Статті в журналах: "TYRE CRUMBS"

1

Maddalena, Riccardo. "Freeze/Thaw Resistance of Mortar with Recycled Tyre Waste at Varying Particle Sizes." Materials 16, no. 3 (February 3, 2023): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031301.

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There is a growing concern for finding alternative solutions to construction materials in order to minimise their environmental impact as well as enhancing their service life. This study investigated the durability of cementitious mortars prepared by replacing fine aggregate (sand) with recycled tyre shreds and crumbs, aiming at providing an alternative outlet to tyre waste disposal. Tyre shreds obtained at different particle sizes, from fibres of 0.5–5.0 mm to crumbs of 0.1–0.85 mm in diameter, were used as fine aggregate replacement at 20% by volume. The strength of the mortar samples, their thermal conductivity and their water absorption rate were tested at the age of 28 days and after 20 freeze/thaw cycles. The results showed that the mortar containing tyre crumbs at lower particle sizes resulted in negligible shrinkage, improved freeze/thaw resistance, a reduced water absorption by up to 52% and an improved thermal resistivity.

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2

Kabade, Kushappa M., Bhagyashree Shinde, Akshata Beerappagol, Swarnakavya Rothod, and Sumalata Desai. "Experimental Investigation on Black Cotton Soil Mixed with Tyre Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43340.

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Abstract: Expansive soil or black cotton soil are one of the problematic soil. Settlement of the structure, cracking in the different component of the structure etc. are some major problems caused in the structure constructed over such soil. The Stabilization is process done for improvement of existing soil by using an admixture. Rubber crumbs can be treated as admixture. The potential of using rubber from warm tyres in many civil engineering works has been studied for more than 30 years. Applications where tyres can be used have proven to be effective in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. Hence in this study attempt is made study to behaviour of black cotton soil using rubber crumbs in terms of stability behaviour. Keywords: Black cotton soil, Rubber crumbs.

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3

Kabade, Kushappa M., Bhagyashree Shinde, Akshata Beerappagol, Swarnakavya Rothod, and Sumalata Desai. "Experimental Investigation on Black Cotton Soil Mixed with Tyre Waste." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 4104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43340.

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Abstract: Expansive soil or black cotton soil are one of the problematic soil. Settlement of the structure, cracking in the different component of the structure etc. are some major problems caused in the structure constructed over such soil. The Stabilization is process done for improvement of existing soil by using an admixture. Rubber crumbs can be treated as admixture. The potential of using rubber from warm tyres in many civil engineering works has been studied for more than 30 years. Applications where tyres can be used have proven to be effective in protecting the environment and conserving natural resources. Hence in this study attempt is made study to behaviour of black cotton soil using rubber crumbs in terms of stability behaviour. Keywords: Black cotton soil, Rubber crumbs.

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4

binti Salehuddin, Shamshinar, Nur Liza Rahim, Norlia Mohamad Ibrahim, Siti Aza Nurdiana Tajri, and Mohd Zuhaidi Zainol Abidin. "The Behaviour of Rubber Tyre as Fine Aggregate in Concrete Mix." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.427.

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Usage of waste materials as concrete mixture can reduce the waste management crisis in the world. Used tyres were widely researched as an alternative source of aggregates replacement in concrete mixture. This research is to study the behaviour of concrete incorporating rubber tyre crumb as fine aggregate replacement. The workability, compression strength and water absorption of this concrete will be determined and then compared to normal concrete. Motorcycle inner tube will be used as rubber source and it will be shredded to crumbs. Three samples of concrete with rubber as fine aggregates were prepared. Rubber crumbs will be used to replace fine aggregates in 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% in mass. Normal concrete were prepared separately as control for comparison. Concrete mixture of 1:2:4 and 0.5 of water cement ratio were used. Slump test were done to test the workability of each mix. Twelve sample cubes from (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) each mix were prepared and cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. Compression tests were performed for each mix cube at age 7, 14 and 28 days. Water absorption test were done at age 28 days. Results revealed that rubberized concrete has better workability than normal concrete. They also have smaller compressive value and higher water absorption compared to normal concrete.

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5

Kablov, V. F., A. V. Perfil'ev, V. P. Shabanova, and A. A. Perfil'ev. "An Alternative Technology for the Manufacture of Rubber Articles from Motor Vehicle Tyre Recycling Products." International Polymer Science and Technology 45, no. 4 (April 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1804500407.

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The prospects of using powder technology to manufacture rubber articles and the features of different variants of powder technology using powder and block rubbers are considered. Examples of the practical use of powder technology at enterprises of the rubber industry are given. Powder press technology for the manufacture of rubber articles from rubber crumbs obtained by recycling used tyres is presented. Variants for the activation of composites to be pressed are examined. It is shown that the use of microwave radiation to activate rubber crumbs directly before the manufacture of articles from them makes it possible to produce products with improved properties. The strength of vulcanisates obtained from rubber crumbs activated by microwave radiation is 30% higher owing to the fact that, in the case of microwave heating, the rubber crumbs are heated evenly throughout the article and there is a considerable reduction in the vulcanisation time. Powder press technology is recommended for the manufacture of various moulded rubber articles at small enterprises not possessing standard rubber mixers.

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6

Kashani, Alireza, Tuan Duc Ngo, Priyan Mendis, Jay R. Black, and Ailar Hajimohammadi. "A sustainable application of recycled tyre crumbs as insulator in lightweight cellular concrete." Journal of Cleaner Production 149 (April 2017): 925–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.154.

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7

Imteaz, Monzur Alam, Arul Arulrajah, Suksun Horpibulsuk, and Amimul Ahsan. "Environmental Suitability and Carbon Footprint Savings of Recycled Tyre Crumbs for Road Applications." International Journal of Environmental Research 12, no. 5 (August 2, 2018): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0126-7.

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8

Grinys, Audrius, Henrikas Sivilevičius, and Mindaugas Daukšys. "TYRE RUBBER ADDITIVE EFFECT ON CONCRETE MIXTURE STRENGTH." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 18, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.693536.

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This article describes the observed and examined effect of crumb rubber on the strength (compressive, bending and splitting tensile) of concrete. The tests have shown that the change in the strength of concrete with crumb rubber waste additives can be forecasted from exponential equations. These relationships enable to foresee the regularities of strength properties when a certain amount of crumb rubber of a certain size fraction is added to concrete. The obtained exponential equations show that concrete compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths decrease with increasing crumbed rubber additive amount. The testing has also shown that the addition of a small amount of crumbed rubber slightly increases (7%) the tensile splitting strength. The reason is better adhesion of the cement stone with rubber particles compared to the adhesion of sand, which was replaced by crumbed rubber. With higher content of crumbed rubber additive in the concrete, the tensile splitting strength decreases due to the significant increase of entrained air content and lower density.

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9

Fernández-Peláez, Juan, Priscila Guerra, Cristina Gallego, and Manuel Gomez. "Physical Properties of Flours Obtained from Wasted Bread Crusts and Crumbs." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020282.

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One third of the food produced in the world is wasted. Bread is one of the most wasted foods both during the distribution process and in households. To use these breads, it is necessary to get to know the properties of the flours that can be obtained from them. The purpose of this work is to know how the type of bread and its zone (crumb or crust) influence the characteristics of the flours obtained from the wasted bread. For this, flours made from the crumbs and crusts of eight different breads have been analysed. Their hydration properties, cold and post-heating rheology and gelling properties as well as the colour of flours and gels have been studied. Bread flours present higher water-holding capacity (WHC) and water-binding capacity (WBC) values and higher elastic modulus (G’) and viscous modulus (G”) values, both in cold conditions and after heating, than wheat flours. However, they generate weaker gels. Crust flours, and the gels obtained from them, are darker than those from crumbs and their gels. In terms of hydration and rheology, pan and wholemeal bread flours are generally lower than other bread flours. These flours also generate softer gels, possibly caused by the dilution of starch with other components. It can be concluded that the properties shown by wasted bread flours allow them to be reintroduced in the food chain as an ingredient in different products.

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10

Bandyopadhyay, S., S. Dasgupta, N. Mandal, S. L. Agrawal, S. K. Mandot, R. Mukhopadhyay, A. S. Deuri, and Suresh C. Ameta. "Use of Recycled Tyre Material in Natural Rubber based Tyre Tread Cap Compound: Part I (with Ground Crumb Rubber)." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 4 (November 2005): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100404.

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For both environmental and economic reasons, there is a continuing broad-based interest in the recycling of scrap rubber and therefore in the development of recycling technologies. In the present work three different sizes of mechanically ground Indian crumb rubbers were used in a natural rubber (NR) based tyre tread cap compound. Varying doses of crumb rubber were used as an additional compounding ingredient. The minimum torque and Mooney viscosity values were marginally increased with increasing dose and mesh size of crumb rubber. In a Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) study, the Payne effect before curing was marginally higher for compounds containing crumb rubber, while, after curing a comparable Payne effect was observed with respect to the control compound without having crumb rubber. A marginal deterioration in tensile strength, fatigue to failure and abrasion properties was observed. At all levels of usage, the 100 mesh size ground crumb rubber retained the properties better than other lower mesh size crumb rubbers.

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11

Kóczán-Manninger, Katalin, and Katalin Badak-Kerti. "Investigations into Flour Mixes of Triticum Monococcum and Triticum Spelta." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 46, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2018-0020.

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Abstract Bread samples were made using flour mixes of Triticum monococcum (Tr. monococcum) and Triticum spelta (Tr. spelta). They were tested for their rheological behaviour over the first 3 days of storage at room temperature, and for their characteristics based on a Hungarian Standard. Parameters were set such as the volume of the baked product, baking loss, crumb characteristics and elasticity of crumbs. The behaviour of flour from einkorn wheat is different to that of Tr. spelta. The properties of the tested flour mixes measured by a farinograph show that Tr. spelta produces an acceptable dough, on the other hand, the dough of Tr. monococcum develops quickly but is very unstable so weakens within minutes of being kneaded. This also suggests that doughs composed of einkorn wheat flour require a different type of kneading than those of Tr. spelta (or Tr. aestivum, also referred to as common wheat) flours. Breads composed of Tr. spelta were comparable with those made with Tr. aestivum, the crumb elasticity was above 90 % on the day of baking, which indicates high quality. The Tr. monococcum breads, however, were of low grade: the volume of the breads decreased by increasing the ratio of Tr. monococcum to Tr. spelta and the elasticity reduced to unacceptable levels (less than 60 %). It should be mentioned that the grading was based on breads made purely from Tr. aestivum flours.

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12

Knust, Elisabeth, Ulrich Tepaß, and Andreas Wodarz. "crumbs and stardust, two genes of Drosophila required for the development of epithelial cell polarity." Development 119, Supplement (December 1, 1993): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.119.supplement.261.

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Loss-or-function imitations in the Drosophila genes crumbs and stardust are embryonic lethal and cause a breakdown of ectodermally derived epithelia during organogenesis, leading to formation of irregular cell clusters and extensive cell death in some epithelia. The mutant phenotype develops gradually and affects the various epithelia to different extents, crumbs encodes a large transmembrane protein with 30 EGF-like repeats and four laminin A G-domain-like repeats in its extra-cellular domain, suggesting its participation in protein-protein interactions. The crumbs protein is exclusively expressed on the apical membrane of all ectodermally derived epithelia, the tissues affected in crumbs and stardust mutant embryos. The gene function is completely abolished by a crumbs mutation that causes production of a protein with a truncated cytoplasmic domain. Instead of being apically localized as in wild-type, the mutant crumbs protein is diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm; this occurs before any morphologically detectable cellular phenotype is visible, suggesting that targeting of proteins is affected in crumbs mutant embryos. Later, the protein can be detected on the apical and basolateral membranes. Mutations in stardust produce a phenotype nearly identical to that associated with crumbs mutations, suggesting that both genes are functionally related. Double mutant combinations and gene dosage studies suggest that both genes are part of a common genetic pathway, in which stardust acts downstream of crumbs.

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13

Meuleman, J., S. A. van de Pavert, and J. Wijnholds. "Crumbs homologue 1 in polarity and blindness." Biochemical Society Transactions 32, no. 5 (October 26, 2004): 828–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0320828.

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Several retinal dystrophies, including retinitis pigmentosa type 12 and Leber congenital amaurosis, are caused by a large variety of mutations in the CRB1 (Crumbs homologue 1) gene. This discovery led to an increased focus on the function of CRB1 and the Drosophila homologue Crumbs. In the present study, we review the current knowledge on Crumbs and its vertebrate homologues, their function in cell polarity and their pathogenicity in retinal degeneration.

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14

Sotillos, Sol, María Teresa Díaz-Meco, Eva Caminero, Jorge Moscat, and Sonsoles Campuzano. "DaPKC-dependent phosphorylation of Crumbs is required for epithelial cell polarity in Drosophila." Journal of Cell Biology 166, no. 4 (August 9, 2004): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200311031.

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Both in Drosophila and vertebrate epithelial cells, the establishment of apicobasal polarity requires the apically localized, membrane-associated Par-3–Par-6–aPKC protein complex. In Drosophila, this complex colocalizes with the Crumbs–Stardust (Sdt)–Pals1-associated TJ protein (Patj) complex. Genetic and molecular analyses suggest a functional relationship between them. We show, by overexpression of a kinase-dead Drosophila atypical PKC (DaPKC), the requirement for the kinase activity of DaPKC to maintain the position of apical determinants and to restrict the localization of basolateral ones. We demonstrate a novel physical interaction between the apical complexes, via direct binding of DaPKC to both Crb and Patj, and identify Crumbs as a phosphorylation target of DaPKC. This phosphorylation of Crumbs is functionally significant. Thus, a nonphosphorylatable Crumbs protein behaves in vivo as a dominant negative. Moreover, the phenotypic effect of overexpressing wild-type Crumbs is suppressed by reducing DaPKC activity. These results provide a mechanistic framework for the functional interaction between the Par-3–Par-6–aPKC and Crumbs–Sdt–Patj complexes based in the posttranslational modification of Crb by DaPKC.

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15

Любич, В. В. "THE VALUE OF FAT SUBSTITUTE IN CUPCAKE TECHNOLOGY." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (August 2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2022-1-89-95.

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The research results show that when using margarine cupcakes with a fat content of 30–40%, a blend of margarine (30%) 50% + oil 50% and sunflower oil, the dough was liquid. The use of a blend of oil (82%) 50% + oil 50% provided the dough with a semi-creamy consistency. The rest of the experiment variants formed a creamy consistency of the cupcake dough. Physico-chemical indicators of cupcake quality varied depending on margarine fat content, butter and spread. With increasing fat content in such products, cupcake weight increased. Cupcake volume varied significantly depending on the type of fat substitute. Thus, the highest figure was while using margarine, 40% – 207 cm3, a blend of butter (82%) 50% + oil 50% – 218 and vegetable cream spread, 72.5% – 222 cm3. The type of fat substitute did not affect the colour of the cupcake surface and its crumb. The concave surface of the cupcake was obtained using a blend of butter (82%) 50% + oil 50%, vegetable cream spread, 72.5% and sunflower oil. The formation of a concave surface of the cupcake spoils its appearance. Therefore, these two types of fat substitute and sunflower oil are not suitable for cupcake production. The smell and taste of the consumer evaluation of the cupcake did not change depending on fat substitute type. The evaluation of three experts was high – 9 points. Cupcake porosity varied depending on fat substitute type. Thus, with the use of vegetable cream spread, 72.5% of the non-porous part of the crumb occupied 26–50% of the cross section. When using sunflower oil, the non-porous part of the crumb occupied 51–75% of the cross section. While using other fat substitutes, the porosity corresponded to 9 points – small thick-walled, uniform. The use of margarine, 40%, butter, 82% and butter, 73% provides a cupcake with a volume of 198-208 cm3, moisture content 13.9-19.1% with a concave surface and the highest culinary quality – 9 points. The use of margarine, 30%, margarine, 82%, a blend of margarine (30%) 50% + oil 50%, spread, 73% provides products with a volume of 155–181 cm3, moisture content 16.3–20.9% with concave surface, culinary quality at the level of 9 points with elastic, soft, juicy, with crumbs that do not clump. The use of vegetable cream spread, 72.5%, sunflower oil and a blend of oil (82%) 50% + oil 50% provides a cupcake that does not meet the requirements of the regulatory document.

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16

Prajapati, Shantanu. "Study on Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumens Mix for Road Asphalt Mixtures." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 2170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38270.

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Abstract: In this study the strength & stability characteristics of bituminous mix for 80/100 grade bitumen is to studied and the effect of waste crumb rubber strength and stability characteristics in Bituminous mix and rubber bituminous mix is analyzed. Keywords: voids in mineral aggregates (VMA), voids filled with bitumen (VFB) Method, Crumb rubber, Crumb rubber bituminous mix, stability, flow, Bulk Density

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17

Shaikh, Asim, Naeem Aziz Memon, Aneel Kumar, and Ghulam Yasin Shaikh. "Performance characterization of crumb rubber modified bitumen using pyrolyzed waste tyre treated bitumen." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 21, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2303.07.

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Exponential deterioration in pavement caused by heavy loads, temperature variations, and heavy rainfall had led to pavement failure. To overcome those failures, bitumen properties needed to be enhanced in an economical and sustainable way. Researchers have used various modifiers to enhance the properties of virgin bitumen, but the end product still does not seem to be accepted by the asphalt industry at the required level. On the other hand, the construction cost has also increased due to the addition of modifiers, which have varying performance characteristics. To address such issues, waste materials such as crumb rubber obtained from waste tyres are used to enhance the properties of bitumen. The incorporation of crumb rubber has enhanced the properties of bitumen and has been well proven for decades. However, the product is still not widely accepted due to limitations such as consistency and uniformity during and after the production stages. In this research, crumb rubber was converted into pyrolyzed oil using a pyrolysis protocol and it was observed through the values of penetration and softening point test shows that optimum 2% pyrolyzed oil can be treated with bitumen to increase workability and flowability at low temperatures, such that additional crumb rubber in crumb form can be added homogenously. The results showed that an optimum quantity of 20% crumb rubber by mass of bitumen can be blended with pyrolyzed modified bitumen that is 5% crumb rubber more compared to untreated modified crumb rubber bitumen, which simultaneously increases the physical and mechanical properties of the mix. It enhances the softening point, viscosity, and storage stability while decreasing the penetration value.

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18

Zoorob, Salah E., and Suad Al-Bahar. "Preliminary Rheological Characterization of Tyre Derived Crumb Rubber Blended with Kuwaiti Bitumen." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820305001.

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This paper presents results from a preliminary laboratory investigation that was carried out in order to determine the suitability of Kuwaiti standard 60/70pen grade bitumen for blending with locally sourced discarded tyre derived crumb rubber. High temperature blending was trialled using three types of truck tyres at 7.5%, 15% and 30% rubber content by mass of bitumen. A number of basic characterization tests were carried out including; penetration, softening point, viscosity, tension-relaxation, solvent extraction and glass transition temperature determination. Overall, the results indicate that regardless of the tyre type, blending up to 30% rubber at the correct temperature and blending time can produce a rheologically improved binder that has potential to withstand the extreme asphalt road surfacing temperatures sustained during the hot summer seasons in the State of Kuwait.

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19

Soren, Amit Kumar. "A Laboratory Study of Use of Crumb Rubber as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1631–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53939.

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Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of addition of crumb rubber on the various properties of concrete. The crumb rubber is used as replacement over aggregates in the concrete mix. Crumb rubber is prepared from the scraps of tyres. In this study aggregates are replaced by 0%, 30%, 40%, 60%, 100% crumb rubber. The rubberized concrete is tested for slump and compression strength. It is found that the slump of rubberized concrete increases first but as the amount of rubber is increased the slump starts decreasing. It is observed that initial compression strength of rubberized concrete reduced significantly but the final strength is found to be more than that of ordinary concrete. Waste tyres cause tremendous pressure and ecological issues for the entire tyre industry when accumulated in cultivated land or combusted. Crumb rubber (<5 mm) grinded from waste tyres was introduced to substitute for natural fine aggregate in concrete and effectively solves the consumption challenge. This paper reviews the performance of concrete with crumb rubber as fine aggregate, providing evidence for crumb rubber concrete (CRC) materials design and application. Crumb rubber is characterized with light specific gravity, hydrophobicity and air entrapment in comparison with natural fine aggregate, inducing significant reduction in workability of fresh CRC and exhibiting poor bonding performance with cementitious matrix. By summarizing the compressive/tensile strength, elastic modulus and fracture behaviour of CRC at various rubber content, prediction models of strength reduction factors are proposed. The main reasons for strength deterioration are weak interface transition zone (ITZ) performance and non-uniform distribution of rubber particles. Water/chloride permeability, electrical/carbonation resistance and drying shrinkage of CRC are discussed for durability performance of CRC. Physical/chemical pre-treatments of rubber could alleviate the hydrophobicity and improve the mechanical and durability performance of transition zones between rubber and cement paste. Accordingly, scopes concerning the recycling of crumb rubber and its performance optimization are expected in future studies.

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20

Mohammadi, Mehrdad, Alaleh Zoghi, and Mohammad Hossein Azizi. "Effect of Xylanase and Pentosanase Enzymes on Dough Rheological Properties and Quality of Baguette Bread." Journal of Food Quality 2022 (June 12, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2910821.

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The wheat flour baguette bread is one of the most important foods throughout the world. Therefore, improving the quality of this type of white bread has always been of interest. In this study, the effect of xylanase and pentosanase enzymes on the rheological properties of dough and baguette bread characteristics was investigated. Adding xylanase and/or pentosanase had led to improve rheological properties of the dough. Using 0.2 gr pentosanase in 100 g flour significantly strengthened the gluten network of the dough. Also, this treatment had the lowest extensibility and the highest resistance ratio number. The treatment containing 0.6 g xylanase and 0.1 g pentosanase in 100 g flour had a higher moisture content on the first, third, and fifth days of storage time. Regarding the color of the crust of the produced bread, it was found that the addition of both enzymes at higher levels, especially in enzyme mixtures, decreased the brightness of the bread crust. Due to the organoleptic features of breads, adding xylanase and pentosanase enzymes could improve the volume and crumb texture of the bread, but no significant difference was observed in baking uniformity, physical shape, taste, and odor of bread crumbs. In conclusion, the findings in this study indicated that the type of enzymes added and enzyme levels affected dough rheology, bread properties, and quality of the baguette bread significantly.

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21

Arot, E., H. Asrah, and C. H. Lim. "A review on the effect of crumb rubber in civil engineering applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2314, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012027.

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Abstract The increasing amount of tyre waste seen each year, which corresponds to growth in vehicle demand and usage around the world. The subject of tire waste disposal has been a hot topic among researchers due to the growing amount of waste production each year, the negative influence on the environment, and the potential solutions to these issues. Because of the complexity of the structure, content, and quality of the rubber, disposing of discarded tyres is difficult. Researchers have recently become interested in crumb rubber, which is a product regenerated from tire waste after undergoing a separation process, because of its potential as a raw material in the development of construction materials that may be used to replace natural resources. Crumb rubber, depending on its quality and category, can be utilised in a variety of civil engineering projects to help make them more cost-effective and long-lasting. Further study and development of crumb rubber processing and application methods may enhance tyre waste recycling rates and, as a result, reduce environmental difficulties associated with tire waste landfilling. The primary goal of this research is to review existing crumb rubber research, particularly in terms of characteristics, processing methods, and rates of application in the construction industry. This study could serve to encourage and promote the widespread usage of crumb rubber in civil engineering projects.

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22

SAPARUDIN, N. A., N. KASIM, K. A. TAIB, W. N. A. W. AZAHAR, N. A. KASIM, and M. ALI. "Improvement of Problematic Soil Using Crumb Rubber Tyre." IIUM Engineering Journal 23, no. 2 (July 11, 2022): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v23i2.2293.

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Construction on problematic soil that has low bearing capacity, low shear strength, high compressibility, and high water-content will interfere with the smooth construction process and will affect time and cost due to repetitive maintenance. Pavement built on problematic soil as its subgrade is exposed to pavement failures, such as fatigue cracking, longitudinal cracking, and pumping, owing to swelling or shrinkage due to moisture variation and differential settlement. Therefore, improvement of the ground needs to commence so as to improve its load bearing capacity, in order to sustain the load on top of it. Consequently, the main aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of crumb tyre rubber mixed with soil samples as one of the soil stabilisation techniques and to establish the optimum usage percentage of crumb tyre rubber as a stabiliser. Clayey sand soil was mixed with 5%, 10% and 15% of crumb tyre rubber by weight of the soil sample and was tested for physical properties, such as particle size distribution and plasticity index. In obtaining the changes in strength, mixed clayey sand-crumb tyre rubber samples were subjected to compaction and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. The results showed that the increment of crumb tyre rubber percentage as an additive, increased the CBR value and therefore enhanced the strength of the modified soil. However, the crumb tyre rubber stabiliser affected the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of the modified samples by decreasing their values. The optimum percentage of crumb tyre rubber mixture was found to be 10% by weight at the end of this study. These findings indicate that the measured crumb tyre rubber is suitable for supporting the clayey sand soil for the subgrade of pavement construction. ABSTRAK: Pembinaan di atas tanah bermasalah yang mengandungi kapasiti galas rendah, kekuatan ricih rendah, kebolehmampatan tinggi dan kandungan air tinggi akan mengganggu kelancaran proses pembinaan dan akan menjejaskan kekangan masa dan wang akibat penyelenggaraan berulang. Jalan raya yang dibina di atas tanah yang bermasalah akan mengalami kegagalan turapan seperti keretakan, rekahan membujur dan pengepaman, disebabkan oleh subgrednya terdedah kepada pembengkakan atau pengecutan akibat perubahan kelembapan dan pemendapan berbeza. Oleh itu, penambah baikan tanah perlu dilakukan bagi mencapai kapasiti galas beban lebih baik untuk menampung beban di atasnya. Oleh itu, tujuan utama kajian ini adalah bagi menentukan keberkesanan serpihan tayar getah yang dicampur dengan sampel tanah sebagai salah satu teknik penstabilan tanah dan menentukan peratusan optimum penggunaan tayar getah sebagai penstabil. Tanah pasir liat sebagai bahan utama dalam kajian ini dicampur dengan 5%, 10% dan 15% serbuk tayar getah mengikut berat sampel tanah dan telah diuji sifat fizikalnya, seperti taburan saiz zarah dan indeks keplastikan. Perubahan dalam kekuatan ditentukan dengan cara menggaul sebatian sampel tayar getah bersama pasir tanah liat dan diuji dengan eksperimen pemadatan dan ujian Nisbah Bearing California (CBR). Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa penambahan peratusan serbuk tayar getah sebagai bahan penstabil telah meningkatkan nilai CBR dan sekaligus meningkatkan kekuatan tanah yang diubah suai. Walau bagaimanapun, penstabil tayar getah mempengaruhi kandungan lembapan optimum dan ketumpatan kering maksimum sampel yang diubah suai dengan nilai berkurang. Pada akhir kajian ini, peratusan optimum bancuhan serbuk tayar getah yang diperolehi adalah sebanyak 10% berat sampel. Dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa tayar getah remah adalah sesuai dalam menyokong tanah pasir liat bagi subgred pembinaan turapan.

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López-Morales, J., O. Perales-Pérez, and F. Román-Velázquez. "Sorption of Triclosan onto Tyre Crumb Rubber." Adsorption Science & Technology 30, no. 10 (December 2012): 831–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0263-6174.30.10.831.

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24

Mashaan, Nuha Salim, Asim Hassan Ali, Mohamed Rehan Karim, and Mahrez Abdelaziz. "A Review on Using Crumb Rubber in Reinforcement of Asphalt Pavement." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/214612.

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Анотація:

An immense problem affecting environmental pollution is the increase of waste tyre vehicles. In an attempt to decrease the magnitude of this issue, crumb rubber modifier (CRM) obtained from waste tyre rubber has gained interest in asphalt reinforcement. The use of crumb rubber in the reinforcement of asphalt is considered as a smart solution for sustainable development by reusing waste materials, and it is believed that crumb rubber modifier (CRM) could be an alternative polymer material in improving hot mix asphalt performance properties. In this paper, a critical review on the use of crumb rubber in reinforcement of asphalt pavement will be presented and discussed. It will also include a review on the effects of CRM on the stiffness, rutting, and fatigue resistance of road pavement construction.

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25

Purcell, Aaron, Michael M. Forde, Rean Maharaj, and Chris Maharaj. "Optimising the Performance Of Crumb Rubber Modified Concrete." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.137.

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The issue of management of end of life tyre (EOLT) rubber or crumb rubber presents major social, environmental and economic challenges especially for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) such as Trinidad and Tobago. A successful measure in foreign jurisdictions is to utilize this waste material for civil construction as a substitute for natural aggregate however this strategy has not yet been applied in Trinidad and Tobago. Since the properties of concrete and the influence of additives are dependent on the source and chemical composition of the parent cement, research and scientific studies utilizing Trinidad Portland cement are necessary but lacking. This paper filled this information gap necessary to develop a rubberized Trinidad Portland Type IP concrete. Crumb rubber (0-10%) rubber was added to concrete as a replacement for fine aggregate using a water to cement ratio of 0.5 and cured over 3-28 days. Standard compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and slump tests were performed and the results statistically analysed. Microscopic features of adhesion and disruption characteristics were observed using Scanning Electron Micrography (SEM -EDS). Concrete mixtures using Trinidad Portland cement and crumb rubber at dosages 2 - 4 wt% resulted in a material with properties similar to the unmodified material with compressive strengths achieving the required specification of 20 MPa after 28 days. This study suggests that there is significant potential in valorising the concept of recycling tyre waste into modified crumb rubber concrete as a sustainable waste management option.

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Macsiniuc, Adrian, Annie Rochette, and Denis Rodrigue. "Understanding the Regeneration of EPDM Rubber Crumbs from Used Tyres." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 26, no. 2 (May 2010): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776061002600201.

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Abdul Aziz, Farah Noor, Sani Mohammed Bida, Noor Azline Mohd Nasir, Nor Azizi Safiee, and Mohd Saleh Jaafar. "Mechanical Properties of Mortar Modified with Cement Treated Tyre Crumb and Oil Palm Fruit Fibre." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.225.

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Addition or replacement of waste tyre in mortars and concretes in lightweight aggregate concrete composites are popular in concrete material research although the mechanical properties of the composite are reduced. Various research studies have been conducted in an effort to improve the mechanical properties of concretes and mortars containing waste tyre particles using chemicals and additives which lead to increase cost. This approach presents an economical and sustainable method, through adding oil palm fruit fibre (OPFF) at 0.5, 1%, and 1.5% by mass of cement content into the matrix and pre-treating the tyre crumb aggregate (0-40%) by volume with cement, in order to improve the properties of the composite. Mechanical properties including compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength were measured on the mortar specimens. Results showed the addition of 0.5% OPFF in 10% treated tyre crumb mortar gives the best improvement in the mechanical strengths of mortar modified with treated tyre crumb.

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Bulgakova, Natalia A., Michaela Rentsch, and Elisabeth Knust. "Antagonistic Functions of Two Stardust Isoforms in Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 22 (November 15, 2010): 3915–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-10-0917.

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Membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) are scaffolding proteins that organize supramolecular protein complexes, thereby partitioning the plasma membrane into spatially and functionally distinct subdomains. Their modular organization is ideally suited to organize protein complexes with cell type- or stage-specific composition, or both. Often more than one MAGUK isoform is expressed by one gene in the same cell, yet very little is known about their individual in vivo functions. Here, we show that two isoforms of Drosophila stardust, Sdt-H (formerly called Sdt-B2) and Sdt-D, which differ in their N terminus, are expressed in adult photoreceptors. Both isoforms associate with Crumbs and PATJ, constituents of the conserved Crumbs–Stardust complex. However, they form distinct complexes, localized at the stalk, a restricted region of the apical plasma membrane. Strikingly, Sdt-H and Sdt-D have antagonistic functions. While Sdt-H overexpression increases stalk membrane length and prevents light-dependent retinal degeneration, Sdt-D overexpression reduces stalk length and enhances light-dependent retinal degeneration. These results suggest that a fine-tuned balance of different Crumbs complexes regulates photoreceptor homeostasis.

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Ulfah, Luthfiyyah. "Pengaruh Karet Remah Terhadap Stabilitas Campuran Beraspal Laston AC-WC Menggunakan Metode Dry Mix." Cantilever: Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Bidang Teknik Sipil 12, no. 1 (July 12, 2023): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35139/cantilever.v12i1.207.

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Roads must have the appropriate mix of thickness and design to protect the subgrade from damage and to accommodate the load pressure on the road. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of adding crumb rubber to the hot asphalt mixture of the Laston AC-WC type. The research was conducted in two stages, involving the creation of test specimens. In the first stage, the bitumen content of the specimens included 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7%. In the second stage, In the second stage, crumb rubber was added to the mixture at percentages: 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The crumb rubber was mixed using the dry mix method. Several parameters were considered based on the results of the Marshall Test, in accordance with the General Highways specifications (VFA, VIM, VMA, Stability, Meltability and MQ). characteristics analysis aims to determine the impact of crumb rubber content on the elasticity, durability, and other properties of the asphalt mixture. Of all the variations of the hot mix asphalt type Laston AC-WC mixed with crumb rubber; the optimum level of crumb rubber mixture was obtained at 5% for the hot mix asphalt type Laston AC-WC. From the research results, when 5% crumb rubber was added to the asphalt mixture, the following values were obtained: 856.1 kg stability, 3.07 mm flow and 290.40 kg/mm MQ. In contrast, the stability value of hot asphalt concrete asphalt concrete type AC-WC with 5% asphalt has 813.7 kg stability, 3.03 mm flow and 268.30 kg/mm MQ.

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30

Thakur, Ankush, K. Senthil, Rachit Sharma, and A. P. Singh. "Employment of crumb rubber tyre in concrete masonry bricks." Materials Today: Proceedings 32 (2020): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.106.

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31

Berthelot, Curtis, Diana Podborochynski, Rielle Haichert, Ania Anthony, and Brent Marjerison. "Structural field evaluation of pilot crumb rubber pavement test sections in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 39, no. 7 (July 2012): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l2012-061.

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In 2005, Saskatchewan Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure (SMHI) piloted the use of crumb rubber modified hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) in test sections on a primary highway. Crumb rubber surfacing did not significantly influence the heavy weight deflectometer measured structural performance of the pavement test sections. Ground penetrating radar analysis showed minimal difference in the surface permittivity of the crumb rubber HMAC and conventional SMHI Type 71 HMAC surfacing. A visual inspection of the test sections found that crumb rubber HMAC had a more open texture that appeared to mask the visual identification of transverse cracks. However, thermal and reflective cracks were observed to be present in both surface types. In summary, crumb rubber modified HMAC pavement in Saskatchewan did not yield significant difference in structural or surface condition compared to conventional SMHI Type 71 HMAC surfacing after 3 years of service in the field.

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32

Gélinas, P., C. M. McKinnon, and M. Pelletier. "Sourdough-type bread from waste bread crumb." Food Microbiology 16, no. 1 (February 1999): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fmic.1998.0209.

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33

Changra, Arundhika, and Er Gagandeep Singh. "Comparison of Marshall Stability values of the different bitumen mixes with crumb rubber." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1110, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1110/1/012034.

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Abstract Modified bitumen with crumb rubber can enhance the bitumen’s physical properties and the mixes’ Marshall Stability values. Aside from the fact that it reduces the amount of tyre waste, the use of crumb rubber can also improve the properties of bitumen, which can help to extend the life of flexible pavements. When VG 30 bitumen is combined with crumb rubber, penetration values drop significantly. As the modifier concentration is increased, the penetration value decreases. When modified with 5CR, 10CR, and 15CR, neat bitumen’s penetration value drops to 61, 58, and 49 respectively. Marshall Compared to unmodified mixes, bitumen modified with crumb rubber has higher stability values. The stability values increase as the modifier content increases. As a result, stiffer binder results in a higher stability value of the mix, which is supported by an increase in modifier content. For every 5-15% increase in crumb rubber, an improvement of 10-25% was observed.

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34

Zhang, Cheng, Linyu Peng, and Da-jun Zhang. "Discrete Crum’s Theorems and Lattice KdV-Type Equations." Theoretical and Mathematical Physics 202, no. 2 (February 2020): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040577920020038.

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35

Zhang, Honggang, Yangpeng Zhang, Jie Chen, Wenchang Liu, and Wensheng Wang. "Effect of Desulfurization Process Variables on the Properties of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071365.

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Анотація:

A large number of waste tires are in urgent need of effective treatment, and breaking waste tires into crumb rubber powder for modifying asphalt has been proved as a good idea to solve waste tires. Crumb rubber modified asphalt not only has good high and low temperature performance, durability, and aging resistance but can also reduce pavement noise and diseases, which has wide application prospects. In this study, crumb rubber powder was desulfurized by mechanochemical method to prepare desulfurized crumb rubber modified asphalt. During the desulfurization process of crumb rubber, the effects of desulfurization process variables including desulfurizer type, desulfurizer content, and desulfurization mixing temperature and time were considered, and then the physical properties of modified asphalt were tested. The test results showed that after mixing crumb rubber powder with desulfurizer, the viscosity of crumb rubber powder modified asphalt can be reduced. Moreover, the storage stability of crumb rubber powder modified asphalt could also be improved by mixing crumb rubber with desulfurizer. Based on the physical properties of crumb rubber powder modified asphalt, the desulfurization process of selected organic disulfide (OD) desulfurizer was optimized as follows: the OD desulfurizer content was 3%, the desulfurization mixing temperature was 160 °C, and the mixing time was 30 min. In addition, Fourier infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to explore the modification mechanism of desulfurized crumb rubber powder modified asphalt. There is no fracture and formation of chemical bonds, and the modification of asphalt by crumb rubber powder is mainly physical modification.

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Raj, P. Santhi, G. V. V. Satyanarayana, and M. Sriharshavarma. "Investigation on Workability Of M20 Grade Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Crumb Rubber And M Sand For Fine Aggregates And Flyash For Cement." E3S Web of Conferences 184 (2020): 01098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018401098.

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Concrete has a key role in construction. Study focus on workability of the concrete, Fine Aggregate is partially filled with crumb rubber and M sand, a part of cement is replaced with fly ash. In this investigation the crumb rubber is utilised in place of fine aggregate. The scrap tyre treatment is currently a serious issue against environmental pollution. India stud in forth position in the entire world for rubber tyre market world after china, Europe and the US. Fly ash and M sand is an industrial waste which is included in the concrete. In this investigation workability of concrete is conducted on M20 grade concrete by replacing river side sand with the M sand and crumb rubber at percentage of replacements 0 to 20% at an regular interval of 5%and Compare the results obtained by the modified concrete with the normal concrete.

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37

Wulandari, P. S., and D. Tjandra. "The effect of crumb rubber in dense graded and open graded cold mixture asphalt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 907, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/907/1/012008.

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Abstract Recycling tires is one of the eco-friendly way for reducing environmental problems. Incorporating crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures is an alternative way for reusing the end-of-life tires in road construction. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the cold mix asphalt incorporating crumb rubber as a substitute for a part of fine aggregates. In this study, the aggregate gradations for mix design were selected according to the specification, Dense Graded Emulsion Mixtures (DGEM) Type IV and Open Graded Emulsion Mixtures (OGEM) Type E/20. The design bitumen content in this study was optimized for stability, void in mixture (porosity), and density. Crumb Rubber (CR) emulsion mixtures were made with optimum bitumen content at 8% by mass of total mixture for DGEM and OGEM. In order to incorporate crumb rubber into the cold emulsion mixtures, laboratory testing were performed for 25% and 50% of fine aggregates replaced with an equal volume of crumb rubber. In general, CR emulsion mixtures showed good results in all parameters. The CR emulsion mixtures also had a good comparison to hot mix asphalt specification for medium volume traffic loads with porosity less than 10%. From this study, crumb rubber can be recommended as a substitution material of fine aggregates in cold mix asphalt.

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38

Wei, Chong Beng, Rokiah Othman, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Shu Ing Doh, Xiao Feng Li, and Noram Irwan Ramli. "Properties of Concrete with Eggshell Powder and Tyre Rubber Crumb." Key Engineering Materials 879 (March 2021): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.879.34.

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Solid waste management is one the leading problems in Malaysia. Rapid development and population growth have prompted researches to improve the recycling and reusing of waste material for sustainable development. Chicken eggshell is discarded in Malaysia as municipal waste, while waste tyre is a waste that is difficult to handle and often ends up in the landfill. This paper presents the properties of high performance concrete with eggshell powder and tyre rubber crumb as partial replacement of cement and sand. Grade 45 concrete was prepared with 5% tyre rubber crumb as sand replacement and up to 15% of eggshell powder as cement replacement. The mechanical strength of concrete was investigated for up to 90 days while durability properties were studied through water absorption and carbonation test. Results show that concrete with 5% eggshell powder is optimal for high mechanical properties, lower water absorption and low carbonation depth. X-Ray Diffraction of concrete shows increase of calcite compound which contributes to the gain of strength. Microstructure analysis with SEM and EDX provides insight of the improved performance, which is attributed to a denser C-H-S gels and finer pore structure.

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39

Mushunje, Kudzai, Mike Otieno, and Yunus Ballim. "Partial replacement of conventional fine aggregate with crumb tyre rubber in structural concrete – effect of particle size on compressive strength and time dependent deformations." MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819911002.

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This paper presents results of a study into the effects of truck tyre crumb rubber particle size, as fine aggregate, on the compressive strength, shrinkage and creep behaviour of structural rubberised concrete. The study is motivated by a growing interest in the use of concrete with waste tyre rubber particles, rubberised concrete, for structural applications. Three tyre crumb rubber sizes (2.36, 1.18 and 0.425 mm) were used to replace 10% by volume of fine mineral aggregates to produce concrete with a target strength of 30 MPa. The concrete was cast water-cured for 28 days and tested for shrinkage and creep for 180 days. Half of the shrinkage and creep samples were sealed with a bitumen seal to prevent drying during testing. Results show a general a decrease in compressive strength with reduction in crumb rubber size. The strength decreases by 22%, 23% and 27% for the 2.36, 1.18 and 0.425 mm mix respectively. Preliminary results show a general increase in both shrinkage and creep deformations in both drying and sealed conditions. The observed increases were checked against the limits provided in design codes to assess the applicability of the material for structural purposes.

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40

Ma, Feng, Jiasheng Dai, Zhen Fu, Jenny Liu, Wenhao Dong, and Zhen Huang. "A New Type of Crumb Rubber Asphalt Mixture: A Dry Process Design and Performance Evaluation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010372.

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To obtain a crumb rubber asphalt mixture with excellent performance, this study combined trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), crumb rubber, and other additives to establish a new type of crumb rubber (CRT). The objective of this study was to design and evaluate the road performance of the new type of crumb rubber asphalt mixture (CRTAM) with a skeleton dense texture through a dry process. First, the skeleton intrusion compact volume method was used to optimize the grading of coarse and fine aggregates, and the design of the CRTAM gradation was carried out through the same and unequal volume replacement grading method. Then, three types of road performance were analyzed: high-temperature stability, low-temperature crack resistance, and water stability. The results showed that 2% and 2.5% CRT met a low-temperature index with equal volume substitution, and the six gradations obtained by unequal volume replacement with 2% CRT complied with the requirements of a skeleton dense texture. When the substitution ratio was 1.5 and 0.5, the high-temperature performance was better. In addition, when the substitution ratio was 0.5, the flexural strain energy density was the highest and the low-temperature performance was the best. Including considerations of economic benefits, it is recommended that the CRT content be 2% and the substitution ratio be 0.5.

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41

Bian, Li Bo, and Shao Min Song. "Research on Mechanical Properties of Crumb Rubber Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.290.

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Анотація:

Considering large number production of the abandoned tyres and the question of the concrete with mixture of crumb rubber，the mainly task of this paper is to study the mechanical properties of different mixing ratio concrete with vary volume of crumb rubber. The results showed that the workability, apparent density, compressive strength, flexural strength and brittleness index decrease as the increase of crumb rubber. While the anti-crack performance and anti-fatigue performance can be improved. The wear-resistance properties are a little lower than common concrete.

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42

Li, Ning, Jie Wang, Wei Si, and Dongxia Hu. "Quantitative Analysis of Adhesion Characteristics between Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt and Aggregate Using Surface Free Energy Theory." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 5735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165735.

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Анотація:

The utilization of waste rubber tires is of great value for environment protection and resource recovery, which can also improve the properties of matrix asphalt. The adhesion characteristics were evaluated for crumb rubber modified asphalt and limestone aggregate using the surface free energy (SFE) approach. Four types of matrix asphalt and four rubber contents were used to prepare the crumb rubber modified asphalt. The contact angle of matrix and crumb rubber modified asphalt was obtained, and the SFE indicators (dispersion, polar component, and compatibility rate—CR) were calculated. Moreover, the water stability tests were conducted using one matrix and rubber modified asphalt in order to investigate the relationship between SFE and water stability indicators. Results showed that the total SFE, dispersion component, adhesion work, and CR increased with the addition of crumb rubber, while the polar component and spalling work decreased. The types of asphalt had different influences on SFE indicators. The results from analysis of variation (ANOVA) indicated asphalt type and rubber content had significant influence on the adhesion work, spalling work and CR, and the influence of asphalt type was greater than that of rubber content. Additionally, the retained Marshall Stability and tensile strength ratio had better correlation with adhesion work and CR, but less with spalling work. The presented results demonstrated that the type of matrix asphalt played an important role in the adhesion characteristics for the crumb rubber modified asphalt.

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Duda, Aleksander, and Tomasz Siwowski. "Experimental study on earth pressure reduction of waste tyre bales used as a backfill for rigid retaining structures." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 43, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2021-0023.

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Анотація:

Abstract Waste tyre-derived products, including whole tyres, tyre bales, shreds, chips and crumb rubber, have been widely used in geotechnical applications. In particular, tyre bales have considerable potential for use in the construction of a lightweight embankment or road foundation over soft ground, slope stabilisation or landslide repairs and the backfilling for retaining structures. Proper design of tyre bale structures requires a reliable strength analysis to ensure an adequate factor of safety. The analysis should utilise the properties of the tyre bales and the baled structures, which must be properly determined. A laboratory test programme was developed to determine the key strength parameters of a backfill made of tyre bales supplemented with a lightweight aggregate. Full-scale direct shear tests were conducted to define the interface shear strength between the tyre bales and the filling material. Earth pressure reduction analysis based on the experimental results was performed as well to assess the effectiveness of waste tyre bales used as a backfill for rigid retaining structures.

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44

Hashimi, Sayed Naqibullah, Suhrab Ahadi, Hakan Aslan, and Zeliha Cagla Kuyumcu. "Investigation of the effect of Crumb Rubber Additive on the Fracture of characteristics of asphalt mixtures in control and asphalt rubber mixtures." Academic Perspective Procedia 3, no. 1 (October 25, 2020): 715–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.03.01.127.

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Анотація:

The failure of cracking is one of the main concerns regarding the performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Since the characteristic of the materials of the mixtures has impact on their cracking potential, the main conception of this research is to evaluate the effect of the type of size and additive percentage of crumb rubber modified (CRM) on the resistance of mixtures to crack at mid and low temperatures. For this purpose, rubber bitumen containing 10% and 15% crumb rubber with fine and coarse sizes with wet process was prepared. Asphalt mixtures with dense and gap grading were designed by using rubber bitumen produced by superpave method. The three-points bending test of semicircle bending sample (SCB) was used to evaluate the fracture characteristics of asphalt mixtures at low and middle temperatures (25&deg;C and -12&deg;C). Accordingly, the failure characteristics of asphalt mixtures were evaluated in two modes with short-term and long-term aging. The failure test results indicated that the produced mixtures with crumb rubbers additive have high resourcing resistance compared to control mixtures (without crumb rubber additive), were also revealed. Mixtures with dense grading and fine crumb rubber have high fracture resistance compared to mix with gap grading and coarse crumb rubber. Also, the increasing of the percentage of crumb rubber improved the resistance of the mixed failure. In general, it can be stated that the addition of crumb rubber increases the fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures which can improve its performance before cracking at mid and low temperatures.

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Rethinavelsamy, Bharathi Murugan, and Natarajan Chidambarathanu. "Investigation on precast concrete paver block with waste tyre crumb rubber." Road Materials and Pavement Design 17, no. 3 (December 23, 2015): 719–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2015.1119056.

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Sagitova, Guzaliya Faritovna, Galiya Nyssanovna Kalmatayeva, Saule Abdrazakovna Sakibayeva, Dina Duisenbekkyzy Assylbekova, Ainur Slambekovna Sadyrbayeva, and Zhuldyz Kenzhebayevna Shukhanova. "Modification of Tyre Rubber Crumb with Wastes of Plant Oil Production." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (March 4, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6889286.

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Recovery of fat-and-oil production wastes will reduce the technogenic impact on the environment, as well as involve them in a new production cycle as a secondary material resource. As part of solving this problem, the possibilities of using fat-and-oil production wastes in the production of a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim are considered. In the course of the studies, the fat-and-oil industry wastes’ sorption characteristics are determined, and in relation to oils in static and dynamic conditions, the spent reagent reclamation ways are determined. The authors obtained a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim using the fat-and-oil industry wastes (soap stock, diatomite, bleaching clay, and fatty acids isolated from soap stock). In this work, the authors studied the possibility of using the fat-and-oil industry wastes in the formulations of a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim. Extended physical and mechanical tests of experimental rubbers led to the conclusion that it is most expedient to use the fat-and-oil industry wastes in the formulation of rubber compounds for production of sleeper pads for railroad tracks, since when using a tyre reclaim and a modified tyre reclaim, the indicators of rubber properties practically do not change and comply with control standards.

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Wang, Yan, Bo Chuan Zhan, and Jian Cheng. "Study on Preparation Process of SBS / Crumb Rubber Composite Modified Asphalt." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.417.

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The incorporation of SBS into crumb rubber modified asphalt is investigated to enhance binder properties and storage stability in this paper. In order to gain the high quality of road pavement asphalt, the preparation process is optimized. The main objective of this study is to enhance the properties of crumb rubber modified asphalt through the addition of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) and analysis the effect of SBS type, preparation temperature and time exert on the properties of SBS /crumb rubber composite modified asphalt. The optimal preparation condition as follow: the swelling temperature for two mixed modifiers: 180 °C, swelling time: 1h; Shearing temperature: 180 °C, shearing time: 1h; Breeding temperature: 170 °C, breeding time: 3h. The results demonstrated that the properties of SBS/crumb rubber composite modified asphalt can meet the requirements of Grade C standard on SBS polymer modified asphalt.

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Lapkovskis, Vjaceslavs, Viktors Mironovs, Kristine Irtiseva, Dmitri Goljandin, and Andrejs Shishkin. "Investigation of Devulcanised Crumb Rubber Milling and Deagglomeration in Disintegrator System." Key Engineering Materials 800 (April 2019): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.800.216.

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End-of-life tyres and elastomer products are recognised by European Union as important valuable resource for circular economy. Current work introduces an analysis of devulcanised crumb rubber comminution technique by means of semi-industrial disintegrator DESI-15. For the estimation of grindability, the main kinematic parameter in the processing of materials was given the specific energy of treatment Es in kWh/t. Grindability of devulcanised crumb rubber aggregates as a function of particle size of the specific energy of treatment was analysed. Classified devulcanised crumb rubber will be used as a component of composite materials for oil spills remediation and for design of composite materials for civil engineering applications.

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Manikanta, Adusumalli, Birudula Nageswara Rao, K. Swathi Reddy, I. Manikanta Sai Charan, M. Mahesh, N. Siva Shankar, and P. Usha Kiran. "Soil Stabilization Using Crumb Rubber Powder." International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 163–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.5.25.

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Because there are more used car tyres produced each year, disposing of them has become a significant environmental issue on a global scale. Utilizing used tyres will reduce the effect on the environment and increase resource preservation. The stabilisation of soils using CRP (5%, 10%, 15%) is discussed in this article. The conduct and effectiveness of the stabilised soil were evaluated using the soil properties, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and direct shear test. When soil and CRP are combined, it is seen that the maximum dry density and ideal moisture content decline as the percentage of crumb rubber in the soil increases. Bearing capacity and tensile strength are barely affected by blending. Nevertheless, the numbers stayed within reasonable bounds.

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Hozová, B., I. Kukurová, R. Turicová, and L. Dodok. "Sensory quality of stored croissant-type bakery products." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 3 (November 18, 2011): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3519-cjfs.

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The results are presented of the estimation of sensory quality (shape, odour, colour, taste, consistency, crust, crumb etc.), mould and yeast counts, aw value, and pH in 8 bakery croissant-type products with nougat cream filling during storage under laboratory conditions (20 ± 2°C) for the periods of up to 90 days (0; 30; 45; 60; 75 and 90 days). The products differed in the type of dough (brioche, croissant), the aw value of the cream, and in the presence or absence of sorbic acid in the spirit spray applied onto the surface of the products under investigation. The above-indicated parameters were examined also in the nougat cream samples on day 0 and 90 of the storage. The selected quality parameters permitted to estimate the shelf life of the products in the dependence on various technological conditions (sorbic acid, recipe, aw value).  

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