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Статті в журналах з теми "Underwater wireless communications"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 листопада 2024

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1

Esmaiel, Hamada, and Haixin Sun. "Underwater Wireless Communications." Sensors 24, no. 21 (November 3, 2024): 7075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24217075.

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Effective underwater wireless communications (UWCs) are essential for a variety of military and civil applications, such as submarine communication and discovery of new natural resources in the underwater environment [...]

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2

Poncela, J., M. C. Aguayo, and P. Otero. "Wireless Underwater Communications." Wireless Personal Communications 64, no. 3 (March 31, 2012): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0600-z.

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3

Leccese, Fabio, and Giuseppe Schirripa Spagnolo. "State-of-the art and perspectives of underwater optical wireless communications." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i4.1097.

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In scientific, military, and industrial sectors, the development of robust and efficient submarine wireless communication links is of enormous interest. Underwater wireless communications can be carried out through acoustic, radio frequency (RF), and optical waves. Underwater optical communication is not a new idea, but it has recently been considered because seawater exhibits a window of reduced absorption both in the visible spectrum and long-wavelength UV light (UV-A). Compared to its bandwidth limited acoustic counterpart, underwater optical wireless communications (UOWCs) can support higher data rates at low latency levels. Underwater wireless communication networks are important in ocean exploration, military tactical operations, environmental and water pollution monitoring. Anyway, given the rapid development of UOWC technology, documents are still needed showing the state of the art and the progress made by the most current research. This paper aims to examine current technologies, and those potentially available soon, for Underwater Optical Wireless Communication and to propose a new perspective using UV-A radiation.

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4

Schirripa Spagnolo, Giuseppe, Lorenzo Cozzella, and Fabio Leccese. "Underwater Optical Wireless Communications: Overview." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082261.

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Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) is not a new idea, but it has recently attracted renewed interest since seawater presents a reduced absorption window for blue-green light. Due to its higher bandwidth, underwater optical wireless communications can support higher data rates at low latency levels compared to acoustic and RF counterparts. The paper is aimed at those who want to undertake studies on UOWC. It offers an overview on the current technologies and those potentially available soon. Particular attention has been given to offering a recent bibliography, especially on the use of single-photon receivers.

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5

Oubei, Hassan M., Chao Shen, Abla Kammoun, Emna Zedini, Ki-Hong Park, Xiaobin Sun, Guangyu Liu, et al. "Light based underwater wireless communications." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 8S2 (July 17, 2018): 08PA06. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.57.08pa06.

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6

Dang, Tien Sy, Van Thang Nguyen, Cao Van Toan, and The Ngoc Dang. "Exploring physical layer security in underwater optical wireless communication: A concise overview." Journal of Military Science and Technology 98 (October 25, 2024): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.98.2024.3-14.

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Underwater wireless optical communications are a developing alternative to meet the increasing need for high-speed connections in oceans and seas. Optical wireless communications (OWCs) are more secure and less susceptible to eavesdropping compared to acoustic communications or radio frequency (RF) communications due to their narrow optical beam coverage and reliance on line-of-sight components. Nevertheless, the existence of a hostile eavesdropper can compromise the level of confidentiality achieved by OWC networks. This article provides a concise overview of the latest research conducted on physical layer security (PLS) in underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC). Furthermore, this work presents the relevant unresolved matters, approaches for enhancing secrecy performance, and potential areas for further research.

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7

Centelles, Diego, Antonio Soriano-Asensi, José Vicente Martí, Raúl Marín, and Pedro J. Sanz. "Underwater Wireless Communications for Cooperative Robotics with UWSim-NET." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 28, 2019): 3526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173526.

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The increasing number of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) cooperating in underwater operations has motivated the use of wireless communications. Their modeling can minimize the impact of their limited performance in real-time robotic interventions. However, robotic frameworks hardly ever consider the communications, and network simulators are not suitable for HIL experiments. In this work, the UWSim-NET is presented, an open source tool to simulate the impact of communications in underwater robotics. It gathers the benefits of NS3 in modeling communication networks with those of the underwater robot simulator (UWSim) and the robot operating system (ROS) in modeling robotic systems. This article also shows the results of three experiments that demonstrate the capabilities of UWSim-NET in modeling radio frequency (RF) and acoustic links in underwater scenarios. It also permits evaluating several MAC protocols such as additive links online Hawaii area (ALOHA), slotted floor acquisition multiple access (S-FAMA) and user defined protocols. A third experiment demonstrated the excellent capabilities of UWSim-NET in conducting hardware in the loop (HIL) experiments.

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8

Li, Xinrui, and Dandan Li. "Study of Wireless Sensor Network Based on Optical Communication: Research Challenges and Current Results." Modern Electronic Technology 6, no. 1 (June 23, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v6i1.11372.

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With the rapid developments of commercial demands, a majority of advanced researches have been investigated for the applications of underwater wireless sensor (WSN) networks. Recently optical communication has been considered for underwater wireless sensor network. An experimental set-up for testing optical communication underwater has been provided and designed in present papers to maximize the energy coupled from these displacements to the transduction mechanism that converts the mechanical energy into electrical. The true case has been considered by measuring diffuse attenuation coefficients in different seas. One stand out potential optical communication method, Visible Light Communication (VLC) has been talked and several communication methods are compared from many points of view, for example attenuation in salt water. The evaluation of modulation techniques for underwater wireless optical communications has been displayed, and further how the data collection and storage with an underwater WSN is introduced. In this paper current researches for an (UWSN) based on optical communication are studied, in particular the potential VLC method and comparisons of VLC with other optical communication approaches. Underwater challenges would be analyzed by comparing a sort of communication methods, applied in underwater. Future work will be developed at last.

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9

Belicheva, K. V., R. S. Yonushauskayte, and S. A. Pavlov. "Prospects for visible color for underwater wireless broadband communications." Applied photonics 10, no. 7 (December 28, 2023): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2411-4375/2023.7.07.

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Nowadays, underwater wireless communications are realized through communication systems based on acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves (radiofrequency waves and low frequency waves), magnetic induction and visible light. This paper provides a basic problems and key aspects in the development of underwater wireless optical communication systems. The latter attracts considerable interest from science, industry and ecology as an effective solution to satisfy the rapidly increasing demands of underwater high data-rate transmission on at any depth. However, severe aquatic channel conditions (absorption, scattering, turbulence, etc.) significantly reduce the attainable communication ranges. The second serious problem limiting the functioning of wireless optical communication systems is the difficulty of aligning the transmitter beam with the receiver's field of view. Two main types between transmitter and receiver are considered: diffuse line-of-sign (wide-beam) configuration and point-to-point light-of-sign (narrow-beam) configuration. Diffuse line-of-sign communication have reduced alignment requirements, but data rates and distances are noticeably lower than in narrow-beam systems. The main technical solutions for adjusting the receiver and transmitter in narrow-beam communication systems are discussed in this paper.

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10

Bouk, Safdar Hussain, Syed Hassan Ahmed, and Dongkyun Kim. "Delay Tolerance in Underwater Wireless Communications: A Routing Perspective." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6574697.

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Анотація:

Similar to terrestrial networks, underwater wireless networks (UWNs) also aid several critical tasks including coastal surveillance, underwater pollution detection, and other maritime applications. Currently, once underwater sensor nodes are deployed at different levels of the sea, it is nearly impossible or very expensive to reconfigure the hardware, for example, battery. Taking this issue into account, considerable amount of research has been carried out to ensure minimum energy costs and reliable communication between underwater nodes and base stations. As a result, several different network protocols were proposed for UWN, including MAC, PHY, transport, and routing. Recently, a new paradigm was introduced claiming that the intermittent nature of acoustic channel and signal resulted in designing delay tolerant routing schemes for the UWN, known as an underwater delay tolerant network. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of underwater routing protocols with emphasis on the limitations, challenges, and future open issues in the context of delay tolerant network routing.

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11

Johnson, Laura J., Faezah Jasman, Roger J. Green, and Mark S. Leeson. "Recent advances in underwater optical wireless communications." Underwater Technology: International Journal of the Society for Underwater 32, no. 3 (November 1, 2014): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ut.32.167.

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12

Zeng, Zhaoquan, Shu Fu, Huihui Zhang, Yuhan Dong, and Julian Cheng. "A Survey of Underwater Optical Wireless Communications." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 19, no. 1 (2017): 204–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comst.2016.2618841.

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13

He, Jun, Jie Li, Xiaowu Zhu, Shangkun Xiong, and Fangjiong Chen. "Design and Analysis of an Optical–Acoustic Cooperative Communication System for an Underwater Remote-Operated Vehicle." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 5533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115533.

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Underwater wireless communication technology plays a key role in the field of marine equipment technology. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate an underwater optical–acoustic cooperative communication platform for an underwater wireless data transmission system. The system utilizes an underwater Remote-Operated Vehicle (ROV) as a carrier, equipped with LEDbased optical communication and acoustic communication modems. In particular, the system applies optical communication to transmit large-scale data and applies acoustic communication to provide acoustic-assisted signaling exchange before optical transmission and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) during optical transmission. By experimentally measuring the transmission distance under different water quality conditions, we found that the system can achieve a data rate of up to 5 Mb/s over a laboratory underwater channel of 7.6 m. By comparing the attenuation coefficients for the outdoor underwater environment with that in clear seawater, we estimate that the achievable link distance in clear seawater can reach 11 m with a data rate of 3.125 MB/s. The proposed system takes both implementation complexity and cost into consideration and also provides significant guidance for future real-time high-speed underwater optical–acoustic communications.

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14

Alatawi, Ayshah S. "A Testbed for Investigating the Effect of Salinity and Turbidity in the Red Sea on White-LED-Based Underwater Wireless Communication." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 9266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189266.

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Анотація:

Several industrial and scientific underwater applications require high-speed wireless connectivity. Acoustic communications have low data rates and high latency, whereas attenuation in seawater severely limits radio frequency communications. Optical wireless communication is a promising solution, with high transmission rates (up to Gb/s) and little attenuation in water at visible wavelengths. This study explores the feasibility of white-LED-based underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC) by considering Red Sea parameters. High salinity is the most prominent attribute of the Red Sea that can affect underwater communication and requires investigation. Considering this, the received signal intensity fluctuation under increasing water salinity was experimentally investigated. In the same experiment, the impact of growing turbidity was tested, as it is the most influential parameter and tends to block the entire LED-based communication system with little increase. The experimental results show that the signals are affected less by salinity and more by turbidity but are found to be sufficiently strong to be used for communication in the Red Sea. Finally, it was concluded that a white LED is capable of sending data at the maximum possible salinity values of 40 g/L. However, the turbidity can significantly limit the transmission distance to less than 60 cm.

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15

Leccese, Fabio, and Giuseppe Schirripa Spagnolo. "LED-to-LED wireless communication between divers." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i4.1177.

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<p class="Abstract">For military divers, having a robust, secure, and undetectable wireless communication system available is a fundamental element. Wireless intercoms using acoustic waves are currently used. These systems, even if reliable, have the defect of being easily identifiable and detectable. Visible light can pass through sea water. Therefore, light can be used to develop short-range wireless communication systems. To realize secure close-range underwater wireless communication, the Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) can be a valid alternative to acoustic wireless communication. UOWC is not a new idea, but the problem of the presence of sunlight and the possibility of using near-ultraviolet radiation (near-UV) has not been adequately addressed in the literature yet. In military applications, the possibility of using invisible optical radiation can be of great interest. In this paper, a feasibility study is carried out to demonstrate that UOWC can be performed using near-ultraviolet radiation. The proposed system can be useful for wireless voice communications between military divers as well as amateur divers.</p>

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16

Kim, Dongkyun, Juan Carlos Cano, Wei Wang, Floriano De Rango, and Kun Hua. "Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 10, no. 4 (January 2014): 860813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/860813.

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17

Suresh Wati, Et al. "Performance Evaluation of Underwater Routing Protocols DHRP, LASR and DFR for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network using MATLAB." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 10 (November 7, 2023): 1969–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i10.8809.

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Communication issues in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are the main problem. In this research paper and we proposed “Dolphin Heterogeneous Routing Protocol” (DHRP) and it determine the most efficient path to destination, it balance the energy and it increase the lifetime of nodes. Due to the lack of growth in underwater wireless communications, Communication cables are still used for underwater communication. The use of wires to ensure the communication of sensor nodes at the ocean's depths is extremely costly. In underwater wireless sensor networks, determining the optimum route to convey sensed data to the destination in the shortest amount of time has become a major difficulty (UWSN). Because of the challenging communication medium, UWSN routing protocols are incompatible with those used in traditional sensor networks. Existing routing protocols have the problem of requiring more energy to send data packets, as well as experiencing higher delays due to the selection of ineffective routes. This research introduces the Dolphin Heterogeneous Routing Protocol (DHRP) to tackle the routing issues faced by UWSN. The swarming behavior of dolphins in search of food is the inspiration for DHRP. In order to find the best route in UWSN, DHRP goes through six essential processes are initialization, searching, calling, reception, predation and termination.

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18

Roumelas, Nistazakis, Stassinakis, Volos, and Tsigopoulos. "Underwater Optical Wireless Communications with Chromatic Dispersion and Time Jitter." Computation 7, no. 3 (July 11, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation7030035.

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The obsolete communication systems used in the underwater environment necessitates the development and use of modern telecommunications technologies. One such technology is the optical wireless communications, which can provide very high data rates, almost infinite bandwidth and very high transmission speed for real time fast and secure underwater links. However, the composition and the optical density of seawater hinder the communication between transmitter and receiver, while many significant effects strongly mitigate the underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) systems’ performance. In this work, the influences of chromatic dispersion and time jitter are investigated. Chromatic dispersion causes the temporal broadening or narrowing of the pulse, while time jitter complicates the detection process at the receiver. Thus, the broadening of the optical pulse due to chromatic dispersion is studied and the influence of the initial chirp is examined. Moreover, the effect of the time jitter is also taken into consideration and for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a mathematical expression for the probability of fade is extracted, taking into account the influence of both of the above-mentioned effects for a UOWC system. Finally, the appropriate numerical results are presented.

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19

Alhawari, Adam R. H., Sama F. Majeed, Tale Saeidi, Sajid Mumtaz, Hisham Alghamdi, Ayman Taher Hindi, Abdulkarem H. M. Almawgani, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Qammer H. Abbasi. "Compact Elliptical UWB Antenna for Underwater Wireless Communications." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040411.

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The increasing needs of free licensed frequency bands like Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), and 5G for underwater communications required more bandwidth (BW) with higher data transferring rate. Microwaves produce a higher transferring rate of data, and their associated devices are smaller in comparison with sonar and ultrasonic. Thus, transceivers should have broad BW to cover more of a frequency band, especially from ultra-wideband (UWB) systems, which show potential outcomes. However, previous designs of similar work for underwater communications were very complicated, uneasy to fabricate, and large. Therefore, to overcome these shortcomings, a novel compact elliptical UWB antenna is designed to resonate from 1.3 to 7.2 GHz. It is invented from a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) layer with a dielectric constant of 2.55 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm. The proposed antenna shows higher gain and radiation efficiency and stability throughout the working band when compared to recent similarly reported designs, even at a smaller size. The characteristics of the functioning antenna are investigated through fluid mediums of fresh-water, seawater, distilled water, and Debye model water. Later, its channel capacity, bit rate error, and data rate are evaluated. The results demonstrated that the antenna offers compact, easier fabrication with better UWB characteristics for underwater 5G communications.

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20

Abdulsada, Suaad Sabeer, Mustafa Dh Hassib, and Zainab N. Jameel. "Underwater Wireless Optical Communication for IOT using Coding MIMO Diversity." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 31, no. 1 (June 9, 2024): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.31.1.13.

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The present study examined and simulated the coding or no coding performance for different configurations of multi-input, multioutput underwater wireless optical communication systems. MIMO diversity and channel coding were used to reduce the power transmitter, assuming lognormal distribution random for weak ocean turbulence. The simulation tested for a link range of 30 m in low ocean turbulence and 500 Mbps on–off-keying was also presented using Monte-Carlo. The results showed improvement in power transmitted (gain) for 2x5 compared to Uncoded SISO, which was about 33.60db using the concatenated code. So that the underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC) even now will also be significantly impacted by the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) and ultimate mobile technologies five generation communication systems because of their extraordinarily high demand for data safety, bit rate, energy consumption, so it is used in combined data transfer between underwater communication devices. The UWOC system based on coded MIMO may successfully be used in IoUT due to its high robustness and power qualification.

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21

Chaoxing Ren, Chaoxing Ren, Yun Li Chaoxing Ren, Xuejun Wang Yun Li, Ling Xia Liao Xuejun Wang, and Roy Xiaorong Lai Ling Xia Liao. "Intelligently Routing Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey." 網際網路技術學刊 22, no. 7 (December 2021): 1635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642021122207016.

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22

Shen, Wei, Yubo Peng, and M. D. AKTARUL HASAN. "Underwater Wireless Communication Using TCP/IP." International Journal of Intelligent Internet of Things Computing 1, no. 1 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijiitc.2023.10048055.

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23

Heidemann, John, Urbashi Mitra, James Preisig, Milica Stojanovic, Michele Zorzi, and Len Cimini. "Guest Editorial - Underwater Wireless Communication Networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 26, no. 9 (December 2008): 1617–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2008.081201.

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24

Hasan, Md Aktarul, Yubo Peng, and Shen Wei. "Underwater wireless communication using TCP/IP." International Journal of Intelligent Internet of Things Computing 1, no. 4 (2022): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijiitc.2022.129109.

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25

Bessios, Anthony G., and Frank M. Caimi. "High-rate wireless data communications: An underwater acoustic communications framework at the physical layer." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2, no. 6 (1996): 449–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1024123x96000439.

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Анотація:

A variety of signal processing functions are performed by Underwater Acoustic Systems. These include: 1) detection to determine presence or absence of information signals in the presence of noise, or an attempt to describe which of a predetermined finite set of possible messages{mi,i,...,M}the signal represents; 2) estimation of some parameterθˆassociated with the received signal (i.e. range, depth, bearing angle, etc.); 3) classification and source identification; 4) dynamics tracking; 5) navigation (collision avoidance and terminal guidance); 6) countermeasures; and 7) communications. The focus of this paper is acoustic communications.There is a global current need to develop reliable wireless digital communications for the underwater environment, with sufficient performance and efficiency to substitute for costly wired systems. One possible goal is a wireless system implementation that insures underwater terminal mobility. There is also a vital need to improve the performance of the existing systems in terms of data-rate, noise immunity, operational range, and power consumption, since, in practice, portable high-speed, long range, compact, low-power systems are desired.We concede the difficulties associated with acoustic systems and concentrate on the development of robust data transmission methods anticipating the eventual need for real time or near real time video transmission. An overview of the various detection techniques and the general statistical digital communication problem is given based on a statistical decision theory framework. The theoretical formulation of the underwater acoustic data communications problem includes modeling of the stochastic channel to incorporate a variety of impairments and environmental uncertainties, and proposal of new compensation strategies for an efficient and robust receiver design.

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26

Martins, Marcos, Carlos Faria, Tiago Matos, Luís Goncalves, José Cabral, António Silva, and Sérgio Jesus. "Wideband and Wide Beam Polyvinylidene Difluoride (PVDF) Acoustic Transducer for Broadband Underwater Communications." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 3991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183991.

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The advances in wireless communications are still very limited when intended to be used on Underwater Communication Systems mainly due to the adverse proprieties of the submarine channel to the acoustic and radio frequency (RF) waves propagation. This work describes the development and characterization of a polyvinylidene difluoride ultrasound transducer to be used as an emitter in underwater wireless communications. The transducer has a beam up to 10° × 70° degrees and a usable frequency band up to 1 MHz. The transducer was designed using Finite Elements Methods and compared with real measurements. Pool trials show a transmitting voltage response (TVR) of approximately 150 dB re µPa/V@1 m from 750 kHz to 1 MHz. Sea trials were carried in Ria Formosa, Faro (Portugal) over a 15 m source—receiver communication link. All the signals were successfully detected by cross-correlation using 10 chirp signals between 10 to 900 kHz.

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27

Tang, Shijian, Yuhan Dong, and Xuedan Zhang. "On Link Misalignment for Underwater Wireless Optical Communications." IEEE Communications Letters 16, no. 10 (October 2012): 1688–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2012.081612.121225.

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28

Sendra, Sandra, Jaime Lloret, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, and Javier M. Aguiar. "Underwater Wireless Communications in Freshwater at 2.4 GHz." IEEE Communications Letters 17, no. 9 (September 2013): 1794–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2013.072313.131214.

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29

Peppas, Kostas P., Anthony C. Boucouvalas, Zabih Ghassemloy, Mohhamad-Ali Khalighi, Kostas Yiannopoulos, and Nikos C. Sagias. "Semiconductor optical amplifiers for underwater optical wireless communications." IET Optoelectronics 11, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2016.0010.

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30

Pompili, D., and I. Akyildiz. "Overview of networking protocols for underwater wireless communications." IEEE Communications Magazine 47, no. 1 (January 2009): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4752684.

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31

Khalighi, Mohammad-Ali, Tasnim Hamza, Salah Bourennane, Pierre Leon, and Jan Opderbecke. "Underwater Wireless Optical Communications Using Silicon Photo-Multipliers." IEEE Photonics Journal 9, no. 4 (August 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2017.2726565.

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32

Johnson, Laura J., Roger J. Green, and Mark S. Leeson. "Underwater optical wireless communications: depth-dependent beam refraction." Applied Optics 53, no. 31 (October 23, 2014): 7273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.53.007273.

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33

S, Sweta, and Balajee Maram. "Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 2, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.2.1.99.

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There are a plenty of unexploited resources that lies underwater that covers almost 75% of the earth.In order to utilise them,the ﬁeld of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) is attracting the researchers to extend their thoughts in this field. The wireless sensor networks are heavy networks that consist of small low cost sensors that have a large amount of solving ability and energy resources which can be applicable in any type of irregular environments irrespective of changing conditions. Keeping in view of the real-time remote data transferring requirements, underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASN) has been recognised as a preferred network because it satisfies all aspects of data transfer. In UASN, the required availability and recycling of energy resources along with specified utilisation of data with the help of utilized sensor nodes for energy requirements that are necessary are done for the development of further theories in these contexts. Due to these causes, the maximum underwater resources utilisation techniques mainly depends on UAN (Underwater Acoustic Networks).Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) suitable for applications on submarine detection and monitoring,where nodes collect data with a mobile autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) via optical communications, and applied accordingly to deal with further approaches. They provide continuous monitoring for various applications like ocean sampling network, pollution monitoring, submarine detection, disaster prevention etc.This paper particularly deals with a brief collection of the UWSN applications and some of the algorithms for the path finding in order to pass maximum valued information(VOI) among the different nodes.

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34

MR Christhuraj, Manikandan TT, Saravanan M, Rajeev Sukumaran,. "MAC Layer Communication Protocol design using Stochastic Network Calculusfor Underwater Agriculture Farming." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 5 (April 11, 2021): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.879.

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: The hazardous in seawater network, channel utilization, and MAC layer protocol design induces the research challenges and opportunities of underwater acoustic communications, particularly in terms of throughput and transmission delay. In this research work, we propose the delay-tolerant MAC protocol with collision avoidance. Under_Water Medium Access control and Collision Avoidance -Wireless protocol (UWMACA-W) proposed for underwater Agriculture Farming. This research work also has compared the performance of the UWMACA-Wireless protocol with and without SNC. The growth of the plants inside the bubble can be exchanged to the base station by using the UWMACA-wireless protocol and also increases interface efficiency by taking account of the underwater acoustic channel's long delay time, as well as fixing the issues related to uncovered terminal issues. UWMACA-W method has higher performance than MACA-Wireless protocol, according to simulation testing on Riverbed modeler.

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35

Wei, Debing, Li Yan, Chenpei Huang, Jie Wang, Jiefu Chen, Miao Pan, and Yuguang Fang. "Dynamic Magnetic Induction Wireless Communications for Autonomous-Underwater-Vehicle-Assisted Underwater IoT." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, no. 10 (October 2020): 9834–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2020.2997709.

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36

Kumar, Manoj, Dr Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Dr Chandan Kumar, and Sanjay Chauhan. "A Review on Underwater Wireless Optical Communication and Effect on Information Exchange." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 008 (August 13, 2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem37077.

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Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has attracted increasing interest in various underwater activities because of its order-of-magnitude higher bandwidth compared to acoustic and radio- frequency technologies. Practical pre-aligned UWOC links were constructed for physical layer evaluation, which verified that UWOC systems can operate at tens of gigabits per second or close to a hundred meters of distance. This holds promise for realizing a globally connected Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). However, due to the fundamental complexity of the ocean water environment, there are considerable practical challenges in establishing reliable UWOC links. Thus, in addition to providing an exhaustive overview of recent advances in UWOC, this paper addresses various underwater challenges and offers insights into the solutions. In particular, oceanic turbulence, which induces scintillation and misalignment in underwater links, is one of the key factors in degrading UWOC performance. Novel solutions are proposed to ease the requirements on pointing, acquisition, and tracking (PAT) for establishing robustness in UWOC links. The solutions include light-scattering-based non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication modality as well as PAT-relieving scintillating-fiber-based photoreceiver and large- photovoltaic cells as the optical signal detectors. Naturally, the dual-function photovoltaic–photodetector device readily offers a means of energy harvesting for powering up the future IoUT sensors. Key Words Underwater Wireless Optical Communications (UWOCs), Link Configuration, feasibility analysis, link budget and communication range.

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37

Heidemann, John, Milica Stojanovic, and Michele Zorzi. "Underwater sensor networks: applications, advances and challenges." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1958 (January 13, 2012): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0214.

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This paper examines the main approaches and challenges in the design and implementation of underwater wireless sensor networks. We summarize key applications and the main phenomena related to acoustic propagation, and discuss how they affect the design and operation of communication systems and networking protocols at various layers. We also provide an overview of communications hardware, testbeds and simulation tools available to the research community.

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38

Shirokov, Igor B., Vladislav V. Golovin, Elena A. Redkina, Igor V. Serdyuk, and Pavel P. Ovcharov. "Practical aspects of design of the wireless underwater optical communication system for telecommunication applications." Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technologies. 16, no. 1 (March 14, 2024): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17725/j.rensit.2023.16.031.

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The overview of the principles of organizing underwater wireless optical communication is presented in the paper. The basic features of the optical communication system design with the usage of laser and LED emitters working in the visible range, as well as using various types of modulation, are considered. A comparative review of the developments of underwater wireless optical communication systems, operating at distances up to one hundred meters and with data transfer rates up to tens of Gbit/s, is presented. In addition, a comparative review of design of underwater optical modems is considered. It is shown, that the further prospect of their development is the combination of various methods of underwater wireless communication, including the use of MIMO technology.

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39

Zhou, Zihao, Shangsheng Wen, Yue Li, Wenxi Xu, Zhijian Chen, and Weipeng Guan. "Performance Enhancement Scheme for RSE-Based Underwater Optical Camera Communication Using De-Bubble Algorithm and Binary Fringe Correction." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080950.

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Optical camera communications (OCC) has been growing rapidly in recent years, which offers a flexible and low-cost way to achieve underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC). However, the existence of underwater bubbles and suspended impurities will greatly decrease the signal quality. In this paper, we propose a de-bubble algorithm and a sampling scheme based on binary fringes correction (BFC) to enhance the communication quality. The experimental results demonstrate that a robust transmission can be achieved in the harsh bubble environment by applying the proposed two algorithms.

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40

Ooi, Boon S., Meiwei Kong, and Tien Khee Ng. "Underwater wireless optical communications: Opportunity, challenges and future prospects commentary on “Recent progress in and perspectives of underwater wireless optical communication”." Progress in Quantum Electronics 73 (September 2020): 100275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2020.100275.

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41

Cong, Yan Ping, Zhi Qiang Wei, and Guang Yang. "Trust Management for One-Hop Cluster-Based Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 1163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.1163.

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In this paper, we studied the trust management problem in one-hop cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Trust plays an important role in constructing UWSNs. Due to the dynamic natures of UWSNs (current movement, addition or deletion of nodes) and the massive deployment of underwater sensor nodes, coupled with the short range of water acoustic communications, we need to ensure that all communicating nodes are trusted. We propose a hierarchical trust management scheme for one-hop cluster-based underwater wireless sensor networks.

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42

Wen, Jing, Dongwei Li, Linfeng Liu, and Jiabin Yuan. "An estimated Hungarian method for data forwarding problem in underwater wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 155014771877253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718772538.

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With the increasing concern over marine applications in recent years, the technology of underwater wireless sensor networks has received considerable attention. In underwater wireless sensor networks, the gathered data are sent to terrestrial control center through multi-hops for further processing. Underwater wireless sensor networks usually consist of three types of nodes: ordinary nodes, anchor nodes, and sink nodes. The data messages are transferred from an ordinary node or an anchored node to one of the sink nodes by discrete hops. Data forwarding algorithms are at the core position of underwater wireless sensor networks, which determines data in what way to forward. However, the existing data forwarding algorithms all have problems that transmission delay is too high and delivery ratio is low. Thus, we propose a data forwarding algorithm based on estimated Hungarian method to improve delivery ratio and reduce transmission delay. The estimated Hungarian method is applied to solve the assignment problem in data forwarding process, where the anchor nodes receive the forwarding requests from ordinary nodes and optimize the waiting queue. By applying this method in underwater wireless sensor networks, data forwarding has great advantages in success rate and transmission delay, which has been validated by both analysis and simulation results.

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43

Li, Xiaoji, Leiming Sun, Jiemei Huang, and Fanze Zeng. "Channel Polarization Scheme for Ocean Turbulence Channels in Underwater Visible Light Communication." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020341.

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Underwater wireless communication technology plays an important role in marine environment monitoring and ecological protection. Underwater optical wireless communications (UWOCs) can currently achieve a transmission distance of hundreds of meters, and the rate can reach hundreds of Mbps or even Gbps, with low power consumption and high-speed features. In addition, UWOC also has the advantages of a small transceiver size and strong anti-electromagnetic interference ability, which is especially suitable for scenarios where underwater volume and power consumption are relatively limited. However, UWOC systems face problems such as unstable transceiver ends, ocean turbulence, and so on, resulting in reduced communication reliability and limited transmission distance. Establishing a stable and reliable communication link is critical to extending the communication distance of the UWOC system. In this paper, a model of ocean turbulence channels is established based on the power spectrum inversion method. The transmission characteristics of orbital angular momentum (OAM) light in an ocean turbulence channel are studied, then the mode selection of OAM light is determined. At the same time, the polarization coding technique is applied to the underwater OAM communication system for the first time. The simulation results show that this scheme can effectively extend the communication distance and reduce the system bit error rate.

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44

Lin, Jiaming, Zihao Du, Chuying Yu, Wenmin Ge, Weichao Lü, Huan Deng, Chao Zhang, Xiao Chen, Zejun Zhang, and Jing Xu. "Machine-vision-based acquisition, pointing, and tracking system for underwater wireless optical communications." Chinese Optics Letters 19, no. 5 (2021): 050604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202119.050604.

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45

Su, Xin, Inam Ullah, Xiaofeng Liu, and Dongmin Choi. "A Review of Underwater Localization Techniques, Algorithms, and Challenges." Journal of Sensors 2020 (January 13, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6403161.

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Recently, there has been increasing interest in the field of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), which is a basic source for the exploration of the ocean environment. A range of military and civilian applications is anticipated to assist UWSN. The UWSN is being developed by the extensive wireless sensor network (WSN) applications and wireless technologies. Therefore, in this paper, a review has been presented which unveils the existing challenges in the underwater environment. In this review, firstly, an introduction to UWSN is presented. After that, underwater localizations and the basics are presented. Secondly, the paper focuses on the architecture of UWSN and technologies used for underwater acoustic sensor network (UASN) localization. Various localization techniques are discussed in the paper classified by centralized and distributed localizations. They are further classified into estimated and prediction-based localizations. Also, various underwater localization algorithms are discussed, which are grouped by the algorithms based on range and range-free schemes. Finally, the paper focuses on the challenges existing in underwater localizations, underwater acoustic communications with conclusions.

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46

Munasinghe, Kumudu, Mohammed Aseeri, Sultan Almorqi, Md Farhad Hossain, Musbiha Binte Wali, and Abbas Jamalipour. "EM-Based High Speed Wireless Sensor Networks for Underwater Surveillance and Target Tracking." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6731204.

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Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are considered as tangible, low cost solution for underwater surveillance and exploration. Existing acoustic wave-based UWSN systems fail to meet the growing demand for fast data rates required in military operations, oil/gas exploration, and oceanographic data collection. Electromagnetic (EM) wave-based communication systems, on the other hand, have great potential for providing high speed data rates in such scenarios. This paper will(1)discuss the challenges faced in the utilization of EM waves for the design of tactical underwater surveillance systems and(2)evaluate several EM wave-based three-dimensional (3D) UWSN architectures differing in topologies and/or operation principles on the performance of localization and target tracking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first of its kind in the field of underwater communications where underwater surveillance techniques for EM wave-based high speed UWSNs have been investigated. Thus, this will be a major step towards achieving future high speed UWSNs.

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47

Yu, Le, Han Sun, Shangwei Su, Huixuan Tang, Hao Sun, and Xiaoyu Zhang. "Review of Crucial Problems of Underwater Wireless Power Transmission." Electronics 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010163.

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In order to solve the problem of energy supply for underwater equipment, wireless power transmission technology is becoming a new way of underwater power transmission. It has incomparable technical advantages over traditional power supply method, and can effectively improve the safety, reliability, convenience and concealment of power supply for underwater equipment. The WPT has a natural electrical isolation between the primary and secondary sides to ensure safe charging in an underwater environment. This breakthrough technology greatly facilitates power transmission in the deep sea. However, current transmission power and efficiency levels are not at the level of WPT systems in air. Based on the analysis of the development status of underwater wireless power transmission technology, this paper firstly puts forward the challenges of underwater wireless power transmission, and summarizes the electromagnetic coupler structure, underwater docking mode, compensation topology, control method and eddy current loss. The current research hotspots in the field of underwater wireless power transmission are summarized and analyzed. Finally, according to the development trend of technology, the urgent technical problems in underwater wireless power transmission are expounded.

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48

Laghari, Waqas Ahmed, and Tayyaba Sahar. "Modelling of an Efficient Electromagnetic Method for Underwater Wireless Communication." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2467, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2467/1/012022.

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Abstract This paper investigates the characteristics of brief-term variety in wireless communications in the underwater environment. Nowadays, they are extensively used in experimental research related to underwater communication networks and channel estimations for an efficient link. From the first perspective, the main research exploration enquiry depends upon increasing the distance and frequency range. In this research work, an electric current method focusing on RF wave propagation is chosen. This technique in the seawater is produced by a couple of electrodes sensed by two receipt electrodes. The method can be an option as the waves show less effective refraction and reflection effecting in deep and shallow water.

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49

Islam, Kazi Yasin, Iftekhar Ahmad, Daryoush Habibi, and Adnan Waqar. "A survey on energy efficiency in underwater wireless communications." Journal of Network and Computer Applications 198 (February 2022): 103295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2021.103295.

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50

Islam, Kazi Yasin, Iftekhar Ahmad, Daryoush Habibi, M. Ishtiaque A. Zahed, and Joarder Kamruzzaman. "Green Underwater Wireless Communications Using Hybrid Optical-Acoustic Technologies." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 85109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3088467.

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