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Статті в журналах з теми "Ultra-Low-Field MRI"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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1

Espy, Michelle, Andrei Matlashov, and Petr Volegov. "SQUID-detected ultra-low field MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 229 (April 2013): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2013.02.009.

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2

Zevenhoven, Koos C. J., and Sarianna Alanko. "Ultra-low-noise amplifier for ultra-low-field MRI main field and gradients." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 507, no. 4 (May 12, 2014): 042050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/507/4/042050.

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3

Shen, Sheng, Jiamin Wu, Pan Guo, Hongyi Wang, Fangge Chen, Fanqin Meng, and Zheng Xu. "Electromagnet design for ultra-low-field MRI." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 63, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-190051.

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4

Espy, Michelle, Andrei Matlashov, and Petr Volegov. "WITHDRAWN: SQUID-detected ultra-low field MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 272 (November 2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2016.09.008.

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5

Espy, Michelle, Andrei Matlashov, and Petr Volegov. "WITHDRAWN: SQUID-detected ultra-low field MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 228 (March 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2012.11.030.

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6

Kawagoe, Satoshi, Hirotomo Toyota, Junichi Hatta, Seiichiro Ariyoshi, and Saburo Tanaka. "Ultra-low field MRI food inspection system prototype." Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications 530 (November 2016): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2016.02.015.

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7

Dean, Kirsti I., and Markku Komu. "Breast tumor imaging with ultra low field MRI." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 12, no. 3 (January 1994): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(94)92532-1.

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8

Hsu, Yi-Cheng, Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Ying-Hua Chu, Juhani Dabek, Risto J. Ilmoniemi, and Fa-Hsuan Lin. "Rotary scanning acquisition in ultra-low-field MRI." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 75, no. 6 (June 30, 2015): 2255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25676.

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9

Demachi, Kazuma, Kanji Hayashi, Seiji Adachi, Keiichi Tanabe, and Saburo Tanaka. "T1-Weighted Image by Ultra-Low Field SQUID-MRI." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, no. 5 (August 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2019.2902772.

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10

Vesanen, Panu T., Jaakko O. Nieminen, Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Yi-Cheng Hsu, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Current-density imaging using ultra-low-field MRI with zero-field encoding." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 32, no. 6 (July 2014): 766–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2014.01.012.

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11

He, Yucheng, Wei He, Bingquan Xiong, Pan Guo, and Zheng Xu. "Design of biplanar shim coils for ultra-low field MRI." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 58, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-180025.

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12

Espy, M., M. Flynn, J. Gomez, C. Hanson, R. Kraus, P. Magnelind, K. Maskaly, et al. "Ultra-low-field MRI for the detection of liquid explosives." Superconductor Science and Technology 23, no. 3 (February 22, 2010): 034023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/23/3/034023.

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13

SUHONEN-POLVI, HANNA, HELI MÄÄTTÄNEN, ANU ALANEN, KALEVI KATEVUO, ARJA TENOVUO, PENTTI KERO, and MARTTI KORMANO. "Examination of Infant Brain Maturation Using Ultra Low Field MRI." Acta Paediatrica 77, no. 4 (July 1988): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10692.x.

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14

Savukov, I., T. Karaulanov, C. J. V. Wurden, and L. Schultz. "Non-cryogenic ultra-low field MRI of wrist–forearm area." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 233 (August 2013): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2013.05.012.

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15

Freund-Levi, Yvonne, Jan Sääf, Lars-Olof Wahlund, and Lennart Wetterberg. "Ultra low field brain MRI in HIV transfusion infected patients." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 7, no. 2 (March 1989): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0730-725x(89)90708-x.

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16

Makinen, Antti J., Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Automatic Spatial Calibration of Ultra-Low-Field MRI for High-Accuracy Hybrid MEG–MRI." IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging 38, no. 6 (June 2019): 1317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2905934.

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17

Senft, Christian, Volker Seifert, Elvis Hermann, Kea Franz, and Thomas Gasser. "Usefulness of Intraoperative Ultra Low-field Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Glioma Surgery." Operative Neurosurgery 63, suppl_4 (October 1, 2008): ONS257—ONS267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000313624.77452.3c.

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Анотація:

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the usefulness of a mobile, intraoperative 0.15-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner in glioma surgery. Methods: We analyzed our prospectively collected database of patients with glial tumors who underwent tumor resection with the use of an intraoperative ultra low-field MRI scanner (PoleStar N-20; Odin Medical Technologies, Yokneam, Israel/Medtronic, Louisville, CO). Sixty-three patients with World Health Organization Grade II to IV tumors were included in the study. All patients were subjected to postoperative 1.5-T imaging to confirm the extent of resection. Results: Intraoperative image quality was sufficient for navigation and resection control in both high-and low-grade tumors. Primarily enhancing tumors were best detected on T1-weighted imaging, whereas fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences proved best for nonenhancing tumors. Intraoperative resection control led to further tumor resection in 12 (28.6%) of 42 patients with contrast-enhancing tumors and in 10(47.6%) of 21 patients with noncontrast-enhancing tumors. In contrast-enhancing tumors, further resection led to an increased rate of complete tumor resection (71.2 versus 52.4%), and the surgical goal of gross total removal or subtotal resection was achieved in all cases (100.0%). In patients with noncontrast-enhancing tumors, the surgical goal was achieved in 19 (90.5%) of 21 cases, as intraoperative MRI findings were inconsistent with postoperative high-field imaging in 2 cases. Conclusion: The use of the PoleStar N-20 intraoperative ultra low-field MRI scanner helps to evaluate the extent of resection in glioma surgery. Further tumor resection after intraoperative scanning leads to an increased rate of complete tumor resection, especially in patients with contrast-enhancing tumors. However, in noncontrast-enhancing tumors, the intraoperative visualization of a complete resection seems less specific, when compared with postoperative 1.5-T MRI.

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18

Hori, Sogo, Takenori Oida, Takahiro Moriya, Akinori Saito, Motohiro Suyama, and Tetsuo Kobayashi. "Magnetic shieldless ultra-low-field MRI with an optically pumped magnetometer." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 343 (October 2022): 107280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2022.107280.

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19

Espy, Michelle, Shermiyah Baguisa, David Dunkerley, Per Magnelind, Andrei Matlashov, Tuba Owens, Henrik Sandin, et al. "Progress on Detection of Liquid Explosives Using Ultra-Low Field MRI." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2011.2105235.

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20

Zotev, Vadim S., Andrei N. Matlachov, Petr L. Volegov, Henrik J. Sandin, Michelle A. Espy, John C. Mosher, Algis V. Urbaitis, Shaun G. Newman, and Robert H. Kraus. "Multi-Channel SQUID System for MEG and Ultra-Low-Field MRI." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 839–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.898198.

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21

Nieminen, Jaakko O., and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Solving the problem of concomitant gradients in ultra-low-field MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 207, no. 2 (December 2010): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2010.09.001.

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22

Nieminen, Jaakko O., Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Panu T. Vesanen, Yi-Cheng Hsu, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Current-density imaging using ultra-low-field MRI with adiabatic pulses." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 32, no. 1 (January 2014): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2013.07.012.

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23

Grenman, Reidar, Eero Aantaa, V. Kalevi Katevuo, M. Kormano, and M. Panelius. "Otoneurological and Ultra Low Field MRI Findings in Multiple Sclerosis Patients." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 105, sup449 (January 1988): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016488809106383.

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24

Frank, Jodi Ackerman. "Magnetic dressing for optical atomic magnetometer and ultra-low-field MRI." Scilight 2019, no. 43 (October 25, 2019): 431108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0000191.

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25

Zotev, Vadim S., Andrei N. Matlachov, Petr L. Volegov, Henrik J. Sandin, Michelle A. Espy, John C. Mosher, Algis V. Urbaitis, Shaun G. Newman, and Robert H. Kraus. "Multi-sensor system for simultaneous ultra-low-field MRI and MEG." International Congress Series 1300 (June 2007): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2007.01.050.

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26

Nieminen, Jaakko O., Jens Voigt, Stefan Hartwig, Hans Jürgen Scheer, Martin Burghoff, Lutz Trahms, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Improved Contrast in Ultra-Low-Field MRI with Time-Dependent Bipolar Prepolarizing Fields: Theory and NMR Demonstrations." Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0028.

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Abstract The spin-lattice (T1) relaxation rates of materials depend on the strength of the external magnetic field in which the relaxation occurs. This T1 dispersion has been suggested to offer a means to discriminate between healthy and cancerous tissue by performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at low magnetic fields. In prepolarized ultra-low-field (ULF) MRI, spin precession is detected in fields of the order of 10-100 μT. To increase the signal strength, the sample is first magnetized with a relatively strong polarizing field. Typically, the polarizing field is kept constant during the polarization period. However, in ULF MRI, the polarizing-field strength can be easily varied to produce a desired time course. This paper describes how a novel variation of the polarizing-field strength and duration can optimize the contrast between two types of tissue having different T1 relaxation dispersions. In addition, NMR experiments showing that the principle works in practice are presented. The described procedure may become a key component for a promising new approach of MRI at ultra-low fields

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27

Guo, Qingqian, Changyu Ma, Xin Zhang, Yajie Xu, Meisheng Fan, Peng Yu, Tao Hu, Yan Chang, and Xiaodong Yang. "SQUID-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging at Ultra-Low Field Using the Backprojection Method." Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part B, Magnetic Resonance Engineering 2020 (October 22, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882329.

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Анотація:

Ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging (ULF MRI) is an effective imaging technique that applies the ultrasensitive detector of superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) sensor to detect the MR signal at a microtesla field range. In this work, we designed and developed a SQUID-based ULF MRI system with a frequency-adjustable measurement field, the performance of which was characterized via water phantoms. In order to enhance the MR signals, a 500 mT Halbach magnet was used to prepolarize the magnetization of the sample prior to excitation. The signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the spin-echo- (SE-) based pulse sequence can reach up to 70 in a single scan. The images were then reconstructed successfully by using the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm based on the backprojection imaging method. It was demonstrated that an in-plane resolution of 1.8 × 1.8 mm2 can be achieved which indicated the feasibility of SQUID-based MRI at the ULF.

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28

Savukov, Igor, Young Jin Kim, and Shaun Newman. "High-resolution ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging with a high-sensitivity sensing coil." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 17 (November 7, 2022): 174503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123692.

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We present high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra-low field (ULF) with a proton Larmor frequency of around 120 kHz. The key element is a specially designed high-sensitivity sensing coil in the shape of a solenoid with a few millimeter gap between windings to decrease the proximity effect and, hence, increase the coil’s quality ([Formula: see text]) factor and sensitivity. External noise is strongly suppressed by enclosing the sensing coil in a copper cylindrical shield, large enough not to negatively affect the coil’s [Formula: see text] factor and sensitivity, measured to be 217 and 0.47 fT/Hz[Formula: see text], respectively. To enhance small polarization of proton spins at ULF, a strong pulsed 0.1 T prepolarization field is applied, making the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ULF MRI sufficient for high-quality imaging in a short time. We demonstrate ULF MRI of a copper sulfate solution phantom with a resolution of [Formula: see text] and SNR of 10. The acquisition time is 6.3 min without averaging. The sensing coil size in the current realization can accommodate imaging objects of 9 cm in size, sufficient for hand, and it can be further increased for human head imaging in the future. Since the in-plane resolution of [Formula: see text] is typical in anatomical medical imaging, this ULF MRI method can be an alternative low-cost, rapid, portable method for anatomical medical imaging of the human body or animals. This ULF MRI method can supplement other MRI methods, especially when such methods are restricted due to high cost, portability requirement, imaging artifacts, and other factors.

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29

Varpula, Matti J., and Pekka J. Klemi. "Staging of Uterine Endometrial Carcinoma with Ultra-Low Field (0.02 T) MRI." Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 17, no. 4 (July 1993): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-199307000-00023.

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30

Yamamoto, M., H. Toyota, S. Kawagoe, J. Hatta, and S. Tanaka. "Development of Ultra-low Field SQUID-MRI System with an LC Resonator." Physics Procedia 65 (2015): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.114.

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31

Savukov, I., T. Karaulanov, A. Castro, P. Volegov, A. Matlashov, A. Urbatis, J. Gomez, and M. Espy. "Non-cryogenic anatomical imaging in ultra-low field regime: Hand MRI demonstration." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 211, no. 2 (August 2011): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2011.05.011.

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32

Hömmen, P., J. H. Storm, N. Höfner, and R. Körber. "Demonstration of full tensor current density imaging using ultra-low field MRI." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 60 (July 2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2019.03.010.

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33

Oyama, Daisuke, Yoshiaki Adachi, Masanori Higuchi, Naohiro Tsuyuguchi, and Gen Uehara. "Development of Compact Ultra-Low-Field MRI System Using an Induction Coil." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 53, no. 11 (November 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2017.2709340.

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34

Oyama, D., J. Hatta, M. Miyamoto, Y. Adachi, M. Higuchi, J. Kawai, J. Fujihira, N. Tsuyuguchi, and G. Uehara. "Investigation of Magnetic Interference Induced via Gradient Field Coils for Ultra-Low-Field MRI Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 507, no. 4 (May 12, 2014): 042030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/507/4/042030.

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35

Waddington, David E. J., Thomas Boele, Richard Maschmeyer, Zdenka Kuncic, and Matthew S. Rosen. "High-sensitivity in vivo contrast for ultra-low field magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles." Science Advances 6, no. 29 (July 2020): eabb0998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0998.

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Анотація:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners operating at ultra-low magnetic fields (ULF; <10 mT) are uniquely positioned to reduce the cost and expand the clinical accessibility of MRI. A fundamental challenge for ULF MRI is obtaining high-contrast images without compromising acquisition sensitivity to the point that scan times become clinically unacceptable. Here, we demonstrate that the high magnetization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) at ULF makes possible relaxivity- and susceptibility-based effects unachievable with conventional contrast agents (CAs). We leverage these effects to acquire high-contrast images of SPIONs in a rat model with ULF MRI using short scan times. This work overcomes a key limitation of ULF MRI by enabling in vivo imaging of biocompatible CAs. These results open a new clinical translation pathway for ULF MRI and have broader implications for disease detection with low-field portable MRI scanners.

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36

TANAKA, Saburo, Satoshi KAWAGOE, Kazuma DEMACHI, and Junichi HATTA. "Ultra-Low Field MRI Food Inspection System Using HTS-SQUID with Flux Transformer." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E101.C, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e101.c.680.

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37

Tsunaki, S., M. Yamamoto, J. Hatta, Y. Hatsukade, and S. Tanaka. "Development of contaminant detection system based on ultra-low field SQUID-NMR/MRI." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 507, no. 4 (May 12, 2014): 042044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/507/4/042044.

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38

Vesanen, Panu T., Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Jaakko O. Nieminen, Juhani Dabek, Lauri T. Parkkonen, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "Temperature dependence of relaxation times and temperature mapping in ultra-low-field MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 235 (October 2013): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2013.07.009.

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39

Cassarà, A. M., and B. Maraviglia. "Microscopic investigation of the resonant mechanism for the implementation of nc-MRI at ultra-low field MRI." NeuroImage 41, no. 4 (July 2008): 1228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.03.051.

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40

Liu, Chao, Baolin Chang, Longqing Qiu, Hui Dong, Yang Qiu, Yi Zhang, Hans-Joachim Krause, Andreas Offenhäusser, and Xiaoming Xie. "Effect of magnetic field fluctuation on ultra-low field MRI measurements in the unshielded laboratory environment." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 257 (August 2015): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2015.04.014.

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41

Dou, Yan, Jinzhang Xu, Yuxia Hu, Liangliang Hu, Yi Wang, Xun Zhang, Rui Zhang, and Meichu Huang. "Optimization and Testing of a 1H/3He Double-Nuclear Quadrature Transmit Coil, Applying the Analytical Method at 0.06T." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 2699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.3203.

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Анотація:

Application of polarized noble gas technology in lung functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has garnered attention for its unique advantages, such as high resolution and a lack of radiation exposure. This paper presents a 4-channel radio frequency (RF) coil design method for applications of an 1H/3He MRI system at the ultra-low field of 0.06T. For the complex model of the double-nuclear 1H/3He coil, the analytical optimization method (based on the theories of Biot-Savart law and PSO algorithm) and the electromagnetic (EM) field and radio frequency (RF) circuit co-simulation method was implemented to optimize the analysis, resulting in an effective evaluation. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed model has the potential for imaging of the lung with the 1H/3He MRI system at an ultra-low field.

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42

Hsu, Yi-Cheng, Panu T. Vesanen, Jaakko O. Nieminen, Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Juhani Dabek, Lauri Parkkonen, I.-Liang Chern, Risto J. Ilmoniemi, and Fa-Hsuan Lin. "Efficient concomitant and remanence field artifact reduction in ultra-low-field MRI using a frequency-space formulation." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 71, no. 3 (May 13, 2013): 955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24745.

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43

Tanaka, S., H. Murata, K. Imamura, and Y. Hatsukade. "Study of Cu-wound Flux transformer for High-Tc SQUID Ultra-Low Field MRI." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 507, no. 4 (May 12, 2014): 042042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/507/4/042042.

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44

Hatsukade, Y., T. Abe, S. Tsunaki, M. Yamamoto, H. Murata, and S. Tanaka. "Application of Ultra-Low Field HTS-SQUID NMR/MRI to Contaminant Detection in Food." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 1602204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2237473.

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45

Espy, Michelle A., Per E. Magnelind, Andrei N. Matlashov, Shaun G. Newman, Henrik J. Sandin, Larry J. Schultz, Robert Sedillo, Algis V. Urbaitis, and Petr L. Volegov. "Progress Toward a Deployable SQUID-Based Ultra-Low Field MRI System for Anatomical Imaging." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 25, no. 3 (June 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2014.2365473.

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46

Bevilacqua, Giuseppe, Valerio Biancalana, Yordanka Dancheva, and Antonio Vigilante. "Sub-millimetric ultra-low-field MRI detected in situ by a dressed atomic magnetometer." Applied Physics Letters 115, no. 17 (October 21, 2019): 174102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5123653.

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47

Dabek, Juhani, Panu T. Vesanen, Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Jaakko O. Nieminen, Raimo Sepponen, and Risto J. Ilmoniemi. "SQUID-sensor-based ultra-low-field MRI calibration with phantom images: Towards quantitative imaging." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 224 (November 2012): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2012.08.010.

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48

van Zandwijk, Jordy K., Frank F. J. Simonis, Friso G. Heslinga, Elfi I. S. Hofmeijer, Robert H. Geelkerken, and Bennie ten Haken. "Comparing the signal enhancement of a gadolinium based and an iron-oxide based contrast agent in low-field MRI." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): e0256252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256252.

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Анотація:

Recently, there has been a renewed interest in low-field MRI. Contrast agents (CA) in MRI have magnetic behavior dependent on magnetic field strength. Therefore, the optimal contrast agent for low-field MRI might be different from what is used at higher fields. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron-oxides (USPIOs), commonly used as negative CA, might also be used for generating positive contrast in low-field MRI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an USPIO or a gadolinium based contrast agent is more appropriate at low field strengths. Relaxivity values of ferumoxytol (USPIO) and gadoterate (gadolinium based) were used in this research to simulate normalized signal intensity (SI) curves within a concentration range of 0–15 mM. Simulations were experimentally validated on a 0.25T MRI scanner. Simulations and experiments were performed using spin echo (SE), spoiled gradient echo (SGE), and balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences. Maximum achievable SIs were assessed for both CAs in a range of concentrations on all sequences. Simulations at 0.25T showed a peak in SIs at low concentrations ferumoxytol versus a wide top at higher concentrations for gadoterate in SE and SGE. Experiments agreed well with the simulations in SE and SGE, but less in the bSSFP sequence due to overestimated relaxivities in simulations. At low magnetic field strengths, ferumoxytol generates similar signal enhancement at lower concentrations than gadoterate.

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49

Parra-Robles, Juan, Albert R. Cross, and Giles E. Santyr. "Passive shimming of the fringe field of a superconducting magnet for ultra-low field hyperpolarized noble gas MRI." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 174, no. 1 (May 2005): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2005.01.016.

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50

Vesanen, Panu T., Jaakko O. Nieminen, Koos C. J. Zevenhoven, Juhani Dabek, Lauri T. Parkkonen, Andrey V. Zhdanov, Juho Luomahaara, et al. "Hybrid ultra-low-field MRI and magnetoencephalography system based on a commercial whole-head neuromagnetometer." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 69, no. 6 (July 17, 2012): 1795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24413.

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