Книги з теми "Typological range"
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1
Magomedov, Magomed Abdulkadirovich, and Khizri Abdulmadzhidovich Yusupov. Caucasian Languages: Genetic-Typological Communities and Areal Relations. Collection of articles based on the materials of the VII International Scientific Conference. Edited by Boris Makhachevich Ataev. Publishing house "Alef", Makhachkala, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/caucaslanguages2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The collection includes materials of the VII International Scientific Conference "Caucasian Languages: Genetic-Typological Communities and Areal Relations", held on June 24-25, 2021 in Makhachkala. Articles are written on the basis of reports read at this conference. They are devoted to various aspects of the study of genetic-typological communities and areal connections of the Caucasian and foreign-structural languages. For linguists, students of philological faculties of universities and a wide range of readers. Articles are published in the author's edition.
2
Foley, William. Polysynthesis in New Guinea. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The New Guinea region is linguistically the most complex on earth: as many languages as in the Americas are spoken there. The typological diversity of Papuan languages is also great, though underestimated because of a tendency to survey data from languages of the Trans New Guinea family, the largest and most widespread. Its languages have provided a misleading picture of a ‘typical’ Papuan language, including the typological category of polysynthesis. Due to the generally low to moderately agglutinating structure of Trans New Guinea languages, the degree and range of polysynthesis in New Guinea has been under-recognized. By taking four parameters, head marking, verbal pronominal agreement affixes (polypersonalism), incorporation, and clause linkage by parataxis as diagnostic of polysynthesis, this chapter explores its range and degree across several Papuan language families. It argues that polysynthesis is a cluster of features a language can have to a greater or lesser degree.
3
Coon, Jessica, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Ergativity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As any quick survey of the syntactic literature will show, there are almost as many different views of ergativity as there are so-called ergative languages (languages whose basic clause structure instantiates an ergative case-marking or agreement pattern). While ergativity is sometimes referred to as a typological characteristic of languages, research on the phenomenon has made it more and more clear that (a) languages do not fall clearly into one or the other of the ergative/absolutive vs. nominative/accusative categories and (b) ergative characteristics are not consistent from language to language. This volume contributes to both the theoretical and descriptive literature on ergativity and adds results from experimental investigations of ergativity. The chapters cover overview approaches within generative, typological, and functional paradigms, as well as approaches to the core morpho-syntactic building blocks of an ergative construction (absolutive case and licensing, and ergative case and licensing); common related constructions (anti-passive); common related properties (split-ergativity, syntactic vs. morphological ergativity, word order, the interaction of agreement patterns and ergativity); and extensions and permutations of ergativity (nominalizations, voice systems). While the editors all work within the generative framework and investigate the syntactic properties of ergativity through fieldwork, and many of the chapters represent similar research, there are also chapters representing different frameworks (functional, typological) and different approaches (experimental, diachronic). The theoretical chapters touch on many different languages representing a wide range of language families, and there are sixteen case studies that are more descriptive in nature, attesting to both the pervasiveness and diversity of ergative patterns.
4
Fedden, Sebastian, Jenny Audring, and Greville G. Corbett, eds. Non-Canonical Gender Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Grammatical gender is famously the most puzzling of the grammatical categories. Despite our solid knowledge about the typology of gender systems, exciting and unexpected patterns keep turning up which defy easy classification and straightforward analysis. Some of these question, stretch, or even threaten to cross the outer boundaries of the category. These regions are largely unexplored, yet are essential for our understanding of gender, besides being interesting in their own right. The purpose of this book is to explore the outer boundaries of the category of gender and discuss their theoretical significance. Canonical Typology, a cutting-edge approach already successfully applied to a range of linguistic phenomena, provides the ideal framework for this endeavour. In this approach, a linguistic phenomenon—for example, a morphosyntactic feature like gender—is established in terms of a canonical ideal: the clearest instance of the phenomenon. The canonical ideal is a clustering of properties that serves as a baseline from which to measure the actual examples that are found. This approach allows us to analyse any gender system and determine for each of its component properties whether it is more or less canonical. The languages discussed in this volume all diverge from the canonical ideal in interesting ways. Each language is assessed by international experts, who approach their work from a typological perspective. The book explores a wide range of typologically different languages drawn from all over the world, from South America to Melanesia, from an Italo-Romance dialect of Central Italy to Mawng of Northern Australia.
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Nordlinger, Rachel. The Languages of the Daly River Region (Northern Australia). Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter surveys the polysynthetic characteristics of the languages of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Although they are not all closely related, these languages share many typological features typical of polysynthesis, including the encoding of core arguments in the verbal word; noun incorporation; applicatives; and complex templatic verbal morphology. In addition the Daly languages exhibit complex verbal predicates composed of two discontinuous stems, one functioning broadly to classify the event type and the other providing more specific lexical semantics. These properties are surveyed across a range of Daly languages, considering both their similarities and their differences, and the implications they have for a cross-linguistic typology of polysynthesis.
6
Downing, Laura J., and Al Mtenje. Phrasal Phonology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724742.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The phrasal phonology of Chichewa is one of the most well-known aspects of the language, thanks to Kanerva’s (1990) widely cited dissertation. The first section of this chapter briefly reviews the phonological evidence for prosodic phrasing: namely, penultimate vowel lengthening and the tonal processes introduced in Chapter 6. The next section reviews the range of data (both simplex and complex sentences) illustrating prosodic phrasing found in the work of Kanerva and follow-up studies. This is followed by a critical evaluation of three theoretical approaches accounting for the phrasing. The question of whether or not focus conditions prosodic phrasing in Chichewa, as Kanerva (1990) claims, is reviewed in the light of follow-up studies of focus prosody in the language. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the contribution of studies of Chichewa prosodic phrasing to theoretical and typological issues in the phonology–syntax–focus interface.
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El Zarka, Dina. Arabic Intonation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.77.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This overview of intonation in Arabic compares the intonational systems of selected Arabic dialects from Morocco in the West to Kuwait in the East. The formal comparison will mainly be carried out within the framework of autosegmental-metrical (AM) theory, taking the phonetic micro-prosody of the identified pitch accents as a tertium comparationis. Furthermore, the intonation systems will be compared with respect to prosodic phrasing. The second part of the overview is devoted to the functions of intonation in Arabic. In this section, the comparison will be based on a wider range of descriptions, including work carried out within other theoretical frameworks. The section will identify the role of metrical and tonal structures and the way they interact with syntax, information structure, and sentence mode in different varieties of Arabic. The concluding section will provide a preliminary typological picture of Arabic prosody with respect to the macro-rhythmic properties of Arabic.
8
Wolfe, Sam. Syntactic Change in French. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864318.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This volume provides the most comprehensive and detailed formal account to date of the evolution of French syntax. Making use of the latest formal syntactic tools, it combines careful textual analysis with a detailed synthesis of the vast research literature on French to provide an original and wide-ranging analysis of the major syntactic developments to have taken place in the history of French. The empirical scope of the book is exceptionally broad, discussing syntactic variation and change in Latin, Old, Middle, Renaissance, and Classical French, as well as standard and non-standard varieties of Modern French. Following detailed introductory chapters, a wide range of phenomena are discussed including the left periphery, subject positions and null subjects, verb movement, object placement, negation, and the makeup of the nominal expression. The book concludes with a comparative analysis of how French has come to develop the unique typological profile it has within Romance today. The volume will thus be an indispensable tool for researchers and students in French and comparative Romance linguistics as well as readers interested in grammatical theory and historical linguistics.
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Bárány, András, Oliver Bond, and Irina Nikolaeva, eds. Prominent Internal Possessors. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812142.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This volume is the first to provide a comprehensive cross-linguistic overview of an understudied typological phenomenon, the clause-level argument-like behaviour of internal possessors. In some languages, adnominal possessors—or a subset thereof—figure more prominently than expected in the phrase-external syntax, by controlling predicate agreement and/or acting as a switch-reference pivot in same-subject relations. There is no independent evidence that such possessors are external to the possessive phrase or that they assume head status within it. This creates a puzzle for virtually all syntactic theories, as it is generally believed that agreement and switch-reference target phrasal heads rather than dependents. Following an introduction to the typology of the phenomenon and an overview of possible syntactic analyses, chapters in the volume offer more focussed case studies from a wide range of languages spoken in the Americas, Eurasia, South Asia, and Australia. The contributions are largely based on novel data collected by the authors and present thorough discussions of the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic properties of prominent internal possessors in the relevant languages. The volume will be of interest to researchers and students from graduate level upwards in the fields of comparative linguistics, syntax, typology, and semantics.
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Zimmermann, Eva. Morphological Length and Prosodically Defective Morphemes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747321.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book investigates the phenomenon of Morphological Length-Manipulation: processes of segment lengthening, shortening, deletion, and insertion that cannot be explained by phonological means but crucially rely on morpho-syntactic information. A unified theoretical account of these phenomena is presented and it is argued that Morphological Length-Manipulation is best analysed inside the framework termed ‘Prosodically Defective Morphemes’: if all possible Prosodically Defective Morpheme representations and their potential effects for the resulting surface structure are taken into account, instances of length-manipulating non-concatenative morphology and length-manipulating morpheme-specific phonology are predicted. The argumentation in this book is hence in line with the general claim that all morphology results from combination and that non-concatenative exponents are epiphenomenal and arise from affixation of autosegmental elements. Although this position has been defended various times for specific phenomena, it has rarely been discussed against the background of a broad typological survey. In contrast to most existing claims, the argumentation in this book is based on a representative data set for attested morphological length-manipulating patterns in the languages of the world that serves as basis for the theoretical arguments. It is argued that alternative accounts suffer from severe under- and overgeneration problems if they are tested against the full range of attested phenomena.
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Baerman, Matthew, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Inflection. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591428.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inflection is the expression of grammatical information through changes in word forms. This confrontation between general principles of syntactic organization and the often idiosyncratic properties of words has brought about systems whose properties—among them an often high degree of complexity—are an important object of investigation in their own right. Because it is something that many languages happily do without, inflection has a curious and often contentious status within linguistics. But even so, there is a fascinating and well-delimited set of facts out there to be explored, for which this handbook will be a guide. The volume is made up of twenty-four chapters, which together take a theoretically ecumenical approach, with particular attention paid to draw the examples from a wide variety of languages. The first section covers the fundamental building blocks of inflectional form and content: morphemes, features, and means of exponence. The second section focuses on what is probably the most characteristic property of inflectional systems, paradigmatic structure, and the non-trivial nature of the mapping between function and form. The third section covers change and variation over time, and the fourth section covers computational issues from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Section five addresses psycholinguistic questions. The final section is devoted to sketches of individual inflectional systems, illustrating a range of typological possibilities across a genetically diverse set of languages from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Australia, Europe, and South America.
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Belamarić, Josip, Dražen Pejković, and Ana Šverko. Istraživanja u urbanističkom planiranju : pedagoška bilježnica vol. 2 = Urban Planning Research : Pedagogical Notebook Vol. 2. Edited by Hrvoje Bartulović, Saša Begović, Dražen Pejković, Ana Šverko, and Ivana Vlaić. University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31534/9789536116850.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Second Pedagogical Notebook is a continuation of the first ‘notebook’, dedicated to the Urban Planning Research course. The course and the notebook were created by Prof. Ivana Šverko, with the aim of offering students of architecture in Split the basics of urban planning research in a Mediterranean context. The idea behind the pedagogical notebook is to contribute to the recognition of the research phase as an essential starting point in the entire, complicated process of urban planning and design, as well as an understanding of research methodologies in specific spatial and social conditions. One of the ideal real-world templates for realising this goal is Zrinsko- Frankopanska Street, which developed along one of the Split peninsula’s Roman centuriation lines. This street connects the historical southern city harbour with the newer, northern one. Zrinsko-Frankopanska is an exceptionally important city street, and along its length there are a range of buildings dating from the ancient period to the 21st century, with almost every historical period represented. It is here that the most diverse range of public facilities can be found. The students mapped, studied, and analysed this city street, using historical and morphological analysis of spatial connections, greenery, the relationship between the public and the private, the accessible and inaccessible spaces, purpose, urban equipment, and so on. In doing so, they also noted relevant everyday human activities such as disposing of rubbish, as well as things such as the position and content of graffiti. They also included morphography – the description of forms without reference to their sources and development process – in their analytical approach. After the research phase, the students were instructed to target the problems they detected by proposing improvements to the existing elements, or by redesigning them. They were also required to open up the possibility of alternate uses for the space, up to the point in the design process when an architect or designer would usually take over. By presenting the study of a specific segment in this book, we wish to help students consider the complexity of the urban tissue, define the basic urban elements, research development processes, the typological and morphological characteristics of constriction and, ultimately, to identify everything that constitutes the “urban space as a whole”. We wish to guide them so that with their unique knowledge and tools, and their inclusion of all the other relevant professions in the processes of urban planning, they can become architects with sound professional and ethical principles, and develop into a new generation of responsible city-builders.
13
Huang, Yan. Pre-semantic pragmatic enrichment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter aims to show how long-distance reflexivization (LDR) is pragmatically enriched through the author’s version of neo-Gricean pragmatic theory of anaphora. By LDR is meant the phenomenon whereby a reflexive can be bound outside its local syntactic domain, which has long been posing serious problems for Chomsky’s generative syntactic theory. Unlike in English, where LDR is normally not allowed, LDR occurs in a wide range of the world’s languages as structurally and typologically diverse as Chinese, Icelandic, and modern Greek. The chapter considers the three distinct but related functions of a long-distance reflexive, namely contrastiveness/emphaticness, logophoricity, and de se attribution. Finally it consider the question of what the pragmatic intrusion under discussion is. Data are drawn from a variety of languages.
14
Lander, Eric, and Liliane Haegeman. Syncretism and Containment in Spatial Deixis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190876746.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter investigates spatial-deictic systems (e.g. English this vs. that, or Latin hīc vs. iste vs. ille) from a wide range of typologically diverse languages. We propose that spatial deixis is encoded as a three-way contrast in Universal Grammar (UG): Proximal ‘close to speaker,’ Medial ‘close to hearer,’ and Distal ‘far from speaker and hearer.’ The empirical core of the chapter focuses on two phenomena: (i) syncretism and (ii) morphological containment. It is shown that only certain kinds of syncretism patterns are attested crosslinguistically: Syncretism cannot target Proximal and Distal without also targeting Medial (a case of *ABA). Furthermore, the cases of morphological containment we have found show that Distal contains Medial, which, in turn, contains Proximal. A functional sequence of three heads is posited that captures our generalizations in a simple and effective way.
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de Vries, Lourens. The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Greater Awyu language of West Papua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Papuan language of West Papua, is the richest independent verb paradigm of Korowai: it makes the same distinctions as all other independent verb paradigms but makes more distinctions in grammatical person: three grammatical persons rather than conflation of second and third person as in all other Korowai and Greater Awyu verb paradigms. This formal richness is matched by functional richness: imperatives are used in a typologically striking range of contexts, for example in bridging constructions (tail–head linkage), in the domain of inner states (through quotative framing of emotion, thoughts, and intentions) and in both addressee-inclusive and addressee-exclusive contexts (in the case of first person plural imperatives). Diachronically, the Korowai imperative paradigm developed from a basic injunctive zero paradigm of proto Greater Awyu that has reflexes in all branches and languages of the Greater Awyu family.
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Alexiadou, Artemis, and Hagit Borer, eds. Nominalization. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865544.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chomsky’s Remarks on Nominalization (RoN), published in 1970, has had an immense impact on syntax, and far reaching ramifications for phonology, semantics, and morphology. Among other major factors, RoN[R1] propelled the emergence of theoretical morphology as a distinct subfield within generative grammar. The original agenda set up by RoN, as augmented by supplemental work on argument structure, on the typology of derived nominals, and on the role of morphological complexity, continue to inform major contemporary theoretical approaches to morphosyntax in general, and to the study of derived nominals, in particular. This volume brings together contributions which address these issues from different perspectives and which, importantly, focus on a broad range of typologically diverse languages (Archi, Dutch, English, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hiaki, Icelandic, Japanese, Jingpo, Korean, Mayan, Mẽbengokre, Navajo, Polish, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish, Udmurt). The volume also contains an introduction by the editors as well as a short contribution by Noam Chomsky.<153>
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Nuyts, Jan, and Johan Van Der Auwera, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This handbook offers an in depth and comprehensive state of the art survey of the linguistic domains of modality and mood and examines the full range of methodological and theoretical approaches to the phenomena involved. Following an opening section that provides an introduction and historical background to the topic, the volume is divided into five parts. Parts 1 and 2 present the basic linguistic facts about the systems of modality and mood in the languages of the world, covering the semantics and the expression of different subtypes of modality and mood respectively. The authors also examine the interaction of modality and mood, mutually and with other semantic categories such as aspect, time, negation, and evidentiality. In Part 3, authors discuss the features of the modality and mood systems in five typologically different language groups, while chapters in Part 4 deal with wider perspectives on modality and mood: diachrony, areality, first language acquisition, and sign language. Finally, Part 5 looks at how modality and mood are handled in different theoretical approaches: formal syntax, functional linguistics, cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, and formal semantics.
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van der Hulst, Harry. Asymmetries in Vowel Harmony. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813576.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book deals with the phenomenon of vowel harmony, a phonological process whereby all the vowels in a word are required to share a specific phonological property, such as front or back articulation. Vowel harmony occurs in the majority of languages of the world, though only in very few European languages, and has been a central concern in phonological theory for many years. In this volume, Harry van der Hulst puts forward a new theory of vowel harmony, which accounts for the patterns of and exceptions to this phenomenon in the widest range of languages ever considered. The book begins with an overview of the general causes of asymmetries in vowel harmony systems. The two following chapters provide a detailed account of a new theory of vowel harmony based on unary elements and licensing, which is embedded in a general dependency-based theory of phonological structure. In the remaining chapters, this theory is applied to a variety of vowel harmony phenomena from typologically diverse languages, including palatal harmony in languages such as Finnish and Hungarian, labial harmony in Turkic languages, and tongue root systems in Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Tungusic languages.
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Cabredo Hofherr, Patricia, and Jenny Doetjes, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This volume offers an overview of current research on grammatical number in language. The chapters Part i of the handbook present foundational notions in the study of grammatical number covering the semantic analyses of plurality, the mass–count distinction, the relationship between number and quantity expressions and the mental representation of number and individuation. The core instance of grammatical number is marking for number distinctions in nominal expressions as in English the book/the books and the chapters in Part ii, Number in the nominal domain, explore morphological, semantic, and syntactic aspects of number marking within noun phrases. The contributions examine morphological marking of number the relationship between syntax and nominal number marking, and the interactions between numeral classifiers with semantic number and number marking. They also address cases of mismatches in form and meaning with respect to number displayed by lexical plurals and collective nouns. The final chapter reviews nominal number processing from the perspective of language pathologies. While number marking on nouns has been the focus of most research on number, number distinctions can also be found in the event domain. Part iii, Number in the event domain, presents an overview of different linguistic means of expressing plurality in the event domain, covering verbal plurality marking, pluractional modifiers of the form Noun preposition Noun, frequency adjectives and dependent indefinites. Part iv provides fifteen case studies examining different aspects of grammatical number marking in a range of typologically diverse languages.
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Garipzanov, Ildar. Graphic Signs of Authority in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, 300-900. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815013.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book presents a cultural history of graphic signs such as the sign of the cross, christograms, monograms, and other graphic devices, examining how they were employed to relate to and interact with the supernatural world, and to represent and communicate secular and divine authority in the late antique Mediterranean and early medieval Europe. It analyses its graphic visual material with reference to specific historical contexts and to relevant late antique and early medieval texts as a complementary way of looking at the cultural, religious, and socio-political transition from the late Graeco-Roman world to that of medieval Europe. This monograph treats such graphic signs as typologically similar forms of visual communication, reliant on the visual-spatial ability of human cognition to process object-like graphic forms as proxies for concepts and abstract notions—an ability that is commonly discussed in modern visual studies with reference to categories such as visual thinking, graphic visualization, and graphicacy. Thanks to this human ability, the aforementioned graphic signs were actively employed in religious and socio-political communication in the first millennium ad. This approach allows for a synthetic study of graphic visual evidence from a wide range of material media that have rarely been studied collectively, including various mass-produced items and unique objects of art, architectural monuments, and epigraphic inscriptions, as well as manuscripts and charters. As such, this book will serve as a timely reference tool for historians, art historians, archaeologists, epigraphists, manuscript scholars, and numismatists as well as the informed general public.