Дисертації з теми "Typhus"
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1
Johansson, Sara, and Elin Karlsson. "Ekologiskt anpassat typhus för Eksjöhus." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Civil Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11539.
Анотація:
Hela 85 % av byggnadsmaterialen i ett nybyggt hus består av hälso- eller miljöfarliga material. Detta måste förändras! Ekologiskt byggande handlar om att undvika dessa material i så stor utsträckning som möjligt och samtidigt reducera uppvärmningen och tappvattenförbrukning med hjälp av energieffektiva installationer. Att det går att minska de miljöfarliga materialen i ett hus är självklart, men är det möjligt att bygga ett hus med nästan inga miljö- och hälsofarliga material? Vilka tekniska lösningar är att föredra vid ekologiskt byggande? Hur utformas ett ekologiskt hus?
Syftet med detta examensarbete är att hjälpa Eksjöhus att ta fram ett ekologiskt anpassat enfamiljshus och därmed bidra till ett sundare boende och en bättre miljö. Förundersökningar i form av utredningar av material, installationsmöjligheter och arkitektonisk utformning av ett ekologiskt hus ligger till grund för framtagning av huset och är en mycket viktig del i rapporten. Huset ska anpassas till tillverkningen i Eksjöhus fabrik och till andra standarder som Eksjöhus tillämpar.
Under arbetets gång har tre besök gjorts på Eksjöhus. Olika lösningar har diskuterats med vår fadder David Norrman och en visning i deras produktionshall har ägt rum.
Undersökningarna har resulterat i ett enfamiljshus med fem rum och kök med en bostadsarea på 146,8 m2. Huset är i ett plan och har en modern stil. Ekologiska material, som inte belastar miljön och som är förnyelsebara, har använts i så stor utsträckning som möjligt. Huset har en stomme av trä och är isolerat med hampafibrer. Som isolering i grunden används cellglas och sedum har valts som taktäckningsmaterial. Även andra komplement såsom färger, skivmaterial, golvmaterial och inredningar är valda med hänsyn tagen till miljön. Konstruktionen är diffusionsöppen, vilket gör att huset andas och att fuktigheten i inomhusluften jämnas ut. På så vis blir inomhusklimatet bättre. Huset är försett med solfångare, pelletspanna och en vattenmantlad kakelugn som försörjer huset med tappvarmvatten och bidrar till dess uppvärmning. Dessa tre värmekällor är kopplade till en ackumulatortank och får värmeenergin från förnyelsebara eller oändliga resurser, nämligen solenergi, pellets och ved.
En modell av huset har gjorts i ArchiCAD. Därifrån har sedan ritningar i form av plan, fasader och sektioner tagits fram. Alla detaljritningar har ritats i AutoCAD. Det ställs många krav på ett hus. Det ska bland annat klara vissa fuktkrav och energikrav. Beräkning av husets specifika energianvändning har gjort i programmet BV2. Värmegenomgångs- och kondensriskberäkningar har utförts i Excel.
Vid framtagning av ett ekologiskt hus är det många aspekter som måste vägas in i dess utformning. Det finns många material att välja bland och materialens hela livscykel ska vägas in vid materialvalen. Installationer måste också utredas så att ett flexibelt och energisnålt värmesystem erhålls.
Today 85 % of all buildingmaterial in a new-built house is based on environment- or health-hazardous material. This must change! Ecological construction is all about avoiding these materials in as many ways as possible and in the same time reduce heating and the water usage with the help of energy-efficient installations. It is possible to reduce the material that are harmful to the environment in a house, but is it possible to construct a house with almost no environment- or health hazardous material? What technical solutions are preferable when constructing an ecological house? How is an ecological house designed?
The purpose with this paper is to assist Eksjöhus to develop an eco-adapted singlefamilyhouse and thereby aiding to a better living and environment. Preliminary investigation such as material, installation-possibilities and research of architectural design of an eco-adapted house are important parts of this paper. The house will be adapted to Eksjöhus fabrication and other standards that Eksjöhus uses.
During the making of this paper three visits to Eksjöhus has been made. During these visits different solutions has been discussed with our contact-person David Norrman and a showing of Eksjöhus productionhall has been done.
The researches have resulted in a single-familyhouse with five rooms and kitchen with a livingarea of 146,8 m2. The house is based on one floor and has a modern style and feeling. Ecological materials, which doesn't damage the environment and are renewable has been used in the larges scale as possible. The house has a frame of wood and is isolated with hempfibre. Foamglass has been used to isolate the foundation, and sedum has been chosen for covering the roof. Other complementary material such as paints, boardmaterial, floormaterial and decoration has been chosen with care and regard to the environment. The construction is diffusion-open, which allows the house to breathe. The air humidity inside level off and the indoor-climate gets better. The house is equipped with solar collectors, pellets stove and a water heating tile stove that supplies the house with hot water and in the same time helps with the heating. These three heat sources are wired to an accumulation tank and get its heat energy from renewable or infinite resources – solarenergy, pellets and wood.
A model of the house has been made in ArchiCAD. From this model the layouts in shape of plan, facings and sections have been developed. All detail layouts has been drawn in AutoCAD. There are many requirements when constructing a house. The house should, among other things, fulfill requirements regarding moisture and energy. The calculation of the house specific energy usage has been made in BV2. The heat transfer and the condensation risk analysis has been made in Excel.
When developing an ecological house, there are many aspects to consider in its design. There is a variety of materials to choose from and the material´s whole lifecycle must take an important role when deciding the material. Even installations must be examined to get a flexible and energy-efficient heating system.
2
Wennström, Elisabet. "Flexibelt småhus : Framtagande av typhus åt Dalahus." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Byggteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30869.
Анотація:
Byggbranschen står inför en stor utmaning för att bidra till en mer hållbar utveckling för att minska klimatpåverkan. I detta arbete undersöks möjligheten att bygga flexibla småhus som ett led i att bidra till minskad energiåtgång genom att maximera småhusens användning och bygga dem så energisnålt som möjligt, med miljövänliga material. Att redan i projekteringsfasen planera för småhusets framtid och ge det chansen att kunna byggas om efter människors ändrade behov, gör att huset kan användas längre utan att rivas eller stå tomt. Projektet mynnar ut i ett förslag på typhus åt småhusföretaget Dalahus som efterfrågar ett just ett flexibelt småhus. Huset är planerat för att kunna byggas ut i framtiden om det finns behov av ett större hus. Detta typhus kan användas som inspiration åt företagets kunder när de ska välja vilken typ av hus de ska bygga.
3
Bechah, Yassina. "Typhus épidémique : mise au point d'un modèle murin." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20672.
Анотація:
Le typhus épidémique, une maladie infectieuse ré-émergente due à Rickettsia prowazekii, est transmis à l'homme par le pou de corps humain. L’infection peut demeurer sous forme latente chez l’homme pendant des années. Sa réactivation, à la suite d’un stress par exemple, déclenche une forme modérée de typhus épidémique, la maladie de Brill-Zinsser, qui peut être source de nouvelles épidémies en présence de poux. R. Prowazekii, un agent potentiel de bioterrorisme, est une bactérie intracellulaire qui infecte l'endothélium vasculaire, ce qui conduit à une vascularite et des lésions inflammatoires constituées d'infiltrats de leucocytes mononucléés. La pathogénèse de l'infection à R. Prowazekii est mal connue, en partie par manque de modèles animaux adéquats. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de mettre au point un modèle murin d’infection à R. Prowazekii et d'étudier certains aspects de la physiopathologie de cette infection. J’ai montré que l’infection des souris dépend de leur fond génétique. Les souris BALB/c miment par bien des aspects l’infection humaine: sont ainsi trouvés, chez les souris infectées, des pneumonies avec consolidation des alvéoles, des hémorragies au niveau pulmonaire et cérébral, de multiples granulomes hépatiques. L’infection des souris BALB/c est associée à une réponse inflammatoire au sein des tissus atteints, comme l’illustre l’augmentation de l'expression de cytokines inflammatoires telles que l’IFN-γ, le TNF et RANTES. J’ai également réussi à réactiver l'infection à R. Prowazekii chez les souris BALB/c soumises à une corticothérapie, ce qui conforte notre modèle expérimental de typhus épidémique et offre, de surcroît, le premier modèle de maladie de Brill-Zinsser. J’ai enfin posé quelques jalons dans l’étude de la pathogénèse de l’infection à R. Prowazekii. L’infection des cellules endothéliales par des bactéries virulentes augmente la migration transendothéliale des leucocytes, alors que les bactéries atténuées n'ont pas d'effet. Ce phénomène de migration transendotheliale implique la production de cytokines inflammatoires par les cellules endothéliales infectées, ce qui rend inflammatoires les leucocytes ayant transmigré. Le profil inflammatoire induit par R. Prowazekii participe probablement aux lésions caractéristiques du typhus épidémique.
4
DUFOUR, FRANCIS. "A propos d'un cas de typhus des broussailles bordelais." Bordeaux 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR25400.
5
Katz, Filip. "Utveckling av typhus inför EUs Nära-nollenergikrav 2021 : En undersökning om hur ett typhus kan anpassas inför Nära-Nollenergikrav som införs 2021." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-67450.
Анотація:
With the EU's introduction of Near-zero energy requirements to be implemented in all member states by 2021, the construction sector faces a challenge in which all new building constructions are receiving tightened demands for energy conservation. In the latest edition of Boverkets Byggregler, Boverket, the Swedish National Board of Housing, has revised the energy conservation section as the first of two steps in the introduction of the Near-zero energy requirement in Sweden, where the method of calculating energy consumption is renewed and primary energy aspects are now being considered. As it is not yet completed what the exact level of requirement for Near-zero energy is, this study applies the proposal for Swedish application of Near-zero energy requirements published by Boverket in 2015, which proposes, among other things, which primary energy factors to use for different energy carriers and use this in combination with the new method of calculating energy consumption according to the latest edition of Boverkets Byggregler. In addition to investigating what Near-zero energy will mean, the study had as its main objective to investigate what measures can be taken to the model house, provided by Nordisk Boutveckling, to enable the building to meet the new requirements. The study was therefore designed as a parameter study, where various measures to improve the building's energy conservation were tested in the energy-calculation program VIP-Energy. The result shows that the building, which is considered to be of a typical construction standard, is able to meet the requirement when it combines existing solar cells on the roof with a battery that can store the energy produced during the solar hours and then use this to provide the building with electricity for heating, real estate energy and for the production of tap water instead of allowing the electricity to be sold or used as household-electricity. The result also shows that installing better windows is an effective measure if the building is to meet the energy requirements with a certain margin of safety. It also turns out possible to meet the requirements by improving the building with a number of measures and using district heating as a heating method.
6
Hamonet, Marie-Annick. "Les épidémies de typhus dans le Royaume-Uni au XIXe siècle." Paris 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA030079.
Анотація:
Les epidemies de fievre ont ravage le royaume-uni au 19eme siecle. Le cholera et la fievre typhoide seront identifies mais l'agent du typhus reste inconnu a la fin du siecle. Le typhus est une maladie qui se developpe dans les lieux surpeuples et sales. Avec l'industrialisation de l'angleterre les migrations des campagnes vers les villes agravent encore le surpeuplement, la misere et la maladie dans le taudis. L'emigration irlandaise sera un facteur decisif dans l'extension du typhus. Cette fievre fit egalement de nombreuses victimes dans les chaumieres insalubres des campagnes. Les navires de la marine, du commerce ou les bateaux d'emigrants sont egalement des foyers de propagation du mal car on retrouve dans les cales des navires les memes conditions de vie que dans les taudis. Avec les mouvements des navires le typhus est un mal qui s'exporte et s'importe comme des etudes de cas precis le montrent. Si le typhus est une malediction pour certains, il est une source d'inspiration pour les romanciers sociaux tels que charles dickens, elisabeth gaskell ou charles kingsley. L'illustrateur gustave dore saura aussi montrer la maladie dans ses dessins. La cause du typhus reste inconnue a la fin du 20eme siecleEpidemics of fevers devastated the united kingdom in the 19th century : cholera and typhoid were identified but the cause of typhus remained unknown at the end of the century. This fever develops when overcrowding and dirt are gathered - with the industrialisation of england, masses of workers and millions of irish rushed into the towns in search of employment. Epidemics ravaged big cities but also country cottages. Typhus developped too on board the ships of the royal navy, commerce ships and on the immigrant boats - typhus was imported and exported as some study cases show it. Social novelist such as charles dickens, elisabeth gaskell and charles kingsley have found inspiration in typhus in slums. Illustrators such as gustave dore too described the misery and disease in london the cause of typhus, the most devastating disease with tuberculosis, remained unknown at the end of the 20th century
7
Fransson, Johan, and Olivia Norlin. "Framtida/Modern/Ny/Samtida Svensk bostad : Hur kan vi inspireras av historien för att rita bostäder idag?" Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169050.
Анотація:
En undersökning av den svenska bostadens historia från forntid (13 000 f. Kr.) fram till modernismens genombrott (1930 e. Kr.), indelad i fyra olika epoker. Projektets första del består av en genomgång av historien, som grundar sig på litteratur av främst arkitekten Erik Lundberg och etnologen Sigurd Erixon, samt analyser i diagramform av epokernas bostadstypologier. Undersökningen resulterar i fyra moderna enfamiljshus, som vardera representerar en av de fyra epokerna.A study concerning the history of Swedish dwellings and typologies, 13000 B.C. – 1930 A.D., divided into four different eras.The first part of the project included reading literature, foremost by the architect Erik Lundberg and the ethnologist Sigurd Erixon, together with a diagrammatic analysis of examples of buildings representative of each era. The project resulted in the design of four modern single-family houses, each based on one of the four eras in the Swedish history.
8
Gruß, Holger. "Eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie zur Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit der Malariachemoprophylaxe mit Atovaquon-Proguanil + ihr Einfluss auf die Immunogenität der Impfungen mit den attenuierten oralen Lebendimpfungen gegen Cholera und Typhus." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10733054.
9
Maung, Myo Nyunt Naing Weerapong Phumratanaprapin. "Renal manifestations of septic patients with scrub typhus at Maharaj Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4538025.pdf.
10
Aung, Thu Wichai Supanaranond. "Gastrointestinal manifestations of septic patients with scrub typhus in Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima hospital /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4538024.pdf.
11
Chierakul, Wirongrong. "Comparative study of the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of leptospirosis and scrub typhus." Thesis, Open University, 2009. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54211/.
12
Tantibhedhyangkul, Wiwit. "Etude de la réponse immunitaire innée au cours de l'infection à Orientia tsutsugamushi." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5018/document.
Анотація:
Orientia tsutsugamushi, l'agent pathogène responsable du typhus des broussailles, est une bactérie cytosolique qui envahit l'endothélium et les monocytes/macrophages. La réponse immune à l'infection par O. tsutsugamushi reste à ce jour mal connue. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre la réponse des cellules de la réponse immune innée humaine à O. tsutsugamushi. Nous avons montré que O. tsutsugamushi se réplique dans les monocytes humains. En utilisant un microarray portant sur la totalité du génome, nous avons également montré que les bactéries vivantes induisent de profondes modifications du profil transcriptionnel des monocytes. C'est ainsi que l'expression des gènes codant l'interféron de type I et des gènes stimulés par l'interféron est fortement augmentée. Les monocytes infectés expriment plusieurs gènes codant des cytokines et des chimiokines inflammatoires, ce qui montre qu'ils sont polarisés vers un phénotype M1 (classically-activated phenotype). Les bactéries vivantes induisent également la sécrétion de l'interleukine-1β et probablement l'activation des inflammasomes et de la caspase-1. O. tsutsugamushi affecte enfin l'expression des gènes associés à l'apoptose et induit la mort d'une partie des monocytes infectés. Nous avons en outre étudié le profil transcriptionnel de patients atteints d'un typhus des broussailles et avons trouvé une signature spécifique incluant la modulation de gènes de type M1 et de gènes stimulés par l'interféron. Nous avons finalement étudié la réponse des macrophages humains dérivés des monocytes à O. tsutsugamushiOrientia tsutsugamushi, the causative pathogen of scrub typhus, is a cytosolic bacterium that invades endothelium and monocytes/macrophages. So far, the knowledge of immune response to O. tsutsugamushi is still limited. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the response of human innate immune cells against this pathogen. We demonstrated that O. tsutsugamushi was able to replicate in human monocytes. Using whole genome microarrays, we showed that live O. tsutsugamushi induced robust changes in the transcriptional profiles of monocytes. First, type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes were remarkably up-regulated. Second, infected monocytes expressed several inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes, and were polarized toward the classically-activated M1 phenotype. Third, live bacteria induced interleukin-1β secretion and likely inflammasome and caspase-1 activation. We also showed that O. tsutsugamushi altered the expression of apoptosis-related genes and induced cell death in monocytes. We extended our work to the study of the transcriptional profiles of patients with scrub typhus and found a specific signature in patients that included the modulation of M1-associated genes and interferon-stimulated genes. We finally studied the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages to O. tsutsugamushi. The transcriptional and functional responses of macrophages to O. tsutsugamushi were roughly similar to those observed in circulating monocytes including type I IFN response, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and IL-1β secretion
13
Holm, Alexander. "Generativ design vid bostadsutformning : En fallstudie om teknikens potential och kravtillämpning." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81985.
Анотація:
Ökad planering och kontroll av projektering i byggprojekt kan leda till tidsbesparingar och kvalitetsförbättringar, menar Lidelöw, Stehn, Lessing och Engström (2015). Computer Aided Design (CAD) är en teknik som vanligtvis används för att stödja framställningen av ritningar under projekteringsprocessen. Ett sätt att använda dessa CAD-program för att skapa kontroll, automation och variation i projektering kan vara genom tekniken generativ design. Med generativ design kan krav definieras i algoritmer, som sedan möjliggör automatiskt genererade designalternativ (Jia, 2015). Idag finns lite information om hur krav påverkar bostadsutformning samt vad teknikens potential är utifrån olika aktörers perspektiv. Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie och den har haft syftet att bidra till kunskap inom dessa ämnen. För att skapa goda förutsättningar för att besvara syftet och tillhörande frågeställningar genomfördes först en litteraturstudie, där en teoretisk grundförståelse skapades för fortsatta studier och analys. De primära teoretiska ämnena för att skapa en djupare förståelse var: Industriellt byggande, Generativ design med stödjande algoritmiska metoder, Kravhantering och Projektering. Därefter genomfördes datainsamlingen i två delar. Den första delen var laborativ och gjordes med utgångspunkt från uppdragsgivares typhus, där en lägenhet användes som underlag för att testa hur olika krav påverkade planlösningens utformning. Utifrån erhållen teori kunde olika krav testas genom implementerande som funktioner och parametrar i en algoritm. Planlösningsförslag kunde genereras utifrån algoritmen, som senare användes som diskussionsunderlag och analysunderlag. Vid andra steget i datainsamlingen genomfördes en gruppintervjun utifrån ett generellt perspektiv för att undersöka teknikens potential, vilket senare användes för att kunna analysera behovet utifrån verksamma aktörers synvinkel. Resultat visade att utformning med införda funktioner kunde kategoriseras som kontrollerande eller friare, där de hade olika påverkandegrader på utformningen. Teknikens stora fördelar var tidsbesparingar och designvariation. Mest fördelar visades tidigt i projekteringsprocessen eftersom det finns en låg komplexitet och få krav att beakta. Generativ design kan främst vara användbart för arkitekter och bostadsutvecklare för översiktlig planering av bostadshus. Med större marginaler i bostadsutformning samt fler införda krav än vad som testats i studien, kan ett generativt designverktyg ha potential även i senare skede. Analysen visade att användbarheten av generativ design till stor del beror på vad syftet med det är. Mycket är beroende på vilka förväntningar användaren har på generativ design, vad det ska klara av att leverera, vilket skede i bostadsutformning som syftas till att stödja eller vilken aktör det syftar till att stödja. Beroende på vad som ska stödjas kan olika algoritmiska metoder vara aktuellt, något som bör undersökas vidare. Fortsättningsvis kan det vara värdefullt att undersöka generativ design utifrån ett tidigare skede i projekteringsprocessen, där fördelarna visade sig vara större. Eventuellt med tillämpning av en annan algoritmisk metod än vad som testades i studien. En annan intressant aspekt vore att undersöka hur kraven påverkar designvariation. Detta eftersom fler krav skulle vara värdefullt att implementera för att uppnå en förbättrad kvalitet på designalternativen, samtidigt som fler implementerade krav kan hämma designvariationen, som är en av de största fördelarna med generativ design.
14
Badenhorst, Daleen. "Rattini (Rodentia, Murinae) species relationships and involvement as reservoirs for Scrub Typhus : a comparative molecular cytogenetic gene expression approach." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18123.
Анотація:
Thesis (PhD (Botany and Zoology))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Rattus sensu lato complex, which harbours the important biomedical model species Rattus norvegicus, represents a group of rodents that are of clinical, agricultural and epidemiological importance. This study presents a comprehensive comparative molecular cytogenetic investigation of this complex. Karyotypes of 11 Rattus s. l. species and Hapalomys delacouri were analysed using conventional cytogenetic techniques. These data suggest that, contrary to previous claims, the usefulness of karyotypes for identifying these Asian murid species is limited, as few species-specific chromosomal characters could be identified. In order to understand the events that shaped the morphology and composition of the extant karyotypes, nine out of the 11 Rattus s. l. species were analysed by chromosome painting. This allowed the detection of a rare convergent sex-autosome translocation present in H. delacouri and B. savilei, whose establishment is hypothesised to have been favoured by the presence of interstitial heterochromatic blocks (IHBs) at the boundaries of the translocated segments. These results indicate that Rattus s. l. is characterised by slow to moderate rates of chromosome evolution in contrast to the extensive chromosome restructuring identified in most other murid rodents. Based on these data the first comprehensive putative Rattini ancestral karyotype was constructed. Their integration with published comparative maps enabled a revision of the previously postulated ancestral murid karyotype. BAC-mapping unequivocally demonstrated that the widely reported polymorphisms affecting chromosome pairs 1, 12 and 13 in the Rattus karyotypes are due to pericentric inversions. The analysis of genomic features, such as telomeres, Ag-NORs and satellite DNA suggest a constrained pattern of chromosome evolution. The investigated rat satellite I DNA family appears to be taxon (Rattus) specific, and of recent origin (consistent with a feedback model of satellite evolution). The comparative nature of the study led to the further analysis of the species within Rattus s. l. complex and their possible involvement as reservoirs of scrub typhus using a qPCR gene expression approach based on real-time PCR. The structure and transcription of syndecan-4, which had previously been linked to Orientia tsutsugamushi (causative agent of scrub typhus) infection, was compared among Rattini (typhus-positive) and Murini (typhus-negative) rodents. Although, it was not possible to conclusively link the structural variation observed between Rattini and Murini with carrier status, a link was identified between underexpression of syndecan-4 in Murini and seropositive Rattini rodents, compared to those that were seronegative. This suggests that the reduced levels of syndecan-4 transcription in Murini and Rattini is linked to the poor carrier status of Murini, and to increased longevity of seropositive Rattini (i.e., predominant host of Orientia), highlighting aspects that need further investigation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Rattus sensu lato kompleks, wat die belangrike biomediese model spesie Rattus norvegicus huisves, bevat ‘n groep knaagdiere wat van kliniese, landbou, en epidiomologiese belang is. Hierdie studie bevat ‘n omvattende sitogenetiese molekulêre vergelyking binne hierdie kompleks. Die kariotipes van 11 Rattus s. l. spesies en Hapalomys delacouri is ondersoek met die gebruik van konvensionele sitogenetiese tegnieke. Die data dui daarop, in kontras met vorige bevindinge, dat die bruikbaarheid van kariotipes om Asiese knaagdiere te identifiseer beperk is, aangesien min spesies-spesifieke chromosoom merkers geidentifiseer kon word. Om die gebeure wat tot die morfologie en komposisie van die huidige kariotipes gelei het, te verstaan, is nege van die 11 Rattus s. l. spesies met behulp van chromosoom fluoressente hibridisasie ondersoek. Dit het die ontdekking van ‘n rare konvergente geslagschromosoom-outosoom translokasie in H. delacouri en B. savilei tot gevolg gehad. Die vaslegging hiervan is heel moontlik bevoordeel deur die teenwoordigheid van interkalerende heterchromatien blokke (IHBs) by die grens van die translokeerde segmente. Hierdie resultate dui daarop dat Rattus s. l. deur ‘n stadige tempo van chromosoom verandering gekenmerk word, wat in skrille kontras staan met die hoë aantal chromosoom herrangskikkings wat in meeste ander murid knaagdiere geidentifiseer is. Vanuit hierdie data kon die eerste oerouer kariotipe van die Rattini bepaal word. Die gebruik van hierdie data in kombinasie met beskikbare vergelykende kaarte het dit moontlik gemaak om die vorige hipotetiese oerouer murid kariotipe te hersien. BAC-kartering het dit moontlik gemaak om sonder twyfel vas te stel dat die polimorfisme wat chromosoom pare 1, 12 en 13 in die Rattus kariotipe affekteer, die resultaat van perisentriese omsetting is. Die analise van genomiese eienskappe, soos telomere, Ag-NORs en satelliet DNA dui op ‘n beperkte patroon van chromosoom evolusie. Die bestudeerde rot satelliet DNA familie blyk takson (Rattus) spesifiek te wees met ‘n onlangse oorsprong, wat ooreenstem met die terugvoer model van satellite-evolusie. Die vergelykende aard van hierdie studie het gelei tot die verdere analise van die spesies in die Rattus s. l. kompleks in terme van hul moontlike rol as draers van “scrub typhus” deur gebruik te maak van qPCR geen uitdrukking, wat gebasseer is op “real-time” PCR. Die struktuur en transkripsie van syndecan-4, wat in die verlede aan Orientia tsutsugamushi (veroorsakende agent van scrub typhus) infeksie gekoppel is, is tussen Rattini (typhuspositief) en Murini (typhus-negatief) knaagdiere vergelyk. Ten spyte daarvan dat dit nie moontlik was om die strukturele variasie tussen Rattini en Murini met draer status te koppel nie, is daar wel ‘n skakel tussen die verlaagde uitdrukking van syndecan-4 in Murini en seropositiewe Rattini knaagdiere, in vergelyking met die wat sero-negatief was, gevind. Dit stel voor dat die verlaagde vlakke van syndecan-4 transkripsie in Murini en Rattini aan die swak draer status van Murini, asook die verhoogde langslewendheid van sero-positiewe Rattini (i.e., oorheersende gasheer van Orientia), gekoppel is. Hierdie bevindinge beklemtoon sekere belangrike aspekte vir verdere navorsing.
15
Guvenc-Salgirli, Sanem. "Eugenics as science of the social a case from 1930s Istanbul /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
16
Viborg, Tomas, and Gabriel Lidström. "Jämförande livscykelanalys av motsvarande tegel- och träkonstruktioner." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147615.
Анотація:
Sedan 1900-talets mitt har användandet av tegelkonstruktioner i bostadsbyggandet minskat kraftigt; materialet har under modernismen upplevts otidsenligt och byggnadssättet har ansetts ineffektivt. Trots att kanalmurstekniken, som är en byggteknik med bärande tegelkonstruktion och högt isoleringsvärde, togs fram på 1930-talet för att följa hårdare energihushållningskrav, har ändå lätta träregelkonstruktioner dominerat det svenska småhusbyggandet. Kraven på energihushållning har under åren ökat successivt och livscykelanalysen (LCA) har utvecklats. LCA är en metodik som analyserar produkters eller tjänsters klimatbelastning ur livscykelperspektiv. Svårigheter har dock funnits i att omsätta metodiken på större komponenter än enskilda material. Därför har europastandarder tagits fram som enkom tjänar till att systematisera livscykelanalyser av hela byggnader och de kommer att följas i denna studie. Syftet med examensarbetet är att jämföra hur ett typhus med tegel som stommaterial belastar miljön under produktion och drift i en livscykel satt till 100 år, jämfört med ett motsvarande trätyphus. Till tegelhusets nackdel talar den höga energiåtgången vid materialframställningen. Trä å sin sida löper stor risk för förkortad livscykel i och med riskerna för fuktskador. För att undersöka skillnaderna i trä- och tegelkonstruktioner har en typhusritning i kanalmurskonstruktion analyserats mot en motsvarande träkonstruktion, där byggnadstyperna har samma boarea och väggkonstruktionerna samma värmemotstånd. För att få fram husens skillnad energiåtgång under driftskedet har energibehovsberäkningar utförts för byggnaderna. Livscykelanalysen har utförts i programvaran Anavitor utifrån 3D-modeller med byggnadsinformation som matchas mot en materialdatabas med livscykeldata. Ur jämförelsen har resultat kunnat hämtas på vilken av konstruktionerna som belastar miljön minst över livscykeln, med avseende på klimatbelastning räknat i koldioxidekvivalenter. Resultat visar att ett tegelhus belastar miljön dubbelt så mycket som ett trähus i produktionsfasen medan tegelhuset är miljövänligare avseende underhåll och drift. Efter 100 år är skillnaden 7,3 ton koldioxidekvivalenter, till trähusets fördel. Enligt livscykelanalysen har byggnaderna, enligt de antaganden som gjorts, belastat miljön lika efter 168 år. Till tegelhusets fördel talar dess säkerhet gällande livslängd, beständighet, fuktsäkerhet och goda möjlighet till återbruk av stommaterialet.Since the mid-1900s has brick building marginalized; the material has in the modernist era been experienced as dated and the construction method considered inefficient. In the 1930s the canal wall technique were developed to meet the coming stringent energy requirements. Despite opportunities to meet modern building norms have yet lightweight timber structures dominated the Swedish construction sector concerning single-family houses since then. The requirements for energy conservation have increased over the years to an even greater degree, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been developed; a methodology that analyzes products from a life cycle perspective. There have been difficulties to put the methodology on larger components than individual materials. Therefore, European Standards have been developed that specifically serve to systematize Life Cycle Assessments of entire buildings, which will be followed in this study. The purpose of this study is to compare which impact a standard house with brick structure has a on the environment in a lifecycle set to 100 years, compared with a corresponding timber structure. To the disadvantage for a brick house speaks the high energy consumption in material production. Timber structures at their part are at high risk for shortened life cycle due to risk of moisture damage. To examine the differences in wood and brick structures has a standard house drawing in canal wall technique been analyzed against a corresponding wooden construction. The building types have the same floor area and the wall constructions have the same heat resistance. To receive the differences in energy use during the operational phase between the buildings has energy calculations been made. The life cycle analysis has been performed in the software Anavitor based on 3D models with building information that is matched against a database of materials life cycle data. The results from the comparison are measured in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents, and will show which construction type will make least impact on the environment. Results show that a brick house has doubled environmental impact compared to a wooden house in the production phase. The brick house is a better alternative concerning environmental impact during operational phase and maintenance. After 100 years, the difference is 7,3 tons of carbon dioxide equivalents to the advantage of the wooden house. According to the LCA and the assumptions made, the buildings have charged the environment equally after 168 years. To the advantage of the brick house speaks its longevity, durability, moisture resistance and good opportunity for reuse of the bricks.
17
Lemaire, Marc. "La guerre de Crimée : Chronique et analyse d'un désastre sanitaire (1854-1856)." Montpellier 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON30016.
Анотація:
La guerre de Crimée, qui engagea en tout 309 268 soldats, fut une catastrophe sanitaire. 94 500 hommes (30 %) en effet y perdirent la vie, dont seulement 15 000 (5 %) par le feu de l'ennemi. La maladie, représentée pour l'essentiel par le choléra, le typhus, le scorbut, les troubles digestifs et la surinfection sévère des plaies, tua près de 80 000 hommes, soit un soldat sur quatre. A une époque où la médecine était impuissante à combattre les épidémies déclarées, il est apparu, au terme de cette étude, que cette surmortalité fut consécutive à l'absence d'une véritable politique de prévention reposant, à l'exemple britannique, d'une part sur un soutien conséquent des hommes, d'autre part sur l'application scrupuleuse des règles d’hygiène. Cette grave carence, engageant la responsabilité de l'Etat et du commandement, mais s'inscrivant dans une culture militaire française privilégiant le combat aux dépends du soutien, fut aggravée par la dictature des théories. D'importantes découvertes médicales, issues de la recherche empirique, avaient en effet été ignorées par la communauté scientifique. Enfin, la subordination abusive des médecins militaires à l'Intendance, source de dysfonctionnements, de conflits récurrents et de rancœurs, compliqua encore la situation. Au terme du conflit, auréolée de gloire, l'armée ne profita pas de l'expérience de Crimée pour refondre ses institutions et repenser sa culture opérationnelle. Quant à certains médecins militaires, soucieux de parvenir à l'autonomie de leur service, plutôt que de produire une analyse impartiale et utile, ils s'attachèrent à manipuler l'opinion publique pour discréditer l'IntendanceThe Crimean war, which involved all together 309. 268 soldiers, was a health disaster. 94. 500 men (30%) indeed, lost their life, but only 15. 000 (5%) by the fire of the enemy. Disease, represented essentially by cholera, typhus, scurvy, digestive disorders and secondary infections of wounds, killed not less than 80. 000 men, that is to say 1 soldier out of 4. At a time where medicine was not capable of fighting declared epidemics, it appeared, at the end of this study that this excessive high mortality followed the absence of a real prevention policy based, if we refer to the British example, on one hand on a consequent support of the men, on an other, on the scrupulous application of hygiene’s rules. This serious deficiency, engaging the responsibility of the state and command, but falling under a French military culture encouraging combat rather than support, cost the live of at least 50 thousand men. This reality was worsened by the dictatorship of the theories. Significant medical discoveries, resulting from empirical research, had indeed been ignored by the scientific community. Finally, the abusive subordination of the health officers to their Commissariat (the Intendance), source of dysfunctioning, recurring conflicts and bitterness, will still complicate the situation. At the end of the conflict, glorified, the army will not learn from acquired experience to reform its institutions and to reconsider its operational culture. As from some army medical officers, anxious to achieve the autonomy of their service, rather than producing an impartial and useful analyse, they attempted to manipulate the public opinion to discredit the Commissariat
18
Gruss, Holger. "Eine randomisierte Doppelblindstudie zur Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit der Malariachemoprophylaxe mit Atovaquon-Proguanil und ihr Einfluss auf die Immunogenität der Impfungen mit den attenuierten oralen Lebendimpfungen gegen Cholera (CVD103-HGR) und Typhus (TY21A)." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968460887.
19
Popean, Mihai. "Creatio Ex Typus." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1211302996.
20
Le, Viet Nhiem. "Investigation of rickettsioses and other causes of acute undifferenciated fever in Vietnam." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0664/document.
Анотація:
Les infections rickettsiales et la fièvre aiguë indifférenciée (FAI) sont des problèmes de santé publique importants sous les tropiques. Ce projet a été réalisé dans le but d'explorer les agents de rickettsies et autres étiologies de la FAI au Vietnam.Dans la première cohorte de 67 participants se concentrant sur les patients cliniquement suspectés de typhus des broussailles, le diagnostic de typhus des broussailles a été confirmé pour 32 patients (47,8%) par qPCR ou IFA. Parmi les 20 patients pour lesquels des escarres et du sang total ont été obtenus, 17 (85%) des échantillons d'escarre et 5 (25%) des échantillons de sang total étaient positifs pour O. tsutsugamushi par qPCR. L'analyse génétique des séquences du gène TSA 56-kDa a démontré que les 14 séquences étaient apparentées à 4 génotypes: Karp, Kawasaki, Gilliam (JG-v et TG-v) et TA716. Ensuite, une analyse prospective des étiologies de la FAI au Vietnam a été réalisée avec 378 patients adultes fébriles (FAIs) et 384 patients adultes fébriles (Contrôles). L'étiologie la plus courante était le virus de la grippe (20,9% dans les FAIs versus 0% dans les Contrôles), suivi des rickettsies (11,11% vs 0,26%), virus de la dengue (7,67% vs 0,52%), Leptospira (4,76% vs 0,78%), adénovirus (4,76% vs 1,04%) et entérovirus (2,12% vs 0%) (p<0,05).Par conséquent, de telles données sur les rickettsies et autres étiologies obtenues au Vietnam pourraient être très utiles pour l’établissement d’une méthode d’approche pour les patients atteints de FAI dans les aspects de diagnostic, de gestion et de prévention au Vietnam et dans les régions tropicales dans l'avenirRickettsial infections and acute undifferentiated fever (AUF) are the important public health issues in the tropics. This project was performed with the aim to explore the rickettsial agents and other etiologies of AUF in Vietnam. In the first 67-participant cohort of patients who were clinically suspected of having scrub typhus, 32 (47.8%) patients were confirmed as scrub typhus by either qPCR or IFA. Among the 20 patients for whom both eschar and whole blood were obtained, 17 (85%) of the eschar specimens and 5 (25%) of the whole blood specimens tested positive for O. tsutsugamushi by qPCR. Genetic analysis of the 56-kDa TSA gene sequences demonstrated that the 14 sequences were related to 4 groups: Karp, Kawasaki, Gilliam (JG-v and TG-v) and TA716.Subsequently, a prospective case-control analysis of the etiologies of AUF in Vietnam was performed. A total of 378 febrile adult patients (AUFs) and 384 afebrile adult patients (Controls) were enrolled. The most common etiology was influenza virus (20.9% in AUFs versus 0% in Controls), followed by rickettsial agents (11.11% in AUFs versus 0.26% in Controls), dengue virus (7.67% vs 0.52%), Leptospira (4.76% vs 0.78%), adenovirus (4.76% vs 1.04%), and enterovirus (2.12% vs 0%) (p<0.05). Consequently, such data of rickettsial agents and other etiologies in Vietnam obtained from this project are extremely useful in guiding the diagnosis, management and preventive-health methods for patients with AUF in the future in Vietnam as well as in the tropics worldwide
21
Maia, Cláudio Belmino. "Micobiota de plantas aquáticas invasoras nas bacias dos Rios Doce e São Francisco com ênfase no controle biológico da taboa (Typha domingensis Pers.)." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2000. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/10096.
Анотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esse trabalho objetivou: a) Levantar a micobiota associada às seguintes espécies: aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes); alface d'água (Pistia estratiotes); canavieira (Echinochloa polystachya); aguapé de cordão (Eichhornia azurea); taboa (Typha domingensis); capim barrigudo (Paspalum repens); pinheirinho d'água (Myriophyllum aquaticum); cataia gigante (Polygonum spectabile); tripa de sapo (Alternanthera phylloxeroides); salvinia (Salvinia auriculata); nas bacias dos Rios Doce e São Francisco. b) Avaliar, preliminarmente o potencial de Colletotrichum typhae como micoherbicida para T. domingensis. Na bacia do Rio Doce foram coletadas 44 amostras e na do São Francisco coletaram-se 63 amostras de plantas aquáticas apresentando sintomas de doença. Em toda a extensão mediana e inferior do Rio Doce, todas as plantas alvo foram encontradas, à exceção de capim barrigudo. No Rio São Francisco encontraram-se todas as plantas alvo com exceção de M. aquaticum. Associados a T. domingensis foram identificados os fungos C. typhae, Stenella sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium typharum, Phoma sp. e Pestalotiopsis dichaeta. Os testes de patogenicidade efetuados indicam que apenas os isolados de C. typhae eram patogênicos a T. domingensis. O crescimento da colônia de C. typhae em meio artificial foi maior em fotoperíodo de 24 horas. As percentagens de germinação de conídios nos fotoperíodos: 0 hora, 12 horas e 24 horas foram 32,4, 37,9 e 39,1%, respectivamente, não havendo diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. O fungo cresceu bem às temperaturas de 25 e 35 o C, e o intervalo de temperatura adequado para germinação foi de 15 a 20 o C. A faixa ótima de temperatura e período de molhamento foliar para o desenvolvimento da doença foi de 15 a 20 o C e de 24 a 48 horas respectivamente. A incidência diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura e a redução do período de molhamento foliar. No teste de especificidade C. typhae só foi patogênico a T. domingensis. Pelos resultados, obtidos conclui-se que o fungo tem algumas das características desejáveis para utilização no desenvolvimento de micoherbicidas.
The purpose of this work was: a) Surveying the basin of the rivers São Francisco and Doce for the mycobiota associated with the following aquatic weeds: water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia estratiotes), “canavieira” (Echinochloa polystachya), anchored water hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea), cattail (Typha domingensis), “capim barrigudo” (Paspalum repens), parrot’s feathers (Myriophyllum aquaticum), giant smartweed (Polygonum spectabile), alligator weed (Alternanthera phylloxeroides) and salvinia (Salvinia auriculata); in. b) To undertake a primarinary evaluation of the poterntial of Colletotrichum typhae as mycoherbicide for T. domingensis. Forty four samples of diseased aquatic weeds were collected in the basin of the river Doce and 63 in the basin of the river São Francisco. All the target-plants except for P. repens were found in the lower half of the river Doce. In the river São Francisco all the plants except for M. aquaticum were collected. The fungi C. typhae, Stenella sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium typharum, Phoma sp., and Pestalotiopsis dichaeta were found associated with T. domingensis. The pathogenicity tests indicated that only C. typhae isolates were pathogenic to T. domingensis. C. typhae grew better under constant light. Conidial germination percentages varied under different light regimes (0 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours). These were 32.4, 37.9, and 39.1% respectively. These results were nevertheless not statistically significantly different. The fungus grew well between 25 and 35o C and the adequate temperature for conidial germination was between 15 and 20o C. Ideal conditions of temperature and dew period for disease development was 15 - 20o C and 24 - 48 hours of dew. Disease incidence decreased with the increase of temperature and reduction of dew period. The specificity test showed that C. typhae was only pathogenic to T. domingensis.
Dissertação importada do Alexandria
22
Fritz, Stefan. "Genetische Hydroxylierungs-Polymorphismen für Medikamente vom Typus Debrisoquin und vom Typus Mephenytoin /." [S.l : s.n.], 1985. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
23
Herbreteau, Vincent. "Géographie de zoonoses en Thaïlande : de la distribution des rongeurs, vecteurs et hôtes, au risque de transmission." Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376326.
Анотація:
Longtemps considérés en Thaïlande comme simple gibier mais souvent destructeurs des cultures, les rats et les souris (Murinae) se sont révélés d'importants vecteurs de germes pathogènes pour l'Homme, depuis l'émergence soudaine de la leptospirose en 1996. Ils sont aussi responsables de la transmission du typhus des broussailles et probablement d'hantaviroses dont l'incidence reste suspectée. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser la géographie de ces zoonoses afin d'en mesurer le risque de transmission à l'Homme.Un important travail de terrain a permis de collecter et d'étudier les rongeurs murins dans différents milieux représentatifs de leur diversité. Parallèlement, une enquête conduite dans la province de Phrae a montré la variabilité du système de soins et des comportements de santé. Un Système d'Information Géographique « Rongeurs et santé » centralise l'intégralité des données sur l'ensemble du territoire pour une analyse spatio-temporelle.
Cette recherche a permis de mettre à jour la description et la distribution par télédétection des principaux rongeurs murins thaïlandais ainsi que leur implication dans la transmission de germes pathogènes. La géographie de ces zoonoses reflète des différences de niveau de vie : l'exposition de l'Homme à ces maladies résulte de la chasse et de la consommation de rongeurs mais aussi d'un accès et d'un recours aux soins limités, traduisant ainsi la pauvreté des populations touchées.
Ce travail offre une approche critique des méthodes alliant les outils de la géomatique, l'analyse spatiale et la télédétection, pour l'étude des zoonoses.
24
Lee, Jisun. "Multifractal Analysis on the Rainfall Rate in Typhoon Cases in 2012, Korea." Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC1007.
Анотація:
L'approche multifractale a été utilisée pour analyser le taux de précipitations de trois typhons (Khanun, Bolaven et Sanba) qui ont frappé la Corée du Sud en passant par l'île de Jeju vers la péninsule coréenne en 2012. Les données sur le taux de précipitations sont obtenues à partir d'un radar en bande S exploité par la Corée Administration météorologique (KMA) et la simulation de modèle CReSS. L'analyse multifractale a été réalisée à l'aide de l'analyse Trace Moment (Schertzer et Lovejoy, 1987) et de l'analyse Double Trace Moment (Lavallée et al., 1992) pour quantifier l'intermittence moyenne à l'aide de sa co-dimension fractale C1 et de sa multifractalité. index α, qui mesure la rapidité avec laquelle évolue l'intermittence pour l'ordre statistique supérieur avec une grande quantité de données spatio-temporelles. Premièrement, avec les données radar, l’analyse spectrale a été réalisée pour vérifier la prudence du champ. Dans le cas des typhons Khanun, Bolaven et Sanba, les valeurs moyennes de l’exposant d’échelle β pour l’analyse spectrale sont respectivement de 1,92 (Khanun), 1,710 (Bolaven) et 2,233 (Sanba), toutes ii hauteurs des domaines de 256 km. × 256 km. Alors que 2.515 (Khanun), 2.553 hauteurs des domaines de 256 km. × 256 km. Alors que 2.515 (Khanun), 2.553 (Bolaven) et 2.513 (Sanba) dans la taille du domaine 64 km × 64 km. Tous les champs de différentes tailles de domaines à différentes altitudes étaient conservateurs. En analyse TM et DTM, avec l'ordre des moments q et (q, η), il est montré que K (q) et K (q, η) satisfont à la forme universelle présentant les paramètres de messagerie unifiée α et C_1. Chaque paramètre indique le degré de multifractalité du processus (α) et la codimension de la singularité moyenne du champ (C_1). Dans tous les cas, les champs pluviométriques étaient constants en basse altitude (1, 2 km), alors que les fluctuations étaient plus marquées en haute altitude. Pour vérifier le résultat de l'observation radar, nous avons également utilisé le taux de précipitation obtenu par simulation du modèle CReSS. En conséquence des paramètres de messagerie unifiée de tous les cas du modèle CReSS, uniquement dans le cas de Khanun, α est inférieur à 1 dans les deux domaines. D'autre part, α est supérieur à 1 avec Bolaven et Sanba dans les deux domaines. Avec le résultat, il est montré qu'il existe une dépendance de α] avec l'altitude qui montre la déduction de la configuration du champ de précipitations dans chaque altitude avec les paramètres UM. Cela permet de voir l'évolution du champ de précipitations. Lorsque le typhon a traversé l’île de Jeju, où se trouve le mont Halla, il a commencé à diminuer les cyclones, libérant ainsi son humidité sous forme de pluie torrentielle sur l’île. Étant donné que le stade de tous les typhons était en phase d'affaiblissement ou de dissipation, les paramètres UM montrent que le cisaillement du vent a incliné le vortex pour obtenir les différentes configurations des champs de précipitations à chaque altitudeThe main goal of this thesis is develop a new multifractal nowcasting approach based on radar data, particularly for extreme events. Whereas the previous attempts where based on scalar cascades focused on the rain rate, this thesis will take into account the vector velocity field (and its multifractal variability, e.g. of its horizontal divergence), as well the terrain complexity and the consequent orographic effects. It will take hold on recent development of multivariate multifractal techniques (Schertzer and Tchiguirinskaia, 2015) that makes theoretically possible to represent together the advecting velocity field and the advected scalar field. However, there are still large uncertainties on the choice of the adequate class of models and their parameters, comparison with mesoscale models will be therefore quite helpful. The first stage of this thesis will be devoted to drastically reduce these uncertainties with the help of empirical data analyses, as well as possible theoretical insights (e.g. connectivity properties) and comparison with mesoscale models (e.g. selected key mechanism). The second stage will be devoted to develop and test a concrete nowcasting procedure based on these findings and attempting to use at best the radar data (including their Doppler information) and numerical weather prediction products
25
Ruyer, Frédéric. "Preuves, types et sous-types." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00414653.
Анотація:
Cette thèse porte sur l'étude théorique et pratique d'un système de typage appliqué à la preuve de programmes de style fonctionnels. Le système de base est le système ST créé par C.Raffalli; il comporte, outre le polymorphisme, du sous-typage et de l'omission de contenu non-algorithmique. Nous étudions tout d'abord les modèles de la théorie définie par le système de types, en construisant une axiomatique basée sur les treillis permettant de modéliser le calcul et la logique. Nous étudions sur cette base le système de types, montrons la réduction du sujet, et la possibilité de définir en interne la normalisabilité et la réductibilité des programmes. Dans la suite de la thèse, plus appliquée, nous étudions des codages de types de données riches inspirés des langages fonctionnels - y incluant notamment un système de modules du premier ordre- dans le Lambda-Calcul, et montrons qu'ils s'intègrent harmonieusement dans le système; la méthodologie développée dans cette partie permet d'étendre le langage de types et le langage de programmation en conservant un critère de consistance assurant la sûreté du code typé.
26
Grosse, Jürgen. "Typus und Geschichte : eine Jacob-Burckhardt-Interpretation /." Köln ; Weimar ; Wien : Böhlau Verl, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369943592.
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Sigwalt, Pierre. "Les consequences humaines des typhons a taiwan." Paris, INALCO, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986INAL0045.
Анотація:
Cette etude geographique a trois principaux objectifs: 1) proposer une regionalisation de l'intensite des risques cycloniques majeurs a taiwan, a partir d'une typologie des risques par trajectoire, qui soit une synthese dynamique des donnees moyennes et des cas des typhons les plus catastrophiques, issus des publications locales en langue chinoise. 2) cartographier les zones d'impact des inondations marines (entre autres risques locaux) et etudier les consequences des typhons sur la vie quotidienne des habitants (perception des risques, atteintes a la sante, migrations, avantages saisonniers lies aux typhons, etc. ) et sur la structure agraire (changements de mode et de rythme d'utilisation des terres, etc. ) de 29 localites de la region nord (la plus peuplee et la plus diversement exposee aux facteurs cycloniques). 940 personnes furent interrogees, dont le tiers, a l'aide du questionnaire definitif, dactylographie en chinois. 3) presenter des elements de regionalisation des consequences humaines des typhons, a l'echelle de l'ile entiere, permettant une comparaison par district (pertes agricoles) et par trajectoire (pertes agricoles : 1954-81; et pertes humaines et degats a l'habitat : 1897-1983). Cette etude minutieuse est accompagnee de 87 figures, 18 tableaux, 17 planches et de nombreuses annexes statistiquesThis study has three major objectives: 1) to propound a regional distribution of major typhoon induced hazards in taiwan, according to mean meteorological data and case studies on the most destructive typhoons cited by the chinese scientific litterature. 2) to conduct a questionnaire survey in chinese on the impact of typhoons on every-day life (perception of hazards, health hazards, migrations and so on) and on the changes of the agrarian structure due to typhoons in 29 localities of the northern region, including the mapping of typhoon induced salt-water encroachments' scope. 3) to compare the agricultural damages by county and the agricultural damages (1954-81) and the damages to houses and the human losses (1897-1983), according to each major track. This detailed study incorporates 87 maps and figures, 18 tables, 17 photographs and numerous statistical appendixes
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Lindqvist, Anna, and Michaela Wolf. "Hur stort får vi bo? : Klimatpåverkan per person i Sverige." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44627.
Анотація:
Purpose: The world is supposed to aim for a maximal global warming of 1,5 degrees Celsius which means an ecological footprint of 1,3-ton CO2e/person, year. How much does a sustainable living situation affect the living area per person? With the help of a typical Swedish house and a lifecycle analysis the living area is put in relation to the 1,5-degree aim. The purpose of this report is to investigate how the fulfilling of the 1,5-degree aim will affect the living area per person. Method: The research approach in the report is quantitative were a meta study and a case study compose the research strategy. The data collecting methods are a literature study and a document analysis. Lastly the report uses calculations and lifecycle analysis for analyzing and compiling the results. Findings: The goal value for the facility sector should come down to 0.3217ton CO2e/person, year. The typical-house uses 0,6637 ton CO2e/person, year. The results show an unsustainable situation from today’s living situation. It would take between eight to twelve people in the typical house to reach the goal value for the facility sector. Conclusion and recommendations: Syfte: Världen ska eftersträva en maximal global uppvärmning på 1,5 grad och därmed ett maximalt ekologiskt fotavtryck på 1,3 ton CO2e/person, år. Hur mycket påverkas boarean per person om man vill ha ett hållbart boende? Med hjälp av ett svenskt typhus och en livscykelanalysberäkning sätts boarean i relation till 1,5-gradsmålet. Examensarbetets syfte är att undersöka hur uppfyllandet av 1,5-gradsmålet påverkar boarean per person. Metod: Rapporten kommer genomföras med en kvantitativ forskningsansats där en metastudie och fallstudie utgör forskningsstrategin. Till dem används datainsamlingsmetoderna litteraturstudie och dokumentanalys. Slutligen sker bearbetning och dataanalys med hjälp av beräkningar och en livscykelanalys för att kunna sammanställa och jämföra resultat. Resultat: Målvärdet för boendesektorn bör komma ner till 0,3217 ton CO2e/person, år. Typhuset gör av med 0,6637 ton CO2e/person, år. Resultatet visar på en ohållbar situation utifrån dagens boendeförhållande. För att nå målet idag skulle det krävas att det bodde mellan åtta och tolv personer i det svenska nybyggda typhuset. Slutsats och rekommendationer:
29
SILVA, Márcio André Amorim da. "Revisão taxonômica de Liophis typhlus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Serpentes: Colubridae)." Universidade Federal do Pará, 2007. http://repositorio.ufpa.br/jspui/handle/2011/4237.
Анотація:
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Liophis typhlus (Linnaeus, 1758) é uma espécie de distribuição restrita à América do Sul, sendo reconhecida três subespécies: Liophis typhlus typhlus encontrada nas florestas tropicais ao longo da bacia Amazônica, nos seguintes países: Equador, Bolívia, Colômbia, Peru a Leste dos Andes, Norte e Leste da Venezuela, Guianas e Brasil; Liophis typhlus brachyurus presente na Mata Atlântica do Sudeste e nos cerrados do Centro-oeste brasileiros e no Paraguai; e Liophis typhlus elaeoides presente na bacia do Rio Paraguai, incluindo os Chacos do Sudeste da Bolívia, Norte do Paraguai e Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Com o objetivo de revisar taxonomicamente Liophis typhlus foram analisados 16 caracteres morfométricos e 19 merísticos de 240 espécimes. A osteologia craniana e a morfologia hemipeniana foram analisadas de forma comparativa entre os táxons. Foram identificadas diferenças sexuais significativas, utilizando o teste t. Foram realizadas Análises de Função Discriminante entre os espécimes dos táxons estudados, com o intuito de analisar se, de maneira multivariada, as amostras são diferentes entre si e quais as variáveis que estariam contribuindo para esta separação, a Análise de Variância (MANOVA) foi utilizada entre os táxons, para verificar diferenças significativas entre eles. Foi evidenciada diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas dos exemplares de L. t. elaeoides, com relação à VE, em L. t. typhlus foram evidenciadas diferenças significativas com relação a seis caracteres (CT, CCA, LCA, LFR, CMA e VE). Os resultados das análises da Função Discriminante indicaram uma clara distinção, num espaço multivariado, entre os três táxons estudados. O padrão de coloração, a morfologia hemipeniana e craniana foram importantes na diagnose das espécies. A distribuição de L. typhlus, parece estar restrita ao domínio Amazônico, tendo seu limite setentrional no norte do Mato- Grosso próximo à área de transição Amazônia-Cerrado. L. rachyurus está mais associado ao domínio Cerrado, porém ocorre em áreas de Mata Atlântica, Caatinga e Pantnal. L. elaeoides possui uma área de distribuição mais restrita associada ao Chaco e Pantanal, contudo sua distribuição foi ampliada, com análise de dois exemplares procedentes do Rio Grande do Sul. Não foi possível verificar as relações filogenéticas entre as espécies L. brachyurus, L. elaeoides e L. typhlus com as demais espécies do gênero.
The Liophis typhlus (Linnaeus, 1758) it is a species of restricted distribution to the South America, being recognized three subspecies: Liophis typhlus typhlus found in the tropical forests throughout the Amazonian basin in the following countries: Equador, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru the East of Andes, North and East of Venezuela, Guianas and Brazil; Liophis typhlus brachyurus gift in Forest Atlantic of the southeastern Brazilian, Cerrados Center-west Brazilian, and in Paraguay; and Liophis typhlus elaeoides gift in the basin of the River Paraguay, including the Chacos of southeastern of Bolivia, North of Paraguay, and Center-west of Brazil. With the objective to taxonomic revise of Liophis typhlus 16 morphometrics and 19 meristics characters of 240 specimens had been analyzed. The skull and hemipenis they had been analyzed of comparative form between taxa. Sexual differences had been identified significant, using test t. Analyses of Discriminante Function had been carried through enter studied specimens of taxa. The multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used between taxa, to verify significant differences between them. Significant difference between males and females, with regard to the, of the specimens of L. t elaeoides was evidenced. In L. t. typhlus had been evidenced significant differences with regard to six characters (CT, CCA, LCA, LFR, CMA and VE). The results of the analyses of the Discriminante Function had indicated a clear distinction between three taxa studied. The coloration pattern, the skull and hemipenis they had been important in diagnose of the species. The distribution of L. typhlus, seems to be restricted to the Amazonian, having its south limit in the north of Mato-Grosso next to the area to Amazonian-Cerrado transistion. L. brachyurus more is associated the Cerrado, however it occurs in areas of Forest Atlantic, Caatinga and Pantanal. L. elaeoides possesss an area of more restricted distribution to the Chaco and Pantanal, however its distribution was extended, with analysis of two units originating the Rio Grande do Sul. It was not possible to verify the phylogenetic relationships between species L. brachyurus, L. elaeoides and L. typhlus with the too much species of the genera.
30
Greuel, Janine. "Foraging ecology of Naja nivea and Dispholidus typus." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7879.
Анотація:
Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)It is widely reported that snakes can be major predators of avian nests, but the use of a single avian prey type by competing species has rarely been examined. This study aimed to investigate predation of a single food resource by the sympatric snakes Naja nivea and Dispholidus typus. Specifically, I aimed to 1) identify factors influencing snake presence in sociable weaver colonies and 2) quantify snake predation and potential differences in the consumption of prey by the two competing snakes. I used repeated visual surveys of sociable weavers to obtain presence-absence data of cape cobra and boomslang in sociable weaver colonies over an entire breeding season. I related the presence-absence data of the two snake species to spatially- and temporally-variable factors using principal component analyses (PCA) and multiple logistic regression analyses. The presence of snakes in sociable weaver colonies is primarily influenced by temporal factors, but spatial factors also play a role.
31
Würdinger, Stefanie [Verfasser]. "Der Triple-Net-Mietvertrag. : Typus und Gestaltungsfreiheit. / Stefanie Würdinger." Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1238439802/34.
32
Lovas, William. "Refinement Types for Logical Frameworks." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2010. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/74.
Анотація:
The logical framework LF and its metalogic Twelf can be used to encode and reason about a wide variety of logics, languages, and other deductive systems in a formal, machine-checkable way.
Recent studies have shown that ML-like languages can profitably be extended with a notion of subtyping called refinement types. A refinement type discipline uses an extra layer of term classification above the usual type system to more accurately capture certain properties of terms.
I propose that adding refinement types to LF is both useful and practical. To support the claim, I exhibit an extension of LF with refinement types called LFR,work out important details of itsmetatheory, delineate a practical algorithmfor refinement type reconstruction, andpresent several case studies that highlight the utility of refinement types for formalized mathematics. In the end I find that refinement types and LF are a match made in heaven: refinements enable many rich new modes of expression, and the simplicity of LF ensures that they come at a modest cost.
33
Cameron, Nicholas Robert. "Existential Types for Variance - Java Wildcards and Ownership Types." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503847.
34
Taglialatela, Carla. "Conscience de rôle et personnalités pathologiques : analyse de la désinvolture." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC073/document.
Анотація:
L’étude qui s’ouvre se propose d’explorer, de définir et de valider une question d’un grand intérêt épistémologique transdisciplinaire, celui de l’existence des rôles, de la conscience de rôle et des relations de rôles. Elle veut donner un statut et une fonction à cette notion de rôle pour les sciences humaines, cela en prêtant attention aux évolutions de ces rôles au cours des derniers siècles. Partant de l’idée que nous sommes toujours en rôle, qu’il n’y a pas d’hors-rôle possible, que la rencontre intersubjective se fait toujours à travers des rôles, transitoires ou pérennes, cette recherche veut voir les aspects positifs et structurants, et aussi ses écueils, autant pour l’individu que pour le corps social, de ce système ou dispositif des rôles. La constitution de ces rôles et de leurs contenus réalise en effet un dispositif médiateur d’une importance particulière, définissant selon diverses modalités les attentes et accords que nous avons les uns vis-à-vis des autres, régulant l’organisation des liens et des tâches. Nous verrons comment les rôles se constituent, s’édifient, se redéfinissent et se réinventent constamment. Cette question du partage des rôles et de l’adhésion de chacun aux rôles, éventuelle et toujours problématique, doit être pensée dans la perspective du vivant. Un regard phylogénétique permet d’inscrire la formation du système des rôles comme une nécessité du vivant : pour confirmer cette thèse, on a eu recours non seulement à l’observation du monde animal mais on a voulu considérer également l’hypothèse de la néoténie humaine. S’approchant des implications psychologiques et psychopathologiques de la question, il revient à cette recherche d’explorer les différentes manières et modalités par lesquelles on se rapporte aux rôles. Sommes-nous toujours conscients du fait que nous occupons un ou plusieurs rôles et que c’est à nous d’en élaborer ou concevoir le cahier de charge ? Comment et pourquoi y adhérer ? C’est à partir de ces questions que s’est imposée l’analyse de la désinvolture, attitude qui porte la marque d’une légèreté ou négligence dans l’engagement et l’investissement de ces rôles que chacun s’est assigné d’occuper : par cette légèreté, par des impensées ou des négligences, faute d’une conscience de rôle pas ou peu élaborée, l’individu est souvent amené à échouer dans son rôle, à le manquer, sans lui restituer de réponses de substitutions. Une analyse anthropo-phénoménologique de la désinvolture montrera comment cette attitude, très proche de l’immaturité au point d’en être, dans certains cas, considérée comme une ultime manifestation, est présente, de manières différentes, aussi dans divers contextes pathologiques (personnalités pathologiques ou parfois pathologies véritables) soit par excès ou par défaut (chez le Typus Melancolicus, la désinvolture est totalement absente). Entre normalité et pathologies (pathopsychologiques aussi bien que pathoéducatives), le statut de la désinvolture est complexe car cette attitude est également associée à de nombreuses transgressions, que ce soit volontairement ou involontairement, par les nombreux impensés de rôle qui la caractérisent : le domaine de la sécurité routière exprime bien la dynamique désinvolte par le grand nombre de fautes d’imprudences, imprévoyances, inconséquences ou négligences ressortissant à ce registre des comportements désinvoltes. L’étude des liens entre désinvolture et transgressions alimente ainsi l’analyse formelle de la transgression (transgressologie générale). Une transgressologie générale se doit de mettre en évidence les modalités et raisons primaires de ces transgressions, quels que soient les accords préalables et la nature de ce qui est transgresséThis study aims to explore, define and validate a topic of great epistemological transdisciplinary interest, which is the existence of roles (anthropological, emotional and social roles), the role-consciousness and the role relationships. Indeed, the study aims to provide a status and a function to the notion of role for the human sciences, paying attention to the evolution of roles over the latest centuries. Taking into the account that we are always in the role (thrown to roles), the out-role is not possible, the inter-meeting is carried out through transient or everlasting roles, this research aims to consider its positive and its structuring aspects but also its obstacles, both referred to the individual and the social body. In fact, the establishment of roles and their contents outlines a particularly important mediator device, defining, in different ways, expectations and agreements that might have both elements, adjusting the organization of ties (benefits, obligations and constraints) and tasks. We will analyze whether this system of roles allows a limitation of the conflicts and an optimization of ergonomic or emotional subdivision, whether these roles can receive adaptations, redefinitions and necessary modulations. We will see how the roles are constantly built, redefined and reinvented. The issue of the partition of roles and the compliance of each person to his own role, if any and always problematic, must be analyzed from the living perspective. A phylogenetic perspective allows us to look at the formation of the system of roles as one of the living necessities: to confirm this thesis, we have observed not only the animal world, but we have also considered the possibility of human neoteny.Approaching the psychological and psychopathological implications of the matter, the task of this research is to explore the different ways by which we relate to the roles. Are we always aware of the fact we play one or more roles, and that we are in charge of elaborating the relevant tasks? How and why to join them? Starting from these questions, an analysis on nonchalance has emerged. The nonchalance, also defined as ease or calmness, is the attitude of carelessness or negligence in the commitment and investment of the roles that each person has chosen to play: through this carelessness or negligence, through what has not been thought (or evaluated) the individual is often led to fail in his role, to miss it, without giving him alternative answers. This happens due to a little or not elaborate role-consciousness. An anthropological-phenomenological analysis will show how this attitude of nonchalance - very close to immaturity to the point of being considered, in some cases, as a last manifestation of immaturity - is present in a different ways, also in various pathological contexts (pathological personality or sometimes true pathologies), both for defect and for excess (the Typus melancolicus does not express nonchalance at all).Stuck between normality and pathology, the status of nonchalance is complex since this attitude is associated with numerous voluntary or involuntary transgressions, due to the many aspects that have not been previously taken into account and that characterize it: the field of road safety shows the ease dynamic works, because of the many errors committed by imprudence, improvidence, incoherence or negligence that belong to the register of nonchalant behavior. The study of the links between confidence and transgressions feeds the formal analysis of the transgression (General transgressology). A general trasngressology has the task of highlighting the mode and the primary reasons for these transgressions, whatever the agreement and nature of what has been transgressed is
35
Salas, Schweikart Raimundo Felipe. "Participación del factor RpoN en la regulación de rfaH de S. Typhi." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2006. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/105496.
Анотація:
Memoria para optar al título de BioquímicoSalmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) es una patógeno exclusivo del ser humano y agente causal de la fiebre tifoidea. Esta enfermedad constituye un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Nuestro trabajo se ha enfocado a comprender la regulación de la producción del lipopolisacárido (LPS) y su papel en la virulencia de esta bacteria. El LPS es el componente principal de la envoltura de las bacterias Gram negativas y, por lo tanto, es un importante mediador de las interacciones con el hospedero. Estudios anteriores de nuestro laboratorio han demostrado que la producción del antígeno O (AgO), el componente más externo de la molécula de LPS, varía durante el crecimiento bacteriano, aumentando en las fases exponencial tardía y estacionaria. Esta modulación es mediada por el factor RfaH, que regula positivamente la transcripción del operón wba encargado de la síntesis del AgO. La expresión del gen rfaH también aumenta en la etapa de transición a fase estacionaria y su activación requiere la función del factor sigma alternativo RpoN. En este trabajo se estudió el mecanismo de activación de la transcripción de rfaH mediado por RpoN. Se planteó como hipótesis que el factor sigma de estrés RpoN regula la expresión de rfaH en S. Typhi, mediante la unión directa a la región promotora de rfaH o indirectamente a través de proteínas accesorias. El hallazgo previo de la existencia de dos sitios de inicio de la transcripción con sus respectivos promotores, se confirmó mediante la construcción de vectores reporteros que contienen fusiones transcripcionales de los respectivos promotores P1 o P2 al gen lacZ. Se demostró que el promotor P1 es el responsable de la regulación fase-dependiente de la transcripción de rfaH, en cambio el promotor P2 contribuiría marginalmente a esta regulación. Se estudio la unión de RpoN a una probable secuencia de reconocimiento de este factor sigma en el promotor P1. Para esto se clonó el marco de lectura en el vector pET-21b(+) y se sobreexpresó y purificó la proteína recombinante RpoN-HisTag mediante cromatografía de afinidad a Ni. Se utilizó una fracción altamente purificada de esta proteína en ensayos de retardo en geles (EMSA). Se demostró que RpoN no se une al promotor P1 y por lo tanto no participa directamente en la regulación fase-dependiente de rfaH. La regulación mediada por este factor sigma es dependiente de su activación por proteínas activadoras, denominadas "enhancer binding proteins" (EBP). Para identificar la EBP que participa en la regulación de rfaH, se construyeron mutantes por deleción en 6 genes para las probables EBPs encontradas en el genoma de S. Typhi. De estas mutaciones, sólo aquella en ygaA, factor encargado de la transcripción de genes para detoxificar NO, presentó un efecto significativo sobre la transcripción de la fusión rfaH-lacZ, que consistió en un aumento de la actividad β-galactosidasa durante la fase exponencial temprana. Los resultados de este trabajo indican que la regulación transcripcional fase-dependiente de rfaH es mediada de forma indirecta por RpoN, a través de proteínas accesorias que serían reguladas por este factor sigma para ejercer su efecto sobre el promotor P1.
36
Witt, Ingo. "Local asymptotic types." Universität Potsdam, 2002. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2634/.
Анотація:
The local theory of asymptotic types is elaborated. It appears as coordinate-free version of part of GOHBERG-SIGAL's theory of the inversion of finitely meromorphic, operator-valued functions at a point.
37
Russo, Claudio V. "Types for modules." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/385.
Анотація:
The programming language Standard ML is an amalgam of two, largely orthogonal, languages. The Core language expresses details of algorithms and data structures. The Modules language expresses the modular architecture of a software system. Both languages are statically typed, with their static and dynamic semantics specified by a formal definition. Over the past decade, Standard ML Modules has been the source of inspiration for much research into the type-theoretic foundations of modules languages. Despite these efforts, a proper type-theoretic understanding of its static semantics has remained elusive. In this thesis, we use Type Theory as a guideline to reformulate the unconventional static semantics of Modules, providing a basis for useful extensions to the Modules language. Our starting point is a stylised presentation of the existing static semantics of Modules, parameterised by an arbitrary Core language. We claim that the type-theoretic concepts underlying Modules are type parameterisation, type quantification and subtyping. We substantiate this claim by giving a provably equivalent semantics with an alternative, more type-theoretic presentation. In particular, we show that the notion of type generativity corresponds to existential quantification over types. In contrast to previous accounts, our analysis does not involve first-order dependent types. Our first extension generalises Modules to higher-order, allowing modules to take parameterised modules as arguments, and return them as results. We go beyond previous proposals for higher-order Modules by supporting a notion of type generativity. We give a sound and complete algorithm for type-checking higher-order Modules. Our second extension permits modules to be treated as first-class citizens of an ML-like Core language, greatly extending the range of computations on modules. Each extension arises from a natural generalisation of our type-theoretic semantics. This thesis also addresses two pragmatic concerns. First, we propose a simple approach to the separate compilation of Modules, which is adequate in practice but has theoretical limitations. We suggest a modified syntax and semantics that alleviates these limitations. Second, we study the type inference problem posed by uniting our extensions to higher-order and first-class modules with an implicitly-typed, ML-like Core language. We present a hybrid type inference algorithm that integrates the classical algorithm for ML with the type-checking algorithm for Modules.
38
Lehmann, Meléndez Nicolás Emilio. "Gradual refinement types." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144325.
Анотація:
Magíster en Ciencias, Mención ComputaciónLos tipos refinados (Refinement Types) son una técnica efectiva de verificación basada en lenguajes que extienden la expresividad de los sistemas de tipos tradicionales incluyendo la posibilidad de restringir valores usando predicados lógicos. Sin embargo, como cualquier otra disciplina de tipos expresiva, obligan a los programadores a lidiar con las estrictas restricciones impuestas por los tipos. Esto puede resultar ser demasiado tedioso para los programadores, especialmente en etapas tempranas de desarrollo donde el código cambia constantemente. Nosotros conjeturamos que esta rigidez no deseada puede obstaculizar la adopción de los tipos refinados. Los tipos graduales (Gradual Typing) permiten combinar la flexibilidad de los lenguajes dinámicamente tipados con las garantías otorgadas por los lenguajes estáticamente tipados. Usando tipos graduales, los programadores pueden comenzar un desarrollo con código chequeado completamente de forma dinámica y aprovechar la flexibilidad de las construcciones idiomáticas típicas de los lenguajes dinámicos. A medida que el código se vuelve más estable, el programador o la programadora puede escoger verificar estáticamente ciertas porciones del programa, haciendo precisos los tipos en esos puntos. Finalmente, si lo desea, también puede decidir verificar el código completamente de forma estática. Los sistemas de tipos graduales aseguran una transición suave entre estos distintos niveles de precisión. Esta tesis demuestra como los tipos graduales pueden ser extendidos para soportar los tipos refinados, permitiendo una evolución suave además de interoperabilidad entre tipos simples y tipos lógicamente refinados. Al hacer esto, se atacan dos desafíos previamente inexplorados en la literatura sobre tipos graduales: lidiar con información lógica imprecisa y con la presencia de tipos dependientes. El primer desafío condujo a una noción crucial de localidad para fórmulas, mientras que el segundo desafío terminó en la definición de novedosos operadores relacionados con substitución al nivel de tipos y términos, que identifican nuevas oportunidades para errores en tiempo de ejecución en lenguajes graduales con tipos dependientes.
Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por CONICYT - PCHA Magíster Nacional 2015-22150894
39
SAYAG, EMILIE. "Types intersections simples." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077286.
Анотація:
Le typage statique polymorphe est un trait majeur des langages fonctionnels tels que ml. Cependant, les liens entre les types statiques polymorphes inferes par le compilateur et les types dynamiques en cours d'execution est un probleme important pour le developpement de ces langages, par exemple pour des outils de mise au point des programmes. Afin d'apporter un cadre theorique a ce probleme, nous etudions la relation entre inference de type et beta-reduction a travers l'etude complete d'un nouveau systeme de types intersections, appeles types intersections simples. En effet, les systemes de types intersections permettent de typer une large classe de lambda-termes, et semblent donc suffisamment expressifs pour servir de base a l'etude de la reconstruction dynamique de types. Nous commencons par montrer que notre systeme de types possede les proprietes les plus importantes des systemes de types intersections classiques : caracterisation des termes normalisables et normalisables en tete, correction par rapport a un modele de termes, existence d'un type principal pour les lambda-termes normalisables. Nous donnons ensuite une description detaillee de la structure des types principaux, puis un algorithme de reconstruction d'une forme normale a partir d'un type principal. Nous prouvons ainsi l'equivalence entre formes normales et types principaux. La connaissance de la structure des types principaux nous permet alors de simplifier la definition de l'operation d'expansion et de justifier theoriquement cette definition. Nous proposons enfin un semi-algorithme d'inference base sur une reecriture des types. Cette reecriture met en evidence l'equivalence entre l'inference de types et la beta-reduction, puisqu'alors inferer un type pour un lambda-terme revient a mettre un type en forme normale et donc a simuler la normalisation du lambda-terme.
40
Maslovska. "TYPES OF PROGRAMMERS." Thesis, Київ 2018, 2018. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/33811.
41
Dugas, David M. ""Six house types"." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91031.
Анотація:
This thesis seeks to explore, through making.
The object of this making is, as Kahn has said, house. as opposed to a house; or, the house type seen as a generative tool rather than as a singular definitive manifestation of some set of circumstantial needs.
The house is the one intellectual model in architecture which can bring to thinking in design a set of questions in which dwelling in its richest sense can be studied.
Questions of how dwelling is made more possible through the configurations of architecture without the necessity of introducing artificial symbolic structures which cast the physical, material reality of architectural elements into a secondary level of significance, are raised in this thesis through the making of six house types.
The houses are made as a series and are seen as typological structures in which the configuration of possible ways of dwelling are sketched.M. Arch.
42
Sironi, Eugenia. "Types in Ludics." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4001/document.
Анотація:
Cette thèse propose une repréesentation de la notion de type, avec un intérêt particulier pour les types d'ependants, en Ludique.La Ludique est une th'eorie introduite par Girard. Elle vient d'une fine analyse du fragment multiplicative, additive polarisé de la Logique Linéaire (MALL_p). Un des ses buts est de reconstruire la logique à partir de la notion d'intéraction. Un type est une classe d'objets qui se comportent de la m^eme fac{c}on par rapport aux autres objets. La notion de type est commune à plusieurs domaines comme la Théorie de la Calculabilité, la Sémantique des Jeux et la Théorie Intuitioniste de Types de Martin-Lof. Avec la terminologie de Martin-Lof, le termes canoniques d'un type sont les éléments primitives du type, c'est à dire les objets qui le caractérisent. Les termes non canoniques sont les termes obtenu appliquant une opération aux termes canoniques et une fois calculés donnent un terme canonique. Les termes sont vu comme des programmes et deux termes sont égaux quand leur calcul donne le même résultat, c'est à dire le même terme canonique. On introduit la notion de comportement principal, qui est bien adapté à la représentation des termes canoniques. On introduit aussi la notion de comportement séparable, qui nous donne un outil pour définir les fonctions de manière simple.On représente les nombres naturelles, les listes, les records, les fonctions dépendantes, les couples et on discutes les records dépendantes.On se focalise après sur la Théorie de Martin-Lof pour proposer une représentation de certaines types de base et constructionsThis thesis proposes a representation of the notion of type, with a particular interest on dependent types, in Ludics.Ludics is a theory introduced by Girard cite{LocSol}. It comes from a fine analysis of the multiplicative, additive fragment of polarized Linear Logic (MALL_p). One of its aim is to reconstruct logic from the notion of interaction. A type is a class of objects that behave in the same way with respect to other objects.The notion of type is common to several domains as Computation Theory, Game Semantics and Martin-Lof's Intuitionistic Type Theory.Using the terminology of Martin-Lof, the canonical terms of a type are the primitive elements of the type, that is the objects that characterize it. The non-canonical terms are the terms obtained by applying some operations on canonical terms and that once computed give a canonical term. Terms are seen as programs and two terms are equal when their computation gives the same result, that is the same canonical term.We introduce the notion of principal behaviour, that is well-suited to represent canonical terms. We introduce also the notion of separable behaviour, that gives us a tool to define functions in a simple way.We represent natural numbers, lists, records, dependent functions, pairs and discuss dependent record types. We focus then on Martin-Lof's Type Theory and propose a representation for some basic types and constructions
43
Revell, Timothy. "Types, categories, actions." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2016. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26534.
Анотація:
This thesis explores relational parametricity using fibrations. We present a complementary view of Reynolds's relational parametricity using the relations fibration. This approach allows us to uncover some of the hidden categorical structure present in Reynolds's original definitions and results, leading to new insights in the study of parametricity. In a similar vain we provide an alternative parametric model of System F using group actions, which has some novel differences to the standard relational model. We then alter the type system leading to a general categorical framework for type systems with dimension types. We develop some informative models of this type theory, including a model based on group actions that captures invariance under scaling.
44
Zanardo, Isabella <1996>. "Types of Innovation." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18426.
Анотація:
Innovation is a charming topic nowadays, nonetheless a widely discussed one.
It is generally defined as the process of converting new ideas and inventions into practical products or services that generate value for consumers. However, the process of innovation always starts with creativity. In this way, innovation is presented as a proper person’s characteristic.
All the most frequently used innovation’s instruments of analysis, unfortunately, lack a critical characteristic: they are not provided with the sensibility necessary to examine and inspect individuals. Considering a stereotyped idea of innovation and not able to catch the multitude of nuances that human psychological traits can add to the innovation process, those tools must at least be coupled with instruments necessary for the analysis of individuals proposed by psychology.
For this reason, the main tool of analysis considered for the thesis project is the MBTI (Myer-Briggs Types Indicator) test.
Following this direction, a group of key employees of ABB Hitachi Power Grids (Comem operating unit) has been interviewed; to do so, a MBTI test and a questionnaire on the perceived level of innovation of the company have been applied. The two tools are somehow complementary, since one relates to innovation as a person’s characteristic and the other to the practical innovation level of the company.
The aim of the project is to effectively determine the group’s degree of innovation and to eventually improve it, both at personal and at practical/technological level.
45
Husianycia, Magali. "Caractérisation de types de discours dans des situations de travail." Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN21021/document.
Анотація:
L'objectif de cette étude consiste en la caractérisation de types de discours dans des situations de travail. Nous avons tenté de définir des types de discours à partir de critères linguistiques et en considérant les cadres actionnels qui sous-tendent les discours. Dans un premier temps, nous précisons le cadre théorique et méthodologique de notre travail en nous positionnant sur le concept de « type de discours » que nous différencions de celui de « genre ». En outre, pour définir notre cadre théorique, nous avons mené une réflexion sur l'histoire de la place du langage dans les activités de travail depuis le XVIIè siècle, et nous nous sommes appuyée sur des analyses de pratiques langagières en situation de travail menées au sein de différentes disciplines. À partir de ce cadre théorique pluridisciplinaire, nous avons pu développer une méthodologie pour le recueil et la constitution de corpus et une méthodologie d'analyse fondée sur un découpage séquentiel des discours. Notre recherche a fait sept types de séquence regroupés en trois types linguistiques (langage expositif, langage de co-action et langage péri-professionnel) et correspondant à trois types de discours (langage sur le travail, langage comme travail et langage dans le travail). Chaque type de séquence est caractérisé par des critères linguistiques récurrents soumis à une analyse qualitative et quantitative. Le type de séquence dominant détermine le type linguistique majeur et donc le type de discours. Cette analyse, couplée avec une analyse du cadre actionnel des activités, nous permet de mettre en évidence l?interdépendance entre langage et activité, et nous conduit à caractériser des types de discours en lien avec le type d'activitéThe purpose of this study is to characterise the types of discourse to be found in work situations. I have tried to define discourse types on the basis of linguistic criteria, taking into account the "actional frameworks" that underpin the discourse. Firstly I have outlined the theoretical and methodological framework of my research and I have opted for the concept of "discourse types" as distinct from "genres". To further develop my theoretical framework, I have investigated the history of language in the workplace since the 17th century with the help of analyses of language practice in work situations in different disciplines. On the basis of this multidisciplinary theoretical framework, I have developed a methodology for the constitution of my corpus and for an analysis based on a sequential division of the discourse. My research has identified seven types of discourse sequences based on three linguistic types (expository language, co-actional language and peri-professional language). Each type of sequence is characterised by recurring linguistic criteria which have been subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses. The predominant type of sequence determines the major linguistic type and therefore the discourse type. This analysis, in conjunction with an analysis of the "actional framework" of the activities, has revealed the interdependence of language and activity and led to a characterisation of discourse types in relation to types of activity
46
Nilsen, Espen Hobber. "Mulighetsstudie for passivhuskonseptet benyttet på forskjellige typehus i forskjellige klima i Norge." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18452.
47
Bejleri, Andi. "Parameterised session types communication patterns : through the looking glass of session types." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9475.
Анотація:
This dissertation studies a type theory to guarantee communication-safety in sessions of an arbitrary number of participants, typically represented as communication patterns, of mobile processes in the context of multiparty session types— a well-established type theory that describes the interactive structure of a fixed number of processes from a global point of view and type-checks the processes through projection of the global type onto the participants of the session. Communication-safety is the property that mobile processes exchange values of the same set without deadlocking and data races. Our study introduces a programming idiom of roles— a concept that describes the nature of a communication pattern in a similar way to classes in Java and C#, offering a design on how to incorporate parameterised session types into a mainstream language. The formal model (1) preserves multiparty session types’ syntax and type-checking strategy, and (2) allows the number of participants to range over infinite sets of natural numbers, providing full computation power of programs. A series of communication patterns and real-world examples from parallel algorithms and data exchange protocols demonstrate the expressiveness and practicality of the formal model, comparing the model with the only mature implementation of (binary) session types. We proved that type preservation under reduction and communication-safety hold in the type system. The study of parameterised session types is supported by the examination of multiparty session types for synchronous communications. We extended the initial work on multiparty session types with a simpler calculus, multicast send of values and labels, a practical form of higher-order communication and a more intuitive, elegant linearity property; we proved that (a) type preservation and communication-safety hold in the type system, and (b) interactions of a typeable process follow exactly the description of the global type.
48
柳井, 裕道, and HIROMICHI YANAI. "On Degenerate CM-types." Elsevier, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16361.
49
Gay, James Robert Kishore. "Computably extendible order types." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13976/.
Анотація:
In this thesis we consider, from a computability perspective, the question of what order-theoretic properties of a partial order can be preserved under linear extension. It is well-known that such properties as well-foundedness or scatteredness can be preserved, that is, given any well-founded partial order you can find a well-founded linear extension and mutatis mutandis for scattered partial orders. An order type σ is extendible if a partial order that does not embed σ can always be extended to a linear order that does not extend σ. So for example “given any well-founded partial order, you can find a well-founded linear extension” is equivalent to saying that ω^∗ is extendible. The extendible order types were classified by Bonnet [3] in 1969. We define notions of computable extendibility and then apply them to investigate the computable extendibility of three commonly used order types, ω^∗ , ω^∗ + ω and η. In Chapter 2 we prove that given a computably well-founded computable partial order, you can find a computably well-founded ω-c.e. linear extension, and further that this result doesn’t hold for n-c.e. for any finite n. In Chapter 3 we show how to extend these results for linearisations of computable partial orders which do not embed ζ = ω^∗ + ω. In Chapter 4 we prove the analogous results for scattered partial orders.
50
Chen, Wei. "Types, rings, and games." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12532/.
Анотація:
Algebraic equations on complex numbers and functional equations on generating functions are often used to solve combinatorial problems. But the introduction of common arithmetic operators such as subtraction and division always causes panic in the world of objects which are generated from constants by applying products and coproducts. Over the years, researchers have been endeavouring to interpretate some absurd calculations on objects which lead to meaningful combinatorial results. This thesis investigates connections between algebraic equations on complex numbers and isomorphisms of recursively defined objects. We are attempting to work out conditions under which isomorphisms between recursively defined objects can be decided by equalities between polynomials on multi-variables with integers as coefficients.