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1
Moss, S. D., C. E. Davis, S. van der Velden, G. Jung, J. Smithard, C. Rosalie, P. Norman, et al. "A UAS Testbed for the Flight Demonstration of Structural Health Monitoring Systems." Procedia Engineering 188 (2017): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.508.
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Szabó, András. "GNU Radio Based Testbed (GRaTe-BED) for Evaluating the Communication Link of Unmanned Aerial Systems." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Electrical and Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseme-2017-0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractUAS (Unmanned Aerial Systems) are commonly used in 3D (dull, dirty and dangerous) missions, because these are not endangering the operators life, while reduce maintenance costs and increase maneuvering capabilities. Despite of these advantages we should consider the possible vulnerabilities of this technology as well. Unmanned vehicles can be controlled via direct communication link, or they can work in a preprogrammed mode. Usually the preprogrammed mode is based on radio navigation systems, so we can draw a conclusion that both depend on the RF environment. In this paper I analyze a possibility to effectively evaluate the communication link of an UAS. Developers have to consider several key factors (type of operation, endurance, payload type and size, propulsion, communication link, etc.) during the development process. They are also responsible that the final product meets the predefined requirements. On the other side commercial UAS owners should have a possibility to compare and evaluate the UAS before the acquisition. Finally, operators and frequency management entities need tools to diagnose the possible sources of interference regarding the unmanned vehicles. To understand the consequences of interference in the RF spectrum we have to be able to measure the quality of the communication link in different usage scenarios. In my research I evaluate the usage of SDRs (Software Defined Radios) in RF Test and Evaluation processes. After analyzing the possibilities for a flexible testbed, I demonstrate the usability with some measurements in the GNU Radio signal processing framework.
3
Sanchez-Aguero, Victor, Luis F. Gonzalez, Francisco Valera, Ivan Vidal, and Rafael A. López da Silva. "Cellular and Virtualization Technologies for UAVs: An Experimental Perspective." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 3093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) ecosystem is exponentially growing in both recreational and professional fields to provide novel services and applications to consumers from multiple engineering fields. However, this technology has only scraped the surface of its potential, especially in those cases that require fast reaction times. Accordingly, the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project aims at efficiently managing the air traffic for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operations, including those cases where UAVs might be remotely managed from a completely different geographical location. With these considerations in mind, this article presents a cellular-assisted UAVs testbed used to complete a mission managed beyond the radio line-of-sight (BRLoS), as well as introducing a virtualization platform for deploying services using containerization technology. In addition, the article conducts a communication performance evaluation in order to determine if the testbed equipment meets the requirements to carry out this BRLoS management. Finally, indoor flight operations are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and proper operation of the testbed.
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Vidal, Ivan, Paolo Bellavista, Victor Sanchez-Aguero, Jaime Garcia-Reinoso, Francisco Valera, Borja Nogales, and Arturo Azcorra. "Enabling Multi-Mission Interoperable UAS Using Data-Centric Communications." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 3421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We claim the strong potential of data-centric communications in Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), as a suitable paradigm to enhance collaborative operations via efficient information sharing, as well as to build systems supporting flexible mission objectives. In particular, this paper analyzes the primary contributions to data dissemination in UAS that can be given by the Data Distribution Service (DDS) open standard, as a solid and industry-mature data-centric technology. Our study is not restricted to traditional UAS where a set of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) transmit data to the ground station that controls them. Instead, we contemplate flexible UAS deployments with multiple UAV units of different sizes and capacities, which are interconnected to form an aerial communication network, enabling the provision of value-added services over a delimited geographical area. In addition, the paper outlines an approach to address the issues inherent to the utilization of network-level multicast, a baseline technology in DDS, in the considered UAS deployments. We complete our analysis with a practical experience aiming at validating the feasibility and the advantages of using DDS in a multi-UAV deployment scenario. For this purpose, we use a UAS testbed built up by heterogeneous hardware equipment, including a number of interconnected micro aerial vehicles, carrying single board computers as payload, as well as real equipment from a tactical UAS from the Spanish Ministry of Defense.
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Mannaru, Pujitha, Balakumar Balasingam, Krishna Pattipati, Ciara Sibley, and Joseph Coyne. "Cognitive Context Detection for Adaptive Automation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An important research challenge in Human Machine Systems (HMS) is to create machines that are able to better understand human behavior so that the overall efficiency of the HMS can be enhanced through increased productivity and reduced safety risk. The research question posed in this paper is the following: Can an understanding of physiological behavior of humans be combined with statistical machine learning theory to develop predictive models that are able to accurately predict the cognitive difficulty experienced by humans? In this paper, we answer this question in the affirmative by demonstrating the use of two physiological measurements, pupil dilation and eye-gaze patterns, as indices of cognitive workload. Specifically, we demonstrate the possibility of cognitive context detection through machine learning and classification using eye-tracking data from NRL’s Supervisory Control Operations User Testbed (SCOUTTM), a flexible simulation environment that represents the tasks that a future UAS operator would engage in, while controlling multiple UAS.
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Douklias, Athanasios, Lazaros Karagiannidis, Fay Misichroni, and Angelos Amditis. "Design and Implementation of a UAV-Based Airborne Computing Platform for Computer Vision and Machine Learning Applications." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22052049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Visual sensing of the environment is crucial for flying an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and is a centerpiece of many related applications. The ability to run computer vision and machine learning algorithms onboard an unmanned aerial system (UAS) is becoming more of a necessity in an effort to alleviate the communication burden of high-resolution video streaming, to provide flying aids, such as obstacle avoidance and automated landing, and to create autonomous machines. Thus, there is a growing interest on the part of many researchers in developing and validating solutions that are suitable for deployment on a UAV system by following the general trend of edge processing and airborne computing, which transforms UAVs from moving sensors into intelligent nodes that are capable of local processing. In this paper, we present, in a rigorous way, the design and implementation of a 12.85 kg UAV system equipped with the necessary computational power and sensors to serve as a testbed for image processing and machine learning applications, explain the rationale behind our decisions, highlight selected implementation details, and showcase the usefulness of our system by providing an example of how a sample computer vision application can be deployed on our platform.
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Nekrasov, Michael, Ryan Allen, Irina Artamonova, and Elizabeth Belding. "Optimizing 802.15.4 Outdoor IoT Sensor Networks for Aerial Data Collection." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 3479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163479.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural IoT sensor networks, prevalent in environmental monitoring and precision agriculture, commonly operate over some variant of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Data collection from these networks is often challenging, as they may be deployed in remote regions where existing backhaul infrastructure is expensive or absent. With the commercial and industrial success of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), there is understandable interest in using UASs for delay tolerant data collection from 802.15.4 IoT sensor networks. In this study, we investigate how to optimize 802.15.4 networks for aerial data collection, which, unlike other wireless standards, has not received rigorous evaluation for three-dimensional aerial communication. We analyze experimental measurements from an outdoor aerial testbed, examining how factors, such as antenna orientation, altitude, antenna placement, and obstruction, affect signal strength and packet reception rate. In our analysis, we model and predict the quality of service for aerial data collection, based on these network configuration variables, and contrast that with the Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)—a commonly used signal strength metric. We find that network configuration plays a significant role in network quality, which RSSI, a mediator variable, struggles to account for in the presence of high packet loss. We conclude with a discussion of strategies for optimizing sensor network configuration for aerial data collection, in light of our results.
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TREMBLAY, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. "DISCOVERED IN ASIA, TESTED IN THE U.S." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 40 (October 5, 2009): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n040.p024.
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Sibley, Ciara, Joseph Coyne, and Jim Thomas. "Demonstrating the Supervisory Control Operations User Testbed (SCOUT)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The proliferation of unmanned systems and the large crew compliment involved in operating a single UAV has created a manpower problem in the U.S. military and resulted in a desire to enable supervisory control of future systems. The Supervisory Control Operations User Testbed (SCOUTTM) is a flexible research testbed developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to investigate human performance and automation challenges involved in realizing this future supervisory control vision. As such, SCOUT was designed to with input from UAV operators to increase ecological validity and represent the complexity, noise and uncertainty associated with unmanned system control. SCOUT enables the investigation of various psychological phenomena, including decision making (e.g., route planning under uncertainty), attention allocation (e.g., where and when to focus effort and attention), and mission monitoring, (e.g., maintaining vigilance). Furthermore, SCOUT incorporates eye tracking and physiological monitoring to provide metrics of operator state when performance metrics are limited, which is often the case in real world operations when the operator is only passively monitoring the system. This paper and its associated demonstration will provide an overview of the various components of SCOUT and aims to encourage other researchers to take advantage of this free software for conducting their own experimentation.
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Allen, John, and Brian Walsh. "ENHANCED OIL SPILL SURVEILLANCE, DETECTION AND MONITORING THROUGH THE APPLIED TECHNOLOGY OF UNMANNED AIR SYSTEMS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-113.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT Many leading edge technologies that are conceptualized, developed, tested, refined and applied as military defense technologies evolve into useful applied technologies in other public and private sectors. Unmanned Air Systems (UAS) and the rapidly evolving Small Unmanned Air Vehicle (SUAS) are finding operational applications in scientific research, wildlife, law enforcement, security, natural disaster, and environmental surveillance, detection and monitoring. This paper will review the use of UAS in operational oil spill surveillance, monitoring and assessment. UAS show particular potential for shoreline, coastal and inland surveillance and monitoring of remote areas with limited accessibility. Numerous international oil companies have sponsored UAV demonstrations focused on facility and pipeline inspection, surveillance and monitoring. Governmental agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, have incorporated UAS into oil spill response exercises and test applications. Currently, many areas of high risk to pollution and high environmental sensitivity are monitored daily by costly manned aircraft surveillance; UAS can replace or augment these manned air vehicles, providing a cost effective alternative that also reduces human risks. UAS technology is continually evolving to achieve broader application:On-water launch and in-water recovery;Payload Integration - video, still daylight and nighttime IR imaging, image processing, and hazardous material air plume sensing and mapping;Command, Control and Communications (C-3) - real-time data link to the Incident Command Post;Platform Improvements - greater reliability, minimized size and weight, portability, longer operational flight time and extended range, and improved power sources;GPS positioning - pre-programmed flight patterns and break-away vectoring; andSimulation & Training - train effectively, maintain proficiency, and evolve tactics, techniques and procedures.
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Nichols, Charles Reid, and Lynn Donelson Wright. "The Evolution and Outcomes of a Collaborative Testbed for Predicting Coastal Threats." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080612.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Beginning in 2003, the Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA) enabled an open-access network of distributed sensors and linked computer models through the SURA Coastal Ocean Observing and Predicting (SCOOP) program. The goal was to support collaborations among universities, government, and industry to advance integrated observation and modeling systems. SCOOP improved the path to operational real-time data-guided predictions and forecasts of coastal ocean processes. This was critical to the maritime infrastructure of the U.S. and to the well-being of coastal communities. SCOOP integrated and expanded observations from the Gulf of Mexico, the South Atlantic Bight, the Middle Atlantic Bight, and the Chesapeake Bay. From these successes, a Coastal and Ocean Modeling Testbed (COMT) evolved with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) funding via the Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) to facilitate the transition of key models from research to operations. Since 2010, COMT has been a conduit between the research community and the federal government for sharing and improving models and software tools. SCOOP and COMT have been based on strong partnerships among universities and U.S. agencies that have missions in ocean and coastal environmental prediction. During SURA’s COMT project, which ended September 2018, significant progress was made in evaluating the performance of models that are progressively becoming operational. COMT successes are ongoing.
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Phelps, Richard P. "Are U.S. Students the Most Heavily Tested on Earth?" Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 15, no. 3 (October 25, 2005): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.1996.tb00819.x.
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Moffitt, Robert. "Economic Effects of Means-Tested Transfers in the U.S." Tax Policy and the Economy 16 (January 2002): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654748.
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Postek, Michael T., Marylyn Bennett, Nestor J. Zaluzec, Thomas Wheatley, and Samuel Jones. "National Institute of Standards and Technology - Texas Instruments Industrial Collaboratory Testbed." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600020237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the missions of the NIST Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory (MEL) is to improve and advance length metrology in aid of U.S. Industry. This responsibility is found within the Precision Engineering Division (PED). The successful development of a “Collaboratory” for TelePresence Microscopy provides an important new tool to promote technology transfer in the area of length metrology and measurement technology. NIST and Texas Instruments, under the auspices of the National Advanced Manufacturing Testbed (NAMT) and in collaboration with the University of Illinois are developing a microscopy collaboratory testbed. This facility is designed to demonstrate the value of telepresence microscopy within a large distributed manufacturing facility such as Texas Instruments and between organizations such as NIST, Texas Instruments and Universities.Telepresence Microscopy is an application of the state-of-the-art Internet based technology to long-distance scientific endeavors.
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Luettich, Richard A., L. Donelson Wright, Richard Signell, Carl Friedrichs, Marjy Friedrichs, John Harding, Katja Fennel, et al. "Introduction to special section on The U.S. IOOS Coastal and Ocean Modeling Testbed." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118, no. 12 (December 2013): 6319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013jc008939.
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González-Fernández, J. V., R. Díaz de león-Zapata, E. Flores-García, and J. Ortega-Gallegos. "QUANTUM WELLS BASED STRUCTURES TESTED BY PHOTOREFLECTANCE ANISOTROPY SPECTROSCOPY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE." Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química 18, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24275/uam/izt/dcbi/revmexingquim/2019v18n3/gonzalez.
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JOHNSON, KATE. "First Mechanical Treatment for Head Lice Being Tested in the U.S." Skin & Allergy News 38, no. 5 (May 2007): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(07)70331-5.
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Hermle, Doris, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Robert Delleske, and Michael Krautblatter. "Timely prediction potential of landslide early warning systems with multispectral remote sensing: a conceptual approach tested in the Sattelkar, Austria." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 2753–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2753-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. While optical remote sensing has demonstrated its capabilities for landslide detection and monitoring, spatial and temporal demands for landslide early warning systems (LEWSs) had not been met until recently. We introduce a novel conceptual approach to structure and quantitatively assess lead time for LEWSs. We analysed “time to warning” as a sequence: (i) time to collect, (ii) time to process and (iii) time to evaluate relevant optical data. The difference between the time to warning and “forecasting window” (i.e. time from hazard becoming predictable until event) is the lead time for reactive measures. We tested digital image correlation (DIC) of best-suited spatiotemporal techniques, i.e. 3 m resolution PlanetScope daily imagery and 0.16 m resolution unmanned aerial system (UAS)-derived orthophotos to reveal fast ground displacement and acceleration of a deep-seated, complex alpine mass movement leading to massive debris flow events. The time to warning for the UAS/PlanetScope totals 31/21 h and is comprised of time to (i) collect – 12/14 h, (ii) process – 17/5 h and (iii) evaluate – 2/2 h, which is well below the forecasting window for recent benchmarks and facilitates a lead time for reactive measures. We show optical remote sensing data can support LEWSs with a sufficiently fast processing time, demonstrating the feasibility of optical sensors for LEWSs.
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Ogle, Kimberly. "Workshops to Teach State-Tested Nursing Assistants About End-of-Life Care." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2230.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Given that almost 25 percent of U.S. deaths occur annually in long-term care facilities (U.S. Census Bureau, 2017), it’s imperative that frontline workers are given training and support they need to deliver good, person-centered care at the end of life. Inadequate end-of-life (EOL) care may lead to unrelieved suffering and undignified deaths (Bukki, Neuhaus, Paa, 2016). Furthermore, nursing staffs have knowledge gaps and low confidence regarding end-of-life care and they may underestimate its complexity (Pfister, Markett & Muller, 2013). With the growing population of older adults, improving end-of-life care in long- term care facilities needs to be a priority. This research explored the needs of State Tested Nursing Assistants (STNAs) working in long-term care and their knowledge regarding EOL care. Based on the findings of this research, workshops were developed to better educate the STNAs regarding care of the dying and to enhance the EOL care for long term residents.
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Shao, Pei-Chi. "Risk Assessment for UAS Logistic Delivery under UAS Traffic Management Environment." Aerospace 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7100140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resulting from a mature accomplishment of the unmanned aircraft system (UAS), it is feasible to be adopted into logistic delivery services. The supporting technologies should be identified and examined, accompanying with the risk assessment. This paper surveys the risk assessment studies for UAVs. The expected level of safety (ELS) analysis is a key factor to safety concerns. By introducing the UTM infrastructure, the UAS implementation can be monitored. From the NASA technical capability level (TCL), UAV in beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) flights would need certain verifications. Two UAS logistic delivery case studies are tested to assert the UAS services. To examine the ELS to ground risk and air risk, the case studies result in acceptable data to support the UAS logistic delivery with adequate path planning in the remote and suburban areas in Taiwan.
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La Bonte, D., C. Clark, M. Hoy, A. Villordon, J. Cannon, M. Sistrunk, E. Freeman, and G. Roberts. "Yield of Four Generations of Virus-tested Sweetpotato." HortTechnology 14, no. 3 (January 2004): 320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.3.0320.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The yield of three generations of virus-tested plants of `Beauregard' sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) was assessed in Louisiana over a 4-year period in 15 yield trials. Treatments included virus-infected foundation `Beauregard', virus-tested `Beauregard' mericlone, B-63 [generation 1 (G-1)], and three generations of B-63 (G-2, G-3 and G-4). Generations refer to the number of continuous years virus-tested plants are grown in the field. Use of G-2 virus-tested `Beauregard' transplants increased yields of U.S. no. 1 grade roots by 16% in comparison with virus-infected, foundation `Beauregard'. Total marketable yield was also higher (11%) using B-63 G-2 transplants in comparison to virus-infected, foundation `Beauregard'. Use of B-63 (G-1), G-3 and G-4 generation transplants did not increase yields in any grade in comparison to virus-infected, foundation `Beauregard' by planting plots amidst virus-infested sweetpotato fields. Generation one B-63 transplants were greenhouse grown and often appeared less robust after planting. Yet we were unable to show significant yield differences between greenhouse derived B-63 (G-1) and field-grown B-63 (G-1) in separate tests; other factors may be involved.
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Farrell, David J., Rodrigo E. Mendes, Mariana Castanheira, and Ronald N. Jones. "Activity of Fusidic Acid Tested against Staphylococci Isolated from Patients in U.S. Medical Centers in 2014." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 6 (March 28, 2016): 3827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00238-16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fusidic acid (FA) activity was evaluated against 2,002 clinical staphylococcal isolates collected in U.S. hospitals during 2014. FA (MIC50/90, 0.12/0.12 μg/ml) inhibited 99.8% ofStaphylococcus aureusisolates at ≤1 μg/ml. Only fourS. aureusisolates displayed FA values of >2 μg/ml (three strains withfusCand one with an L461K substitution infusA), and they were isolated from patients in four states. In conclusion, FA demonstrated sustained, potent activity against this recent collection of U.S. staphylococci.
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Anderson, Connor J., Daniel Heins, Keith C. Pelletier, Julia L. Bohnen, and Joseph F. Knight. "Mapping Invasive Phragmites australis Using Unoccupied Aircraft System Imagery, Canopy Height Models, and Synthetic Aperture Radar." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 3303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Invasive plant species are an increasing worldwide threat both ecologically and financially. Knowing the location of these invasive plant infestations is the first step in their control. Surveying for invasive Phragmites australis is particularly challenging due to limited accessibility in wetland environments. Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are a popular choice for invasive species management due to their ability to survey challenging environments and their high spatial and temporal resolution. This study tested the utility of three-band (i.e., red, green, and blue; RGB) UAS imagery for mapping Phragmites in the St. Louis River Estuary in Minnesota, U.S.A. and Saginaw Bay in Michigan, U.S.A. Iterative object-based image analysis techniques were used to identify two classes, Phragmites and Not Phragmites. Additionally, the effectiveness of canopy height models (CHMs) created from two data types, UAS imagery and commercial satellite stereo retrievals, and the RADARSAT-2 horizontal-horizontal (HH) polarization were tested for Phragmites identification. The highest overall classification accuracy of 90% was achieved when pairing the UAS imagery with a UAS-derived CHM. Producer’s accuracy for the Phragmites class ranged from 3 to 76%, and the user’s accuracies were above 90%. The Not Phragmites class had user’s and producer’s accuracies above 88%. Inclusion of the RADARSAT-2 HH polarization caused a slight reduction in classification accuracy. Commercial satellite stereo retrievals increased commission errors due to decreased spatial resolution and vertical accuracy. The lowest classification accuracy was seen when using only the RGB UAS imagery. UAS are promising for Phragmites identification, but the imagery should be used in conjunction with a CHM.
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Markovsky, Robert J., David W. Douglas, Ryan Sullivan, Alan C. Tran, David R. Legg, Lindsey W. McRobbie, Janine A. Schwartz, et al. "BL30SEC Method for Detection of Beta-Lactams in Raw Commingled Cow Milk: AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 061902." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 103, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 1268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Testing milk for antibiotics before acceptance into dairies is required by the U.S. Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. Technological advances in tests have reduced screening times and improved detection accuracy. This work describes the validation of the Charm Rapid One Step Assay Beta-Lactam 30 Second Test according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine protocol for raw commingled milk. Milk is added to the lateral flow test strip in an incubator/reader to deliver a 30 second result. Independent laboratory validation followed sensitivity, interference, and incurred residue protocols. Sensitivity, in parts per billion (ppb = µg/kg), using a probit curve determined 90% percent detection with 95% confidence, which met National Conference of Interstate Milk Shipments (NCIMS) specifications. Six U.S. approved beta-lactam drugs were detected below, but within 50% of, target/tolerance levels for penicillin G 2.9 ppb, ampicillin 5.9 ppb, amoxicillin 5.8 ppb, cephapirin 13 ppb, cloxacillin 8.1 ppb, and ceftiofur metabolites 73 ppb. No interferences were observed from 33 animal drugs at 100 ppb, somatic cells at 1.2 million/mL, or bacterial levels of >300 000 CFU/mL. Incurred residue detection levels were similar to levels determined with the spiked parent compound. The data support NCIMS that the BL30SEC method met U.S. criteria for testing milk for beta-lactams.
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Alvarez, Laura, Hernan Moreno, Antonio Segales, Tri Pham, Elizabeth Pillar-Little, and Phillip Chilson. "Merging Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Imagery and Echo Soundings with an Adaptive Sampling Technique for Bathymetric Surveys." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bathymetric surveying to gather information about depths and underwater terrain is increasingly important to the sciences of hydrology and geomorphology. Submerged terrain change detection, water level, and reservoir storage monitoring demand extensive bathymetric data. Despite often being scarce or unavailable, this information is fundamental to hydrodynamic modeling for imposing boundary conditions and building computational domains. In this manuscript, a novel, low-cost, rapid, and accurate method is developed to measure submerged topography, as an alternative to conventional approaches that require significant economic investments and human power. The method integrates two types of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) sampling techniques. The first couples a small UAS (sUAS) to an echosounder attached to a miniaturized boat for surveying submerged topography in deeper water within the range of accuracy. The second uses Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to cover shallower water areas no detected by the echosounder where the bed is visible from the sUAS. The refraction of light passing through air–water interface is considered for improving the bathymetric results. A zonal adaptive sampling algorithm is developed and applied to the echosounder data to densify measurements where the standard deviation of clustered points is high. This method is tested at a small reservoir in the U.S. southern plains. Ground Control Points (GCPs) and checkpoints surveyed with a total station are used for properly georeferencing of the SfM photogrammetry and assessment of the UAS imagery accuracy. An independent validation procedure providing a number of skill and error metrics is conducted using ground-truth data collected with a leveling rod at co-located reservoir points. Assessment of the results shows a strong correlation between the echosounder, SfM measurements and the field observations. The final product is a hybrid bathymetric survey resulting from the merging of SfM photogrammetry and echosoundings within an adaptive sampling framework.
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Michez, Adrien, Kevin Morelle, François Lehaire, Jérome Widar, Manon Authelet, Cédric Vermeulen, and Philippe Lejeune. "Use of unmanned aerial system to assess wildlife (Sus scrofa) damage to crops (Zea mays)." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 266–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2016-0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Damage caused by ungulates to agricultural areas is difficult to evaluate because the real extent of the damage remains usually poorly described and potentially leads to conflicts. Recent advances in unmanned aerial systems (UAS) provide new versatile mapping and quantification possibilities in a wide range of applications. We used crop fields (Zea mays) damaged by wild boar (Sus scrofa) and compared the extent of the damage by means of three methods: (i) traditional ground-based assessment; (ii) UAS orthoimages with operator delineation; and (iii) UAS crop height model with automatic delineation based on height threshold. We showed for the first time that UAS can be applied for assessing damage of ungulates to agriculture. The two methods using UAS imagery provide coherent and satisfactory results and tend to underestimate the damage area when compared to in-use ground-based field expertise. However, we suggest that performance of UAS should further be tested in variable conditions to assess the broad application of this tool. Our study describes the potential of UAS as a tool for estimating more accurately the damage area and subsequently the compensation costs for wildlife damage. The proposed approach can be used in support of local and regional policies for the definitions of compensation for farmers.
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Michez, Adrien, Philippe Lejeune, Sébastien Bauwens, Andriamandroso Herinaina, Yannick Blaise, Eloy Castro Muñoz, Frédéric Lebeau, and Jérôme Bindelle. "Mapping and Monitoring of Biomass and Grazing in Pasture with an Unmanned Aerial System." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The tools available to farmers to manage grazed pastures and adjust forage demand to grass growth are generally rather static. Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are interesting versatile tools that can provide relevant 3D information, such as sward height (3D structure), or even describe the physical condition of pastures through the use of spectral information. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of UAS to characterize a pasture’s sward height and above-ground biomass at a very fine spatial scale. The pasture height provided by UAS products showed good agreement (R2 = 0.62) with a reference terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) dataset. We tested the ability of UAS imagery to model pasture biomass based on three different combinations: UAS sward height, UAS sward multispectral reflectance/vegetation indices, and a combination of both UAS data types. The mixed approach combining the UAS sward height and spectral data performed the best (adj. R2 = 0.49). This approach reached a quality comparable to that of more conventional non-destructive on-field pasture biomass monitoring tools. As all of the UAS variables used in the model fitting process were extracted from spatial information (raster data), a high spatial resolution map of pasture biomass was derived based on the best fitted model. A sward height differences map was also derived from UAS-based sward height maps before and after grazing. Our results demonstrate the potential of UAS imagery as a tool for precision grazing study applications. The UAS approach to height and biomass monitoring was revealed to be a potential alternative to the widely used but time-consuming field approaches. While reaching a similar level of accuracy to the conventional field sampling approach, the UAS approach provides wall-to-wall pasture characterization through very high spatial resolution maps, opening up a new area of research for precision grazing.
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Bhagat, Vijay, Ajaykumar Kada, and Suresh Kumar. "Analysis of Remote Sensing based Vegetation Indices (VIs) for Unmanned Aerial System (UAS): A Review." Remote Sensing of Land 3, no. 2 (September 29, 2020): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj1.19030202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) is an efficient tool to bridge the gap between high expensive satellite remote sensing, manned aerial surveys, and labors time consuming conventional fieldwork techniques of data collection. UAS can provide spatial data at very fine (up to a few mm) and desirable temporal resolution. Several studies have used vegetation indices (VIs) calculated from UAS based on optical- and MSS-datasets to model the parameters of biophysical units of the Earth surface. They have used different techniques of estimations, predictions and classifications. However, these results vary according to used datasets and techniques and appear very site-specific. These existing approaches aren’t optimal and applicable for all cases and need to be tested according to sensor category and different geophysical environmental conditions for global applications. UAS remote sensing is a challenging and interesting area of research for sustainable land management.
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Kreuze, Elizabeth, and Dorian A. Lamis. "A Review of Psychometrically Tested Instruments Assessing Suicide Risk in Adults." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 77, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 36–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222816688151.
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Objective: Identify suicidal ideation and behavior screening instruments with the strongest psychometric properties, using the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior. Methods: Information databases PsycINFO and PubMed were systematically searched, and articles evaluating the psychometric properties of instruments assessing suicidal ideation and behavior ( n = 2,238) were reviewed. International populations and articles with diverse methodologies were integrated. Results: Review of records resulted in the inclusion of 51 articles that assessed 16 instruments. The majority of studies used the English language version (68.6%) and included U.S. populations (65.7%). However, global populations and non-English language versions were also represented. Conclusion: More diverse population representation, and non-English versions of instruments, is required to improve generalizability of assessment measures. Including underrepresented groups and non-English instruments will promote culturally and linguistically sensitive instruments that may better assess suicide risk in diverse populations.
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Wilkinson, Benjamin, H. Andrew Lassiter, Amr Abd-Elrahman, Raymond R. Carthy, Peter Ifju, Eben Broadbent, and Nathan Grimes. "Geometric Targets for UAS Lidar." Remote Sensing 11, no. 24 (December 14, 2019): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11243019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lidar from small unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) is a viable method for collecting geospatial data associated with a wide variety of applications. Point clouds from UAS lidar require a means for accuracy assessment, calibration, and adjustment. In order to carry out these procedures, specific locations within the point cloud must be precisely found. To do this, artificial targets may be used for rural settings, or anywhere there is a lack of identifiable and measurable features in the scene. This paper presents the design of lidar targets for precise location based on geometric structure. The targets and associated mensuration algorithm were tested in two scenarios to investigate their performance under different point densities, and different levels of algorithmic rigor. The results show that the targets can be accurately located within point clouds from typical scanning parameters to <2 cm σ , and that including observation weights in the algorithm based on propagated point position uncertainty leads to more accurate results.
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Damkliang, Kasikrit, Jarutas Andritsch, Krittamate Khamkom, and Nanida Thongthep. "A System for Sleepwalking Accident Prevention Utilizing the Remote Sensor of Wearable Device." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 13, no. 2 (March 14, 2020): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2019132.184442.
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Sleepwalking is a type of sleep disorder which originates during deep sleep and results in walking state and performing series of complex behaviors or actions while sleeping. In some cases, sleepwalking patients can injure themselves from their actions such as driving a car or climbing out of a window. In addition, to wake up the sleepwalkers can be difficult. The suddenly waking up and can cause them to be confused or even attack the person who wakes them. Therefore, detecting the sleepwalking incident in an early state can help the caretaker or family members to stop the patients before they harm themselves from any strange, inappropriate, or violent behaviors. In this research, we present a prototype system of sleepwalking detection algorithm and notification system using smart device which work coordinating with wearable device. There are two main groups of users; patients and caretakers. User Activity Sensor (UAS) in the wearable device is utilized for detecting User Activity Data (UAD) which is unusual activities of inducing a sleepwalking patient provided by the Remote Sensor SDK. The system returns the patient UAD states consisting of standing, walking, and running. The smart device accepts the UAD states from the wearable device, performs sleepwalking detection algorithms then, alarms caretakers when the sleepwalking state has already invoked. The system is implemented, built, tested and deployed. The threefold experimental measurement of physical user activites have been performed to validate our proposed sleepwalking detection algorithms. The system correctly detects the sleepwalking states and notifies the caretaker.
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Palframan, Mark C., Hope A. Gruszewski, David G. Schmale, and Craig A. Woolsey. "Detection of a surrogate biological agent with a portable surface plasmon resonance sensor onboard an unmanned aircraft system." Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/juvs-2013-0019.
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A system was developed to perform near real-time biological threat agent (BTA) detection with a small autonomous unmanned aircraft system (UAS). Biological sensors recently reached a level of miniaturization and sensitivity that have made UAS integration a feasible task. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was integrated into a small UAS platform for the first time, providing the UAS with the capability to collect and then quantify the concentration of a surrogate biological agent in near realtime. The sensor operator ran the SPR unit through a ground-station laptop, viewing the sensor data in real time during flight. An aerial sampling mechanism was also developed for use with the SPR sensor. The sampling system utilized a custom impinger setup to collect and concentrate aerosolized particles. The SPR and sampling system's feasibility was demonstrated using an aerosolized sucrose solution as a mock BTA. Three field experiments were carried out to test and validate the biological sampling system. In the first field experiment, the collection system was tested by flying the UAS through a ground-based plume of water-soluble blue dye. In the second field experiment, a sucrose solution was autonomously aerosolized, collected, and then detected by the combined sampling and SPR sensor subsystems onboard the UAS. In the third field experiment, a dye was released from one UAS (the leader) and captured by another UAS (the follower). Together, these field experiments illustrate the capability of the UAS to detect and quantify the concentration of a BTA released at altitude. Our integrated SPR system sets the stage for future work to detect and track BTAs in the atmosphere and assist in localizing their sources.
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Nasimi, Roya, Fernando Moreu, and G. Matthew Fricke. "Sensor Equipped UAS for Non-Contact Bridge Inspections: Field Application." Sensors 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010470.
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In the future, sensors mounted on uncrewed aerial systems (UASs) will play a critical role in increasing both the speed and safety of structural inspections. Environmental and safety concerns make structural inspections and maintenance challenging when conducted using traditional methods, especially for large structures. The methods developed and tested in the laboratory need to be tested in the field on real-size structures to identify their potential for full implementation. This paper presents results from a full-scale field implementation of a novel sensor equipped with UAS to measure non-contact transverse displacement from a pedestrian bridge. To this end, the authors modified and upgraded a low-cost system that previously showed promise in laboratory and small-scale outdoor settings so that it could be tested on an in-service bridge. The upgraded UAS system uses a commodity drone platform, low-cost sensors including a laser range-finder, and a computer vision-based algorithm with the aim of measuring bridge displacements under load indicative of structural problems. The aim of this research is to alleviate the costs and challenges associated with sensor attachment in bridge inspections and deliver the first prototype of a UAS-based non-contact out-of-plane displacement measurement. This work helps to define the capabilities and limitations of the proposed low-cost system in obtaining non-contact transverse displacement in outdoor experiments.
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Rhoton, Sara L., Robert A. Perkins, Christina Behr-Andres, and Joan F. Braddock. "A COLD-WEATHER SPECIES' RESPONSE TO CHEMICALLY DISPERSED FRESH AND WEATHERED ALASKA NORTH SLOPE CRUDE OIL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 1231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-2-1231.
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ABSTRACT The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) joined the Chemical Response to Oil Spills: Ecological Effects Research Forum (CROSERF) in 1997. In 1998 and 1999, UAF tested the toxicity of: (1) an oil dispersant, COREXIT®9500; (2) the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil as well as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-standard, Prudhoe Bay crude oil (EPA); and (3) the chemically-enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CE-WAF) of ANS as well as EPA. Tests also were performed with ANS samples that had been artificially weathered to remove most of the volatile components (weathered ANS). Species tested were a juvenile mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, and the larvae of an estuarine fish, Menidia beryllina. Parallel testing with bacteria using the Microtox® test was performed and results compared. Overall, UAF's procedures and results were consistent with that of other CROSERF labs. These procedures use 25 °C water. In 1998 and 1999, UAF tested the larvae of a crab native to Alaska, the Tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi. The crab larvae were tested with COREXIT®9500, ANS, and weathered ANS. During gestation the gravid crabs were kept in fresh seawater at temperatures of 6 to 8°C, and larval testing also was done at those temperatures. The results of the fresh oil tests showed that, for both the WAF and CE-WAF, the crab larvae sensitivity was similar to that of M. beryllina during a spiked exposure, but the crab larvae proved to be more sensitive during a continuous exposure. For weathered ANS, the result was highly dependent on the analysis and reporting techniques. A heavy loading of weathered oil was required to produce a low concentration of WAF because of the relative insolubility of the weathered oil.
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Ziv-Schegolsky, Regina, Ilit Oppenheim, Yisrael Parmet, and Tal Oron-Gilad. "A Communication Interface for a Dismounted Ground Commander and an Intelligent Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Systems (IA-UAS) – A Feasibility Study." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641053.
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As unmanned systems become more intelligent, ground force may be able to interact directly with the UAS, without the need for a human UAS operator as a moderator. We looked at how interaction tools facilitate coordination between commanders and intelligent autonomous UASs. For this a mission execution interface (MEI) was developed. It was added to an existing chat and graphical bi-directional communication interface that was shown valuable for commander-UAS operator interaction. This setup was tested in the battle-lab facility using Wizard-of-Oz technique to generate the intelligent UAS capabilities. Focusing on the utility of the MEI relative to chat alone, or when both communication means are provided, results demonstrate how the MEI was used for mission execution for static or dynamic targets. Design improvements need to be applied to the MEI following the study outcomes and user feedback to make it more effective for conveying the commander’s intent throughout the mission.
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Gerhold, Henry. "Tree Lilac (Syringa reticulata) Cultivars Tested As Street Trees: Second Report." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.021.
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Through the Municipal Tree Restoration Program, cooperators planted three tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) cultivars in 13 Pennsylvania and New York, U.S. communities for evaluation as street trees, comparing two in each community. Standardized measurements in years 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 revealed that ‘Ivory Silk’, ‘Regent’, and ‘Summer Snow’ grew well and remained healthy at all locations. Average heights of the cultivars in the 12th year ranged from 4.8 to 5.1 m (15.8 to 16.8 ft). Differences in average height and crown width were small. In one community, the tallest cultivar, ‘Ivory Silk’, attained an average height of 6.4 m (21.1 ft) in the 12th year. ‘Summer Snow’ grew more slowly in height initially, and ‘Regent’ had narrower crowns. Foliage health ratings were somewhat lower than those of other species in some years, probably reflecting earlier yellowing of leaves in the autumn. If the tree lilac cultivars continue to grow at the same rate, they would not grow into overhead utility wires until the 18th year or later.
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Alsadik, Bashar, and Fabio Remondino. "Flight Planning for LiDAR-Based UAS Mapping Applications." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060378.
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In the last two decades, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) were successfully used in different environments for diverse applications like territorial mapping, heritage 3D documentation, as built surveys, construction monitoring, solar panel placement and assessment, road inspections, etc. These applications were correlated to the onboard sensors like RGB cameras, multi-spectral cameras, thermal sensors, panoramic cameras, or LiDARs. According to the different onboard sensors, a different mission plan is required to satisfy the characteristics of the sensor and the project aims. For UAS LiDAR-based mapping missions, requirements for the flight planning are different with respect to conventional UAS image-based flight plans because of different reasons related to the LiDAR scanning mechanism, scanning range, output scanning rate, field of view (FOV), rotation speed, etc. Although flight planning for image-based UAS missions is a well-known and solved problem, flight planning for a LiDAR-based UAS mapping is still an open research topic that needs further investigations. The article presents the developments of a LiDAR-based UAS flight planning tool, tested with simulations in real scenarios. The flight planning simulations considered an UAS platform equipped, alternatively, with three low-cost multi-beam LiDARs, namely Quanergy M8, Velodyne VLP-16, and the Ouster OS-1-16. The specific characteristics of the three sensors were used to plan flights and acquired dense point clouds. Comparisons and analyses of the results showed clear relationships between point density, flying speeds, and flying heights.
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Gallo, Burkely T., Adam J. Clark, Israel Jirak, John S. Kain, Steven J. Weiss, Michael Coniglio, Kent Knopfmeier, et al. "Breaking New Ground in Severe Weather Prediction: The 2015 NOAA/Hazardous Weather Testbed Spring Forecasting Experiment." Weather and Forecasting 32, no. 4 (July 28, 2017): 1541–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-16-0178.1.
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Abstract Led by NOAA’s Storm Prediction Center and National Severe Storms Laboratory, annual spring forecasting experiments (SFEs) in the Hazardous Weather Testbed test and evaluate cutting-edge technologies and concepts for improving severe weather prediction through intensive real-time forecasting and evaluation activities. Experimental forecast guidance is provided through collaborations with several U.S. government and academic institutions, as well as the Met Office. The purpose of this article is to summarize activities, insights, and preliminary findings from recent SFEs, emphasizing SFE 2015. Several innovative aspects of recent experiments are discussed, including the 1) use of convection-allowing model (CAM) ensembles with advanced ensemble data assimilation, 2) generation of severe weather outlooks valid at time periods shorter than those issued operationally (e.g., 1–4 h), 3) use of CAMs to issue outlooks beyond the day 1 period, 4) increased interaction through software allowing participants to create individual severe weather outlooks, and 5) tests of newly developed storm-attribute-based diagnostics for predicting tornadoes and hail size. Additionally, plans for future experiments will be discussed, including the creation of a Community Leveraged Unified Ensemble (CLUE) system, which will test various strategies for CAM ensemble design using carefully designed sets of ensemble members contributed by different agencies to drive evidence-based decision-making for near-future operational systems.
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Gentle, Matthew, Neal Finch, James Speed, and Anthony Pople. "A comparison of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and manned helicopters for monitoring macropod populations." Wildlife Research 45, no. 7 (2018): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18034.
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Context Developments in the use of remote aircraft, or unmanned aerial systems (UAS), for ecological study have been rapid. Helicopter surveys have proven to be a reliable, repeatable method for broad-scale monitoring of harvested kangaroo populations in Australia’s rangelands, but the recent availability of long-range UAS may offer improvements in detectability and cost efficiency. Aims We aimed to test the ability of a long-range UAS (Spylite, Bluebird Aero Systems Ltd, Kadima, Israel) to survey macropod populations at a landscape scale, and validate the results against those from the current best-practice helicopter surveys. Methods Four 80-km transects in south-western Queensland were surveyed using a helicopter and UAS. Two observers, occupying the rear seats of the helicopter, recorded animals observed in distance classes perpendicular to either side of the aircraft. Continuous electro-optical (EO) or infrared (IR) video from the UAS were recorded for later processing. Animal densities were calculated using line-transect methods for both techniques. The efficiency and cost effectiveness of each survey technique were also assessed using the flight and data processing times. Key results The encounter rate for macropods during the UAS was significantly lower compared with the helicopter survey, resulting in low estimates of macropod density (3.2 versus 53.8 animals km–2 respectively). The UAS technique recorded between 2.9 and 12.7% of the macropod density observed on each transect during the helicopter survey. The helicopter surveys were less expensive and more efficient and cost effective, requiring less flight and data processing time than the UAS surveys. Conclusions Utilising long-range UAS to detect and count groups of wild animals for landscape-scale wildlife monitoring has potential, but improvements in detection and identification technology are needed to match or exceed the accuracy of the conventional aerial survey technique for kangaroos. Implications Recent advances in camera technology and methodological refinements are encouraging for aerial survey of wildlife using UAS. However, significant improvements are required to survey for kangaroos and new technology should again be tested against current benchmarks.
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Doukari, Michaela, Marios Batsaris, Apostolos Papakonstantinou, and Konstantinos Topouzelis. "A Protocol for Aerial Survey in Coastal Areas Using UAS." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161913.
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Aerial surveys in coastal areas using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present many limitations. However, the need for detailed and accurate information in a marine environment has made UAVs very popular. The aim of this paper is to present a protocol which summarizes the parameters that affect the reliability of the data acquisition process over the marine environment using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The proposed UAS Data Acquisition Protocol consists of three main categories: (i) Morphology of the study area, (ii) Environmental conditions, (iii) Flight parameters. These categories include the parameters prevailing in the study area during a UAV mission and affect the quality of marine data. Furthermore, a UAS toolbox, which combines forecast weather data values with predefined thresholds and calculates the optimal flight window times in a day, was developed. The UAS toolbox was tested in two case studies with data acquisition over a coastal study area. The first UAS survey was operated under optimal conditions while the second was realized under non-optimal conditions. The acquired images and the produced orthophoto maps from both surveys present significant differences in quality. Moreover, a comparison between the classified maps of the case studies showed the underestimation of some habitats in the area at the non-optimal survey day. The UAS toolbox is expected to contribute to proper flight planning in marine applications. The UAS protocol can provide valuable information for mapping, monitoring, and management of the coastal and marine environment, which can be used globally in research and a variety of marine applications.
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Koski, W. R., P. A. Abgrall, and S. B. Yazvenko. "An inventory and evaluation of unmanned aerial systems for offshore surveys of marine mammals." J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 11, no. 3 (February 14, 2023): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47536/jcrm.v11i3.603.
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A literature review, internet searches and communications with personnel working with unmanned aerial systems (UAS) were used to identify the capabilities of UAS throughout the world. We assessed their ability to replace manned aerial surveys for marine mammals, sea turtles and seabirds and to monitor, in real time, sea ice and other physical features that might influence marine mammal distribution. The vast majority of the systems identified were either too expensive or their capabilities did not meet minimum standards necessary to perform the tasks required of them in real time. Eight systems were identified that might be able to perform some of the desired tasks. Several other systems had similar capabilities but had not been tested or would require upgrades. Installation of high-definition (HD) video and better stabilisation systems would improve UAS performance. It is recommended that development of HD video with real-time data transmission and improved stabilisation systems for UAS be pursued and that side-by-side comparisons of a few of the best systems be conducted.
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Groves, Phillip A., Brad Alcorn, Michelle M. Wiest, Jacek M. Maselko, and William P. Connor. "Testing unmanned aircraft systems for salmon spawning surveys." FACETS 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0019.
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Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) were tested for counting Chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) redds as a more accurate, safer alternative to manned helicopter flights. Counting redds from the helicopter was less expensive and time consuming, but of the total redds counted at selected sites with a UAS, an average (± SD) of only 77% ± 14% was counted from the helicopter. A river-wide census of redds was not possible with a UAS because the study area was too large for the single field crew to survey. Simulation analyses were used to compare stratified random sampling (STRS) and sampling proportional to size (PPS) for estimating annual total redd counts from data collected with a UAS. The STRS estimates were more accurate and precise, whereas the PPS estimates, though biased, had 95% CIs that included the observed redd count more frequently. We strongly recommend that researchers conduct simulation analyses to evaluate alternative survey sampling methods if they are considering replacing census counts made from manned aircraft with counts estimated from data collected with a UAS. We conclude that UAS application reduces the risk inherent to manned aircraft flights, but the reduction in risk can come at the cost of estimates of population parameters that can sometimes be inaccurate and lack 95% CI coverage.
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Kanand, T., G. Kemper, R. König, and H. Kemper. "WILDFIRE DETECTION AND DISASTER MONITORING SYSTEM USING UAS AND SENSOR FUSION TECHNOLOGIES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2020 (August 22, 2020): 1671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2020-1671-2020.
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Abstract. Based on a research program founded by the German Ministry of Traffic and Data Infrastructure, the use of 5G mobile network for modern advanced technologies should be developed and tested. This paper shows the integration of UAS, Multiple Sensor Integration, autonomous UAS Missions and online Geodata handling for the detection of wildfires in a rural region of Saxony / East Germany and the strategy for making use of the upcoming 5G Network. In our project we go a step deeper and combine VIS and Thermal IR cameras in a co-registered way to overlay the images, transfer data of multi-observation poles into a center and perform an automated analysis to detect smoke or hotspots and add to a first estimated localization. The technological advance applied on real project areas means an important step for further applications of UAS and Sensor Fusion Technologies.
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Pflanz, Michael, Henning Nordmeyer, and Michael Schirrmann. "Weed Mapping with UAS Imagery and a Bag of Visual Words Based Image Classifier." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 1530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101530.
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Weed detection with aerial images is a great challenge to generate field maps for site-specific plant protection application. The requirements might be met with low altitude flights of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), to provide adequate ground resolutions for differentiating even single weeds accurately. The following study proposed and tested an image classifier based on a Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) framework for mapping weed species, using a small unmanned aircraft system (UAS) with a commercial camera on board, at low flying altitudes. The image classifier was trained with support vector machines after building a visual dictionary of local features from many collected UAS images. A window-based processing of the models was used for mapping the weed occurrences in the UAS imagery. The UAS flight campaign was carried out over a weed infested wheat field, and images were acquired between a 1 and 6 m flight altitude. From the UAS images, 25,452 weed plants were annotated on species level, along with wheat and soil as background classes for training and validation of the models. The results showed that the BoVW model allowed the discrimination of single plants with high accuracy for Matricaria recutita L. (88.60%), Papaver rhoeas L. (89.08%), Viola arvensis M. (87.93%), and winter wheat (94.09%), within the generated maps. Regarding site specific weed control, the classified UAS images would enable the selection of the right herbicide based on the distribution of the predicted weed species.
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Villa, Luca, Pietro Dioni, Luigi Candela, Eugenio Ventimiglia, Mario De Angelis, Christian Corsini, Daniele Robesti, et al. "Understanding the Role of Ureteral Access Sheath in Preventing Post-Operative Infectious Complications in Stone Patients Treated with Ureteroscopy and Ho:YAG Laser Lithotripsy: Results from a Tertiary Care Referral Center." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2023): 1457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041457.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction and objectives: The use of ureteral access sheaths (UAS) limits the irrigation-induced increase in intrarenal pressure during ureteroscopy (URS). We investigated the relationship between UAS and rates of postoperative infectious complications in stone patients treated with URS. Materials and methods: Data from 369 stone patients treated with URS from September 2016 to December 2021 at a single institution were analyzed. UAS (10/12 Fr) placement was attempted in case of intrarenal surgery. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between the use of UAS and fever, sepsis, and septic shock. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses tested the association of patients’ characteristics and operative data and the rate of postoperative infectious complications. Results: Full data collection of 451 URS procedures was available. Overall, UAS was used in 220 (48.8%) procedures. As for postoperative infectious sequalae, we recorded fever (n = 52; 11.5%), sepsis (n = 10; 2.2%), and septic shock (n = 6; 1.3%). Of those, UAS was not used in 29 (55.8%), 7 (70%), and 5 (83.3%) cases, respectively (all p > 0.05). At multivariable logistic regression analysis, performing URS without UAS was not associated with the risk of having fever and sepsis, but it increased the risk of septic shock (OR = 14.6; 95% CI = 1.08–197.1). Moreover, age-adjusted CCI score (for fever-OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.07–1.42, sepsis-OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.09–1.99, and septic shock-OR = 1.61; 95% CI = 1.08–2.42, respectively), history of fever secondary to stones (for fever-OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.02–4.90) and preoperative positive urine culture (for sepsis-OR = 4.87; 95% CI = 1.12–21.25) did emerge as further associated risk factors. Conclusions: The use of UAS emerged to prevent the onset of septic shock in patients treated with URS, with no clear benefit in terms of fever and sepsis. Further studies may help clarify whether the reduction in fluid reabsorption load mediated by UAS is protective against life-threatening conditions in case of infectious complications. The patients’ baseline characteristics remain the main predictors of infectious sequelae in a clinical setting.
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Eker, Remzi, Yves Bühler, Sebastian Schlögl, Andreas Stoffel, and Abdurrahim Aydın. "Monitoring of Snow Cover Ablation Using Very High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Datasets." Remote Sensing 11, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11060699.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study tested the potential of a short time series of very high spatial resolution (cm to dm) remote sensing datasets obtained from unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to monitor snow cover ablation in the upper Dischma valley (Davos, Switzerland). Five flight missions (for UAS) and five scans (for TLS) were carried out simultaneously: Four during the snow-covered period (9, 10, 11, and 27 May 2016) and one during the snow-free period (24 June 2016 for UAS and 31 May 2016 for TLS). The changes in both the areal extent of the snow cover and the snow depth (HS) were assessed together in the same case study. The areal extent of the snow cover was estimated from both UAS- and TLS-based orthophotos by classifying pixels as snow-covered and snow-free based on a threshold value applied to the blue band information of the orthophotos. Also, the usage possibility of TLS-based orthophotos for mapping snow cover was investigated in this study. The UAS-based orthophotos provided higher overall classification accuracy (97%) than the TLS-based orthophotos (86%) and allowed for mapping snow cover in larger areas than the ones from TLS scans by preventing the occurrence of gaps in the orthophotos. The UAS-based HS were evaluated and compared to TLS-based HS. Initially, the CANUPO (CAractérisation de NUages de POints) binary classification method, a proposed approach for improving the quality of models to obtain more accurate HS values, was applied to the TLS 3D raw point clouds. In this study, the use of additional artificial ground control points (GCPs) was also proposed to improve the quality of UAS-based digital elevation models (DEMs). The UAS-based HS values were mapped with an error of around 0.1 m during the time series. Most pixels representing change in the HS derived from the UAS data were consistent with the TLS data. The time series used in this study allowed for testing of the significance of the data acquisition interval in the monitoring of snow ablation. Accordingly, this study concluded that both the UAS- and TLS-based high-resolution DSMs were biased in detecting change in HS, particularly for short time spans, such as a few days, where only a few centimeters in HS change occur. On the other hand, UAS proved to be a valuable tool for monitoring snow ablation if longer time intervals are chosen.
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Sader, Helio S., Robert K. Flamm, and Ronald N. Jones. "Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftaroline-Avibactam Tested against Clinical Isolates Collected from U.S. Medical Centers in 2010-2011." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 4 (February 4, 2013): 1982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02436-12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTCeftaroline-avibactam and comparator agents were tested by the broth microdilution method against 20,089 isolates consecutively collected in 2010 and 2011 from 75 U.S. medical centers. Ceftaroline-avibactam was active againstEnterobacteriaceae(4,908 strains; MIC90, 0.25 μg/ml; highest MIC, 4 μg/ml), including meropenem-nonsusceptibleKlebsiellaspp. and ceftazidime-nonsusceptibleEnterobacter cloacaestrains (MIC90, 1 μg/ml for both). Ceftaroline-avibactam was also active against ceftriaxone-nonsusceptibleStreptococcus pneumoniae(MIC90, 0.25 μg/ml) and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MIC90, 1 μg/ml).
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Drazinic, C. M., J. B. Smerage, M. C. López, and H. V. Baker. "Activation mechanism of the multifunctional transcription factor repressor-activator protein 1 (Rap1p)." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 6 (June 1996): 3187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.6.3187.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Transcriptional activation in eukaryotic organisms normally requires combinatorial interactions of multiple transcription factors. In most cases, the precise role played by each transcription factor is not known. The upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements of glycolytic enzyme genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are excellent model systems for the study of combinatorial interactions. The yeast protein known as Rap1p acts as both a transcriptional repressor and an activator, depending on sequence context. Rap1p-binding sites are found adjacent to Gcr1p-binding sites in the UAS elements of glycolytic enzyme genes. These UAS elements constitute some of the strongest activating sequences known in S. cerevisiae. In this study, we have investigated the relationship between Rap1p- and Gcr1p-binding sites and the proteins that bind them. In vivo DNA-binding studies with rap1ts mutant strains demonstrated that the inability of Rap1p to bind at its site resulted in the inability of Gcr1p to bind at adjacent binding sites. Synthetic oligonucleotides, modeled on the UAS element of PYK1, in which the relative positions of the Rap1p- and Gcr1p-binding sites were varied prepared and tested for their ability to function as UAS elements. The ability of the oligonucleotides to function as UAS elements was dependent not only on the presence of both binding sites but also on the relative distance between the binding sites. In vivo DNA-binding studies showed that the ability of Rap1p bind its site was independent of Gcr1p but that the ability of Gcr1p to bind its site was dependent on the presence of an appropriately spaced and bound Rap1p-binding site. In vitro binding studies showed Rap1p-enhanced binding of Gcr1p on oligonucleotides modeled after the native PYK1 UAS element but not when the Rap1p- and Gcr1p-binding sites were displaced by 5 nucleotides. This work demonstrates that the role of the Rap1p in the activation of glycolytic enzyme genes is to bind in their UAS elements and to facilitate the binding of Gcr1p at adjacent binding sites.
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Gururajan, Srikanth, Kyle Mitchell, and William Ebel. "Flights of a Multirotor UAS with Structural Faults: Failures on Composite Propeller(s)." Data 4, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4030128.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Data acquired from several flights of a custom-fabricated Hexacopter Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) with composite structure (carbon fiber arms and central hub) and composite (carbon fiber) propellers are described in this article. The Hexacopter was assembled from a commercially available kit (Tarot 690) and flown in manual and autonomous modes. Takeoffs and landings were under manual control and the bulk of the flight tests was conducted with the Hexacopter in a “position hold” mode. All flights were flown within the UAS flight cage at Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology at Saint Louis University for approximately 5 min each. Several failure conditions (different types, artificially induced) on the composite (carbon fiber) propellers were tested, including failures on up to two propellers. The dataset described in this article contains flight data from the onboard flight controller (Pixhawk) as well as three accelerometers, each with three axes, mounted on the arms of the Hexacopter UAS. The data are included as supplemental material.
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Flamm, Robert K., Helio S. Sader, David J. Farrell, and Ronald N. Jones. "Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftaroline Tested against Drug-Resistant Subsets of Streptococcus pneumoniae from U.S. Medical Centers." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 4 (February 10, 2014): 2468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02557-13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolates (6,958) were collected from patients at 163 U.S. medical centers during 2009 through 2012. Isolates were evaluated for multidrug resistance (MDR) to penicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin. Ceftaroline was 16-fold more potent than ceftriaxone (MIC50/MIC90, ≤0.25/2 μg/ml) against all isolates. For MDR isolates (35.2% of tested strains), ceftaroline (MIC50/MIC90, 0.06/0.25 μg/ml; 100.0% susceptible) was the most active agent tested, being 8-fold more potent than ceftriaxone (MIC50/MIC90, 0.5/2 μg/ml) and 16-fold more potent than penicillin (MIC50/MIC90, 1/4 μg/ml).