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Статті в журналах з теми "Tyre manufacturing process"
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Shanbag, Amit, and Sampatrao Manjare. "Life Cycle Assessment of Tyre Manufacturing Process." Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 8, no. 1 (March 2020): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d7.0260.
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Sri Ngadono, Teguh, Muh Rokhim, and Zulfa Fitri Ikatrinasari. "Lean Manufacturing Implementation on Extrude Process with Value Stream Maping: Study Case in Tyre Manufacture." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 852 (July 21, 2020): 012104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/852/1/012104.
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Papaioannou, Georgios, Jenny Jerrelind, and Lars Drugge. "Multi-Objective Optimisation of Tyre and Suspension Parameters during Cornering for Different Road Roughness Profiles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 5934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135934.
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Effective emission control technologies and novel propulsion systems have been developed for road vehicles, decreasing exhaust particle emissions. However, work has to be done on non-exhaust traffic related sources such as tyre–road interaction and tyre wear. Given that both are inevitable in road vehicles, efforts for assessing and minimising tyre wear should be considered. The amount of tyre wear is because of internal (tyre structure, manufacturing, etc.) and external (suspension configuration, speed, road surface, etc.) factors. In this work, the emphasis is on the optimisation of such parameters for minimising tyre wear, but also enhancing occupant’s comfort and improving vehicle handling. In addition to the search for the optimum parameters, the optimisation is also used as a tool to identify and highlight potential trade-offs between the objectives and the various design parameters. Hence, initially, the tyre design (based on some chosen tyre parameters) is optimised with regards to the above-mentioned objectives, for a vehicle while cornering over both Class A and B road roughness profiles. Afterwards, an optimal solution is sought between the Pareto alternatives provided by the two road cases, in order for the tyre wear levels to be less affected under different road profiles. Therefore, it is required that the tyre parameters are as close possible and that they provide similar tyre wear in both road cases. Then, the identified tyre design is adopted and the optimum suspension design is sought for the two road cases for both passive and semi-active suspension types. From the results, significant conclusions regarding how tyre wear behaves with regards to passenger comfort and vehicle handling are extracted, while the results illustrate where the optimum suspension and tyre parameters have converged trying to compromise among the above objectives under different road types and how suspension types, passive and semi-active, could compromise among all of them more optimally.
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Kumar, Jatinder, and Rupinder Singh. "Investigating the Effect of Vulcanization in Tread Rubber Applications." Materials Science Forum 751 (March 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.751.1.
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Retreading has many potential applications in tyre manufacturing industry. There is a critical need for optimization of vulcanization processes used in tread manufacturing. Not much work hitherto has been reported for optimization of efficient sulphur vulcanization process of the tread manufacturing. The present experimentation work highlights approach to macro-model strength, elongation and hardness during vulcanization of rubber. Relationship between strength, elongation, hardness and other parameter has been deduced by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array (OA). Results indicate that the hardness, elongation and strength of tread rubber while vulcanization depends significantly on the natural: synthetic rubber ratio (NR: SR), curing time and curing temperature of the rubber.
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Müller, Miroslav, Anna Rudawska, Martin Tichý, Viktor Kolář, and Monika Hromasová. "Research on wear resistance of polymeric composite materials based on microparticles from tyre recyclation process." Manufacturing Technology 20, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21062/mft.2020.031.
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Dost, A. "Exposure to rubber fume and rubber process dust in the general rubber goods, tyre manufacturing and retread industries." Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44, no. 5 (August 1, 2000): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4878(99)00110-6.
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Hatvalne, Sarang, and Arakerimath Rachayya. "Performance study of different EDM Electrode Materials for machining of honeycomb cavities of plastic injection molds." International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 12, no. 02 (April 25, 2022): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14741/ijcet/v.12.2.7.
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Electro Discharge Machining (EDM) is an extremely prominent machining process among newly developed non - traditional machining techniques for “difficult to machine” conducting materials such as heat treated tool steels, composites etc. In EDM, the material removal of the electrode is achieved through high frequency sparks between the tool and the work-piece immersed into the dielectric. The Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and surface integrity are some of the important performance attributes of the EDM process. This is widely used in machining intricate cavities in Aluminum HPDC Dies, Tyre mold manufacturing and Plastic Injection mold manufacturing. In Plastic injection mold manufacturing, especially for machining narrow cavities of honeycomb structures, the tool wears faster and machining becomes costly. This study compares performance of three materials viz. Copper, Graphite and Copper impregnated Graphite used as EDM electrodes and evaluates their performances based in lower Tool Wear Rates (TWR)
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Hardono, Joko, Hendra Pratama, and Andi Friyatna. "Analisis Cacat Produk Green Tyre dengan Pendekatan Seven Tools." Jurnal INTECH Teknik Industri Universitas Serang Raya 5, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/intech.v5i1.1462.
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Quality is one aspect that needs to be maintained in increasing consumer confidence and minimizing production costs. A motorcycle tire manufacturing company has a production defect of 5028 during February 2018. This study aims to reduce the number of defective products in the green tire cooking process in the curing area. The methods used in this study are seven tools, especially Pareto diagrams, and fishbone diagrams and analyzed the cause is 5W1H. Of the six types of green tire defects, under cure is the most dominant factor (40%) that causes disability. The improvement in Pneumatic Problems which the problem of under cure is human factors, machinery, and the method of being able to reduce defects by 48% from 891 pieces in February to 463 pieces in May. The decrease in defects in pneumatic problems affects the reduction in the number of defects in green tire products from 5206 pieces in February to 4699 pieces in May.
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Ward, M. J., B. C. Miller, and K. Davey. "Simulation of a multi-stage railway wheel and tyre forming process." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 80-81 (August 1998): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(98)00140-x.
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Karle, Mr Ranjeet R. "Rubber Powder As a Partial Replacement To Fine Aggregate in Geopolymer Ferrocement." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 4801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44737.
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Abstract: Tyre manufacturing over the world has increased as the automobile industry has rapidly grown. The waste tyre disposal is very time-consuming and environmentally damaging process. Even though it is frequently disposed of in landfills, issues with supply and demand mean that the shortage and lack of available landfill space is very big concern. The fundamentals ferrocrete is used in the construction of structures. Mix of sand and cement the manufacture of aggregates from stone Quarries are also a major source of environmental degradation. Thus, the goal of the project; the purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of varying the quantities of crumb rubber replacing sand content in ferrocrete mixes. In order to enhance different percentages of glass fibre have a compressive strength included into the mix of cement. In this study, the primary objective is to discover replacing the old rubber with a new type of rubber Cement ferrocrete aggregates are mixed with glass fibres. Finally, the product will have excellent engineering qualities
Дисертації з теми "Tyre manufacturing process"
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Makitan, Vedran. "Waste tyre recycling: current status, economic analysis and process development." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/845.
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The disposal of waste tyres has become an increasing problem in many countries worldwide. It is a costly issue for the whole tyre manufacturing and automobile industry, while the environmental costs over the years have reached significant levels. Current government’s regulations which ban landfilling in some developed countries such as United Kingdom have sparked an increased interest in finding new ways to dispose of waste tyres in environmentally safe manner.First part of this thesis explores the current status of the industry and identifies the most promising technologies which could provide a suitable solution for safe disposal of tyres. Once identified, the technology with the biggest potential is screened through a series of experiments which will form a basis for further process development. Finally, an in-depth economic analysis will evaluate the commercial feasibility of newly developed process and identify key recommendations for further work.After careful consideration, the pyrolysis of waste tyres was chosen for further process development and experimental research. The main goal of this work was to develop a suitable process for safe disposal of tyres and develop a unique tool which will provide a guideline on the process conditions required in order to optimize the production of a specific product. This tool, known as POT (Product Optimization Table) will play major part in identifying key operating conditions required for optimizing the overall process economics.Key findings in this report concentrate on identifying best possible process conditions required to make the process as economically favorable as possible at current market conditions. This is achieved by completing a case study together with a number of different economic models and looking at what makes the particular model economically viable. The result of this economic analysis points out a few major limitations of waste tyre pyrolysis process and dwells deeper into finding the key causes for this.Key recommendations presented at the end of this report are aimed at tyre manufacturing industry as well as relevant government bodies. Federal governments of developed nations are to play a major role in promoting the commercialization of the waste tyre pyrolysis technology. It is clear that new technology such as pyrolysis which is characterized by high risk and minimal returns is going to struggle in today’s market. Implementing the recommendations given in this report is crucial in order to encourage significant investments into technology such as pyrolysis and aid the further development and commercialization in the near future.
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Sponton, Luca. "From manufacturing variability to process-aware circuit simulation /." Zürich : ETH, 2007. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=17444.
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Bai, X., and Stanley B. Gershwin. "Scheduling Manufacturing Systems With Work-in-Process Inventory Control: Single-Part-Type Systems." Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Operations Research Center, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5362.
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In this paper, a real-time feedback control algorithm is developed for scheduling single-part-type production lines in which there are three important classes of activities: operations, failures, and starvation or blockage. The scheduling objectives are to keep the actual production as close to the demand as possible, and to keep the level of work-in-process inventory as low as possible. By relating the starvation and blockage to the system capacity, the buffer sizes and the target buffer levels are chosen according to the demands and machine parameters. The processing time for each operation is deterministic. Failure and repair times are random. Whenever a machine fails or is starved or blocked, the scheduling system recalculates short term production rates. To begin with, we study a very simple case, a two machine and one part type system, to get insight into the buffer effects and production control policies. Using the relationship between system capacity and starvation or blockage, we find desirable buffer levels and buffer sizes. The production control policy is determined to meet the system performance requirements concerning low WIP inventory and tardiness. The results from the simple case are extended to N-machine, one-part-type systems.
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Tiley, David. "Post-Fordist ideal type?, the labour process in the Japanese manufacturing sector, 1967-1990." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22103.pdf.
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Tiley, David Carleton University Dissertation Political Economy. "Post-Fordist 'Ideal type'? - The labour process in the Japanese manufacturing sector, 1967-1990." Ottawa, 1997.
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Roca, Filella Nicolas. "Contributions à la robotisation de tâches entrant dans la fabrication de pneumatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0011.
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La recherche en robotique connait un intérêt croissant pour la manipulation des objets mous : des tissus, des mousses ou tout autre objet déformable comme le caoutchouc. La déformation d’un tel objet est généralement modélisée par l’introduction de nouveaux degrés de liberté, ce qui rend plus complexe son contrôle. Dans le contexte de l’industrie du futur, la Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin souhaite moderniser son procédé de fabrication de pneumatiques qui consiste à assembler, couche par couche, des bandes et des nappes de gomme. Ces tâches, qui n’ont jamais été robotisées avant cette thèse, entrent dans le domaine de la manipulation robotique d’objets déformables (MROD).Issue d’une convention CIFRE (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche) de l’ANRT (Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie), cette thèse s’intéresse à cette problématique dans un contexte applicatif industriel à travers la conception d’une cellule robotique en apportant des solutions technologiques innovantes, notamment en termes d’actionnement, de perception et d’architecture de commande. Cependant, nous montrons que l’intégration de ces solutions est limitée par des problématiques classiques de la MROD, telles que la modélisation des déformations de l’objet, la perception multimodale ou encore la commande et la génération dynamique de tâches.Une première contribution apportée est l’adaptation d’algorithmes de traitement d’image issus de bibliothèques libres dans un contexte industrielle. Ces algorithmes remplacent des solutions industrielles du commerce et permettent une plus grande liberté de paramétrage pour chaque fonction. Le résultat est donc un assemblage de briques algorithmiques flexibles et adaptées aux spécificités du procédé de fabrication de pneumatiques.Cette thèse explore également l’utilisation d’un modèle physique réduit pour contrôler la tension dans une bande de gomme en suspension dont une extrémité est enroulée autour d’une bobine et l’autre extrémité est manipulée par un robot. Nous distinguons alors trois contributions : l’estimation par vision de la tension, une loi de commande en boucle fermée pour réguler la vitesse de rotation de la bobine et ainsi varier la longueur de la partie suspendue de la bande, et un algorithme de planification de la tension désirée.Une dernière contribution concerne une commande par retour visuelle permettant de joindre bout à bout les deux extrémités d’une nappe enroulée autour d’une surface cylindrique. Cette opération complexe se base sur la perception par vision et la reconstruction en 3D du bord de nappe ainsi qu’une loi de commande prenant en compte une mesure pondérée de l’erreur.Nos développements ont permis la conception et la réalisation d’un démonstrateur industriel qui se veut prêt à un déploiement en usine. Cela impose donc de prendre en compte dès le début de la réflexion scientifique les contraintes industrielles telles que l’encombrement, le temps de cycle, la matériel et l’architecture logicielle à disposition, ou encore les tolérances de qualité. Des validations expérimentales ont été réalisées sur ce banc d’essaiRobotics research is increasingly interested in the manipulation of soft objects: fabrics, foams or any other deformable object like rubber. The deformation of such an object is usually modeled by introducing new degrees of freedom, which makes its control more complex. In the context of the industry of the future, the Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin wishes to modernize its tire manufacturing process which consists of assembling, layer by layer, strips and plies of rubber. These tasks, which have never been robotized before this thesis, fall within the domain of robotic manipulation of deformable objects (RMDO).Through the CIFRE plan (French Industrial Research Training Convention) of the ANRT (French National Association for Technological Research), this thesis addresses this issue in an industrial application context through the design of a robotic cell by providing innovative technological solutions, especially in terms of actuation, perception, and control. However, we show that the integration of these solutions is limited by classical problems of RMDO, such as the modeling of object deformations, multimodal perception or dynamic control and generation of tasks.A first contribution is the adaptation of image processing algorithms from open-source libraries to an industrial context. These algorithms replace commercial industrial solutions and allow a greater freedom of parameterization for each function. The result is an assembly of flexible algorithmic bricks adapted to the specificities of the tire manufacturing process.This thesis also explores the use of a reduced physical model to control the tension in a suspended gum strip, one end of which is wrapped around a spool while the other is manipulated by a robot. We distinguish three contributions: vision-based estimation of the tension, a closed-loop control law to regulate the rotation speed of the reel and thus vary the length of the suspended part of the strip, and a planning algorithm to achieve the desired tension.A last contribution concerns a visual feedback control allowing to join end to end the two ends of a web wrapped around a cylindrical surface. This complex operation is based on visual perception and 3D reconstruction of the edge of the ply as well as a control law considering a weighted measure of the error.Our developments have enabled the design and production of an industrial demonstrator that is ready for deployment in a factory. This means that industrial constraints such as sizing, cycle time, available hardware and software architecture, and quality tolerances have been considered from the beginning of the scientific reflection. Experimental validations were carried out on this test bench
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Forouzan, Mohammad Mehdi. "Simulation and Experiments to Understand the Manufacturing Process, Microstructure and Transport Properties of Porous Electrodes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6791.
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Battery technology is a great candidate for energy storage applications. The need for high-performance and cost-effective batteries has motivated researchers to put much effort into improving battery performance. In this work, we attempt to understand the elements that affect the microstructure and performance of two battery systems. The first part of this work focuses on the investigation of transport and structural properties of porous electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte. A DC polarization method was deployed for tortuosity measurements. An apparatus was designed to flow specified current through and measure the voltage drop over the porous electrodes. Using a modified Ohm's law, effective diffusion coefficient and associated tortuosity were determined. Multiple compositions (different types and amounts of conductive additives) were tested to understand the effects of composition on the transport properties. As a validation and to further understand the tests, a model was developed and used for data analysis. The second part of this dissertation describes simulations of the manufacturing process of a Li-ion electrode. LAMMPS, a particle simulator, was used for this meso-scale particle-based simulation. The interactions between particles were understood by model-experiment comparisons of the macroscopic properties such as viscosity of the slurry and elasticity of the dried film. The microstructure created by this simulation was consistent with the one we observed in SEM/ FIB images. Although the emphasis was the drying process in this part, some preliminary coating and calendering simulations are presented. Finally, the effects of electrode heterogeneity were investigated by a Newman-type model and tomographic images. An electronic conductivity map was initially generated over a Li-ion cathode. Then SEM/FIB images of specified high, middle, and low conductivity regions were taken to confirm heterogeneity. For modeling purposes, three regions of high, middle, and low ionic resistance were considered connected in parallel, representing the real electrode heterogeneity. Multiple cases of heterogeneities such as non-uniform ionic resistance and active material loading at low, middle, and high charge-discharge rates were studied. The results show that higher rates increase non-uniformities of dependent properties such as temperature, current density, positive and negative electrodes states of charge, and charge and discharge capacities especially in charging cases.
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Dantas, Cavalcante Antonio Belfort. "Influence des facteurs de composition sur les propriétés texturales d'un fromage fondu de type requeijão." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1995_DANTAS_CAVALCANTE_A_B.pdf.
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Le requeijão tradicional est un fromage brésilien largement consommé dans la région Sud-Est. L’objectif de cette étude est de caractériser qualitativement le requeijão tradicional et de le classer scientifiquement dans la catégorie des fromages fondus. La partie principale de cette thèse concerne l'étude de l'influence des paramètres de fabrication du requeijão tradicional sur les propriétés rhéologiques et l'analyse de sa couleur. Des différentes corrélations existant entre ces propriétés et les paramètres de fabrication ont été aussi déterminées. À cet effet, des méthodes rhéologiques (compression et pénétration), des méthodes d'évaluation sensorielle (rapport de grandeur) et la colorimétrie quantitative (CIELAB) ont été utilisées. Le traitement statistique des données (régression multilinéaire) a permis de classer ces produits selon leurs propriétés texturales. L’extrait sec, la matière grasse et le taux en sel de fonte sont les principaux paramètres responsables de la variabilité des propriétés texturales du requeijão tradicional. Dans la seconde partie, une méthode ultrasonore a été utilisée dans le but d'étudier le comportement de trois fromages fondus différents, pendant le refroidissement. Cette méthode non destructive a permis: (i) mettre en évidence les différentes phases de structuration au cours du refroidissement du fromage fondu (ii) justifier le choix de la température de refroidissement du fromage fondu (4°C). Ces techniques (ultrasonore et colorimétrie quantitative), peu connues dans le domaine alimentaire, semblent cependant très prometteuses. Elles sont pratiques, rapides et efficaces
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Pinto, Ariane. "Microstructure et procédés techniques des porcelaines qinghua : une approche de type science des matériaux." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30183.
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La porcelaine à décor bleu et blanc, ou porcelaine qinghua, est l'une des céramiques les plus célèbres au monde. Produite dès le XIIIe siècle dans les fours de Jingdezhen (province du Jiangxi), elle se caractérise par l'usage d'un décor sous glaçure à base de métaux de transition (cobalt principalement mais également fer ou manganèse). Ce type de porcelaine est constitué d'une structure en couche qui se prête particulièrement bien à une décomposition en différents systèmes (glaçure, zone pigmentaire, pâte, interface entre la pâte et la glaçure dans les zones sans décor). Notre thèse a pour objet l'étude de la microstructure des différents systèmes et sous-systèmes constituants la porcelaine afin, par une approche de type " rétro-ingénierie ", de remonter aux procédés techniques à l'origine de la fabrication de ces objets. Pour ce faire, 33 échantillons datés des dynasties Yuan (1279-1368), Ming (1368-1644) et Qing moyenne (1736-1850), fabriqués sur le site de Jingdezhen, ont été étudiés selon une approche multi-analytique. L'étude a permis de mettre en évidence une homogénéité de la composition et des conditions de cuissons des pâtes à haute température, traduisant la standardisation du procédé technique. Les glaçures sont également relativement homogènes à l'exception de certaines glaçures plus riches en calcium qui permettaient une cuisson à plus basse température. Les évolutions technologiques les plus importantes concernent le pigment de cobalt employé pour peindre le décor bleu sous glaçure. Les analyses ont permis de confirmer deux origines différentes du minerai : un cobalt riche en fer probablement originaire de Perse, employé sous la dynastie Yuan (1279-1368), et un cobalt local riche en manganèse et nickel utilisé à partir de la dynastie Ming moyenne (1436-1572). On voit également se développer au Ming moyen (1436-1572), un pigment de synthèse, l'aluminate de cobalt (CoAl2O4) probablement formé par la réaction à haute température du minerai de cobalt et d'une argile alumino-siliceuse. Le pigment de cobalt obtenu est ensuite mélangé à des phases riches en calcium entraînant la croissance de cristaux aciculaires d'anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), autour des grains de pigment, durant la cuisson. La présence de nombreux gros grains de pigments riches en cobalt, entourés d'une couche épaisse de cristaux d'anorthite permet l'obtention de la couleur bleue la plus intense. Enfin, l'étude fine de la microstructure a permis d'identifier des microstructures "déviantes" appartenant à des vases qui pourraient être des copies modernesBlue-and-white porcelain, or qinghua porcelain, is one of the most famous types of ceramics in the world. Produced since the 13th century in Jingdezhen kilns (Jiangxi Province), it is defined by the use of an underglazed decoration based on transition elements (mainly cobalt but also iron or manganese). This type of porcelain presents a layered structure easily divided in different systems (glaze, pigment zone, body, body-glaze interface in white zones). Our thesis is dedicated to the microstructural study of the different systems and sub-systems by a "reverse-engineering" approach to uncover the manufacturing process. To do so, we studied 33 samples from the Yuan (1279-1368), Ming (1368-1644) and Middle Qing (1736-1850) Dynasties, produced in Jingdezhen, using a multi-analytical approach. This study highlighted the uniformity in chemical composition and firing conditions of the body implying the standardisation of the manufacturing process. Glaze chemical compositions are also rather homogeneous except from some glazes richer in calcium, which could allow the use of a lower firing temperature. The main technological evolutions concern the underglazed blue pigment. The chemical composition confirmed two geological origins: a Fe-rich cobalt probably from Persia used during the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), and a local Mn-rich and Ni-rich cobalt used since the Middle Ming Dynasty (1279-1368). We also observed the development of a synthesis pigment, cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4), during the Middle Ming Dynasty (1436-1572). It was probably synthesised from the high temperature reaction of cobalt ore with an alumino-siliceous clay. The cobalt pigment is then mixed with Ca-rich phases leading to the growth of anorthite crystals (CaAl2Si2O8) around the pigment grains during firing. The bright blue colour is obtained with the presence of large Co-rich pigment grains surrounded by a thick anorthite layer. Finally, the microstructure study allows us to identify "deviant" microstructure on wares which could be modern copies
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Archez, Julien. "Formulations de composites à base de liants basse température type géopolymère à base d'argilite et de différents renforts : réalisation d'une pièce par fabrication additive." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/bd491a52-1855-4e0d-9b5b-6284748bb761/blobholder:0/2020LIMO0059_arch.pdf.
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Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet Cigéo (Centre industriel de stockage géologique de déchets radioactifs) et étudie des voies d’optimisation pour les chemisages des alvéoles de stockage des déchets radioactifs de haute activité (HA). Des matériaux composites à matrice et renforts inorganiques sont une des voies d’innovation envisagées en alternative aux matériaux métalliques pour la réalisation du chemisage. L’utilisation de matériaux de type géopolymères renforcés par des éléments non organiques pourrait répondre aux critères souhaités. L’ajout de wollastonite et de fibres de verre à une matrice géopolymère a tout d’abord permis de contrôler la viscosité et de l’adapter à une mise en forme par coulage ou par fabrication additive tout en assurant une tenue mécanique satisfaisante du matériau consolidé. Des résistances mécaniques en compression et en flexion allant respectivement jusqu’à 101 MPa et 20 MPa ont pu être obtenues. Pour tester la solution extrudée à l’échelle ½, un système d’impression 3D a ensuite été développé. Une tête d’extrusion spécifique a été conçue et intégrée à une cellule robotique 6 axes. Le contrôle et l’identification des paramètres d’impression et des paramètres matériaux ont finalement permis la maitrise du pilotage du procédé et l’impression de structures en composite géopolymère à l’échelle ½ (ɸ = 35 cm)This work is part of the Cigéo project (geological industrial disposal for radioactive wastes) and focuses on studying alternative materials for the elaboration of the lining of the high-level radioactive waste storage cells. Composites materials with inorganic matrix and reinforcements are one of the innovations being considered as an alternative to replace metallic materials in the lining. The use of geopolymers reinforced with inorganic elements could meet the desired specifications. The insertion of wollastonite and glass fibers to a geopolymer matrix allowed to control viscosity suitable for shaping by casting and additive manufacturing while ensuring the mechanical strength of the consolidated material. This allows obtaining flexural and compressive strengths going up to 101 MPa and 20 MPa, respectively. To shape the extruded solution at a half scale, a 3D printing system was then developed. A specific extrusion head has been designed and integrated into a 6-axis robotic cell. The control and identification of printing and materials parameters make it possible to control the process and to print geopolymer composite structures at half scale (ɸ = 35 cm)
Книги з теми "Tyre manufacturing process"
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Ring, L. R. Process development and fabrication of space station type aluminum-clad graphite epoxy struts. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.
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World class manufacturing casebook: Implementing JIT and TQC. New York: Free Press, 1987.
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Schonberger, Richard J. World class manufacturing casebook: Implementing JIT and TQC. New York: Free Press, 1987.
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Kiefner, J. F., and E. B. Clark. History of Line Pipe Manufacturing in North America. ASME, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.812334.
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This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored through the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Center for Research and Technology Development by Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, El Paso Natural Gas Company, Gas Research Institute, Research Committee on Gas Pipelines Safety, and Washington Gas and Electric Company. This document’s purpose is to provide pipeline operators with historical data on line pipe, so that they will be able to operate their pipelines, particularly the older ones, with greater confidence in their safety and reliability. The document is comprised of four major sections. The first explains the manufacturing processes that have been and are being used to make line pipe. The second presents tables by type of pipe listing the manufacturers of line pipe, past and present, in North America. At the end of this section some techniques for identifying unknown pipe samples are presented. In the third section the API line pipe specifications as they have evolved since 1928 are reviewed. The fourth section is a glossary of terms frequently associated with line pipe manufacturing.
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Petrovici, Norbert, Codruța Mare, and Darie Moldovan. The Economy of Cluj. Cluj-Napoca and the Cluj Metropolitan Area: The development of the Local Economy in the 2008-2018 decade. Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52257/9786063710445.
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Over the last decade, globalization processes have intensified, and as such, global organizations relocated their secondary processes to new spaces specialized in operations (Peck 2018; Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Most of the processes that are being externalized are Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). The global outsourcing hotspots are India, China and the Philippines, that concentrate over 80% of outsourced processes. At European level, Central and Eastern Europe has capitalized most of the outsourcing in the West, particularly in regards to German capital (Marin 2018; Dustmann et al. 2014). Almost half (45.4%) of the total foreign investments of German companies is outsourced to Central and Eastern Europe. In Romania 63.7% of the German foreign investments are processes that were outsourced to our country (Marin, Schymik, and Tarasov 2018). As Peck (2018) points out, the logic behind the process is finding the cheapest labor force pools. Initially, outsourcing was focused on industrialized labor, however, now it is mostly skilled and highly skilled workforce that is being outsourced (Pavlínek 2019). Even if it is work performed by white collars, it has a high level of repetitiveness; however, in sectors such as IT there are also R&D operations (Oshri, Kotlarsky, and Willcocks 2015). Cluj is an example of a city whose local economy and workforce composition changed dramatically after the 2008-2010 financial crisis. The city is one of the Central and Eastern European hubs that benefited from the globalization of outsourcing operations. In particular, Cluj-Napoca excels in four transnational fields: Information & Communications Technology, Business Support Services, Engineering, Research & Development and Financial Services. In 2018, Cluj-Napoca was one of the most developed cities in the European Union in the GDP per capita group 19.000 – 27.000 at Purchasing Power Parity, cities that made a credible commitment at European level to promote knowledge, culture and creativity. In particular, participation in global production chains has generated the emergence of two types of internal markets: An internal market for the well-paid labor force employed in internationalized sectors that consumes a series of dedicated products and services: hospitality (restaurants, cafes, bars), food stuffs (meat products, pastries, premium alcoholic products), lifestyle services (hair salons , spas, gyms), cultural services (festivals, theatres, operas), location services (real estate services, interior design services, furniture manufacturing services). A set of markets that serve the global capital in reproducing their location (cleaning services, security, construction of type A office buildings, human resources). Both domestic and internationalized markets are responsible for the impressive development of the city between 2008 and 2018. The GDP of the Cluj Metropolitan Area and the private revenues of companies have doubled in the last decade.
Частини книг з теми "Tyre manufacturing process"
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Vinodh, S., and K. Jayakrishna. "Application of Hybrid MCDM Approach for Selecting the Best Tyre Recycling Process." In Green Manufacturing Processes and Systems, 103–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33792-5_5.
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Zhao, Chao, Jing Zhao, Fan Zhang, Gang Wu, Haitao Wang, Xinyu Cao, and Fengguang Wu. "Research on the Relationship Between Chemical Composition of Tobacco and Field Type Bases on the Multivariate Statistical Analysis." In Advances in Manufacturing, Production Management and Process Control, 310–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51981-0_39.
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Snyder, Chelsea, Steven Attanasio, Tressa White, Dane Buller, Thomas Jones, Robert Morris, John Sutliff, Jack Adams, and Iain Todd. "Material Characterization Study of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Type 316L Stainless Steel with Process Parameter Modifications to Promote Isotropy." In Progress in Additive Manufacturing 2021, 123–39. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp164420220002.
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Panagiotopoulou, Vasiliki C., Aikaterini Paraskevopoulou, and Panagiotis Stavropoulos. "A Framework to Compute Carbon Emissions Generated from Additive Manufacturing Processes." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 311–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_35.
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AbstractAdditive Manufacturing (AM) is an emerging and promising technology increasingly adopted from Industry. However, Industry is responsible for the majority of global carbon emissions (CEs), heavily contributing to greenhouse effect. Therefore, it is important to define the environmental impact of all processes, including AM carbon footprint. This work aims at reviewing literature for the equations for CE calculations of AM and developing a framework for CEs calculations generated from all the types of AM. Literature was found for some AM types, with each type of AM described stepwise and categorized per Process, Machine and System level. At each step, the equations for CEs, based on carbon emission factor and energy spent, were allocated. At process level, CEs come exclusively from the energy spent for curing. At the machine level, CEs are related to the process, auxiliary equipment and consumables. At system level, additional CEs are derived from material used, pre-processing and post-processing steps. Total carbon emissions are the sum of CEs at machine level and additional CEs from system level. Generalization of this approach led to a framework that can be used for all types of AM, to calculate CEs of each AM type based on the steps included.
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Ashok, Naik Aniket, Rajeev Kumar, Manpreet Singh, Jaiinderpreet Singh, Piyush Gulati, and Jujhar Singh. "Development Method, Manufacturing Process of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Type Helical Springs: A Review." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 279–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1079-0_29.
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Stütz, Leon, Timo König, Roman Bader, and Markus Kley. "Improvement of the Scheduling of Automotive Testing Processes Based on Production Scheduling Methods." In Advances in Automotive Production Technology – Towards Software-Defined Manufacturing and Resilient Supply Chains, 59–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27933-1_6.
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AbstractIncreasing challenges in the automotive industry are caused by shorter development times for products, greater diversity of variants and increasing cost pressure. Testing plays an elementary role within the product development process (PDP). There are already many publications that deal with the early phases of the PDP, but relatively few that address testing. Inefficient scheduling leads to suboptimal use of development and testing resources.Automotive testing is characterized by high momentum and process complexity. The complexity of testing is determined, among other things, by the number of test rigs in a test field, the number and diversity of test objects, the type of testing and the preparatory setups. In addition, complex testing processes at the component and system level require a large number of human and material resources, whose time availability and sequence must be coordinated with the testing process. The sequence planning is subject to a high inherent dynamic because unexpected changes and disturbances of the process can occur during the testing. These changes require a rescheduling of the testing process. If done manually, the rescheduling results in high costs.Based on known production planning methods, a solution approach is derived for improved utilization of test field resources for the automotive sector. The planning is optimized with a multitude of product - and process-related dependencies and restrictions using mixed-integer linear programming, a standardized method from operations research. The test field is simulated via a discrete event simulation. The proposed method considers the availability of essential resources.
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Iturrate, Mikel, Xabier Amezua, Xabier Garikano, Jose Antonio Oriozabala, Iñaki Martin, and Eneko Solaberrieta. "Generative Design in the Transmission System of a Skateboard." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 169–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_27.
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AbstractGenerative design (GD) is a new way of designing products that respond to the current characteristics of the 4.0 industry era. It allows the customization of designs and helps to minimize process times and material quantities. In the case study, two parts of the transmission system of a skateboard have been designed using GD of Solid Edge ST10. The design has been customized for 67 kg users who will use the skateboard for riding and not for jumping or doing tricks. On the other hand, the aim was to minimize the weight and the use of material for its manufacture. Once the initial solid is defined, the software generates specific designs for different levels of mass reduction or product quality. An axle with a mass reduction of 70% from the initial solid and a base with reduction of 60% have been proposed. The GD more than an alternative is a requirement to respond to the demands of the 4.0 industry in which customization and cost reduction are one of the fundamental pillars. This type of design, at the same time, forces to adapt the manufacturing processes so that it is necessary to manufacture in additive manufacturing (AM) machines.
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Fernandes, Paulo, Virgínia Santiago, Núria Viana, Eric J. Kremer, Ana S. Coroadinha, and Paula M. Alves. "Development of a Manufacturing Process for the Production of a Canine Adenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2) Vector Using MDCK Cells." In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the European Society for Animal Cell Technology (ESACT), Dublin, Ireland, June 7-10, 2009, 671–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0884-6_106.
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Ferreras-Higuero, Eugenio, Eduardo Díez-Cifuentes, Erardo Leal-Muñoz, Miguel Clavijo-Jiménez, and Antonio Vizán-Idoipe. "Analysis of the Behaviour of Vertical Articulated Robots in Machining Operations." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 399–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_58.
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AbstractThe aim of this work is to improve the productivity of manufacturing cells by reallocating tasks between the machine tools and the robot. The true working capacity of the robot is established considering the process forces and taking into account the specified precision of the product to be manufactured by accurately modelling its behaviour. This modelling has been carried out using the multi-body method and considering a variable stiffness in the robot joints. The behaviour of the robot at different points in the work area is determined, determining where the best results are produced. This results in the possible reallocation of tasks, the positioning point and the orientation of the workpiece in the working area.The simulated or measured cutting force is fed into the model, modified according to variations in the machining parameters. These variations occur due to deviations of the robot during the machining path. A function is defined where the influence on the value of the force is recorded. This input information can be modified based on feedback from the estimated behaviour of the robot. The results of the modelling of the robot and its interaction with the cutting forces show the influence of the type of robot and the work area in which it is working, allowing the process to be characterised.
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Vasey, Lauren, Petrus Aejmelaeus-Lindström, David Jenny, Ryan Luke Johns, Ilmar Hurkxkens, Coralie Ming, Marco Hutter, Fabio Gramazio, and Matthias Kohler. "Circular Robotic Construction." In Circular Economy and Sustainability, 151–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39675-5_9.
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AbstractIn situ robotic construction is a type of construction where mobile robotic systems build directly on the building site. To enable on-site navigation, industrial robots can be integrated with mobile bases, while mobile, high-payload construction machines can be adapted for autonomous operation. With parallel advances in sensor processing, these robotic construction processes can become robust and capable of handling non-standard, local, as-found materials.The potential of using autonomous, mobile robotic systems for the development of innovative circular construction processes is presented in three exemplary case studies:(i) robotically jammed structures from bulk materials, (ii) robotic earthworks with local and upcycled materials, and (iii) robotic additive manufacturing with earth-based materials. These processes exemplify key strategies for a circular industry through the utilisation of materials with low embodied greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of fully reversible construction processes.For each case study, we describe the robotic building process, the enabling technologies and workflows, and the major sustainability and circularity benefits compared to conventional construction methods. Moreover, we discuss the difficulty of industry transfer, considering challenges such as detailing, integration, and engineering validation. We conclude with an outlook towards future research avenues and industry adoption strategies.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Tyre manufacturing process"
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Sen, Amit, Biswanath Guria, Jagannath Chanda, Prasenjit Ghosh, and Rabindra Mukhopadhyay. "Thermal Property Characterisation for Tyre Rubber Materials." In International Conference on Automotive Materials and Manufacturing AMM 2023. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-1326.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Tyre rubber materials are viscoelastic in nature and generates heat during its operation due to hysteresis loss. Rubber being a poor thermal conductor, heat dissipation is a concern from product durability point of view. Further, during tyre manufacturing, curing is an essential process where heat conduction of rubber materials plays an important role to achieve desirable cure state. Therefore, thermal properties of rubber compounds are important inputs for tyre designing and manufacturing process. With this background, the present work focuses on characterising thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, thermal diffusivity, etc.) of rubber compounds using a Hot Disc Thermal Conductivity (TPS-2200, Sweden). In this work, new generation fillers, such as carbon nano tube were used in the rubber compounds to improve thermal conduction and thermal properties are compared with conventional carbon black based rubber compound. These new generation fillers are anisotropic in nature and have a colossal difference in the axial (in-plane) and radial (through-plane) heat flow. For these heterogeneous materials, anisotropic methods are more decisive compared to the isotropic one to obtain their actual thermal conductivity behaviour. Hence, a comprehensive investigation of heat profiles with varying morphology and texture has been elucidated in this work for detailed understanding of tyre curing with better prediction of product performance.</div></div>
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Uvarova, Inga, Dzintra Atstaja, Viola Korpa, and Miks Erdmanis. "Financial viability of circular business models in tyre recycling industry in Latvia." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.028.
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The end-of-life (EOL) tyre recycling industry in Latvia is encountering economic and sustainability challenges, which require solutions by various stakeholders. Improvement of tyre waste management and recycling is important within the context of sustainability and the new streamlining of circular business models. Its importance is also recognized at the European Union level in relation to the further strategic goals and the European Green Deal. In addition, the tyre recycling industry in Latvia demonstrates a relatively unfavorable financial situation, which is one of the most significant factors hindering the introduction of new circular business models. The aim of this research is to clarify the challenges related to the financial viability of tyre recycling companies adopting the new circular business models. The main research methods are literature review, semistructured in-depth interviews, case studies and financial analyses. There are large stocks of EOL tyres and on average just 50 % of them are recycled. The tyre waste management companies are not motivated to supply EOL tyres to recycling companies. On the other hand, due to various reasons, most of the tyre recycling companies are not working with their maximum production capacity. The research results reveal that the tyre recycling companies mostly run traditional and inefficient business models that require large operating costs and ensure comparatively low profitability. In order to enable more efficient and environmentally friendly type recycling process, the companies should implement new, investment intensive technologies. Yet, they face critical issues of liquidity and financial returns. Major conclusions are related to the necessity to develop several business models interlinked within one portfolio thus ensuring the manufacturing of various products with higher added value and quality. This may maximise the profits and improve the financial viability of tyre recycling business models.
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Lan, Shuhuai, Hyejin Lee, Jun Ni, Soohun Lee, and Moongu Lee. "Survey on Roller-type Nanoimprint Lithography (RNIL) Process." In 2008 International Conference on Smart Manufacturing application (ICSMA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsma.2008.4505555.
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Horng, Shih-Cheng, Shieh-Shing Lin, and Qi-Sheng Li. "Optimal Work-In-Process Inventory of Pull Type Manufacturing System." In 2021 International Automatic Control Conference (CACS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cacs52606.2021.9639054.
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Brozek, Tomasz, Douglas Roberts, and Thuy Dao. "In-line testing of antenna-type test structures for separation of sources of process-induced damage." In Microelectronic Manufacturing, edited by Damon K. DeBusk and Sergio A. Ajuria. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.284672.
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Shah, Sameer Rafiq, Dilip Kumar, and Nishant Tiwari. "Design and Development Of An In-Wheel Suspension With Novel Automatic Camber Control Strategy For Improved Handling." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-vdc-081.
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In this era of electrification, HEVs are mainly focused on weight and space saving. This is done to ensure the maximum size of the battery package on the vehicle. This situation demands for a drive by wire systems which makes the vehicle lighter as well as more spacious. This paper introduces a new type of In-Wheel suspension has been introduced in this paper. The problem of large suspension systems and its bulkiness were studied. Vehicle instability while driving and cornering was also stated. And the suspension's capability to handle uneven tyre wear which is caused due to improper or fixed camber angle was also addressed. The Novel In-Wheel Suspension is introduced in this paper which houses all the crucial parts of the suspension inside the rim of the wheel thus making it compact, lighter and sturdy. Parts were first designed by the principles of Machine Design, Kinematics and Mechanics of Materials. They were later modelled on Solid Edge ST7. Structural simulations was carried out on FEA Solver under highly strained conditions and also under dynamic loading and the results were satisfactory. A scaled prototype was made by manufacturing the parts on CNC machine. Later the suspension was assembled by brazing the parts together. The Impulse hammer technique was used to carry out the modal analysis which was used to study the damping characteristics of the suspension. Another innovation is introduced in this suspension which the Novel concept of Automatic Camber Control strategy which calibrates the camber angle of the wheel in real-time and greatly improves the performance as well as stability of the vehicle. The design process involved understanding the scaling down the size of the suspension without compensating the functionality of the suspension. The working prototype of the suspension was constructed and after rigorous testing which were carried out. It was found that the performance of suspension under low traction conditions was enhanced.
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Tamiloli, N., J. Venkatesan, Gogula Vinay, PagadalaManoj Sai, Shaik Mohammad Irfan, T. Sampathkumar, and D. Jayabalakrishnan. "Comparison of Sugeno-type and Mamdani-type fuzzy inference systems for end milling process." In RECENT TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES, MATERIALS PROCESSING, AND TESTING. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068445.
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Liu, Q. "Manufacturing process improvement of M-type Sr-La-Co ferrite magnets." In International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance and Safety Engineering, edited by W. Jung, A. Ismail, and W. Emri. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/qr2mse140681.
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Reilly, Michael T., Karen Kvam, and Jentry Willie. "Process window overlap for posts and lines and spaces: optimization by resist type, optical settings, and mask bias." In Microelectronic Manufacturing Technologies, edited by Chris A. Mack and Tom Stevenson. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.346898.
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Haghighi, Azadeh, Yiran Yang, and Lin Li. "Dimensional Performance of As-Built Assemblies in Polyjet Additive Manufacturing Process." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2983.
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The additive manufacturing (AM) technology provides a unique opportunity to realize as-built assemblies, i.e., assemblies which can be fabricated as a whole in one build cycle. Some of the introduced challenges, however, are the design issues of these assembly structures and understanding the dimensional performance of the AM process to ensure proper mobility. While process improvement techniques have been proposed for dealing with individual additive components, it is also necessary to study the dimensional behavior of as-built assemblies compared to individual additive components. This paper studies and compares the dimensional performance of as-built assemblies with ordinary assemblies in which the components are fabricated individually and then assembled together. A design of experiment approach is applied to study the effect of assembly type and orientation on the final clearances. The results suggest that in addition to orientation factor, the type of assembly can also play an important role in the final clearance values. In addition, a different dimensional behavior exists in the as-built assembly structures compared to ordinary assemblies, i.e., clearances in as-built assembly tend to be smaller and also more uniform along the clearance profile.
Звіти організацій з теми "Tyre manufacturing process"
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Wang. L52344 Background of Linepipe Specifications. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010446.
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Some of the future pipelines are expected to be constructed in remote areas. The environment in these areas can impose higher longitudinal plastic deformation on the pipelines. Such environmental conditions include, but not limited to, frost heave and thaw settlement in the northern arctic region, seismic activity, slope instability, mine subsidence, upheaval buckling, etc. The overall industry experience for this type of loading is very limited. The other trend in new pipeline construction is the move towards higher internal pressure (design factor of 0.80 as opposed to the more traditional 0.72 for Class 1 designs) and the use of high strength linepipes (API 5L Grade X70 and higher). The ability to operate at high international pressure enhances the economic return of the pipelines and provides additional incentive to select high strength line pipe. The focus of this report is the mechanical properties of the linepipes and their influence on pipeline performance. The alloy design of steels, plate and coil rolling practice, and pipe manufacturing process can have profound effects on the resulting mechanical properties of the linepipes. The specifications of these manufacturing parameters leading to the final mechanical properties are out of the scope of this report.
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Yunovich and Thompson. L51886 Performance of Magnesium Anodes. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010391.
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Magnesium anodes are provided to the corrosion control industry by a number of domestic and international manufacturers and distributors. Due to the difficulty and time involved in performance testing, anode composition is commonly the only criterion used for quality control by the end users. However, experience has shown that compliance of the anode chemical composition with the ASTM B843 Standard Specification for Magnesium Alloy Anodes for Cathodic Protection can be misleading and does not always differentiate between the anodes of different quality. Thousands of magnesium anodes are produced annually and provided by a number of suppliers to the corrosion control industry. Though the composition of the anodes from the various sources is comparable, the performance of the magnesium anodes is often radically different. Many of these materials have been shown to meet the compositional and potential specifications, and yet have had measured efficiencies as low as 7%. The objectives of this project were: (1) to develop quality and performance standards determined by laboratory tests and field exposures. The project included testing a variety of anodes submitted by the manufacturers/distributors and the end users, representing all spectrum of the ASTM G97 Standard Test Method-based efficiency values; the anodes were characterized with respect to the Anode source, manufacturing process, macrostructure, chemical composition, anode type (standard/H-1 family /AZ63 family versus high-potential), and microstructure. Other investigations comprised assessment of the ASTM G97 Standard Test Method parameters that were most likely to make the most significant impact on the resulting anode efficiency values, e.g., testing environment (standard testing solution and saturated backfill), and current density (the low 1/10th of the standard'), the ASTM G97 standard, and the high (10X standard) values). Testing in saturated backfill was used for a comparison between the laboratory- and the field-based efficiencies.
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Short, Samuel. Alternatives to single-use plastics in food packaging and production. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.taf512.
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This rapid evidence assessment undertaken by RSM UK Consulting LLP (RSM) and Dr Samuel Short (University of Cambridge) aimed to develop an understanding of the alternatives to single-use plastics in food packaging and production in terms of their risks and opportunities, as well as potential future developments. Literature from within and beyond the UK was gathered from academic databases and reports published by government and non-governmental organisations such as environmental charities. Evidence from the literature was supplemented by findings from a workshop with experts in the field from a variety of industries such as academia, manufacturing, and government. Two broad groups of alternatives were established: material/product alternatives (traditional materials, natural fibres, biopolymers synthesised from biomass, biopolymers synthesised from bioderived monomers, biopolymers produced by microorganisms) and, and system/process alternatives (reducing, reusing, and recycling food packaging and, active and intelligent packaging). These alternatives and systems vary considerably in terms of their properties, such as effectiveness as a barrier to moisture or contamination, convenience for consumers, production costs, and potential for commercialisation. Our review also highlighted gaps in the current knowledge, for example in terms of consumer acceptance and carbon footprint at each stage of their life cycle. The capacity to produce bioplastics (i.e. biopolymers that look and feel similar to conventional plastics but are made from natural materials rather than fossil fuels and are biodegradable or compostable) is anticipated to increase globally from 2.1 million tonnes in 2019 to 6.3 million tonnes by 2027. This growth appears to be enabled by increased consumer awareness of environmental issues and existing regulation and legislation encouraging the development and establishment of a circular economy. However, there are barriers that may challenge this growth. These include already established industry regimes, high production cost of novel materials and a lack of waste management guidance. Overall, fossil-based conventional plastics are a very cheap, versatile material compared to the alternatives currently being developed and tested. Because of this, they might remain the preferred industry choice for certain applications, while alternatives continue to be optimised and commercially scaled. To add to this, the reviewed evidence suggests that there is unlikely to be one single solution to the single-use plastics problem. The solution will likely draw on a range of materials and systems depending on food type and context.
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Science, Fera. Analysis of CBD Products. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.cis490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Food Standards Agency commissioned Fera Science Ltd. to carry out a survey to obtain a snapshot of CBD products on sale in England and Wales in order to inform FSA risk assessment of CBD products. Thirty CBD products were purchased from a range of online sellers from England and Wales. Samples comprised of two broad categories: oils and sprays, and edibles (including beverages). The sampling followed a scheme suggested by FSA. This is not a statistically representative sample of the market and instead provides a snapshot of the current market, to assist the design of future sampling and surveillance activity. There is the potential for residues of chemicals to be present in CBD products as a result of their natural occurrence in the raw material or arising from the manufacturing process, for example, mycotoxins, metals, pesticides, and the residues of solvents used to extract CBD. This study informs the FSA’s understanding of the type and levels of contaminants that may arise in CBD products. A wide range of analysis on CBD products was undertaken using accredited methods, for heavy metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, mycotoxins, CBD content and cannabinoid profiles. Analysis for residual solvents and additional mycotoxins was also carried out, but these were not accredited. The results of testing found the following: Heavy metals (cadmium, mercury & lead) and arsenic were not detected in the majority of samples, meaning levels were below the limits of quantification of the method. Seven samples contained lead, four samples arsenic and two samples contained cadmium. Mercury was not found in any sample. A definitive statement as to whether products exceed maximum levels cannot be made due to uncertainty as to whether products would be classified as a food (i.e. oil) or a food supplement. A low incidence of low levels of mycotoxins, with Fusarium mycotoxins found more frequently than aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, mostly at the methods reporting limit. Three samples were found to contain ochratoxin A at the methods reporting limit. A total of seven pesticide residues were found across all of the products (each product was tested for over 400 pesticides). There are no specific Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) for CBD products. One oil product was found to have PAHs above the regulated levels, if classed as a product for direct consumption. If classed as a food supplement the PAHs were within regulated levels. Three samples contained residual solvents. One product was over the MRL. Most products contained CBD close to the declared value. Two oils had substantially different levels than that declared (one higher and one lower). CBD was not detected in one of the drink products. These are potentially non-compliant with compositional and standards requirements. Delta 9-THC was detected in 87 % (26) of the samples analysed. Of these 40% (12) were found to have THC+ (the total sum of illicit cannabinoids in the product) above the 1mg threshold outlined in current Home Office guidance (Opens in a new window).