Статті в журналах: "Two-spotted spider mite"

1

Bostanian, Noubar J., Martin Trudeau, and Jacques Lasnier. "Management of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae [Acari: Tetranychidae] in eggplant fields." Phytoprotection 84, no. 1 (January 9, 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007439ar.

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Summary A three-season field evaluation showed that eggplants (Solanum melongena) are very tolerant to damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Although large numbers of the predacious mites, Neoseiulus fallacis or Phytoseiulus persimilis were released, biological control of the two-spotted spider mite could not be sustained in the field. Based on a preliminary comparison of yield in both sprayed and unsprayed plots and on a three-year qualitative assessment, a tentative action threshold of 600 two-spotted spider mites per leaf would not decrease yield and would reduce the number of acaricide treatments per season. The new acaricide spirodiclofen was effective against the two-spotted spider mite in a preliminary trial.

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Langston, William C. "Two Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1990." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.186.

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Abstract This test was designed to compare ABG-6277A to Kelthane for control of two-spotted spider mite. Delta Pine 50 was planted 8 May in plots 8 rows × 40 ft long. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were infested with TSSM by placing one infested bean plant every 3 steps along the center 2 rows of each plot on 29 Jun. Mite predators were reduced by weekly sprayings of Asana 0.025 lb (AI)/acre beginning on 28 Jun. Treatments were applied 11 and 18 Jul with a Hi Boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches delivering 10 gpa. The percent mite infested leaves in the 5th and 6th position from the terminal was determined by examining 25 leaves on the center 2 rows of each plot. Sampling dates were 18 and 24 Jul and 1 and 7 Aug. Yield was not measured because of leaf blight which partially defoliated plots.

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Gillman, Jeffrey H., Michael A. Dirr, and S. Kristine Braman. "Gradients in Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms of Buddleia L. Taxa to the Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 2 (March 1999): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.2.114.

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Buddleia taxa were assessed for two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) resistance using a leaf disk bioassay, a novel shell vial bioassay and a field trial. Leaf pubescence and chemistry were examined for their role in two-spotted spider mite resistance. Results from bioassays and field sampling identified highly resistant taxa including B. fallowiana Balif. `Alba' and B. davidii × B. fallowiana Franch. `Cornwall Blue' as well as susceptible taxa including B. davidii Franch. `African Queen' and B. lindleyana Fort. ex Lindl. `Gloster'. The shell vial bioassay was an accurate predictor of field resistance to spider mite. Leaf pubescence was quantified by calculating the collective length of trichome branches per square millimeter of leaf surface area [effective branch length (EBL)]. EBL values ranged from 39 to 162 mm·mm-2 of leaf surface area among Buddleia taxa. Resistance was positively correlated with increased pubescence. Removal of pubescence by peeling resulted in increased oviposition of two-spotted spider mites. Exposing female two-spotted spider mites to a methylene chloride extract of B. davidii × B. fallowiana `Cornwall Blue' using a modified shell vial bioassay resulted in reduced oviposition and a methylene chloride extract of B. davidii `African Queen' resulted in no difference in oviposition when compared with a control. While pubescence is the best indicator of resistance to the two-spotted spider mite in Buddleia taxa, it is possible that defensive compounds are involved.

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Szafranek, Piotr. "Occurrence of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on Potentilla fruticosa Cultivars." Journal of Horticultural Research 24, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johr-2016-0017.

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Abstract Potentilla fruticosa L. (Rosaceae Juss.) is one of the most popular deciduous shrubs cultivated in Poland. Among pests identified so far on P. fruticosa, a serious threat is caused by two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). During three-year study, the occurrence of two-spotted spider mite T. urticae on four cultivars of P. fruticosa: ‘Goldfinger’, ‘McKay’s White’, ‘Uman’ and ‘Pink Beauty’ grown in field conditions was compared. While conducting experiment, weather conditions were monitored. The number of eggs and motile forms of two-spotted spider mite were recorded separately. The most attractive cultivar to spider mite was ‘Goldfinger’. The largest amount of motile forms of mites and their eggs were found on the leaves of this cultivar in all three years of study. The least number of pests occurred on the cv. ‘Pink Beauty’. However, differences in the abundance of this pest on all studied cultivars were variable during the growing seasons.

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Vidrih, Matej, Anja Turnšek, Magda Rak Cizej, Tanja Bohinc, and Stanislav Trdan. "Results of the Single Release Efficacy of the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) against the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on a Hop Plantation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010118.

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In 2015, we studied the efficiency of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) for suppression of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae in a field experiment at a hop plantation. We randomly arranged four treatments in a three-block experiment. Fungicides were used in all treatments; insecticides were used in all treatments except the predatory mite treatment and acaricides were used in only two treatments. A single inundative release of the mite N. californicus was carried out on 4 July. On four different dates (10 June, 17 July, 29 July and 9 August), we counted the eggs and the mobile stages (larvae, nymphs and adults) of the two-spotted spider mite in all four treatments. In the treatment with the predatory mite, we established the fewest eggs and mobile stages of T. urticae 14 days after the release of the predator. The selected acaricides in our research acted in a primarily ovicidal manner, but we did not detect satisfactory effects on the mobile stages of the two-spotted spider mite. This result suggests the emergence of resistance of two-spotted spider mites to the acaricides hexythiazox and abamectin. Our research established comparable effects of the predatory mite N. californicus and acaricides, and further improvement of the efficiency would require release of the natural enemy into a hop plantation in mid-June, followed by a second release three weeks later. The costs of acaricide use in our experiment were from 12.7-fold (two sprayings of hexythiazox, and a single spraying with abamectin) to 17.8-fold (single treatments of hexythiazox and abamectin) lower than those of a single release of the biological control agent in question. The results of our study represent a starting point for future research, which could achieve satisfactory results in suppressing two-spotted spider mites on a hop plantation by repeated use of the predatory mite N. californicus.

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6

Gillman, Jeff, Michael Dirr, and Kristine Braman. "Factors Affecting the Resistance of Buddleia Species to the Two-Spotted Spider Mite." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 595A—595. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.595a.

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Buddleia species are attractive ornamental shrubs whose major cultural problem is infestations of the two-spotted spider mite. Two factors, drought stress and leaf pubescence, were examined for their effects on spider mite infestations. Drought stress was examined by placing 20 plants into a randomized block design and stressing ten of the plants. No differences in mite life parameters were found, although there was more uninfested area in nonstressed plants. This was probably due to the nonstressed plants' ability to outgrow the spider mite infestation. Leaf texture was examined by placing four female spider mites on 5 leaf disks of 37 cultivars and species of Buddleia and counting the number of eggs laid after 96 hours. There was a strong correlation between leaf pubescence and number of eggs laid. In a second experiment, using a shell vial with a leaf placed underneath the lid and five female spider mites in the vial itself, leaf pubescence was either removed with facial peel or left. In all cases but one, the removal of pubescence increased the number of eggs laid by the spider mites.

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7

Sparks, Thomas C., John R. Skomp, Jon Babcock, and Chaoxian Geng. "Biogenic amines in the two-spotted spider mite." Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25, no. 1 (1994): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940250102.

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Salmane, Ineta. "Effect Of Agrotechnical Measures And Varieties On Seasonal Dynamics Of Tetranychus Urticae Koch (Acari, Trombidiformes, Tetranychidae) On High Tunnel-Cultivated Garden Strawberries." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2015): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0005.

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Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine the seasonal pattern of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on strawberries cultivated in polythene-covered high tunnels in temperate climatic conditions. Various cultivars were used and the effect of modification of plant covering indices on abundance and incidence of these mites was also tested. The number of two-spotted spider mites was relatively low at the beginning of the vegetation season and started to increase when average air temperature rose above 20 to 25 °C. In the experiment two types of tunnels differing in additional plant cover were used. The maximum mite abundance did not significantly vary between varieties in tunnel 1 conditions, but it was significantly lower for variety 'Sonata' in tunnel 2 conditions. Mite numbers significantly declined after strawberry foliage mowing and removal of polythene cover. Mite development was prolonged in tunnel 1, where additional cover of plants was used and higher early season air temperature was recorded in comparison to tunnel 2. It was concluded that increase in early season temperature can increase two-spotted spider mite abundance and have a more negative effect on strawberry plants in respect of foliage damage by mites.

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Pulga, Paulo Sérgio, Juliane Maciel Henshel, Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende, André Ricardo Zeist, Aline Fabiana Paladini Moreira, André Gabriel, Mayara Barbosa Silva, and Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves. "Salicylic acid treatments induce resistance to Tuta absoluta and Tetranychus urticae on tomato plants." Horticultura Brasileira 38, no. 3 (September 2020): 288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620200308.

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ABSTRACT This study was performed to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid as a resistance inducer to two-spotted spider mite and tomato pinworm on tomato genotypes. Bioassays were carried out in three commercial genotypes (‘Redenção’, ‘Giuliana’, and ‘Alambra’) and one wild genotype (Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum, accession PI-127826). Average distance travelled by the two-spotted spider mite and number of eggs deposited over the leaflets of the genotypes were investigated. Concerning pinworm bioassay, number of eggs, leafminers on leaflet surface and percentage of leaf area consumed by leafminers were evaluated using a scanner. Furthermore, severity of attack to plants was evaluated by score scale for damages, types of lesions and attacked leaflets. Salicylic acid application induced resistance in the commercial genotypes against both pests, reducing the two-spotted spider mite and pinworm oviposition. The spider mites travelled shorter distance on leaflets of genotypes treated with salicylic acid at intermediate concentrations, indicating a positive effect of substance as inducing resistance. Attack severity by pinworm was also reduced when intermediate doses of salicylic acid were applied. Also, higher resistance was observed on accession PI-127826 as compared to other genotypes. The obtained results indicate that the resistance of PI-127826 was due to constitutive defense, whereas on commercial genotypes defense was dependent on responses mediated by salicylic acid. Hence, salicylic acid treatment, as resistance inducer, seems to be efficient against two-spotted spider mite and pinworm, being a promising tool within an integrated pest management on tomato plants.

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Grazzini, Richard, Donald Walters, Jody Harmon, David J. Hesk, Diana Cox-Foster, June Medford, Richard Craig, and Ralph O. Mumma. "Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium ×hortorum." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 3 (May 1997): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.3.373.

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Diploid zonal geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum) are able to resist attack by small arthropod pests such as the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) when exudate produced by tall glandular trichomes contains a high percentage of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids. Trichomes of susceptible plants exude primarily saturated anacardic acids. Inbred mite-resistant and -susceptible geraniums were reciprocally crossed and the F1, F2, and backcross generations were examined for anacardic acid composition and trichome density. Selected F2 plants were bioassayed for resistance to two-spotted spider mites. High concentrations of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids in resistant plants are conditioned by a single dominant allele. We propose that inheritance of tall glandular trichome density can be controlled by a small number of loci (possibly as few as one) exhibiting codominance. F2, with low densities of tall glandular trichomes and producing ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids, displayed effective resistance to two-spotted spider mites as measured by mite mortality and fecundity. A genetic model for the biosynthesis of anacardic acids is proposed.

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Doğan, Salih, Mustafa Çağlar, Bülent Çağlar, Çağrı Çırak, and Erhan Zeytun. "Structural characterization of the silk of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)." Systematic and Applied Acarology 22, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.22.4.11.

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The present investigation was undertaken to obtain information about the structural and morphological properties of the silk of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) by means of the atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrophotometer (EDX) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) techniques. AFM images show that the shapes of silken threads produced by both female and male mites are similar and have non-uniform cylindrical structure. In general, the appearance of silks produced by female mites is smoother than those of the male mites. In addition, it is determined that the silk threads produced by both female and male individuals have single and double stranded structure. There were differences in the thread dimensions of female and male which could depend on the body size of the mites. However, there is no statistically significant correlation between the body size of the mites and their thread dimensions. The silk material was found to consist predominantly of C, N and O elements and minor fractions of Al, P, Cl and K. The ATR-FTIR spectrum of the silk of two-spotted spider mite exhibited characteristic vibrational modes originating from amid groups, which were attributed to random coil and β-sheet molecular conformation in the protein structure of the silk of two-spotted spider mite. Understanding the features of the two-spotted spider mite silks may be of practical importance for the future studies related to biomaterial and material science.

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Nam, Myeong Hyeon, Hyun Sook Kim, InHa Lee, Jeong Hak Seo, and Byung Joo Lee. "Suppression of Powdery Mildew and Two-Spotted Spider Mite by UV-B Radiation and Mulching Type of Strawberry Cultivation in the Greenhouse." Research in Plant Disease 28, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2022.28.2.61.

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Powdery mildew and two-spotted spider mite are detrimental to strawberry plants and are controlled with traditional pesticides. To accommodate consumer demand, eco-friendly methods of pest control are required. Strawberries were cultivated (in soil and in a hydroponic system) for two years, and ultraviolet B (UV-B) irradiation was used as an alternative pest control during the harvesting season. Three varieties were grown (Seolhyang, Kingsberry, and Durihyang), and four UV-B lamp/mulch (black, green, and light reflection sheet [LRS]) combinations were used during harvesting: UV-B+black or green mulch, UV-B+black or green+LRS, no UV-B+black or green, and no UV-B+black or green+LRS. In all varieties, powdery mildew was 65% more controlled when UV-B irradiation was used. The adult two-spotted spider mite density was lowest in the UV-B lamp+black or green+LRS treatments. Therefore, UV-B irradiation during the strawberry harvesting season could effectively control powdery mildew and two-spotted spider mite with little side effect on the plants.

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Konopacki, Paweł J., and Wojciech Warabieda. "Assessment of Dimensions in Order to Aid Classification of European Red Mite and Two-Spotted Spider Mite by Means of Digital Imaging of Infected Leaves." Agricultural Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2018-0032.

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AbstractThe methods currently used to assess orchard infestation are time-consuming and do not take into account non-adult forms of mites, due to their small size. Advance in digital imaging technology, however, has resulted in the discovery of a more viable method to enable a fast and reliable assessment of orchard infestation. Digital images of infected apple leaves were made and examined for the presence of European red mites and two-spotted spider mites. As well as adult mites, non-adult European red mite forms were also encountered. After extracting all objects considered as mites from the image, imaging software was then used to assess their dimension and shape parameters. Length, width, area, and equivalent diameter were different for all three observed mite groups: adult female European red mites, possible non-adult European red mites and adult two-spotted spider mites. Differences in circularity and elongation were found in adult two-spotted spider mites and various forms of European red mites, while the perimeter was similar in adult European red mites and two-spotted spider mites, and different in the non-adult forms of European red mites. However, as the ranges of 95% prediction intervals for these features overlap, a combination of at least two features as well as employing statistical procedures may greatly increase the probability of appropriate classification of the observed objects as different mites.

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Beers, E. H., and R. W. Browne. "Apple, European Red Mite and Two Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1992." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.1a.

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Abstract This test was conducted in an orchard with trees of mixed ages near Malaga, Washington. The experimental design was randomized complete block with nine treatments and four single tree replications. All trees were treated with Asana 0.66 EC at 2 oz/100 gal, 200 gal/acre on 18 Jun to eliminate predatory mites. Blocks were based on pre-treatment counts on 30 Jun. Test materials were applied on 2 Jul. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre dilute application. Treatments were applied with a handgun operated at 300 psi, sprayed to the point of drip. Population density samples were 25 leaves per tree. Leaf samples were brushed onto glass plates with a leaf-brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope.

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Modarres Najafabadi, Seyed Saeid, Abdoolnabi Bagheri, and Majeed Askari-Seya Hooei. "Cucumber cultivar responses to two tetranychid mites, two-spotted spider mite and strawberry spider mite in greenhouses ." Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 1383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.8.4.

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Cultivating resistant host plants has been considered as an important strategy for sustainable pest management of mites. The current study was conducted to evaluate the response of 43 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars against two important tetranychid species, two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) and strawberry spider mite (Tetranychus turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski). The experiment was implemented in a Randomized Complete Block design (RCB) with 43 treatments replicated 4 times in a greenhouse during 2015-2016. Two main evaluation criteria, cultivar injury rate (from 1 to 5) and number of eggs/female/day (EFD) on each cultivar, were used to compare responses. The results revealed that the highest number of eggs/female/day (EFD) for both mites was observed on Taha cultivar (9.0±0.40 and 9.5±0.28 for T. urticae and T. turkestani, respectively). The highest injury rate was also observed on this cultivar (4.8±0.26 and 5.0±0.0 for T. urticae and T. turkestani, respectively). In contrast, the lowest EFD number for T. urticae (2.8±0.47) and T. turkestani (2.5±0.28) was seen on Samer star and Davos cultivars, respectively. However, no host preference for egg-laying was observed on Iver and Samer star cultivars for T. turkestani. These two cultivars had the lowest injury level too (1.2±0.25 for Samer star and 1.5±0.28 for Negeen to T. urticae and T. turkestani, respectively). The obtained results demonstrated that Taha was the most susceptible cultivar colonized easily by both two tetranychid species. In contrast, Samer star and Negeen were the most resistant cultivars, strongly recommended for cultivation in greenhouses.

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Jęcz, Tomasz, Małgorzata Korbin, Damian Gorzka, Abdel-Rahman A. Mohamed, and Remigiusz Olszak. "Molecular Diversity of Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) in Apple Orchards Across Poland and its Potential Link with the Resistance to Meti-Acaricides." Journal of Horticultural Research 26, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2018-0021.

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AbstractTwo-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae, Koch) possess tremendous ability to develop resistance to pest control chemicals. Hence, although METI-acaricides are quite new group of pesticides, the resistance to this chemicals may shortly become a serious obstacle in two-spotted spider mite management. In presented study, molecular and phenotypic diversity of three laboratory strains and seven T. urticae populations collected from pest-protected apple orchards were analysed in reference to METI-acaricides resistance. The inter-population molecular diversity analysis with a set of RAPD markers revealed 6 populations to be in close relation to susceptible reference strain (GSS). Only one population turned out to be linked relatively close with METI-acaricides resistant strain (Akita). Simultaneously, the results of biological test showed similar relation among the analysed populations, according to the resistance incidence ratio. Obtained results suggest that METI-acaricides resistance trait in two-spotted spider mite is likely to be determined at genomic level and may be considered as an initial stage for developing molecular biology tools for early detection of METI-acaricides resistance in T. urticae populations.

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Gillman, Jeffrey H., Mark W. Rieger, Michael A. Dirr, and S. Kristine Braman. "Drought Stress Increases Densities but Not Populations of Two-spotted Spider Mite on Buddleia davidii `Pink Delight'." HortScience 34, no. 2 (April 1999): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.2.280.

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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on the susceptibility of Buddleia davidii Franch. `Pink Delight' to the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). In the first experiment, drought stress was imposed by withholding water until predawn xylem pressure potential fell below -1 MPa. Shoot growth was 75% less in drought-stressed than in nonstressed plants. Mite population densities were not affected, but noninfested leaf area was 14% higher, and degree of mite damage was lower, in nonstressed plants. Evidently, the greater amount of new growth in nonstressed plants leads to lower spider mite densities by diluting populations. In a second experiment, nonstressed B. davidii `Pink Delight' plants were watered every 1 to 2 days and drought-stressed plants were watered every 3 days. Spider mite populations were monitored by sampling newly expanded and mature foliage. Mite populations on mature foliage were not affected by stress, but stressed plants grew less and had larger spider mite populations on their newly expanded foliage than did nonstressed plants.

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Chen, Jianjun, Richard J. Henny, Lance S. Osborne, Russell D. Caldwell, and Cynthia A. Robinson. "004 Thrips (Hercinothrips femoralis) and Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) Resistance of Anthurium Cultivars under Interior Conditions." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 388C—388. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.388c.

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Potted anthurium is becoming an important indoor flowering foliage plant because of its unique attractive appearance and continuous growth and flowering under interior conditions. However, an interior environment, with controlled optimal temperatures and relative humidity and living plants, is an ideal niche for pest development. Pests such as thrips and two-spotted spider mite on Anthurium have been great challenges to the interiorscape industry because many pesticides have been rigorously restricted for interior use. Thus, exploiting the genetic potential of cultivar resistance may be the best approach for the control of these pests. In this study, eight of the most popular Anthurium cultivars were evaluated for their resistance to a natural infestation of thrips (Hercinothrips femoralis) and two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) under three light levels: 4, 8, and 16 μmol·m-2·s-1, temperatures of 23.8 to 26.7 °C and a relative humidity of 60%. Results indicated that significant resistant differences exist among cultivars. The cultivars most resistant to thrips were not the most resistant to mite and vice versa. Cultivars that exhibited moderate resistance to thrips were also moderately resistant to mite. Low light intensity appeared to be a factor influencing thrips infestation since control plants that grew under a light intensity of 200 μmol·m-2·s-1 had no observed thrips damage. On the other hand, two-spotted spider mite infestation was not influenced by light intensity.

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OHZORA, Yousuke, and Shuichi YANO. "Fertilization of Two-Spotted Spider Mite Mothers Changes Sons." Journal of the Acarological Society of Japan 17, no. 2 (2008): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2300/acari.17.87.

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20

Raworth, David A. "Control of Two-spotted Spider Mite by Phytoseiulus persimilis." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 4, no. 2 (November 2001): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1226-8615(08)60117-x.

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21

Baskaran, V., E. Sumathi, M. Vignesh, and S. V. Krishnamoorthy. "Eco-friendly management of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) in Brinjal." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): S1—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i01s.001.

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The effect of the application of acaropathogenic fungi viz., Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii, Hirsutella thompsonii and biopesticides viz., azadirachtin 1500 ppm, azadirachtin 3000 ppm, azadirachtin 10000 ppm and Fortified Neem oil were tested with synthetic acaricides like Propargite and Fenazaquin against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). The result of evaluation of acaropathogenic fungi revealed that low mite population of 5.68 nos/2cm2 was observed in Fenazaquin 10 EC @ 1.5ml/l applied plot with 69.78% reduction in mite population followed by Propargite and Nomuraea anisopliae treated plots and the result of evaluation of botanicals revealed that the application of Azadiractin 10000 ppm @ 2 ml/l resulted in low mite population of 6.75 nos /2 cm2 with 64.11% reduction over control. Therefore, the present investigation outlines the efficacy of plant extracts and acaropathogenic fungi as bio pesticide to display toxicity against two-spotted spider mite on brinjal increasing in yield and avoid environmental pollution and consumer health hazards.

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Abd-Alla, Hisham I., and Saad E. S. Hamouda. "Study of potential activity of clove oil 10 % emulsifiable concentrate formulation on Two-spotted spider Mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 1414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i4.3124.

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Clove oil is reported to have a great range of biological activities against many species of pests; termites, cockroaches, aphids, weevils and moths, and many different usages such as perfume and food flavoring agent. This study aimed to determine the acaricidal activity of clove oil emulsifiable concentrate new formulation against two-spotted spider mites Tetranychus urticae. Clove oil was formulated as 10 % emulsifiable concentrate (EC). The new formula passed successfully all physical and chemical tests reported for emulsifiable concentrates. It was then tested biologically on the individuals of two-spotted spider mite T. urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) on two host plants beans and squash under laboratory conditions. In both cases, there were a direct relationship between the increase in the concentration of the formulation and the percentage of inhibition on the individuals of the two-spotted spider mite, after 72 hours of treatment, at concentrations of 20, 40, and 80 mg/ml the new formulation showed 10.30, 44.8, and 75 percent inhibition, respectively in case of beans, while squash at the same concentrations and for the same period of treatment showed 33.3, 40.7, and 51.9 percent inhibition, but the effect in case of beans was greater than that in case of squash as its EC50 value was lower than that in case of squash. In the case of the former, it was 39.81 mg/ml, whereas in the case of the latter, it was 79.43 mg/ml. Therefore, the new clove oil formulation can be used to combat the two-spotted spider mite.

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Ribeiro, Edenilson B., Maria Aparecida Castellani, Daniel Júnior de Andrade, Renato de M. Prado, Larissa Adelita SC Souza, Daniel S. Freire, and Patrice Jacob Savi. "Biological aspects of the two-spotted spider mite on strawberry plants under silicon application." Horticultura Brasileira 39, no. 1 (March 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-0536-20210101.

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ABSTRACT Silicon is an inducer of plant resistance to arthropod pests, being a promising strategy for integrated management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon on biological, reproductive and population aspects of parental and F1 generations of the two-spotted spider mite on strawberry plants. Potassium silicate, nanosilica and water were applied to the plants. Two-spotted spider mite females were confined to strawberry leaf disks for oviposition and, after hatching, larvae were observed until the emergence of adults. Once adults had been obtained, couples were formed in order to evaluate pre-oviposition, oviposition, longevity and fertility, with an estimated net reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and the necessary time for doubling the generation. Silicon prolonged the duration of some immature stages of the mites in parental and F1 generations, did not affect the duration of the whole biological cycle, though. The periods of pre-oviposition, oviposition and longevity of the parental generation and the longevity and oviposition of F1 generation of the two-spotted spider mite were negatively affected by potassium silicate and nanosilica. The population parameters of the parental generation of the mites indicated that nanosilica is able to lead to a long-run decrease of this pest population.

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Peixoto, Joicy V. M., Ana L. A. Ribeiro, Gabriel M. Maciel, Camila S. de Oliveira, Rafael R. Finzi, and Emmerson R. de Moraes. "Productivity, acylsugar concentrations and resistance to the two-spotted spider mite in genotypes of salad tomatoes." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 9 (September 2020): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n9p596-602.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize genotypes of the salad-type tomato with a determinate growth habit and select genotypes resistant to the two-spotted spider mite for higher productivity and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Experimental Station (18°42’43.19” S and 47°29’55.8” W, 873 m altitude) of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Monte Carmelo campus, from January to June 2018. The experimental design was in randomized blocks containing 16 treatments [12 populations of the F3RC2 generation and four controls: two commercial cultivars (Santa Clara and Rio Grande), the recurrent parent (UFU-057) and the wild species Solanum pennellii (LA-716)] with three repetitions. The accessions UFU-057F3RC210#3.6.1 and UFU-057F3RC213#2.1.2 have high potential for genetic improvement regarding resistance to the two-spotted spider mite. The genotypes UFU-13#4.4.1, UFU-7#4.7.1, UFU-7#4.3.2, UFU-13#2.5.2 and UFU-13#2.1.3 present higher acylsugar concentrations than S. pennellii, in addition to higher productivity and number of fruits per plant. It is suggested to explore combinations between those genotypes previously described with UFU-8#2.4.1 to obtain hybrids with high acylsugar concentrations, two-spotted spider mite resistance, high productivity and increased fruit mass.

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Crenna, Ana Cecilia, Claudio Marcelo Oddino, Santiago Ferrari, Jorge Antonio Giuggia, Diego Giovanini, and Francisco Damián Giordano. "Development and validation of diagrammatic scales to evaluate damage by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) in peanut." Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNCuyo 53, no. 1 (July 7, 2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.48162/rev.39.024.

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Argentina is the second largest peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) exporter in the world. The main peanut pest in our country is the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch 1836). To date, there is no validated method to quantify this pest. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a logarithmic diagrammatic scale to assess damage by the two-spotted spider mite in peanut. In 2015-16, 200 leaflets were collected from a plot infested with the pest. Damaged leaf area (DLA) was calculated using SisCob software. Six-, seven-, eight- and nine-class scales were proposed. Mean values for each class and scale were obtained with 2-LOG. Leaflets were analyzed by 13 raters who used the four proposed scales. Precision and accuracy were determined by simple linear regression between the DLA and estimated damaged leaf area. Reproducibility was determined by linear regression between estimates of raters combined in pairs. The seven-class scale was the best validated one for all the parameters. Most raters showed constant deviations and overestimated DLA, whereas only one rater presented systematic deviations. This seven-class scale is the first developed and validated one to evaluate two-spotted spider mite damage to peanut in Argentina. Highlights According to the validation results, the seven-class diagrammatic scale was the best one in terms of accuracy, precision and reproducibility with values above 0.80, 0.75 and 0.75 respectively. The scales are useful tools for pest assessment, fundamental parameters for integrated pest management. The seven-class scale is the first one developed and validated for evaluating damage by the two-spotted spider mite in peanut crop in Argentina. With this scale a loss function will be calculate which will allow the estimation of the EIL of this pest.

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Kersten, Anne-Katrin, Carmen Büttner, and Peter Lentzsch. "Determination of spider mite abundance in soil of field-grown cucumbers and in plants under predatory mite pressure in invasive infestations using HRM real-time PCR assay." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 14, 2022): e0270068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270068.

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The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch L. (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a plant pest that can lead to severe economic losses in open field cucumber cultivation. Between 2017 and 2019 we studied the abundance of spider mites in the soil to estimate the potential infestation pressure of soil colonizing spider mites. The spider mites were heterogeneously distributed in small concentrations in the soil. Soil colonizing spider mites did not affect spider mite abundance on plants and reversed. We observed that spider mite migration occurred primarily from the edge of the field adjacent to the weed strip. In 2020 and 2021, we investigated the efficacy of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) for suppressing spider mite hotspots in the cropland. We compared untreated spider mite hotspots with N. californicus treated hotspots and showed that a single release of predatory mites could result in a high level of control when spider mite infestation density was initially high. With this study, soil can be ruled out as a habitat for spider mites, and attention to spider mite pest control can be directed to plant infestations. The highly sensitive HRM real-time PCR assay was used for the quantification of the spider mites.

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S, Sheeba Joyce Roseleen, and Ramaraju K. "Varietal Resistance of Okra against Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae." Madras Agricultural Journal 98, September (2011): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.100293.

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The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the okra germplasm and identify the potential sources of two spotted spider mite resistance that can be exploited for the improvement of commercial okra. Based on the mean mite population and damage score six entries out of the 58 entries namely Kasturi bhendi, (R), Dharmapuri local (MR), Parbani Kranti (MR), Pusa Sawani (MR), COBhH1 (MR) and Mahyco 10 (S) with varied levels of resistance were identified.

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Zanin, Daniel S., Juliano TV Resende, André R. Zeist, João RF Oliveira, Juliane M. Henschel, and Renato B. Lima Filho. "Selection of processing tomato genotypes resistant to two spotted spider mite." Horticultura Brasileira 36, no. 2 (June 2018): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620180221.

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ABSTRACT One of the major problems in cultivation of tomato is the occurrence of pests and diseases. The objective of the research was to select genotypes from the second generation of the first backcross (F2BC1) between the tomato cultivar for processing S. lycopersicum (cv. Redenção) and the wild access S. habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826), with high levels of zingiberene (ZGB), resistant to the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). From the F2BC1 population. The ZGB content was quantified and five plants with high zingiberene selected (RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503) and four with low zingiberene content (RVTZ 2011-079-417, RVTZ 2011-331-460, RVTZ 2011-079-538 and RVTZ 2011-079-548) were selected. Genotypes selected for high and low ZGB content and the parentals S. habrochaites var. hirsutum access PI-127826 and ‘Redenção’ were evaluated for repellency to the twospotted spider mite. There was a significant and inverse correlation between ZGB content and average distances travelled by mites on tomato leaflets. The genotypes of the F2BC1 generation with high zingiberene levels RVTZ 2011-079-117, RVTZ 2011-079-185, RVTZ 2011-079-335, RVTZ 2011-079-345 and RVTZ 2011-079-503 are promising for progress in achieving resistant lines to arthropod pests. Among them RVTZ 2011-079-117 stands out for resistance to twospotted spider mite.

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Reddall, A., V. O. Sadras, L. J. Wilson, and P. C. Gregg. "Physiological Responses of Cotton to Two-Spotted Spider Mite Damage." Crop Science 44, no. 3 (2004): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.0835.

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Nielsen, D. G., and M. J. Dunlap. "Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Wooster, Ohio, 1989." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.250.

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Abstract Cotoneaster growing in 1-gal (3.9 1) containers in a greenhouse at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 3 replicates/treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 25 Sep; the second application to selected plants 2 Oct. Plants were hand-watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri throughout the test period. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after the second application by removing five, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 3 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.

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Suzuki, Takeshi, Masakatsu Watanabe, and Makio Takeda. "UV tolerance in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae." Journal of Insect Physiology 55, no. 7 (July 2009): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.04.005.

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Clotuche, Gwendoline, Anne-Catherine Mailleux, Shuichi Yano, Claire Detrain, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, and Thierry Hance. "Settlement decisions by the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae." Comptes Rendus Biologies 336, no. 2 (February 2013): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2013.02.006.

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33

Astudillo Fernandez, Aina, Thierry Hance, Gwendoline Clotuche, Anne-Catherine Mailleux, and Jean Louis Deneubourg. "Testing for collective choices in the two-spotted spider mite." Experimental and Applied Acarology 58, no. 1 (April 28, 2012): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10493-012-9558-5.

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Reddall, A., V. O. Sadras, L. J. Wilson, and P. C. Gregg. "Physiological Responses of Cotton to Two‐Spotted Spider Mite Damage." Crop Science 44, no. 3 (May 2004): 835–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.8350.

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Monteiro, L. B., T. M. A. Kuhn, A. F. Mogor, and E. D. B. da Silva. "Biology of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite on Strawberry Plants." Neotropical Entomology 43, no. 2 (January 11, 2014): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13744-013-0184-7.

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36

Garcia-Garcia, D., E. Guerrero-Rodriguez, and J. Landeros-Flores. "Acaricides Against Two Spotted Spider Mite in Zamora, Michoacan, Mexico, 1990." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.69a.

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Abstract Materials were applied on 28 Mar on 4m furrow plots (20 plants); 7 acaricides in a randomized complete block design with an untreated furrow buffer strip around each plot. Acaricides were applied at a rate of 600 liter/ha, using a motorized sprayer 121 liter capacity. ‘Chandler’ strawberry variety was used when plants had 250 days post transplant under irrigation at El Valenciano ranch and there were no unusual conditions during the test, temperatures were generally warm without rain. There were 8 samples post treatment every 3 days. The number of mites were counted from 5 randomly chosen plants and 5 leaves/plant for each replication (100 leaflets/treatment). Natural populations of spider mites were high and reasonably well distributed. Data were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test, and by comparing pretreatment means with post-treatmenlt means using the Henderson and Tilton formula. The spider mite species present during the test was identified by mounting them on a glass slide for microscopic examination.

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Moor, V. V., A. I. Anisimov, and E. G. Kozlova*. "Variability of infestation of rose varieties by the spider mite Tetranychus urticae under conditions of application of Phytoseiulus persimilis or acaricides." PLANT PROTECTION NEWS 104, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-4-15129.

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The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae is a dangerous polyphagous pest of agricultural and ornamental plants. In a commercial greenhouse treated with acaricides or biological control using predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis individual varieties of roses differed significantly in terms of the average annual infestation by the pest mite. On the poorly populated rose varieties, the biological control agent application was more effective as compared to the acaricides. To effectively control the pest, the required predatory mite rates were 4.6–8.7 times higher on varieties with a minimal spider mite infestation (Aqua and Deep Water) as compared to the maximal pest infestation (Heaven and Brazil).

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Esteca, Fernanda De Cássia Neves, Camila Do Nascimento Dainese, Luis Rodolfo Rodrigues, André Luiz Lourenção, Francisco Antonio Passos, and Gilberto José de Moraes. "Resistance of New Strawberry Genotypes to the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 8 (July 18, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n8p119.

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The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is one of the main strawberry pests in Brazil and many other countries. The objective of this study was to compare the resistance of eight strawberry genotypes (‘Albion’, ‘IAC Guarani’, ‘IAC Princesa Isabel’, ‘Oso Grande’, IAC T-0104, IAC 12, IAC 4 and IAC 1.13) to the two-spotted spider mite, by assessing injury level, biological parameters and host preference of the mite. To facilitate the interpretation of the results, leaf trichomes of each genotype were quantified. Thirty days after the artificial infestation of the genotypes with the mite, IAC T-0104, IAC 12 and ‘IAC Princesa Isabel’ showed the lowest injury levels. ‘IAC Princesa Isabel’, IAC 4 and IAC T-0104 were distinguished from other genotypes by the highest mean generation time (T) of the mite, while ‘IAC Guarani’ was distinguished by the lowest T value. Significantly lower values of intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (Ro) were determined on ‘IAC Princesa Isabel’ and IAC 1.13. The mite showed preference for ‘IAC Guarani’, as inferred by the larger number of females when offered the chance to select the detached host leaflets. Trichome density was highest on IAC 1.13 and lowest on IAC T-0104, IAC 12, ‘Albion’ and ‘Oso Grande’. The results suggested that ‘IAC Princesa Isabel’, IAC T-0104 and IAC 12 are resistant, IAC 4 and IAC 1.13 are moderately resistant, and ‘IAC Guarani’, ‘Oso Grande’ and ‘Albion’ are susceptible to the mite.

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CHAUHAN, USHA, PREM R. GUPTA, and AJAY SHARMA. "Management of the two spotted spidermite on carnation with the use of biopesticides and the predator Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) (Acari: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae)*." Zoosymposia 6, no. 1 (December 20, 2011): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.6.1.23.

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Carnation holds a prominent place and a good market among the various cut flowers in Himachal Pradesh, India, but it can be severely attacked by the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to development of resistance in this species, affected human health and caused environmental pollution. The determination of safer and more cost effective and eco-friendly alternative approaches for the management of this pest is desirable. Different combinations of three weekly applications of a predator [the phytoseiid Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans)], a fungus [a commercial formulation of Lecanicillium (= Verticillium) lecanii (Zimmerman)], a plant extract (a commercial neem formulation), a conventional chemical mitecide (Profenofos) or water (control) were tested in 2008 and 2009. In both years, the best results were obtained by three subsequent weekly releases of N. longispinosus and three subsequent applications of Profenofos. These results show the potential of this predatory mite as a control agent of two spotted spider mite on carnation under greenhouse conditions in Himachal Pradesh.

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Favaro, Renata, Juliano Tadeu V. Resende, André Gabriel, André R. Zeist, Ely Cristina N. Cordeiro, and Jorge Luís Favaro Júnior. "Salicylic acid: resistance inducer to two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop." Horticultura Brasileira 37, no. 1 (March 2019): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620190109.

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ABSTRACT The strawberry is susceptible to several pests which cause a reduction in productivity. The use of mechanisms which repel or prevent these pests to establish, represent a sustainable environmental technology to reduce the frequency of agrochemical use. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on resistance induction against two-spotted spider mite in strawberry cultivars (Aromas and Sweet Charlie). Five concentrations of SA (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1) were tested in order to verify the antixenosis effects. In SA concentration of 50 mg L-1, a reduced number of mites in the two strawberry cultivars was noticed. For the number of eggs deposited on leaflet, we verified an effect of SA concentration with quadratic adjustment in the equation. Sweet Charlie cultivar was more effective than Aromas in relation to the reduction of mite oviposition on leaflets treated with SA. SA concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1 were the most efficient for the evaluated traits allowed to infer its potential as antixenotic resistance inducer against two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop.

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Warabieda, Wojciech, and Remigiusz W. Olszak. "The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) and irrigation on yield of 5-years-old apple trees." Acta Agrobotanica 55, no. 2 (2013): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.049.

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The influence of the two-spotted spider mite (<i>Tetranychus urticae</i>) on yield of apple trees was investigated. The experiment was conducted on rrigated and non-irrigated 5-years-old apple trees of 'Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars grafted on M.9. The population size of the pest exceeded four and two times the valid (in Poland) economic injury level on trees of 'Close' and 'Jonagold' cultivars respectively. No significant influence of mites on yield and its quality (mean fruit weight and fruit colour) was observed on both apple cultivars. Irrigation had positive effect on yield and quality of 'Jonagold'. On the contrary, trees of ' Close' cultivar were positively influenced by irrigation only regarding fruits colour. Results of the study support opinion that the economic injury level for apple orchards, with respect to two-spotted spider mite, should be higher than it is up to now.

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D, Nomindalai, and Undarmaa D. "The predating activity and prey impact on life cycle and development of predatory mite (amblysieus swirskii)." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 26, no. 01 (April 30, 2019): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v26i01.1206.

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Amblyseius swirskii is commonly used to control whitefly and thrips, twospotted spider mite(T.urticae) in greenhouse vegetables and some ornamental crops. This study in each of three different types(two spotted spider mite feeding , pollen feeding, thrips feeding) of feeding pray, 1 females were observed to die at relative humidity 35-60% and at temperatures of 25-300С, laboratory light:dark(16:8) and characteristics of the pray were studied in the development of fertility. We studied mite’s nutritional features, and hunting activities. Amblysieus swirskii’s egg development good establish 2.18±0.17 days in environment which is pollen feeding, 2.48±0.04 days in thrips feeding environment, 2.014±0.098 in two spotted spider mite feeding environment, Growth is until Larvae turned to Nymph there is a hole day in three environments, until Nymph turned to adult tick there are 3.13±0.23 days in pollen feeding environment, 3.25±0.29 days in thrips feeding environment, 2.014±0.098 two spotted spider mite prey environment. A Generation 6.3±0.3 day’s pollen feeding environment, 6.72±0.25 days in thrips feeding environment, 6.55±0.32 days in two spotted spider mite prey environment. Therefore conclusion is feeding environment doesn’t influence their life cycle. Research shows that adult antelope feeds with 15.2 two spotted spider mite, 5.1 thrips daily, decreasing it`s population. Having observed the females egg development in three different types of feeding environment it showed highest result, 14 days, at a temperature of 29.7 1.47C and 30 3.33% moisture environment. In contrast it showed its lowest result, 6 days, in dusty feeding environment whereas in environment with thrips it lay it`s eggs in 12 days for an average. Observing Amblysieus swirskii’s laying egg and lifespan, found out that they able to lay 13±2.6 eggs in two spotted spider mite provision environment, 13.6±2.08 days survive. In thrips feeding environment laying 6.3±0.5 eggs and survive 12.3±2.08 days, in pollen feeding environment laying 4±1 eggs, 7.6±0.5 days surviving. Ангуучин амблисейус (аmblysieus swirskii) хачгийн идэш тэжээлийн онцлог, үржил хөгжил, ангуучлах идэвхийг судалсан дүн Хураангуй: Ангуучин хачиг амблисейус (Аmblysieus swirskii)ийн үржил хөгжлийг лабораторийн гэрэл: харанхуй (16:8), 25-300С дулаантай, 35-60% чийгшилтэй орчинд ургамлын тоос, шүлхий хачиг, трипс гэсэн гурван идэш тэжээлийн хувилбартайгаар үржил хөгжил, ангуучлах идэвхийг судлав.Ангуучин хачиг амблисейус (Аmblysieus swirskii)-ийн өндөгний хөгжил ургамлын тоос идэштэй орчинд 2.18±0.17 хоног, трипс идэштэй орчинд 2.48±0.04 хоног, шүлхий хачиг идэштэй орчинд 2.014±0.098 хоног авгалдайнаас нимф болох шатанд гурван орчинд бүгд 1 хоног, нимфээс бие гүйцсэн ангуучин хачиг болох шатанд тоос идэштэй орчинд 3.13±0.23 хоног, трипс идэштэй орчинд 3.25±0.29 хоног, энгийн шүлхий хачиг идэштэй орчинд 2.014±0.098 хоног тус тус бойжсон бол 1 үе удам нь тоосоор хооллосон орчинд 6.3±0.3 хоног, трипсээр хооллосон орчинд 6.72±0.25 хоног, энгийн шүлхий хачгаар хооллосон орчинд 6.55±0.32 хоног тус тус үргэлжлэв. Ангуучин бие гүйцсэн амблисейус (Аmblysieus swirskii) хачгийн ангуучлах идэвхийг судлахад өдөрт 15.2 шүлхий хачиг, 5.1 трипс дунджаар идэж тоо, толгойг бууруулж байна. Эмэгчин хачгийн төлөрхөг чанарыг дээр дурьдсан гурван идэш тэжээлийн орчинд судлахад шүлхий хачиг идэш тэжээлийн орчинд хамгийн олон хоног өндөглөсөн буюу дунджаар 14 хоног, хамгийн цөөн хоног өндөглөсөн буюу тоостой идэш тэжээлийн орчинд дунджаар 6 хоног өндөглөсөн бол трипстэй идэш тэжээлийн орчинд дунджаар 12 хоногийн турш өндөглөлт үргэжилж байна. Ангуучин хачгийн өндөглөлт ба амьдрах хугацааг тогтооход энгийн шүлхий хачиг идэш тэжээлийн орчинд 13±2.6 өндөг төрүүлж, 13.6±2.08 хоног амьдарч, трипс идэш тэжээлийн орчинд 6.3±0.5 өндөг гаргаж 12.3±2.08 хоног амьдаржилж басан бол тоостой идэш тэжээлийн орчинд 4±1 өндөг гаргаж 7.6±0.5 хоног тус тус амьдарч байгааг тогтоов. Түлхүүр үг: Биологийн хамгаалал, ангуучлах идэвх, идэш тэжээлийн онцлог

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43

Solti, Izabella, Éva Kolics, Sándor Keszthelyi, Zsuzsanna Bacsi, Ádám Staszny, Erzsébet Nagy, János Taller, Kinga Mátyás, and Balázs Kolics. "Evaluation of the Acaricidal Activity of Lithium Chloride against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)." Horticulturae 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8121127.

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Tetranychus urticae is a severe threat and a major source of yield loss in some agricultural and horticultural crops and it is also as a vector for several viruses. The number of active substances used against the pest is limited. Therefore, there is a continuous need for new active substances. Recently, lithium salts have been shown to be one of the most promising potential alternatives to control Varroa destructor; an apicultural mite pest. Based on this, we aimed to test whether the efficacy of lithium chloride extends to other agricultural mite pests, such as the two-spotted spider mite. In the present pilot study, we report for the first time that the efficacy of lithium chloride is extended to the two-spotted spider mite. Additionally, this is the first report on the acaricidal effectiveness of lithium on a plant mite pest. In the present study, we report three different concentrations that bear 100% mortality at concentrations of 5.52 M, 2.76 M, and 1.38 M. The symptoms caused were similar and followed the same sequence compared to those observed on animal parasites such as V. destructor and Dermanyssus gallinae.

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Rioja, Cristina, Vladimir Zhurov, Kristie Bruinsma, Miodrag Grbic, and Vojislava Grbic. "Plant-Herbivore Interactions: A Case of an Extreme Generalist, the Two-Spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 12 (December 2017): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-17-0168-cr.

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Plant-herbivore interactions evolved over long periods of time, resulting in an elaborate arms race between interacting species. While specialist herbivores evolved specific strategies to cope with the defenses of a limited number of hosts, our understanding of how generalist herbivores deal with the defenses of a plethora of diverse host plants is largely unknown. Understanding the interaction between a plant host and a generalist herbivore requires an understanding of the plant’s mechanisms aimed at defending itself and the herbivore’s mechanisms intended to counteract diverse defenses. In this review, we use the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) as an example of a generalist herbivore, as this chelicerate pest has a staggering number of plant hosts. We first establish that the ability of TSSM to adapt to marginal hosts underlies its polyphagy and agricultural pest status. We then highlight our understanding of direct plant defenses against spider mite herbivory and review recent advances in uncovering mechanisms of spider mite adaptations to them. Finally, we discuss the adaptation process itself, as it allows TSSM to overcome initially effective plant defenses. A high-quality genome sequence and developing genetic tools, coupled with an ease of mite experimental selection to new hosts, make TSSM an outstanding system to study the evolution of host range, mechanisms of pest xenobiotic resistance and plant-herbivore interactions. In addition, knowledge of plant defense mechanisms that affect mite fitness are of practical importance, as it can lead to development of new control strategies against this important agricultural pest. In parallel, understanding mechanisms of mite counter adaptations to these defenses is required to maintain the efficacy of these control strategies in agricultural practices.

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Suekane, Renato, Paulo Eduardo Degrande, Elmo Pontes de Melo, Thiago Ferreira Bertoncello, Izidro dos Santos de Lima Junior, and Cássio Kodama. "Damage level of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (acari: tetranychidae) in soybeans." Revista Ceres 59, no. 1 (February 2012): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2012000100011.

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Among phytophagous spider mites, the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 is one of the most important agricultural pests, not only because of the damage it causes, but also because it has a wide host range, infesting many commercial crops such as leafy greens, cotton, beans, and soybeans, among others. This study was carried out in a greenhouse of the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias (FCA) of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), located in the city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of 5 levels in percentage of chlorotic symptoms (indicating mite damage): 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. All of the characteristics evaluated, except for number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the total weight (productivity), and the weight of 1000 seeds, were significantly influenced by the different levels of chlorotic symptoms. The economic damage level for the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, according to the equation y = 66.63-0.51 x, based on the price of US$ 11.00 per bag of soybeans and a control cost of US$ 16.00, would be 15.80% chlorotic symptoms. At a price of US$ 29.00 per bag with the same control cost, the economic damage level would be 13% of chlorotic symptoms.

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Schuster, M. F., and W. C. Langston. "Spider Mite Control on Cotton, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.254.

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Abstract 'Paymaster 145' was planted on 7 May and grown by standard methods. The test area was a randomized complete block with 8 row plots 40 ft long. The test insecticides were applied in 5 gal/acre with a Hi-Boy sprayer. Plots were infested on 10 Jul with a Yazoo City, Mississippi strain of two-spotted spider mite known to be resistant to chlorinated hydrocarbon, organophosphate, and carbamate miticides. All plots except Capture 0.05 lb (AI)/acre plots were over-sprayed with 0.05 lb (AI)/acre Ammo to induce mite build-up. Twenty-five leaves on the 6th node from the terminal were examined for mite infestation on 1 Aug, and 25 leaves on the third node from the terminal on 6 and 15 Aug.

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47

Sivritepe, N., N. A. Kumral, U. Erturk, C. Yerlikaya, and A. Kumral. "Responses of Grapevines to Two-Spotted Spider Mite Mediated Biotic Stress." Journal of Biological Sciences 9, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2009.311.318.

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Peairs, Frank B. "Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite on Corn, Johnstown, Co, 1984." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/10.1.210a.

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Abstract Plots were two 50-foot rows separated by a single buffer row, arranged in a randomized complete block design. The corn was furrow irrigated and had been treated with Counter 15G at planting time for control of western corn rootworms. Treatments were applied 15 Aug ‘84 with a CO2 sprayer with 2 nozzles on a 30 inch boom calibrated to deliver 22 gpa at 30 psi. Four ear leaves were marked in each plot and a colony ca. 1 sq inch was marked on each leaf. These colonies were counted at the time of application and the mites within the same areas were counted at each .subsequent sample. Apparent % control = 1 - (postcount/precount) * 100. Adjusted % control = 1 – ((trt postcount/trt precount) * (check precount/check postcount)) * 100 (Henderson and Tilton method).

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49

Nielsen, D. G., and M. J. Dunlap. "Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Lake CO., Ohio, 1990." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.342.

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Abstract Cotoneaster growing in 3 gal (11.7 liter) containers at a nursery in Lake Co., OH, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A CO2 compression sprayer at 30 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 4 replicates per treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 3 Jul under sunny skies, 27°C, and 16-24 km/h winds; the second application to selected plants was on 13 Jul under cloudy skies, 19°C, and 16-24 km/h winds. Plants received over-head irrigation every other day or as needed. Treatments were evaluated 6 and 24 days after the second application by removing four, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 4 replicates per treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.

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Bethke, James A., Jacinto Garcia, and Michael P. Parrella. "Control of Two Spotted Spider Mite on Delphinium Under Glasshouse Conditions." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/15.1.328.

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Abstract Treatments were applied to 10 plants/row assigned randomly in a 0.5 acre field at a commercial nursery in San Diego Co., CA. A 15 liter back pack sprayer was used to apply the treatments at 45-50 psi. Every other row was treated to create a buffer row eliminating spray drift. Five leaves/plant, 10 plants/treatment were sampled. Total numbers of eggs and motiles were estimated with the use of a mite brushing machine and a grid. A pre-treatment count was taken and followed by 2 post-treatment counts on days 7, and 14.

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