Статті в журналах: "Underground thermal storage"

1

Barros-Enriquez, Jose David, Milton Ivan Villafuerte Lopez, Angel Moises Avemañay Morocho, and Edgar Gabriel Valencia Rodriguez. "Design of a cooling system from underground thermal energy storage (UTES, Underground) Thermal Energy Storage) based on experimental results." Brazilian Journal of Development 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 873–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n1-056.

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Geothermal energy is a renewable and clean source that has been used for electricity generation in some countries since the 50s, the main characteristic to be used in this application is that the subsoil must have a high temperature geothermal resource (+150 °C). However, it can also be used in applications such as air conditioning in places where the temperature is around 30°C; In Europe alone, there are more than one million thermal installations operating by harnessing geothermal energy. The objective of the work was to design a cooling system from the storage of underground energy, for that, it is essential to know the variation of subsoil temperatures during a certain period of time. For this purpose, sensors were used that were installed at different depths and by means of an Arduino, information of a whole year was stored; so that these data are as representative as possible of the energy storage conditions and the changes depending on the seasons that pass. Additionally, the characteristics of the soil (conductivity, humidity and composition) were taken into account, where the equipment is intended to be installed in subsequent works. For the determination of the necessary cooling load, the design requirements of the ASHRAE standard were used and for the design of the underground heat exchanger, references of designs recommended through experimental tests in other research works are included, together with internal fluid methodology and one-dimensional heat transfer. It includes elements that can help improve the dissipation of energy into the subsurface and maintain transfer properties as stable as possible. This design is designed for the air conditioning of a classroom of normal dimensions that are used in the University and therefore avoid the energy consumption of conventional air conditioning equipment.

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2

Gonet, Andrzej, Tomasz Śliwa, Daniel Skowroński, Aneta Sapińska-Śliwa, and Andrzej Gonet. "Rock mass thermal analysis in underground thermal energy storage (UTES)." AGH Drilling,Oil,Gas 29, no. 2 (2012): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/drill.2012.29.2.375.

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3

Nhut, Le Minh, Waseem Raza, and Youn Cheol Park. "A Parametric Study of a Solar-Assisted House Heating System with a Seasonal Underground Thermal Energy Storage Tank." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2020): 8686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208686.

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The requirement for energy is increasing worldwide as populations and economies develop. Reasons for this increase include global warming, climate change, an increase in electricity demand, and paucity of fossil fuels. Therefore, research in renewable energy technology has become a central topic in recent studies. In this study, a solar-assisted house heating system with a seasonal underground thermal energy storage tank is proposed based on the reference system to calculate the insulation thickness effect, the collector area, and an underground storage tank volume on the system performance according to real weather conditions at Jeju Island, South Korea. For this purpose, a mathematical model was established to calculate its operating performance. This mathematical model used the thermal response factor method to calculate the heat load and heat loss of the seasonal underground thermal energy storage tank. The results revealed that on days with different weather conditions, namely, clear weather, intermittent clouds sky, and overcast sky, the obtained solar fraction was 45.8%, 17.26%, and 0%, respectively. Using this method, we can save energy, space, and cost. This can then be applied to the solar-assisted house heating system in South Korea using the seasonal underground thermal energy storage tank.

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4

Gonzalez-Ayala, J., C. Sáez Blázquez, S. Lagüela, and I. Martín Nieto. "Assesment for optimal underground seasonal thermal energy storage." Energy Conversion and Management 308 (May 2024): 118394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118394.

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5

Jin, Guolong, Xiongyao Xie, Pan Li, Hongqiao Li, Mingrui Zhao, and Meitao Zou. "Fluid-Solid-Thermal Coupled Freezing Modeling Test of Soil under the Low-Temperature Condition of LNG Storage Tank." Energies 17, no. 13 (July 2, 2024): 3246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133246.

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Due to the extensive utilization of liquid nature gas (abbreviated as LNG) resources and a multitude of considerations, LNG storage tanks are gradually transitioning towards smaller footprints and heightened safety standards. Consequently, underground LNG storage tanks are being designed and constructed. However, underground LNG storage tanks release a considerable quantity of cold into the ground under both accidental and normal conditions. The influence of cold results in the ground freezing, which further compromises the safety of the structure. Existing research has neglected to consider the effects of this. This oversight could potentially lead to serious safety accidents. In this work, a complete set of experiments using a novel LNG underground storage tank fluid-solid-thermal coupled cryogenic leakage scale model were conducted for the first time to simulate the effect of the tank on the soil temperature field, stress field, and displacement field and to analyze the development of the three fields and the results of the effect. This research helps the related personnel to better design, construct, and evaluate the LNG underground storage tanks to avoid the catastrophic engineering risks associated with cryogenic leakage and helps to improve the design process of LNG underground storage tanks.

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6

Jones, Frank E. "LIMITATIONS ON UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK LEAK DETECTION SYSTEMS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-3.

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ABSTRACT This paper discusses the limitations imposed on internal volumetric leak detection systems for underground gasoline storage tanks by uncertainty in the value of the thermal expansion coefficient for gasoline and uncertainties in measurements of the temperature of the gasoline. For leak detection or level sensing systems that are used to infer or measure volumetric leak rates, correction must be made to account for the expansion or contraction of the gasoline. An analysis is made of experimental determinations, in other work, of the density of samples of gasoline and calculated values of the thermal expansion coefficient. The data are divided according to three categories of gasoline: regular, unleaded, and premium. In each of these categories the estimate of the standard deviation of the thermal expansion coefficient is approximately 3 percent of the mean value. Examples are given of the magnitude of the apparent leak rate or error in leak rate due to uncertainties in the thermal expansion coefficient. In order to correct for expansion or contraction of the gasoline, the mean temperature of the entire quantity of the gasoline must be known. An error in mean temperature will result in an apparent leak rate or an error in leak rate. Examples are given of the magnitude of the apparent leak rate or error in leak rate.

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7

Sipkova, Veronika, Jiri Labudek, and Otakar Galas. "Low Energy Source Synthetic Thermal Energy Storage (STES)." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.143.

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The team of Building environment in VŠB-Technical university of Ostrava works intensively on options in long-term accumulation of heat in underground storages. The new concept follows the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings [1]. The Directive requires that energy should be extensively covered of renewable sources produced at or in the vicinity of building, where it will be consumed. The aim of the research is create thermal energy storage with model structure for complex of family house. For the storage will be used recycled materials especially recycled concrete. This system will be heat source in winter period and heat consumer in summer period.

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8

Tutumlu, Hakan, Recep Yumrutaş, and Murtaza Yildirim. "Investigating thermal performance of an ice rink cooling system with an underground thermal storage tank." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 2 (August 31, 2017): 314–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598717723644.

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This study deals with mathematical modeling and energy analysis of an ice rink cooling system with an underground thermal energy storage tank. The cooling system consists of an ice rink, chiller unit, and spherical thermal energy storage tank. An analytical model is developed for finding thermal performance of the cooling system. The model is based on formulations for transient heat transfer problem outside the thermal energy storage tank, for the energy needs of chiller unit, and for the ice rink. The solution of the thermal energy storage tank problem is obtained using a similarity transformation and Duhamel superposition techniques. Analytical expressions for heat gain of the ice rink and energy consumption of the chiller unit are derived as a function of inside design air, ambient air, and thermal energy storage tank temperatures. An interactive computer program in Matlab based on the analytical model is prepared for finding hourly variation of water temperature in the thermal energy storage tank, coefficient of performance of the chiller, suitable storage tank volume depending on ice rink area, and timespan required to attain an annually periodic operating condition. Results indicate that operation time of span 6–7 years will be obtained periodically for the system during 10 years operating time.

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9

Zhou, Xuezhi, Yujie Xu, Xinjing Zhang, Dehou Xu, Youqiang Linghu, Huan Guo, Ziyi Wang, and Haisheng Chen. "Large scale underground seasonal thermal energy storage in China." Journal of Energy Storage 33 (January 2021): 102026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102026.

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10

Beaufait, Robert, Willy Villasmil, Sebastian Ammann, and Ludger Fischer. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage System with 3-Dimensional Horizontally Directed Boreholes." Thermo 2, no. 4 (December 16, 2022): 453–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo2040030.

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Geothermal energy storage provides opportunities to store renewable energy underground during summer for utilization in winter. Vertically oriented systems have been the standard when employing boreholes as the means to charge and discharge the underground. Horizontally oriented borehole storage systems provide an application range with specific advantages over vertically oriented systems. They are not limited to the surface requirements needed for installation with vertical systems and have the potential to limit storage losses. Horizontal systems can be incorporated into the built environment and utilize underground storage sites below existing infrastructure. An experimental study examines configurations using a mix of renewable energy (photovoltaic panels) and grid energy to charge a storage system during summer for use during winter. A comparison of five different borehole configurations at three different loading temperatures was composed using an experimentally validated numerical model. The horizontal systems studied and analyzed in this work showed improved performance with scale and charging temperature. This paper supports further exploration into specific use cases for horizontal borehole thermal energy storage systems and suggests applications which would take advantage of better performance at scale.

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11

Lu, Fang, Xin Jiang Du, Yan Zhou, and Yang Yang Du. "New Progress of Study in Energy Storage Area of Volcanic Rocks." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.100.

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With the rapid development of national economy, combined with the construction of strategic reservation of petroleum in China, difficulty of large-scale energy storage and peak-shaving comes up. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and a number of energy companies launched two projects in the Columbia Basin to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of underground gas and wind power storage in basalt interflow aquifers. These projects reveal the potential of volcanic rocks in the underground energy storage areas. This paper briefly describes the new progress of study in underground gas storage (UGS), compressed air energy storage (CAES) and underground thermal energy storage (UTES) of volcanic rocks. We point out that depleted volcanic oil and gas reservoirs could be another complementary type of UGS and CAES, and volcanic rocks types should be included extrusive rocks and pyroclastic rocks. At last, volcanic energy storage technologies used in some domestic related areas of enlightenment is summarized to provide theoretical basis for building green, efficient and low-consumption economy.

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12

Ocłoń, Paweł, Maciej Ławryńczuk, and Marek Czamara. "A New Solar Assisted Heat Pump System with Underground Energy Storage: Modelling and Optimisation." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 5137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165137.

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The objectives of this work are: (a) to present a new system for building heating which is based on underground energy storage, (b) to develop a mathematical model of the system, and (c) to optimise the energy performance of the system. The system includes Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid Solar Panels (PVT) panels with cooling, an evacuated solar collector and a water-to-water heat pump. Additionally, storage tanks, placed underground, are used to store the waste heat from PVT panels cooling. The thermal energy produced by the solar collectors is used for both domestic hot water preparation and thermal energy storage. Both PVT panels and solar collectors are assembled with a sun-tracking system to achieve the highest possible solar energy gain. Optimisation of the proposed system is considered to achieve the highest Renewable Energy Sources (RES) share during the heating period. Because the resulting optimisation problem is nonlinear, the classical gradient-based optimisation algorithm gives solutions that are not satisfying. As alternatives, three heuristic global optimisation methods are considered: the Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) algorithm, and the Jaya algorithm. It is shown that the Jaya algorithm outperforms the GA and PSO methods. The most significant result is that 93% of thermal energy is covered by using the underground energy storage unit consisting of two tanks.

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13

Villasmil, Willy, Marcel Troxler, Reto Hendry, Philipp Schuetz, and Jörg Worlitschek. "Parametric Cost Optimization of Solar Systems with Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage for Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124603003.

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In combination with seasonal thermal energy storage (STES), solar energy offers a vast potential for decarbonizing the residential heat supply. In this work, a parametric optimization is conducted to assess the potential of reducing the costs of water-based STES through the use of alternative thermal insulation materials and the integration of an underground storage outside the building. The investigated configurations include: a hot-water tank, a solar collector installation, and a multifamily building with a solar fraction of 100%. The storage is either integrated inside the building or buried underground in its direct vicinity. A simulation-based analysis shows that if the tank is integrated inside an existing building (as part of a retrofitting action) – where costs are primarily driven by the loss of living space – vacuum-insulation panels can lead to significant savings in living space and a cost advantage compared to the use of conventional glass wool. Nevertheless, storage integration inside an existing building is a more expensive option compared to an external integration due to the high costs associated to the internal building modification and loss of living space. Despite the high excavation costs and increased heat losses, the concept of burying the storage underground is a promising option to allow the integration of large-volume seasonal storage systems in new and existing buildings.

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14

Ríos-Arriola, Juan, Nicolás Velázquez-Limón, Jesús Armando Aguilar-Jiménez, Saúl Islas, Juan Daniel López-Sánchez, Francisco Javier Caballero-Talamantes, José Armando Corona-Sánchez, and Cristian Ascención Cásares-De la Torre. "Comparison between Air-Exposed and Underground Thermal Energy Storage for Solar Cooling Applications." Processes 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): 2406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082406.

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Solar energy is one of the main alternatives for the decarbonization of the electricity sector and the reduction of the existing energy deficit in some regions of the world. However, one of its main limitations lies in its storage, since this energy source is intermittent. This paper evaluates the potential of an underground thermal energy storage tank supplied by solar thermal collectors to provide hot water for the activation of a single-effect absorption cooling system. A simulator was developed in TRNSYS 17 software. Experimentally on-site measured data of soil temperature were used in order to increase the accuracy of the simulation. The results show that the underground tank reduces thermal energy losses by 27.6% during the entire hot period compared with the air-exposed tank. The electrical energy savings due to the reduction in pumping time during the entire hot period was 639 kWh, which represents 23.6% of the electrical energy consumption of the solar collector pump. It can be concluded that using an underground thermal energy storage tank is a feasible option in areas with high levels of solar radiation, especially in areas where ambient temperature drops significantly during night hours and/or when access to electrical energy is limited.

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15

Mohd Apandi, Nazirah. "Optimization of Phase Change Materials as Backfill Materials for Underground Cable." Scientific Research Journal 21, no. 2 (September 1, 2024): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/srj.v21i2.26990.

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In recent years, the application of phase change materials (PCMs) has gained increasing interest due to their potential for energy conservation and thermal comfort in buildings. However, due to a limitation of study on backfilling PCM, only a few studies have examined the effects of backfill materials on ground heat exchanger characteristics. Hence, this research was conducted to identify if paraffin suitable for use as thermal backfill materials, as well as the qualities and performance as thermal backfill materials. Various percentages of paraffin wax (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) were mixed with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and 10% fly ash to prepare concrete specimens. These specimens were tested for compressive strength, thermal conductivity, heat storage, and thermal stability. The results showed that specimens with 10% paraffin wax content exhibited a 13.63 J/g heat storage capacity and a reduced thermal conductivity of 0.5769 W/m·K, compared to 4.62 J/g and 0.7812 W/m·K for specimens without paraffin. Compressive strength tests revealed that although the presence of paraffin wax reduced compressive strength by 10%, it still increased over time with curing, achieving 48.94 MPa after 28 days. Additionally, specimens with higher paraffin content demonstrated improved thermal stability, with SEM analysis showing reduced porosity and more homogeneous microstructure. These findings indicate that higher paraffin content significantly enhances heat storage capacity, reduces thermal conductivity, and improves thermal stability, effectively managing the thermal load of underground cables. This research demonstrates that paraffin wax can extend the lifespan of underground power cables by maintaining lower temperatures, thereby supporting both engineering and environmental goals through improved thermal performance and energy efficiency.

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16

Park, Dohyun, Dong-Woo Ryu, Byung-Hee Choi, Choon Sunwoo, and Kong-Chang Han. "Thermal Stratification and Heat Loss in Underground Thermal Storage Caverns with Different Aspect Ratios and Storage Volumes." Journal of Korean Society For Rock Mechanics 23, no. 4 (August 31, 2013): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7474/tus.2013.23.4.308.

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17

Nassar, Y., A. ElNoaman, A. Abutaima, S. Yousif, and A. Salem. "Evaluation of the underground soil thermal storage properties in Libya." Renewable Energy 31, no. 5 (April 2006): 593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.08.001.

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18

Zhang, Ying-nan, Yan-guang Liu, Kai Bian, Guo-qiang Zhou, Xin Wang, and Mei-hua Wei. "Development status and prospect of underground thermal energy storage technology." Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 (March 2024): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/jgse.2024.9280008.

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19

Oosterbaan, Harm, Mateusz Janiszewski, Lauri Uotinen, Topias Siren, and Mikael Rinne. "Numerical Thermal Back-calculation of the Kerava Solar Village Underground Thermal Energy Storage." Procedia Engineering 191 (2017): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.191.

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20

Zimmels, Y., F. Kirzhner, and B. Krasovitski. "Design Criteria for Compressed Air Storage in Hard Rock." Energy & Environment 13, no. 6 (November 2002): 851–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830502762231313.

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Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in underground caverns can be used to generate electrical power during peak demand periods. The excess power generation capacity, which is available when demand is low, is used to store energy in the form of compressed air. This energy is then retrieved during peak demand periods. The structural features and leakage stabilities of the air storage site determines the efficiencies of energy conversions and corresponding economics. The objectives of this paper is to formulate advanced criteria for design of CAES systems in hard rock in Israel, and to examine specific designs performance through predictions available from numerical models. Underground space provides opportunities for safe storage and conservation of energy. This concerns enhanced protection and security as well as lower response to external thermal and mechanical influences (impact and vibrations) that characterize highly controlled environments. Design examples of CAES system are presented and their geomechanical and thermal responses to compression and air release cycles are considered. Comparison is made between different configurations of CAES systems with respect to their expected technical and economical performance. Finally, a new CAES system, that incorporates a vortex tube for enhanced thermal efficiency, is described.

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21

Stricker, Kai, Jens C. Grimmer, Robert Egert, Judith Bremer, Maziar Gholami Korzani, Eva Schill, and Thomas Kohl. "The Potential of Depleted Oil Reservoirs for High-Temperature Storage Systems." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 9, 2020): 6510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246510.

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HT-ATES (high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage) systems are a future option to shift large amounts of high-temperature excess heat from summer to winter using the deep underground. Among others, water-bearing reservoirs in former hydrocarbon formations show favorable storage conditions for HT-ATES locations. This study characterizes these reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) and quantifies their heat storage potential numerically. Assuming a doublet system with seasonal injection and production cycles, injection at 140 °C in a typical 70 °C reservoir leads to an annual storage capacity of up to 12 GWh and significant recovery efficiencies increasing up to 82% after ten years of operation. Our numerical modeling-based sensitivity analysis of operational conditions identifies the specific underground conditions as well as drilling configuration (horizontal/vertical) as the most influencing parameters. With about 90% of the investigated reservoirs in the URG transferable into HT-ATES, our analyses reveal a large storage potential of these well-explored oil fields. In summary, it points to a total storage capacity in depleted oil reservoirs of approximately 10 TWh a−1, which is a considerable portion of the thermal energy needs in this area.

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22

Hyrzyński, Rafał, Paweł Ziółkowski, Sylwia Gotzman, Bartosz Kraszewski, and Janusz Badur. "Thermodynamic analysis of the Compressed Air Energy Storage system coupled with the Underground Thermal Energy Storage." E3S Web of Conferences 137 (2019): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913701023.

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Improvement of flexibility is one of the key challenges for the transformation of the Polish Power System aiming at a high share of renewable energy in electricity generation. Flexible and dispatchable power plants will contribute to this ongoing transformation process as they compensate for fluctuations in electricity generation from renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaics. In this context, CAES storage tanks are currently the only alternative to storage facilities using pumped-storage hydroelectricity due to the possibility of obtaining the appropriate energy capacity of the storage facility. However, a relative disadvantage of these plants is the heat loss caused by the cooling of the air after compression. The basic elements of the CAES warehouse are: an air compression station, a compressed air reservoir that is also a storage facility (in the existing solutions, these are underground caverns), an expansion station with combustion chambers and gas turbines, and a generator. A key aspect of CAES is the optimal configuration of the thermodynamic cycle. In this paper, the situation of cooperation between the current conventional power plants and wind farms is first analysed, and then, based on thermodynamic models, the process of storing thermal and electrical energy in the CAES system coupled with heat recovery after the gas turbine is analysed. A solution with a ground heat exchanger was also proposed, as the soil, due to its properties, may serve as a thermal energy storage. The paper also analyzes the discharge of the heat storage based on CFD approaches. The ground can be charged during the cooling down of the compressed air. On the other hand, thermal energy was recovered when water flowing to the heat customers was heated. On the basis of non-stationary calculations, the heat stream received from the underground thermal energy storage was estimated.

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23

Qin, Xiangxi, Yazhou Zhao, Chengjun Dai, Jian Wei, and Dahai Xue. "Thermal Performance Analysis on the Seasonal Heat Storage by Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger with the Extended Finite Line Source Model." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 8366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228366.

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Deep borehole heat exchanger is promising and competitive for seasonal heat storage in the limited space underground with great efficiency. However, seasonal heat storage performance of the essentially deep borehole heat exchanger reaching kilometers underground was seldom studied. In addition, previous research rarely achieved comprehensive assessment for its thermal performance due to seasonal heat storage. Insight into the complicated heat transfer characteristics during the whole process of prior charging and subsequent discharging of deep borehole heat exchanger is in urgent need to be clarified. To this end, an extended finite line source model is proposed to investigate thermal performance of the deep borehole heat exchanger during charging and discharging stages. It is developed with modifications of classical finite line source model to consider the spatio-temporally non-uniform distribution of heat flux density and anisotropic thermal conductivity of deep rock. In general, simulation results demonstrate that thermal performance of the deep borehole heat exchanger deteriorates rapidly both during charging and discharging stages, making it impossible to sustain long-term efficient operation. Specifically, it was discovered that low temperature heat storage utilized only upper section of the borehole as effective heat storage section, and enhancement for heat extraction potential during the heating season was not significant. While high temperature heat storage by deep borehole heat exchanger could only enhance the heat extraction potential for 30 to 40 days in the initial stage of heating. Throughout the discharging, maximum thermal performance enhancement up to 11.27 times was achieved and the heat storage efficiency was evaluated at 2.86 based on average heat exchange rate. The findings of this study are intended to provide a guidance for decisionmakers to determine the most suitable seasonal heat storage strategy for the deep borehole heat exchanger and facilitate the application in engineering practice.

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Kortiš, Ján, and Michal Gottwald. "Numerical Simulation of Thermal Energy Storage in Underground Soil Heat Accumulator." Civil and Environmental Engineering 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2014-0017.

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Abstract The alternative energy sources have been getting popular for last decades as a new way to obtain enough energy especially for countries which do not have rich natural reservoirs of fossil fuels. Gathering the thermal energy from the solar radiation seems to be as one of the cheapest alternatives of them. The disadvantage of it is the overflow of the heat energy during the summer and lack of them during the winter, when the demand for heat is on top. The underground thermal energy storage can be a good alternative for accumulating the heat energy and then offers it on demand. However, it is difficult to monitor the real physical condition in the soil. In the article, the results of numerical simulation are shown as a good way for a better identification of the process of accumulating the energy to the soil material.

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25

Zhu, Jiayin, Yingfang Liu, Ruixin Li, Bin Chen, Yu Chen, and Jifu Lu. "Thermal Storage Performance of Underground Cave Dwellings under Kang Intermittent Heating: A Case Study of Northern China." Processes 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030595.

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The intermittent heating mode of Kang plays an important role in the heat storage and release in cave dwellings. However, research on the effect of Kang heating on the thermal process of traditional buildings is rare. Therefore, based on long-term monitoring of cave dwellings, regular conclusions about the influence of Kang heating on the thermal environment were obtained. Furthermore, an unsteady heat transfer model of the envelope was proposed for the first time. Then, based on this model, the thermal storage performance of cave dwellings during the period of Kang intermittent heating was explored. The results showed that, due to Kang heating, the indoor air temperature of cave dwellings could be increased by an average of 3.1 °C. Furthermore, the inner walls had a large thermal mass and the maximum heat storage in a single day was 487.75 kJ/m2, while the maximum heat release was 419.02 kJ/m2. The heat release at night could reach 87%. In this paper, the law of thermal storage and release characteristics of earthen building envelopes under intermittent heating was firstly obtained. Results can enrich the thermal process theory of earthen buildings and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for building thermal environmental construction.

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26

SUZUKI, Daisuke, Michihiko SIBUE, Shun MIKAMI, Kaoru YASUHARA, Takao YOKOYAMA, and Yoshito HORINO. "512 Heat pump using underground thermal storage of Launcher-typed well." Proceedings of Autumn Conference of Tohoku Branch 2005.41 (2005): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetohoku.2005.41.199.

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27

Jiang, Yan, Qing Gao, Lihua Wang, and Ming Li. "Energy Transfer Effect of Dynamic Load on Underground Thermal Energy Storage." Procedia Environmental Sciences 12 (2012): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2012.01.332.

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28

Ni, Zhuobiao, Pauline van Gaans, Martijn Smit, Huub Rijnaarts, and Tim Grotenhuis. "Biodegradation ofcis-1,2-Dichloroethene in Simulated Underground Thermal Energy Storage Systems." Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 22 (November 4, 2015): 13519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b03068.

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29

Nisar, Shahim. "Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage to a Combined Heat and Power Plant." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38182.

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Abstract: Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. TES systems are used particularly in buildings and in industrial processes. This paper is focused on TES technologies that provide a way of valorizing solar heat and reducing the energy demand of buildings. The principles of several energy storage methods and calculation of storage capacities are described. Sensible heat storage technologies, including water tank, underground and packed-bed storage methods, are briefly reviewed. Additionally, latent-heat storage systems associated with phase-change materials for use in solar heating/cooling of buildings, solar water heating, heat-pump systems, and concentrating solar power plants as well as thermo-chemical storage are discussed. Finally, cool thermal energy storage is also briefly reviewed and outstanding information on the performance and costs of TES systems are included.

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30

Carlsson, Anders E. "Coarse-Grained Model of Underground Thermal Energy Storage Applied to Efficiency Optimization." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081918.

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Seasonal storage of thermal energy, by pumping heated water through a borehole array in the summer, and reversing the water flow to extract heat in the winter, can ameliorate some of the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Simulation can be a valuable tool in enhancing the efficiency of such storage systems. This paper develops a simple, efficient mathematical model of spatial temperature dynamics that focuses on the radial water flow in a cylindrical borehole array. The model calculates the time course of the temperature difference between outgoing and incoming water accurately, and allows new optimization strategies to be explored easily. A strategy based on discharging water heated by the array before it reaches the array center can increase the storage capacity by 25% for a system with a 20% smaller radius than the well-studied Drake Landing system. If the density of boreholes is also doubled, the improvement is 29%.

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31

Derii, Volodymyr, and Oleksandr Zgurovets. "Heat energy storages." System Research in Energy 2023, no. 3 (August 25, 2023): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.004.

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The article provides an analytical review of thermal energy storage. The reasons determining their demand are shown. It has been established that the market of thermal accumulators is developing quite dynamically. According to the forecast of the International Renewable Energy Agency, the global market for thermal accumulators may triple by 2030 from 234 GWh of installed capacity in 2019 to about 800 GWh in 2030. Investments in the development of thermal accumulators are expected to reach 13–28 billion US dollars. Their capacity for power generation can be 491–631 GWh, for heat supply – 143–199 GWh, for cooling – 23–26 GWh. Bloomberg NEF considers the main drivers of such a sharp increase in energy storage capacity are the US Inflation Reduction Act, which provides for more than $369 billion in financing for clean technologies, as well as the European Union's RE Power EU plan to reduce dependence on gas from Russia. The significant additional storage capacity expected from 2025 in the utility sector is in line with the very ambitious renewable energy targets set out in the REPowerEU plan. The purpose of this review is the search and analysis of thermal energy storage technologies for their possible use in the centralized heat supply of Ukraine. The conducted review showed that the most advanced technology for the accumulation of thermal energy is heat capacity of the material storage. It is the cheapest and most common in centralized heat supply. For short-term storage of heat energy, it is advisable to use storage tanks and main heat networks. Special insulated concrete underground storages of both natural and artificial origin are used for seasonal accumulation of thermal energy. A promising technology for seasonal thermal energy storage is an ice battery developed by the Viessmann company, which requires much less space than the heat capacity of the material storage technology. Thermochemical batteries are in the early stages of development, their demonstration samples may be manufactured by 2050. Keywords: battery, thermal energy, heat capacity, phase transition.

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32

Messerklinger, Sophie, Mikkel Smaadahl, and Carlo Rabaiotti. "Large thermal heat storages in rock caverns – numerical simulation of heat losses." Geomechanics and Tunnelling 17, no. 1 (February 2024): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/geot.202300050.

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AbstractIn the future large energy storage facilities will play a key role in district heating systems that transport heat energy through tube systems with water as transport media. Energy storages enable storage of renewable energy and industrial waste heat through flexible buffer heat storage and allow a reduction in installed capacities of heat supply stations. In this article, the application of water‐filled rock caverns for the use of large thermal energy storages is analysed. A key issue is the energy loss over the month/year. Therefore, this study focuses on the quantification of energy losses from water‐filled rock caverns by means of numerical analysis. Three different rock cavern geometries are analysed, varying rock conductivity parameter and varying temperature profiles of the water storage. By simulations with the software COMSOL it could be shown that (i) the energy losses of underground caverns are only 25 % compared to the energy losses from the currently used insulated steel tanks located above ground, (ii) the energy losses can be further decreased by the application of a thermal insulation layer and (iii) the energy losses decrease over the lifetime due to the reducing temperature gradients in the surrounding rock. Since cavern reservoirs can be operated for more than 100 years, these findings are of great relevance and shall be further investigated with respect to economical assessment.

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33

Pokhrel, Sajjan, Ali Fahrettin Kuyuk, Hosein Kalantari, and Seyed Ali Ghoreishi-Madiseh. "Techno-Economic Trade-Off between Battery Storage and Ice Thermal Energy Storage for Application in Renewable Mine Cooling System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176022.

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This paper performs a techno-economic assessment in deploying solar photovoltaics to provide energy to a refrigeration machine for a remote underground mine. As shallow deposits are rapidly depleting, underground mines are growing deeper to reach resources situated at greater depths. This creates an immense challenge in air-conditioning as the heat emissions to mine ambient increases substantially as mines reach to deeper levels. A system-level design analysis is performed to couple PV with a refrigeration plant capable of generating 200 tonne of ice per day to help to mitigate this issue. Generated ice can directly be used in cooling deep underground mines via different types of direct heat exchangers. State-of-the-art technology is used in developing the model which aims to decrease the size and cost of a conventional refrigeration system run on a diesel generator. Costs associated with deploying a solar system are computed as per the recent market value. Energy savings, carbon emissions reduction, and net annual savings in employing the system are quantified and compared to a diesel-only scenario. In addition, two different energy storage strategies: an ice storage system and a battery storage system, are compared. A detailed economic analysis is performed over the life of the project to obtain the net cash flow diagram, payback period, and cumulative savings for both systems. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is proposed to highlight the effect of solar intensity on solar system size and the area required for installment. The study suggests that the use of solar PV in mine refrigeration applications is technically feasible and economically viable depending on the sun-peak hours of the mine location. Additionally, the economics of deploying an ice storage system compared to the battery storage system has a better payback period and more cumulative savings.

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34

Sağlam, Özdamar, Seyit Özdamar, and Suha Mert. "Simulation and modeling of a solar-aided underground energy storage system." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci220913025s.

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The significance of energy storage methods and related R&D studies are increasing due to the depletion of fossil fuels, rising energy prices, and growing environmental concerns. Storage of energy means elimination of practical concerns for the time difference between the time when the energy is produced and when it?s needed. The importance of producing and storing energy through renewable sources is increasing every day, especially in developing countries like T?rkiye, as such countries would like to reduce their dependence on foreign sources. This study focuses on an UTES (Underground Thermal Energy Storage) system that was modeled for Van Region, using M-file program. The performance of an isolated day heat system as a TES was investigated, and the thermal energy storage capacity of the system was researched for a 5x5x5 m soil area located on the Van Yuzuncu Yil University Campus. The temperature distribution, heat loss, and efficiency calculations were performed for a complete year and 3D representations of the findings were obtained. The lowest efficiencies were observed in May, while the highest efficiencies were observed in July. It was found that the maximum heat loss from the system took place during December and January, and the system could be easily and effectively become a heating source for a single household with the addition of a heat pump.

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35

Rotta Loria, Alessandro F. "The thermal energy storage potential of underground tunnels used as heat exchangers." Renewable Energy 176 (October 2021): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.076.

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36

ISHIZUKA, Yoshio, Naoto KINOSHITA, and Tetsuo OKUNO. "Stability of a rock cavern for underground LPG storage under thermal stresses." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 370 (1986): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1986.370_243.

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37

Kozai, T. "THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A SOLAR GREENHOUSE WITH AN UNDERGROUND HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 257 (December 1989): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.257.20.

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38

Cetin, Aysegul, Yusuf Kagan Kadioglu, and Halime Paksoy. "Underground thermal heat storage and ground source heat pump activities in Turkey." Solar Energy 200 (April 2020): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.12.055.

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39

Xie, Kun, Yong-Le Nian, and Wen-Long Cheng. "Analysis and optimization of underground thermal energy storage using depleted oil wells." Energy 163 (November 2018): 1006–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.189.

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40

Dolgun, Gülşah Karaca, Ali Keçebaş, Mustafa Ertürk, and Ali Daşdemir. "Optimal insulation of underground spherical tanks for seasonal thermal energy storage applications." Journal of Energy Storage 69 (October 2023): 107865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.107865.

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41

Eze, Fabian, Wang-je Lee, Young sub An, Hongjin Joo, Kyoung-ho Lee, Julius Ogola, and Julius Mwabora. "Experimental and simulated evaluation of inverse model for shallow underground thermal storage." Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 59 (July 2024): 104535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.104535.

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42

Brown, C. S., I. Kolo, A. Lyden, L. Franken, N. Kerr, D. Marshall-Cross, S. Watson, G. Falcone, D. Friedrich, and J. Diamond. "Assessing the technical potential for underground thermal energy storage in the UK." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 199 (July 2024): 114545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114545.

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43

Shi, Liang, Ming Qu, Xiaobing Liu, Tomas Pablo Venegas, Lingshi Wang, Jin Dong, Borui Cui, Haowen Xu, Xiaoli Liu, and Yanfei Li. "Performance evaluation of underground thermal storage integrated dual-source heat pump systems." Energy and Buildings 316 (August 2024): 114349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114349.

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44

Rapti, Dimitra, Francesco Tinti, and Carlo Antonio Caputo. "Integrated Underground Analyses as a Key for Seasonal Heat Storage and Smart Urban Areas." Energies 17, no. 11 (May 24, 2024): 2533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112533.

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The design and performance of a shallow geothermal system is influenced by the geological and hydrogeological context, environmental conditions and thermal demand loads. In order to preserve the natural thermal resource, it is crucial to have a balance between the supply and the demand for the renewable energy. In this context, this article presents a case study where an innovative system is created for the storage of seasonal solar thermal energy underground, exploiting geotechnical micropiles technology. The new geoprobes system (energy micropile; EmP) consists of the installation of coaxial geothermal probes within existing micropiles realized for the seismic requalification of buildings. The underground geothermal system has been realized, starting from the basement of an existing holiday home Condominium, and was installed in dry subsoil, 20 m-deep below the parking floor. The building consists of 140 apartments, with a total area of 5553 m2, and is located at an altitude of about 1490 m above sea level. Within the framework of a circular economy, energy saving and the use of renewable sources, the design of the geothermal system was based on geological, hydrogeological and thermophysical analytical studies, in situ measurements (e.g., Lefranc and Lugeon test during drilling; Rock Quality Designation index; thermal response tests; acquisition of temperature data along the borehole), numerical modelling and long-term simulations. Due to the strong energy imbalance of the demand from the building (heating only), and in order to optimize the underground annual balance, both solar thermal storage and geothermal heat extraction/injection to/from a field of 380 EmPs, with a relative distance varying from 1 to 2 m, were adopted. The integrated solution, resulting from this investigation, allowed us to overcome the standard barriers of similar geological settings, such as the lack of groundwater for shallow geothermal energy exploitation, the lack of space for borehole heat exchanger drilling, the waste of solar heat during the warm season, etc., and it can pave the way for similar renewable and low carbon emission hybrid applications as well as contribute to the creation of smart buildings/urban areas.

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45

Huijun, Duan. "Underground Thermal Engermal Energy Storage Storage Concrete Piples Around the Simulation and Analysis of Temperature Fileds." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 791, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/791/1/012152.

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46

Li, Fuqing, Fufeng Li, Rui Sun, Jianjie Zheng, Xiaozhao Li, Lan Shen, Qiang Sun, Ying Liu, Yukun Ji, and Yinhang Duan. "A Study on the Transient Response of Compressed Air Energy Storage in the Interaction between Gas Storage Chambers and Horseshoe-Shaped Tunnels in an Abandoned Coal Mine." Energies 17, no. 4 (February 19, 2024): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040953.

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This study focuses on the renovation and construction of compressed air energy storage chambers within abandoned coal mine roadways. The transient mechanical responses of underground gas storage chambers under a cycle are analyzed through thermal-solid coupling simulations. These simulations highlight changes in key parameters such as displacement, stress, and temperature within the chamber group during the loading and unloading processes of compressed air energy storage. It is found that within a cycle, the small circular chamber experiences the most significant deformation, with an average peak displacement of 0.24 mm, followed by the large circular chamber and horseshoe-shaped tunnels. The small circular chamber exhibits maximum tensile and compressive stresses. Therefore, special attention in engineering practice should be paid to the long-term safety and stability of small circular tunnels, and the stability of horseshoe-shaped tunnels should be also carefully considered. The findings from this study offer some insights for theoretical support and practical implementation in the planning, design, construction, and operation of high-pressure underground gas storage chambers for compressed air energy storage.

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47

Fikrət Seyfiyev, Fikrət Seyfiyev, and Kamran Muradov Kamran Muradov. "EFFECT OF NANOPARTICLES ON THE PROPERTIES OF CEMENT IN UGS WELLS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 28, no. 05 (April 14, 2023): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/pahtei28052023-85.

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Underground gas storage (UGS) is a strategic method to balance the supply-demand chain throughout the year by reducing the high demands in the cold seasons. However, the well cement used for UGS may crack due to the thermal, mechanical and hydraulic stress it faces in the long run. This can cause the stored gas to leak through the cement behind the casing, which is a major challenge in Underground gas storage operations. This can lead to high workover costs and insufficient gas supply in the peak-demand season. To prevent this problem, this work introduces a new method that adds graphite based nanoparticles to the cement composition. This improves the elasticity and ductility of the cement and reduces the crack propagation. The results show that adding nanoparticles to the cement lowers its density, hydration and fluid loss, but also slows down its bonding rate. On the other hand, adding nanoparticles increases its compressive strength and stress strain properties. Compared to conventional additives, this additive makes the cement more elastic. Also, the combination of nanoparticles and conventional additives gives the best resistance against high pressures. Keywords: graphite, underground gas storage, cement

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48

Cui, Jun Kui, and Xin Lei Nan. "The Numerical Simulation of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage Technology." Advanced Materials Research 225-226 (April 2011): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.225-226.390.

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The aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) system can make use of the heat of summer and the cold of winter, despite in different seasons, which can help to reduce the usage of the fossil fuel effectively, as a result, the atmospheric pollution can be reduced. This article firstly summarized the fundamental principles and the classifications of the ATES, and it also deduced and established the ATES mathematical model, and then numerical difference arithmetic was used to program so as to gain the simulation results. On the basis of the above, the author looks forward to the prospective of the aquifer thermal energy, and also provides the references to the applications of the ATES and the studies of the underground water source heat pump.

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49

Xie, Peiling, Haoliang Huang, Yuchang He, Yueyue Zhang, and Jiangxiong Wei. "Heat Storage of Paraffin-Based Composite Phase Change Materials and Their Temperature Regulation of Underground Power Cable Systems." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040740.

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Excessive heat accumulation in backfill materials causes thermal fatigue damage in underground power cable systems that significantly affects the cable carrying capacity. To improve the thermal conditions of the system, two types of composite phase change materials (CPCMs) were prepared by incorporating paraffin into porous ceramsite (CS)/expanded graphite (EG) in this study. EG and CS can carry 90 and 40 wt.% paraffin, respectively. The phase change temperature of paraffin/CS and paraffin/EG CPCMs was approximately 65 °C, and the corresponding latent heats were 63.38 J/g and 156.4 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the temperature regulation by CPCMs was evaluated experimentally by designing a setup to simulate the underground power cable system. The reduction in the maximum temperature of the backfill materials with paraffin/CS CPCM and paraffin/EG CPCM was approximately 7.1 °C and 17.1 °C, respectively, compared to reference samples. A similar conclusion was drawn from the heat flux curves. Therefore, the prepared CPCMs could significantly alleviate temperature fluctuations, where the paraffin/EG CPCM provided better temperature regulation than paraffin/CS CPCM. Both materials have potential applications for use in backfill materials for underground power cable systems.

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50

Park, Do-Hyun, Hyung-Mok Kim, Dong-Woo Ryu, Byung-Hee Choi, Choon SunWoo, and Kong-Chang Han. "Numerical Study on the Thermal Stratification Behavior in Underground Rock Cavern for Thermal Energy Storage (TES)." Journal of Korean Society For Rock Mechanics 22, no. 3 (June 30, 2012): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7474/tus.2012.22.3.188.

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