis is based on seven weeks of fieldwork in Central Region and Western Region in Ghana and discusses how UNESCO listed forts and castles in the area shall be preserved and used today. Through in-depth interviews with important stakeholders and through observations at forts and castles the intention is to unveil what conflicts are present and also how heritage is being negotiated among these actors. A key issue is whether the sites shall be regarded as commodities or as public memorials. Working with the theoretical concepts of space, place and heritage and how these can be understood in the chosen context the thesis seeks to explain how different actors are able to transform the way these edifices are being used. The thesis’ contribution and what makes it relevant is especially how it illuminates that heritage is constantly being re-produced as a response to input from stakeholders. It also stresses the challenges in how to deal with heritage property in the contemporary planning context.

A presente dissertação é apresentada em forma de um projeto, propondo-se elaborar o processo de candidatura da Falcoaria Real de Salvaterra de Magos à equipa de suporte da proposta UNESCO que credenciou a Falcoaria como Património Cultural e Imaterial da Humanidade. Este projeto pretende construir o programa de inclusão e refletir sobre a pertinência de apresentar uma candidatura e como no caso português esse procedimento poderá implicar a inclusão da Falcoaria no inventário nacional; ABSTRACT:The present dissertation is presented as a project, in order to detail the application process of the Royal Falconry of Salvaterra de Magos to UNESCO’s support team, who qualified the Falconry as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This project intends to create an inclusion program and to reflect on the pertinence of submitting an application and how, in the case of Portugal, this process could involve the inclusion of the Falconry in the national inventory.

The National Mission for Manuscripts of India, in association with UNESCO, completed a research study to assist in the development of legal and policy framework and protocols for promoting equitable access to documentary heritage, relevant to India and other South Asian countries. Entitled Legal and Policy Framework for Promoting Equitable Access to Documentary Heritage, the study seeks to accurately identify and critically examine the legal and policy framework for promoting equitable access to documentary heritage. The National Mission for Manuscripts is the most important institution in India dealing with bibliographic databases and the conservation and preservation of valuable manuscripts. The study covers the legal and policy framework which envelops the lifecycle of the Mission's work: access to manuscripts, their digitisation and creation of databases. By critically examining the legal rules in the practical context of the Missionâ s work, the research team has put together the first review of an initiative aimed at the protection of Indian traditional knowledge. The study illustrates working patterns of the Mission within the legal and policy framework of the country. It is a helpful sourcebook for understanding South Asian legal and policy framework for accessing documentary heritage collections. While the study does not set out to be the final word on these policy initiatives, it definitely makes significant progress in the policy debate and legal literature in this field. The conclusions presented in the form of draft legal agreements and policy recommendations will, with no doubt, be valuable tools for South Asian countries that share similar legal and policy framework within the sub-region.

L’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l’Educazione, la Scienza e la Cultura ha riconosciuto, negli ultimi decenni, la necessità di un approccio integrato al turismo e alla conservazione dei beni culturali, e ciò ha avuto ripercussioni sulle politiche culturali internazionali e dei singoli stati. Numerosi studi hanno infatti ultimamente indagato la relazione che intercorre tra patrimonio culturale, competitività turistica e sviluppo economico di un territorio e, a partire dagli anni Ottanta, le politiche culturali si sono evolute verso il cultural planning, una pianificazione strategica del territorio attraverso l’utilizzo delle risorse culturali. Il presente lavoro di tesi si è concentrato in particolar modo sull’impatto del “riconoscimento UNESCO” sul patrimonio culturale e sul ruolo che esso gioca nel marketing territoriale, agendo da fattore di crescita della competitività di un luogo e come attrattore turistico. Esso prende spunto da un tirocinio svolto alla fine del 2019 presso l’Ufficio del Comune di Bologna che si è occupato della candidatura dei portici di Bologna alla World Heritage List dell’UNESCO. Attraverso lo studio del Piano di Gestione di tale sito, cerca di indagare l’impatto che l’inclusione di un bene nel Patrimonio mondiale dell’UNESCO ha sulla tutela e sulla valorizzazione del bene stesso. L’elaborato analizza inoltre – anche in riferimento alla precedente nomina di Bologna a Capitale Europea della Cultura nel 2000 – quali siano le ripercussioni di tali “grandi eventi” sulle politiche culturali locali, nonché il rischio che la crescente corsa delle pubbliche amministrazioni all’ottenimento del riconoscimento UNESCO abbia come motivo e scopo il solo marketing del territorio.

Résumé de la thèse Il semble qu’ujourd’hui, il soit indispensable d’illustrer dans quel état se trouvent-ils les biens culturels sauvegardés malgré huit ans de guerre Iran - Irak, et tout autant des exactions des extrémistes au début de la révolution islamique en 1979. Le patrimoine culturel iranien qui souffre d’une perte d’identité accrue aux yeux des autorités, évolue sous les effets d’une politique largement dominée par la vision extrémiste religieuse d'une part et une série de problèmes organisationnels et administratifs d'autre part. L’idée que l’humanité puisse avoir un patrimoine commun pose un grand problème qu’illustrent les débats actuels dans cette société autour de la notion de «patrimoine mondial» prônée par l’UUNESCO. L'Iran à travers son histoire récente, a connu des traumatismes forts, qui ont des conséquences directes sur la perception du patrimoine culturel. En dépit de la reconnaissance dont bénéficie l’Iran, de la part de l'UNESCO, en matière de préservation de son patrimoine culturel mondial, ce pays connaît toujours une détérioration de son héritage ancestral, à cause de la conjugaison de nombreux facteurs sociopolitiques et humains. Ce travail s’inscrit dans les champs de la géographie sociale et culturelle et de l’aménagement du territoire. Il a pour objectif de mettre en valeur les nombreux avantages que le classement au patrimoine mondial pourraient apporter aux citoyens des territoires dotés des ressources patrimoniales très riches comme l’Iran. Il aborde aussi les obstacles rencontrés pour l’adaptation et la mise en œuvre des stratégies de patrimonialisation et de valorisation patrimoniales recommandées par les organisations et les ONG internationaux dans ce pays. Aujourd’hui, après trente huit ans de la révolution islamique la croissance des conflits autour des espaces patrimoniaux est toujours présente sur ce territoire. Ce sujet se veut à la fois un essai de diagnostic du conflit d'une part entre l’Etat et la revendication de la société iranienne au terme du son patrimoine national voire mondial qui n’a cessé de s’amplifier, et d'autre part entre les acteurs publics et privés autour du patrimoine mondial aux trois échelles internationale, nationale et locale. Nous essayons aussi d'identifier les défis auxquels sont confrontés les acteurs internationaux et locaux pour leur intervention sur ce territoire. Partant d’une analyse à la fois historique et sociopolitique, cette étude traite des usages sociaux du patrimoine culturel dans leurs dimensions politiques et économiques
Abstract It seems that nowadays, it is essential to demonstrate what is the condition of iranian cultural heritage which are saved during the eight-year Iran – Iraq war and also by the madness of the extremists at the beginning of the Islamic Revolution in 1979. The iranien cultural heritage that suffering of loss of increased identity in the eyes of the authorities, on the one hand is evolving under the influence of political vision dominated by religious extremist and a series of organizational et administrative problems on the other hand. The idea that humanity can have a common heritage poses the huge problem that illustrated by the current debates in this society around the notion of "world heritage" promoted by the UUNESCO. Trough its recent history, Iran has experienced the strong traumatism which have direct consequences on the perception of its cultural heritage. Despite the recognition which Iran benefits from the UNESCO, in preserving its world cultural heritage, this country continues to experience the deterioration of its ancient cultural heritage due to the numerous combinations of socio-political and human factors. This work is a study in social and cultural geography and spatial planning. It will aim to showcase the many benefits that the World Heritage designation could bring to the citizens of a territory with the very rich heritage resources such as Iran. It also covers the obstacles encountered for adaptation and the implementation of the patrimonialization strategies and heritage promotion recommended by international organizations and NGOs in this country. Today, after thirty six years of the Islamic revolution, the growth of conflicts around the heritage sites and areas is always present on the territory. This topic seeks simultaneously, a trial diagnosis of conflict, firstly, between the Government and the claim of Iranian society for its national and global heritage that it is growing expeditiously and secondly between the public and private stakeholders around the World Heritage in three international, national and local levels. We also try to identify the challenges facing the international and local actors for their intervention in this territory. Starting from an analysis both historical and sociopolitical, this study will look the social use of cultural heritage in their political and economic dimensions

Cette thèse de Doctorat a été focalisée sur le processus à travers lequel les jeunes construisent une notion de Patrimoine, la manière dont ils s’en approprient et la matérialisent, à partir d´actions concrètes pour la transmettre aux autres. Aussi, elle a essayé de refléter la manière dont le discours institutionnel de l’UNESCO influence leur perception du Patrimoine. La théorie de l’acteur-réseau et la Médiologie vus à partir de l’histoire culturelle, la Communication et la Médiation Culturelle sont les bases théoriques-méthodologiques avec lesquelles l’analyse a été construite. Comment, par des techniques pédagogiques, un dispositif organisationnel / bureaucratique a produit une certaine idéologie patrimoniale à partir du travail avec des jeunes ?Travailler directement avec la population sur des projets autour des thèmes patrimoniaux nous permet de nous rapprocher pour étudier des questions telles que : comment je me communique avec mon Patrimoine et comment mon Patrimoine se communique avec moi ?L’analyse a été faite à partir d’une étude de cas particulier qui a consisté à réviser une médiation culturelle mise en place en Espagne par le Ministère de la Culture et l’UNESCO, dans le cadre des « Forums des Jeunes du Patrimoine Mondial », interventions créées par l’UNESCO en 1995. Nous avons pris quatre éditions de ces Forums qui se sont déroulées en Espagne entre 2009 et 2012, pendant lesquelles la connaissance a été générée autour des sujets patrimoniaux, à partir d’une communauté d’apprentissage constituée par des jeunes d’entre 12 et 15 ans qui ont travaillé avec une méthode participative, constructiviste et collective. Ces Forums ont travaillé avec l’idée de la validité des jeunes dans le présent, et non pas seulement tels que futurs adultes. Ce sont des citoyens jeunes, et en tant que jeunes, ils peuvent devenir des éléments de changement dans leur communauté. C’est un modèle qui pourrait être reproduit dans de différentes réalités et pour de différents objectifs.Cette recherche présente quelques apports novateurs : une stratégie méthodologique pour implémenter une intervention qui favorise la construction, l’appropriation, la matérialisation et la transmission de la notion de Patrimoine chez les jeunes ; une méthodologie pour analyser les résultats obtenus dans cette intervention ; et l’utilisation de trois concepts qui ont été très utiles dans ce travail : celui de « communication patrimoniale », celui de « médiation patrimoniale » et celui de « Patrimoine émotionnel ou affectif »
This PhD thesis focuses on the process through which young people build a Heritage concept, how they own and materialize it through concrete actions in order to convey it to other people. This thesis has also tried to reflect how UNESCO’s institutional discourse influences the teenagers’ perception of Heritage.« Actor-Network Theory (ANT) » and « Mediology » are the theoretical and methodological bases of this analysis, seen through Cultural History, Communication and Cultural Mediation. How, through pedagogical techniques, could an organizational / bureaucratic mechanism create a given heritage ideology while working with young people?Working directly with the population on projects around heritage subjects allows us to get closer to study issues such as: how do I communicate with my own Heritage and how this Heritage communicates with me?’The analysis was based on a particular case study that reviews a cultural mediation implemented in Spain by the Ministry of Culture and UNESCO, as part of the « World Heritage Youth Forums » created by UNESCO in 1995.We reviewed four editions of these Forums that took place in Spain between 2009 and 2012, in which knowledge was created around heritage issues, through a learning community made up of young people between 12 and 15 years of age, who worked with a participative, constructivist and collective method.These Forums were based on the idea of valuing the youth based in here and now concept, and not only as future adults. These are young citizens and, as such, they can become key elements of change in their own communities. This is a model that might be replicated in different situations and for different purposes.This research presents some innovative contributions: a methodological strategy to implement a programme that will promote building, owning, materializing and conveying the heritage concept among young people; a methodology to analyse the results obtained in this procedure; and three concepts that were very useful in this work: « Heritage Communication », « Heritage Mediation » and « Emotional or Affective Heritage »
Esta tesis de Doctorado está enfocada en el proceso a través del cual los jóvenes construyen una noción de Patrimonio, la manera en la que se apropian de ella y la materializan, a partir de acciones concretas, para transmitirla a los demás. También, intenta reflejar la manera en la que el discurso institucional de la UNESCO influye en su percepción de Patrimonio.La teoría del actor-red y la Mediología vistas a partir de la Historia Cultural, la Comunicación y la Mediación Cultural son las bases teórico-metodológicas con las que está construido este análisis. ¿Cómo, a través de técnicas pedagógicas, un dispositivo organizacional / burocrático, ha producido una cierta ideología patrimonial, a partir del trabajo con jóvenes?Trabajar directamente con la población en proyectos patrimoniales nos permite tener un acercamiento para estudiar cuestiones como por ejemplo, ¿cómo me comunico con mi Patrimonio y cómo mi Patrimonio se comunica conmigo?El análisis fue realizado a partir de un estudio de caso particular, que consistió en revisar una mediación cultural puesta en marcha en España por el Ministerio de Cultura y la UNESCO, en el marco de los «Foros Juveniles del Patrimonio Mundial», intervenciones creadas por la UNESCO en 1995.Tomamos cuatro ediciones de estos Foros, que se desarrollaron en España entre 2009 y 2012, en las que el conocimiento fue generado en torno a temas patrimoniales, a partir de la conformación de una comunidad de aprendizaje de jóvenes de entre 12 y 15 años, que trabajaron con un método participativo, constructivista y colectivo.Estos Foros trabajaron con la idea de que los jóvenes son válidos en el presente, y no sólo en el futuro como futuros adultos. Ellos son ciudadanos jóvenes, y en tanto que jóvenes, pueden convertirse en elementos de cambio en sus comunidades. Es un modelo de trabajo que podría reproducirse en distintas realidades y con distintos objetivos.Esta investigación presenta algunas aportaciones novedosas: una estrategia metodológica para implementar una intervención que favorece la construcción, la apropiación, la materialización y la transmisión de la noción de Patrimonio en los jóvenes; una metodología para analizar los resultados obtenidos de esta intervención; y la utilización de tres conceptos que resultaron de gran utilidad en este trabajo, el de «comunicación patrimonial », el de « mediación patrimonial » y el de « Patrimonio emocional o afectivo »

The Cradle of Humankind, famous for its abundance of hominid fossils, has been preserved as a pristine landscape throughout the modern era, thanks to the establishment of the site as a natural and cultural World Heritage Site in 1994 (Maropeng 2016). In this dissertation the complexity surrounding a world heritage hominid fossil site is investigated. Kromdraai Cave, one of the five original caves included in the World Heritage declaration on the Cradle of Humankind, is investigated as a point of connection between conflicting values within the world heritage context. Through the intervention the site is envisioned as connecting not only the values of the world heritage site, but also providing an understanding of the landscape as a whole. The site is envisioned as a centre of knowledge, relating the value of the site directly to the context. The distribution of knowledge will allow the heritage to be accessible, not only to the scientist but also to the community.
Die Wiegvan die Mensdom is bekend vir die oorvloed hominied-fossiele wat daar voorkom, en is dwarsdeur die moderne era as 'n ongerepte landskap bewaar, danksy die die feit dat dit in 1994 as 'n natuurlike en kulturele Werelderfenisgebied verklaar is (Maropeng 2016). Hierdie skripsie ondersoek die kompleksiteite wat so 'n hominied-werelderfenisgebied omring. Kromdraai-grot, een van die vyf oorspronklike grotte wat ingesluit is toe Werelderfenisstatus a an die Wieg van die Mensdom toegeken is, word as aansluitingspunt tussen teenstrydige waardes binne 'n werelderfeniskonteks ondersoek. Deur die voorgestelde ingryping word dit moontlik dat die terrein nie aileen 'n verband skep tussen die onderskeie waardes wat 'n werelderfenisgebied verteenwoordig nie, maar dat daar oak 'n beter begrip van die landskap as 'n geheel verskaf word. Die terrein word as 'n kennissentrum beskou, wat sy waarde direk met die konteks in verband bring. Die verspreiding van kennis sal die erfenis toeganklik maak vir nie net wetenskaplikes nie, maar ook vir die gemeenskap.
Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Architecture
MArch (Prof)
Unrestricted

The article at hand concerns itself with evaluating the impact the State Cooperation System has had on how underwater cultural heritage is dealt with in international waters. A total of six researched cases, including the infamous Titanic and the currently controversial San José, attest that the notion of the Coordinating State has yet to deliver a higher standard of protection for cultural assets underwater. Also, generic ramifications caused by the superficial configuration of the treaty, such as disregarding private stakeholders and elements of bureaucracy, are identified. The discontent with cooperative jurisdictional provisions seems to be omnipresent. This affirms the need for reforming the Convention itself, even in consideration of the sixth Meeting of State Parties’ Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy. In order to provide a workable proposal for reform, the authors acknowledge the potential role model effect of existing systems of shared jurisdiction. In conclusion, it is suggested to upgrade the convention’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB) and assign it the identification of underwater cultural heritage, notifying state parties with a verifiable link to the heritage site as well as taking emergency measures. This is consistent with missions the STAB has already deployed to assist state parties on-site and preliminary deliberations to strengthen the support and funding of the STAB in the aforementioned Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy.

This is a brief research investigating issues such as world heritage and sustainable development in their existing links with youth and local communities, tourism and identity. Some heritage related narratives created by youngsters worldwide are considered.Connections among education, participation and heritage preservation, in the framework of a communication for development perspective, are investigated. Specifically, winning storyboards of a UNESCO Patrimonito competition are analyzed. The analysis on the collected media texts was conducted using a qualitative approach, including semiotics and visual methods.The findings emerged from the study made clearer the researched topic and allowed to formulate some final recommendations for further studies on the subject.

This thesis deals with the possibility of the inscription of the Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord in Vinohrady to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The church is a piece of work of the well-known Slovenian architect Josip Plečnik. The church's nomination is being prepared in cooperation with Slovenia where Plečnik's churches are also aimed to be nominated to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The work is focused on evaluation of outstanding universal value based on which the church meets some established criteria that are essential for the nomination to the UNESCO World Heritage List. Moreover, it also warns about the possible impacts which are closely connected with the inscription to this prestigious list. Thus, it suggests some recommendations which could eliminate those negative consequences. The final part of the work concentrates on proposing some thematic projects that strive to connect this church to the religion tourism in the Czech Republic and in Europe. The goal of these projects is to increase the awareness of this church among the public.

The thesis aims to determine the influence on the development and preservation of traditional folk culture which had the inscription of two cultural assets, The Ride of kings and The Slovácko verbuňk, on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in the region of Slovácko. In general the thesis also introduces applicable regulations of UNESCO in the field of intangible cultural heritage and their application in the Czech Republic. In more detail, the thesis devotes to the process of inscription of both cultural assets on the Representative List of UNESCO, particularly to the safeguarding measures and obligations arising from it for the Czech Republic. In conclusion the thesis explains how these safeguarding measures are met, and analyzes the impact of the entry to the UNESCO for assets themselves and their recipients and for general public.

La spécificité de cette recherche réside dans sa réalisation par la validation des acquis de l'expérience professionnelle (VAE), en simultanée avec le développement des approches en vue de la patrimonialisation des sites technologiques liés à l'exploration spatiale, conduits par l’auteure au titre de ses fonctions à l'UNESCO, en tant que le responsable de l'Initiative thématique « Astronomie et patrimoine mondial». Cette recherche retrace et analyse les enjeux de la patrimonialisation des sites liés à l'exploration spatiale sous un prisme d'une obligatoire corrélation entre le patrimoine terrestre de l'Espace et le patrimoine extra-atmosphérique.La patrimonialisation des sites technologiques liés à l'exploration spatiale est une étape charnière d'un processus de reconnaissance du patrimoine de l'Espace. Cette recherche positionne deux contextes. L'un est lié à la mise en place d'un instrument normatif international qui délimite le périmètre du patrimoine mondial appartenant à l'Humanité tout entière. L'autre est celui lié au commencement de l'Ère Spatiale et à l'exploration de l'Espace. Ce dernier donne naissance à des sites qu'illustrent une exceptionnelle prouesse technologique et le génie créateur humain. La patrimonialisation de ces sites est étudiée dans une approche de création de passerelles entre les deux contextes susmentionnés qui se sont développés parallèlement, sans jamais se croiser. Ce travail de restitution contextuelle s’appuie sur les témoignages des personnes clefs qui ont contribués à la mise en oeuvre de la Convention du patrimoine mondial, et notamment à l'avancement de la reconnaissance des valeurs associées à la science. La problématique de cette recherche s'inscrit dans le cadre des études interdisciplinaires dans le domaine de science, technologie, patrimoine et logiques de participation. Ce projet constitue un apport aux axes de recherches du Laboratoire HT2S Histoire des Technosciences en Société du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM)
The specificity of this research resides in its realisation by the validation of the acquired professional experience (VAE), simultaneously with the development of the approaches for the patrimonialisation of the technological sites related to space exploration, led by the author in her role at UNESCO as responsible for the Thematic Initiative "Astronomy and World Heritage". This research retraces and analyses the implementation of the issues of patrimonialisation of heritage-related sites linked to space exploration under the prism of an obligatory correlation between space heritage on Earth and outer-space heritage.The patrimonialisation of technological sites related to space exploration is a milestone in the process of recognition of space heritage. This research positions two contexts. One is linked to the establishment of an international normative instrument that delimits the World Heritage perimeter belonging to the whole of Humanity. The other is the one related to the beginning of the Space Age and space exploration. The latter gives rise to sites that illustrate an exceptional technological feat and human creative genius. The patrimonialisation of these sites is studied with an approach to create bridges between the two aforementioned contexts that have developed in parallel, without ever crossing. This work of contextual restitution is based on the testimony of key persons who contributed to the implementation of the World Heritage Convention, and in particular to the advancement of the recognition of the values associated with science. The research problem is part of the interdisciplinary studies in the field of science, technology, heritage and logics of participation. This project is a contribution to the research themes of the HT2S Laboratory on History of Technosciences in Society of the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM)

This thesis investigates the Slow Food movement which started in Italy in the late80’s and today is an internationally spread organization with around 100 000 participants in 160 countries. The core aim within the Slow Food movement is combining everyone’s “right to pleasure” with social responsibility, summed up in their motto: “Good, Clean and Fair”. The movement is interesting from a global development perspective, since it looks at food in relation to the cultural, physical, social, environmental and political aspects of our lives, and relates to sustainability in a wide sense. In 2003, UNESCO started acknowledging so called ”Intangible cultural heritage” as a part of the common heritage of humanity, and a few years later some culinary traditions were inserted to the list. Departing from a social constructivist approach in how knowledge is constructed, combined with Pieterse’s ideas of the relation between culture and power, the key research question for the thesis is: How is the concept of Food as cultural heritage being expressed within the external communication channels of the Slow Food movement? Followed by the sub-question: How do these expressions relate to power dynamicsand to socially constructed assumptions of reality? Through a semiotic analysis, visual and textual material from Slow Food’s official websites have been analysed, using the UNESCO definition of Intangible cultural heritage as an analytical tool. The findings are that many fundamental ideas within the UNESCO definition are expressed in Slow Food’s external communication, but at the same time, that some aspects could be more highlighted in order to put a higher emphasis on the producer and the community. It is evident that Slow Food need to continuously address the critique directed towards them regarding issues of privilege and elitism, and keep a self-reflexive approach in their communication work.

Although there is a growing literature on resilience and collaborative approaches to ecosystem management, there are relatively few empirical case studies on the process of adaptive governance. Moreover, previous research offers limited insights into the conditions that facilitate new ecosystem management trajectories. By analyzing the emergence of an adaptive co-management initiative in Bali, the UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape of Bali Province, this dissertation seeks to contribute to recent research on institutional governance approaches to enhance ecosystem management and social well-being. To that end, it addresses two questions. First, it identifies and explores three primary characteristics that fostered a new multi-level adaptive governance approach to cultural landscape management in Bali: the widespread perception of environmental crisis on the island that triggered collective action and the political will for a new form of ecosystem management; the emergence of a shared ideology--articulated in the Balinese Hindu philosophy of tri hita karana, or "the three causes of prosperity"--that unified diverse actors and actor networks and established a common platform for ecological resource management; and context-specific governance strategies that built on existing institutions and local-level initiatives. The second question centers on an analysis of the emergence of the management plan for the World Heritage site in Bali. The management plan was developed to support the Balinese subak in its struggle to adapt to current and future pressures that threaten to undermine the island's unique social-ecological system. For centuries, the subak have maintained Bali's terraced rice paddy landscape as a network of semi-autonomous irrigation associations, mediated through water temples. The adaptive co-management plan draws on principles of adaptive governance to connect subaks with other actors and actor groups across multiple institutional levels and regional jurisdictions. Research findings support the likelihood that the World Heritage initiative can promote transformative change in cultural landscape management in Bali. As the initiative develops, it will provide a fertile site for future research on adaptive governance, to better understand interdependent social-ecological relationships and the evolution of adaptive co-management approaches.

Being one of the fastest growing industries, tourism has a trend to offer more innovative products and services. New opportunities and challenges have come for entrepreneurs and SMEs. Heritage tourism is one type of experience-based tourism where people can get historical or cultural experience. The potential of heritage tourism has attracted many entrepreneurs. It has been recognised activities are motivated by attitude within an entrepreneurial setting, however how the destination brand identity impacts the relationship from a supplier’s perspective is not clear. This thesis investigates the influence of destination brand on the entrepreneurs in a heritage tourism. A qualitative research design was constructed and the research strategy of a case study of the Swedish World Heritage site of Decorated Farmhouses of Hälsingland (Hälsingegårdar) was chosen. There are only seven farmhouses to represent the UNESCO site and also 34 non-listed farmhouses open to the public. After examining both groups, it could be concluded that the destination brand of a World Heritage Site will motivate the entrepreneurs to look for opportunities, which will strengthen their attitudes. However, the relationship between attitude and activity is weak due to the effect of other external factors.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Antropológicas
O tema desta dissertação de mestrado em Ciências Antropológicas aborda o problema da inventariação do património imaterial tal como configurado na Convenção da UNESCO para a Salvaguarda do Património Cultural Imaterial e explora um conjunto de questões centrais na antropologia que permitem pensar a aplicação da Convenção no estudo e inventário das manifestações em contexto português. Os objectivos da pesquisa sustentam-se em dois eixos de análise que se inter-relacionam e se apoiam em recursos conceptuais e analíticos sugeridos pela revisão da literatura. Num primeiro eixo, procura-se conhecer o “contexto de aplicação”, focando a atenção nos aspectos do património cultural imaterial e do inventário configurados nos textos decorrentes da Convenção e nos normativos portugueses regulamentares. Esta análise convoca um conjunto de contributos teóricos da antropologia. Num segundo eixo, procura-se compreender os processos implicados na definição de metodologias de inventariação, especificando procedimentos e recomendações que contribuem para a resolução do problema do inventário do património cultural imaterial e desenhando os instrumentos de recolha de dados etnográficos e de inventariação. A metodologia e instrumentos de inventariação propostos foram aplicados em contexto de trabalho de campo a uma manifestação do património cultural imaterial local, a produção de olaria pedrada em Nisa.
The theme of this master dissertation in Anthropological Sciences addresses the problem of inventorying intangible heritage as set up in the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and explores a number of central issues in anthropology which allow the reflection on how to implement the Convention in the study and inventory of intangible elements in the Portuguese context. The research objectives are supported by two interrelated axes of analysis which rely on conceptual and analytical resources suggested by literature review. First, an attempt is made to know the “context of application”, focusing the attention on intangible cultural heritage and inventory features set up in the Convention and in the Portuguese legislation. This analysis has called for a set of theoretical contributions from anthropology. Secondly, an attempt is made to understand the processes involved in the definition of inventorying methodologies by describing procedures and recommendations that contribute to solve the problem of inventorying intangible cultural heritage, while developing the instruments for collecting ethnographic and inventory data. The proposed methodology and inventorying tools were applied through field research to an element of intangible cultural heritage, the production of inlaid ware in Nisa.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais
Esta dissertação explora o sistema de proteção internacional do património mundial cultural estabelecido a partir da adoção da Convenção do Património Mundial em 1972 no âmbito da UNESCO. O seu principal objetivo consiste em avaliar a performance da UNESCO ao nível da proteção do património mundial cultural em perigo devido à ação humana, entendendo-se por performance a capacidade da Organização para alcançar os objetivos acordados. Ao nível do enquadramento teórico partimos da Teoria do Regime Internacional, que sustenta que as instituições e/ou organizações internacionais e seus respetivos regimes afetam os atores internacionais. No caso da UNESCO, a Convenção do Património Mundial estabelece um regime internacional que afeta os comportamentos de todos os atores do sistema internacional de proteção do património mundial cultural. Quanto ao tipo de abordagem, utilizou-se um enfoque qualitativo, que utilizou a literatura e a teoria de forma indutiva. No que diz respeito às técnicas de recolha e análise dos dados utilizou-se respetivamente a observação documental e a análise interpretativa (ou análise hermenêutica). O estudo demonstra que o sistema de proteção internacional do património mundial cultural instituído no âmbito da UNESCO apresenta fatores internos e externos que constituem obstáculos a uma boa performance da Organização. Quanto aos fatores internos destacam-se os seguintes: a politização das sessões do Comité do Património Mundial, os desacordos entre os membros do Comité do Património Mundial e as Organizações Consultivas do Comité, a falta de recursos financeiros e a visão eurocêntrica da cultura. No respeitante aos fatores externos registam-se os seguintes: os desacordos entre os Estados Parte da Convenção do Património Mundial, a falta de cooperação entre os Estados Parte, as disparidades de políticas nacionais e locais na gestão do património mundial cultural e as estratégias políticas e diplomáticas dos Estados Parte com o fim de inscrição de bens na Lista do Património Mundial e de não inscrição na Lista do Património Mundial em Perigo. Conclui-se que existe, uma outra forma de ameaça humana ao património mundial cultural relacionada com as práticas diplomáticas de soft power, influências, pressões internacionais e desacordos entre os Estados Parte da Convenção. No que toca à performance na UNESCO ao nível macro (atingir os objetivos acordados), a Organização não consegue, de modo geral, cumprir a sua missão ou objetivos. Quanto ao nível micro (processos e decisões), os resultados são difíceis de avaliar tendo em conta os diversos fatores internos e externos que influenciam a performance da UNESCO quanto ao objeto de estudo.
This dissertation explores the system of international protection of the cultural world heritage established after the adoption of the World Heritage Convention in 1972 within the scope of UNESCO. Its main objective is to assess UNESCO's performance in terms of protecting the world cultural heritage in danger due to human action, with performance being understood as the Organization's capacity to achieve the agreed objectives. At the level of theoretical framework, we start from the Theory of the International Regime, which holds that international institutions and/or associations and their respective regimes affect international actors. In the case of UNESCO, the World Heritage Convention processes an international regime that affects the behavior of all actors in the international system for the protection of world cultural heritage. As for the type of approach, a qualitative approach is used, which uses the literature and the theory of the inductive form. Regarding the techniques of requesting and analyzing data, documentary observation and interpretive analysis (or hermeneutic analysis) were used, respectively. The study demonstrates that the international protection system for the world cultural heritage instituted within the scope of UNESCO presents internal and external factors that constitute obstacles to the Organization's good performance. In terms of internal factors, the following stand out: the politicization of the sessions of the World Heritage Committee, disagreements between the members of the World Heritage Committee and the Committee's Consultative Organizations, the lack of financial resources and the Eurocentric vision of culture. About external factors, the following are noted: disagreements between States Parties to the World Heritage Convention, lack of cooperation between States Parties, disparities in national and local policies in the management of world cultural heritage and political strategies and States Parties for the purpose of inscription of properties on the World Heritage List and non-inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger. It is concluded that there is another form of human threat to the world cultural heritage related to the diplomatic practices of soft power, influences, international pressures, and disagreements between the States Parties to the Convention. Regarding performance at UNESCO at the macro level (achieving agreed objectives), the Organization is generally not able to fulfill its mission or objectives. As for the micro level (processes and decisions), the results are difficult to assess considering the various internal and external factors that influence UNESCO's performance regarding the object of study.
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