Статті в журналах: "Tunnel waterproofing"

1

Fenner, H. F. "Tunnel waterproofing." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 28, no. 6 (November 1991): A391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(91)91610-4.

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2

Ma, Jian Qin. "Application of Spray-on Waterproofing Membrane in Tunnels." Advanced Materials Research 168-170 (December 2010): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.822.

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Waterproofing is one of the key problems of underground structures. Spray-on waterproofing membrane is a new system in tunnels with single shell linings. The conditions of the application of this system are analyzed in terms of the deformation and surface condition of the first layer of the shotcrete shell, water ingress and water pressure behind the waterproofing membrane. The results show that the applications of a spray-on waterproofing membrane in a tunnel is possible if the deformation of the shotcrete and water pressures behind the sprayed membrane is properly controlled, as well as the ingress water is piped or tightened with practical measures. Proposals of measures to meet the conditions are presented for the application of the spray-on waterproofing membrane in tunnels.

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3

Wu, Yimin, Haiping Wu, Dinghai Chu, Sheng Feng, Junjian Zhang, and Haoran Wu. "Failure Mechanism Analysis and Optimization Analysis of Tunnel Joint Waterstop Considering Bonding and Extrusion." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115737.

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In waterproofing mountain tunnels, the tunnel joint is the weak link. To explore the waterproof failure mechanism of the tunnel joint waterstop belt and to propose an optimization method for the waterstop belt, this paper combines tests and numerical simulations, summarizes the waterproofing mechanism of the waterstop belt, establishes a finite element model of the waterstop belt considering bonding and extrusion, and studies the waterproofing ability and mechanical properties of the waterstop. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The waterproofing capacity of the water stop belt depends on its surface contact pressure and bonding force. (2) Waterstop deformation will partially destroy the bonding between the waterstop and concrete, reducing the reliability of the waterproofing mechanism. (3) When the deformation of the waterstop belt reaches a certain degree, its stress value is too large to meet the requirements of its service life. (4) The design can be optimized from two aspects: the bond between the waterstop and concrete, and the size of the waterstop.

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4

Yuan, Y., X. Jiang, and C. F. Lee. "Tunnel waterproofing practices in China." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 15, no. 2 (April 2000): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-7798(00)00048-1.

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5

Caputo, Marc, and Hans-Peter Huez. "Tunnel waterproofing using polymeric membranes." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(87)90146-5.

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6

Lin, Zhen Rong, and Yuan Lai. "Application of "Rigid-Soft Combination" Principle in Waterproof of Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1322.

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The waterproofing is the most essential technical specification and the difficult problem in civil engineering specially in the water draining water construction and the tunnel. Formerly, we used guard against infiltrate the concrete or in guard against the aqueous phase union with the outside waterproofing two defense lines, the effect actually not entirely as desired. In this paper, through combining engineering practice, raise a processing project of tunnel waterproofing constructions, based on the rigid-soft combination principle.

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7

Ke, Dong Qing, Xiang Xun Zhong, and Dong Hua Guo. "Tunnel Waterproofing Board Construction Process Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 774–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.774.

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This article from preparation befor the job, blind pipe with fixed and waterproof plate laying geotextile, analysis of waterproof board laid before the preparatory work, waterproof board laid process related indicators of control, and offer reference for the construction of the tunnel.

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8

Xiang, Zhi Min, and Ren Ai Yuan. "Mechanical Equipment Coordination and Operation Mode of Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line Large Cross-Section Tunnel Construction." Advanced Materials Research 393-395 (November 2011): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.393-395.166.

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studies were carried out to determine the principles of mechanical equipment coordination for large cross-section tunnel construction in combination with the tunnel construction practices within the sections under the charge of China Railway First Group Co., Ltd. on Wuhan-Guangzhou PDL and with a view to optimize the allocation of resources and improve the efficiency of large cross-section tunnel construction. Directed to different procedures such as excavation, support, waterproofing, drainage and lining, the mechanical equipment coordination and operation mode of large cross-section tunnels on the passenger dedicated line were established and the mechanized working faces were formed, which provide experience and reference for the large cross-section tunnel construction of passenger dedicated lines.

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9

Chen, Zhi Qiang, and Yi Xin Wang. "Study on Construction Technique of Soft Rock Tunnel in Loess Region." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1480.

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In order to Ganquan tunnel as an example introduced the Loess Tunnel Typical Rocky and appropriate excavation construction technology. Early lining and secondary lining, waterproofing and drainage, and monitoring measurement and advanced geological prediction of key construction processes are described and summarized.

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10

Wang, Jingfeng, Guang Liu, Zhaodong Ding, Hanbing Bian, and Huayan Yao. "Progresses on the intelligent construction and operation maintenance of urban under-lake tunnels." MATEC Web of Conferences 295 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929501006.

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China is currently at an important stage of urbanization. In recent years, the number and scale of under-lake tunnels in southern cities of China are growing consistently, which brings opportunities and challenges in intelligent construction and operation maintenance. Due to the long length of the under-lake tunnel, the large volume of concrete to be cast, the complex environment of the buried section and the underground environment of the lake bottom, the hydration heat and stress crack have been the main challenges of the under-lake tunnel engineering in crack control and waterproofing aspect. Simultaneously, with the development of big data, intelligent construction, information technology, and other techniques, these techniques are gradually applied to the whole life cycle of tunnel engineering including survey, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. The construction of the lake tunnel project is setting off a new round of technological innovation. This paper systematically summarizes the technical breakthroughs and application of technologies such as intelligent construction and information technology in the construction of under-lake tunnels in China, and puts forward reasonable suggestions on the key technologies of intelligent construction and operation maintenance for urban under-lake tunnel engineering.

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11

Liu, Jun Xin, Qi Jun Hu, Yu Tian Liu, and Zhi Wei Long. "Simulation and Analysis of Frost Heave Force for Tunnel Lining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1374.

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With the high-latitude and high-altitude tunnel built, researches on frost damage mechanism of the tunnel and prevention countermeasures have become imperative. By numerical simulation of tunnel lining-scaled model at different temperature boundary conditions, changes of the stress state with no insulation material and insulation materials of poly phenolic under water-saturated and natural conditions were discussed. Through the analysis, it’s indicated that the tunnel waterproofing and insulation are equally important in the alpine region. The results has important reference and guidance significance in design and construction of the tunnel under cold weather conditions.

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12

Parray, Ubaid Ali, and Harpreet Singh. "Waterproofing of primary lining in tunnel using nano chemicals and soil modifiers in Concrete." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012032.

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Abstract The use of waterproofing chemicals in the field of concrete technology has proven a significant boom in the civil engineering industry by increasing the life of concrete structures. The materials such as nano-acrylic polymers resulted, significant control over the water leakage and damping conditions especially Terrasil and Zycobond and various nano sealers such as Zycoprime+ and Zycosil+. In this study, the primary focus is to waterproof tunnels using the various acrylic, nano-technological, and soil modifier chemicals to stabilize the tunnel structure in areas of hilly terrain. The use of these chemicals has been sourced in other areas of application but the least glance is seen in the field of tunnel engineering. These chemicals bind with the concrete and form a hydrophobic layer thus decreasing the permeability of concrete structure. In the present study the percentage of Zycobond and Terrasil used was 1.5% by weight of concrete and the ratio for Zs+:Zp+:water was 1:2:20. Tunnels especially in hilly terrain pass the flowing streams, thus making it more prone to damping conditions. So, poor site conditions result in less durability of concrete as well as steel, therefore improvement in engineering properties using these chemicals is primarily sought out in this paper. The factors considered during the use were the permeability, strength, volumetric analysis of chemicals, material properties etc. Water-proofing the concrete improves various engineering properties such as permeability, compressive strength, durability, strength, and various other properties of Concrete. The study emphasized to gauge the viability of Zycosil+ and Zycoprime+, Terrasil and Zycobond as waterproofing agents in concrete.

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13

Li, Liangcheng, Tian Lu, Rubin Jia, Yuanyuan Li, Wenyan Zhou, Ahmed Khater, and Dong Luo. "Research on Assembly Waterproofing Technology of Prefabricated Utility Tunnel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 455 (March 25, 2020): 012170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/455/1/012170.

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14

ICHIKAWA, Hirokazu, Nobuo KATO, Hiroyuki MIYAUCHI, Takanori SASAKI, and Kyoji TANAKA. "WIND TUNNEL TESTS OF VARIOUS MECHANICALLY ANCHORED WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 72, no. 615 (2007): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.72.47_3.

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15

Luciani, Andrea, and Daniele Peila. "Tunnel Waterproofing: Available Technologies and Evaluation Through Risk Analysis." International Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40999-018-0328-6.

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16

Zabuski, Lesław. "Construction of Pressure Tunnels." Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics 66, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2019): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/heem-2019-0006.

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AbstractThe paper focuses on two pressure tunnels in the design of “Kąty-Myscowa” water reservoir. One of them serves as a discharge conduit, whereas the other plays an energetic role. Their depths range between 0 and 75 metres and their diameters equal 5 m. Tunnels are located in the rock mass of Carpathian flysch which is anisotropic and heterogeneous, composed of layers of sandstone and clay shales and intersected with interbedding fissures and numerous joints. The paper is divided in two parts. The first part focuses on methods of excavating and supporting, as well as injecting and sealing (i.e. waterproofing) the tunnel. In the second part, a numerical analysis using the FLAC2D code based on the finite difference method was carried for calculating displacements and internal forces in the preliminary support and in permanent lining. Results of the analysis allow for the assessment of conditions in the tunnel during its excavation and exploitation stages.

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17

Gaido, A. N., V. V. Verstov, and S. A. Evtuikov. "Effective technology for the construction of underpass pedestrian tunnels under existing highways." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 1 (2022): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-1-55-65.

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The article discusses modern technologies for the construction of shallow underpass pedestrian tunnels (UPTs) built under existing transport highways. A technology for building such tunnels is proposed, in which, at the first stage, a tongue-and-groove fence is indented across the carriageway along the grapples, which will serve as the enclosing structure of the tunnel. Then, support beams and a monolithic cladding are arranged along its ends, along which, after gaining strength, traffic can be allowed to resume its motion. The effective modes of steel sheet piling immersion and its fastening systems are substantiated, which allows ensuring the stability of tunnel structures and reducing technological impacts on the roadway surface. The works on the soil development, the installation of the tunnel foundation, waterproofing and drainage system, as well as finishing works will be carried out under the tunnel floor without traffic having to be stopped. Based on the performed technical and economic calculations, it was found out that the proposed technology, compared with the traditional one implemented in an open pit, allows reducing the duration of traffic stops by 2 times, and, when using prefabricated tunnel elements, it will be by 1.18 times. The total duration of work is reduced by 1.38 times. The article presents the technological schemes of work production, lists of machines and equipment necessary for the practical implementation of the method.

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18

Wu, Xiangguo, Chenhang Nie, Dan Li, Faqiang Qiu, and Yunchao Tang. "Structural Response of a Prefabricated Utility Tunnel Subject to a Reverse Fault." Buildings 12, no. 8 (July 25, 2022): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081086.

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Prefabricated utility tunnels have drawn much attention in relation to rapid urban development. On this, how to maintain the integrity of an underground lifeline, which is subjected to unexpected fault displacement action, is a concern either from the design or the construction aspect. By applying the commercial software program ABAQUS, this paper presents a systematic numerical simulation of a prefabricated utility tunnel affected by a reverse fault. The critical parameters investigated in this study include fault displacement, burial depth, utility tunnel-soil friction coefficient, and the angle of the utility tunnel crossing the fault plane. Results of the numerical modeling revealed that: (1) both the overall structural deformation and the spliced joints deformation of the prefabricated utility tunnel increase with increasing fault displacement, which greatly reduces the waterproofing ability of the utility tunnel joints; (2) the opening displacement of the joints on the roof of the utility tunnel near the fault plane is positively correlated with burial depth, but the variation is slight; (3) the variations in utility tunnel-soil friction coefficient have little effect on the overall structural deformation and the spliced joints deformation; (4) the opening displacement of the spliced joints of the utility tunnel basically gradually increases with an increase in the crossing angle near the fault plane, which is different than when it is away from the fault plane. The main outcomes obtained from this study can provide reference for the construction of prefabricated utility tunnel in fault active area.

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19

Gong, Chenjie, Wenqi Ding, Kenichi Soga, and Khalid M. Mosalam. "Failure mechanism of joint waterproofing in precast segmental tunnel linings." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 84 (February 2019): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.11.003.

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20

Chen, Tie-lin, Ding-li Zhang, Chao Zeng, and Guo-gang Ying. "Application of new concept waterproofing in Xiang’an undersea tunnel, China." China Ocean Engineering 27, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13344-013-0011-2.

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21

Xiao, Yun Peng, Yi Wei Fei, and Yuan Li Zhao. "Research on the Relationship between Microstructure and Properties of Polymer-Modified Cement Compounds for Waterproofing Membranes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.216.

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Polymer-modified cement compounds for waterproofing membrane is widely used in tunnel, reservoir, rooftop, bathroom, cellar and other construction work for the better mechanic properties and waterproof effect. And all these properties are decided by the interaction between the compositions and the final microstructure they formed. However, different polymer cement ratio lead to excellent different properties, people have done a lot of research on polymer-modified cement compounds for water-proofing membrane, but the micro explain has been researched rarely. In this paper, scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure between different waterproofing membranes, the properties of tensile strength, braking elongation and water absorption rate were tested, and the relationship between them were also researched.

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22

Pisova, Barbora, and Matous Hilar. "Spray-applied waterproofing membranes: effective solution for safe and durable tunnel linings?" IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 236 (September 2017): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/236/1/012087.

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23

Wang, You, Xing Hua Wang, and Jun Ru Chen. "Research on Effect of Grouting Circle on Seepage Field of Subsea Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1409.

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According to a real project of Jiaozhou Bay subsea tunnel, the effect of grouting circle on the seepage field was discussed. The calculation results showed that the principle of "to block mainly, to emit limitedly" should be taken in the waterproofing and drainage of subsea tunnel. If the grouting circle effect was used on the condition of the same effect of water plugging, the thinner the thickness of grouting circle and the smaller permeability coefficient of grouting circle required. The role of grouting circle was that decreasing the gushing water quantity by means of blocking the seepage paths of groundwater, so as to achieve a smaller discharge could significantly reduce the external water pressure of lining. When the tunnel gushing water quantity was equal to the control discharge, it was considered as free drainage and the lining could not bear the water pressure.

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24

Pazderka, Jiří. "Concrete with Crystalline Admixture for Ventilated Tunnel against Moisture." Key Engineering Materials 677 (January 2016): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.677.108.

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The paper deals with the use of concrete with crystalline admixture for special remedial structure which is exposed to intensive ground moisture and high level of air humidity. Additional protection of ground part of older buildings against subsurface water and ground moisture is one of the most important measures to ensure their long-time durability and satisfactory user properties. One of the most used remediation method are the air ducts which principle is to enable air flow along the moist structure surface to allow the sufficient evaporation of moisture from the structure. This group of methods includes also the ventilated underground tunnel along the perimeter walls. Presently the ventilated tunnels are designed as masonry structure whose durability in contact with the ground moisture is limited. The paper introduces a new technical solution of this method based on the special shaped concrete blocks whose durability is ensured by using of concrete with crystalline admixture. The waterproofing effect of the crystalline admixture is declared by the results of laboratory tests (in comparison with efficiency of crystalline coating).

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25

Wang, Yajian, Yuyou Yang, Fei Su, and Linbing Wang. "Multiscale Analytical Method and Its Parametric Study for Lining Joint Leakage of Shield Tunnel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 8528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238528.

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Understanding the underlying processes of lining joint leakage is essential for predicting its waterproofing performance, improving the design, and assessing its operational health in shield tunnels. There is little literature reported on a leakage model that can reflect various influencing factors. This article introduced an analytical method for predicting joint leakage based on recently developed multi-scale contact mechanics: the Persson model. In addition, the critical leakage state and the self-sealing effect were defined, and an approach to calculate the critical leakage pressure, as well as self-sealing stress, were deduced. Then, taking the second Dapu Road Tunnel in Shanghai as a case study, the influence of various factors, including the gap and offset of joints, the roughness of sealing materials, the service time, and groundwater pressure on the lining joint leakage, was calculated. The applicability of the model was verified by comparing the calculated results with the experimental data and monitoring data in the literature. This research could contribute to understanding the development process of seepage in sealing engineering and provide a reference for waterproof design and the performance assessment of shield tunnels’ lining joints.

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26

Jiang, Yajun, Bin He, Jumei Zhao, Huqiang Pei, Jitai Liu, and Huqun Wang. "Influence of novel polymer waterproofing membrane on mechanical properties of tunnel lining structure." Construction and Building Materials 360 (December 2022): 129579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129579.

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27

González-García, Johnatan, Celestino González-Nicieza, Martina-Inmaculada Álvarez-Fernández, and María-Belén Prendes-Gero. "Injection Treatment for Tunneling Excavation in Sandy Soils with High Fines Content." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 6930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216930.

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Instability and high permeability are two of the problems facing tunnelling excavations in soils with high fines content. Among the different techniques used to improve these soils, the injection of cement grouts stands out. In this work, a grouting treatment is designed to ensure the stability of the ground during the construction of two tunnels linking two municipalities in the north of Spain in Biscay, and to reduce the inflow of water from the aquifer located in the vicinity of these tunnels. First of all, the rock mass is analysed and the material to be injected is selected on the basis of the authors’ experience as well as setting time and compressive strength. Subsequently, with a test device designed by the DinRock research group of the University of Oviedo, two types of laboratory tests are carried out in order to analyse the effect of fines migration and washing on the water flows and the effect of re-injections of grouts with different densities on the permeability value. The results show that, in sandy materials, obtaining high degrees of waterproofing together with large stable zones can only be achieved by a combination of treatments and stages with different materials and densities. In addition, maximum values for both injection pressure and flow rate must be established depending on the type of grout and the permeability of the soil. Once the problem has been analysed, the injection treatment is designed and executed. The treatment consists of one pre-injection in four stages with 30 boreholes drilled in the top heading, 19–20 boreholes drilled in the bench, and one post-injection with boreholes drilled around the perimeter of the tunnel in those areas where the pre-injection does not achieve the desired degree of waterproofing.

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Kaptsov, I., O. Nalivaiko, O. Romashko, and N. Kaptsova. "LABORATORY AND PRODUCTION TESTS OF A HYDROPHOBIC ADDITIVE FROM THE GROUP «RAMSINKS-2M» FOR CONCRETE USED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STATION BLOCKS AND BLOCKS OF TRANSPLANTING TUNNELS WITH HIGH WATERPROOFING." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 161 (March 26, 2021): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-1-161-218-222.

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In the work, conducting experimental works and experiments on the choice of optimal ratios of PTCs 1-100 and hydrophobic material «Ramsinks-2MU», studying hydrophobicity of mixtures, recipes-solutions, research of technological properties of mixtures. Experimentally proved that the brand of concrete is not permeable reached by W12, which can not be obtained by sealing concrete. The results of laboratory tests of concrete with the addition of «Ramsinks-2m» are given. To increase the waterproofing of concrete antiltration barriers, underground structures of buildings and structures, reservoirs, etc. It is proposed to achieve high waterproofing of concrete by adding to its composition of the hydrophobic additive «Ramsinks-2MU». The use of new hydrophobic materials such as "Ramsinks-2MU" for the manufacture of concrete on the construction of the subway in Kyiv - is an exhaust direction in metrobudination. Reliable waterproofing of outflows and openings can be achieved by applying a water-retailing additive "Ramsinks-2MU" and its modifications. Technological simplificence in the introduction of the latest material is achieved by direct use of hydro-insulating works by introducing it in the appropriate ratio in traditional solutions. A method for selecting a percentage of a hydrophobic additive with cement for different classes of concrete and for specific mining-geological conditions has been developed. This technique makes it possible for the latest technologies to determine the qualitative characteristics of the hydrophobic additive offered. The use of this additive in the manufacture of concrete and solutions contributes to an increase in the elasticity of the mixture, prevents the uneven concentration of fillers, as well as prevents mixing of the mixture and increases resistance to aggressive factors. The high waterproofing of products with the additive is achieved with the corresponding concrete composition by fine schedules of hydrophobic particles. By reducing the negative impact of moisture on the design, their durability increases. Laboratory test tests showed that the introduction of a hydrophobic additive "Ramsinks-2M" significantly affects the strength of the cement stone in the hydrophobic mixtures "Ramsinks-2MU". The proposed hydrophobic materials have qualitative advantages over other similar materials, as well as cost-beneficial. They can be used when the seams of tunnel processing and stations, as well as waterproofing of monolithic concrete structures in the subway.

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29

Kulikova, Elena. "Basic Directions of Improving the Durability of the Sewage Collector Lining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 843 (July 2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.843.25.

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The main requirements for the sewage lining are waterproofing properties, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, resistance to hydro-abrasive wear. Currently, neither in the literature nor in the practice of underground urban construction, there is no information about the quantitative parameters of the above requirements. This leads to uncertainty when creating new means of protection of concrete lining from the effects of external factors and aggressive media flowing through the collector tunnels. Currently, it is possible to control the characteristics of concrete (to increase its density and decrease porosity) through the introduction of additives (superplasticizers to reduce the water-cement ratio, microsilica) or coating of concrete surface materials, contributing to colmatation. It helps to increase the water resistance of concrete tunnel lining, its resistance to aggressive influences. However, this is not enough to prevent deterioration of concrete when exposed to aggressive environment. The article proposed the evaluation of the above requirements, which will solve the problem of increasing the durability of lining concrete sewers.

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30

ICHIKAWA, Hirokazu, Michal BARTKO, Nobuo KATOU, Hiroyuki MIYAUCHI, Takanori SASAKI, and Kyoji TANAKA. "BEHAVIOR OF MECHANICALLY ANCHORED WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE EXPOSED TO HIGH WIND SPEED OF WIND TUNNEL." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 70, no. 593 (2005): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.70.17_2.

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31

Zhou, Ji Min, Chuan He, Kun Feng, and Ming Qing Xiao. "Model Test on Structural Behaviour of Underwater Shield Tunnel with Large Cross-Section Considering Assembling Modes." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3560.

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Taking Nanjing Yangtze River Shield Tunnel with large cross-section (Φ14.5m) as background, the mechanical characteristic of lining structure under high hydrostatic water pressure for different segmental assembling modes is studied by large-scale similar model test. The test system can control earth pressure, uniform and non-uniform water pressure acting on lining respectively and cooperatively. The study results show that the values and distribution of deformation and internal force vary with different assembling modes. The rigidity of the whole ring for straight joint assembling is less, inducing the deformation larger and internal force smaller, which is unfavorable for waterproofing requirements. The peak positions of bending moment change with the difference of staggered joint assembling modes. Due to the smaller rigidity of K segment, the value of bending moment on that position is less. The most favorable and unfavorable assembling modes are proposed for construction design for Nanjing Yangtze River Shield Tunnel; meanwhile it can also provide important reference to the correlative project.

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32

Tan, Xuyan, Weizhong Chen, Guojun Wu, Luyu Wang, and Jianping Yang. "A structural health monitoring system for data analysis of segment joint opening in an underwater shield tunnel." Structural Health Monitoring 19, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 1032–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921719876045.

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The opening of segment joints is considered critical for the stability analysis of a shield tunnel lining. In order to prevent tunnel disasters, an integrated framework was developed in this study based on the laboratory experiment, real-time monitoring, and statistic theory. As a case study, this presented method was employed in a typical underwater shield tunnel to prevent leakage disasters. The water pressure experiment was used to analyze the importance of joint openings for the tunnel waterproofing. Then, an automatic structural health monitoring system was installed in the study site to have real-time monitoring of segment joint opening and the variation of external load applied to the structure. Based on the monitoring data, a multiple linear regression model was developed to explain the response of joint opening to water pressure and temperature at the important positions of arch crown, spandrel, and hance of the tunnel. The multiple linear regression results were verified to be in agreement with those of the numerical simulation; they denote that (1) joint opening decreased with the rise in temperature, but increased with the rise in water pressure at arch crown and hance, and (2) the segment joint opening decreased with the rise in water pressure at spandrel. As a potential application, the developed model was applied to predict future behaviors of structure, which is vital to prevent disasters and provides a reference to underwater constructions.

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33

Gong, Chenjie, Wenqi Ding, and Khalid M. Mosalam. "Performance-based design of joint waterproofing of segmental tunnel linings using hybrid computational/experimental procedures." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 96 (February 2020): 103172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103172.

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34

Lee, Kicheol, Dongwook Kim, Soon-Wook Choi, Soo-Ho Chang, Tae-Ho Kang, and Chulho Lee. "Numerical Analysis of the Contact Behavior of a Polymer-Based Waterproof Membrane for Tunnel Lining." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112704.

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Waterproof membranes have higher initial strength, faster construction, and better waterproofing than conventional sheet membranes. In addition, their polymer constituents have much higher interfacial adhesion and tensile strength than those of conventional materials. However, despite their advantages, waterproof membranes are not widely used in civil construction. This study evaluates the material properties and interface parameters of a waterproof membrane by considering the results of laboratory experiments and numerical analysis. Since the contact behavior of a membrane at its interface with shotcrete is important for understanding the mechanism of the support it offers known as a shotcrete tunnel lining, modeling should adopt appropriate contact conditions. The numerical analysis identifies the suitability and contact conditions of the waterproof membrane in various conditions.

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35

Junwei, Zhang, Chen Yunyao, and Feng Qianke. "Characteristic parameters’ optimization based on contact pressure of sealing gasket for segmental joints." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 7 (July 2020): 168781402094336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020943360.

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The aim of this study is to optimize the characteristic parameters of the segmental joints based on the contact pressure of sealing gasket. The design status of shield tunnel segment joint sealing gasket material, cross-section type, and holes arrangement through statistical data are first analyzed using the numerical simulation method. The result of this study indicates that the linear regression analysis of the outer contour parameters of the gasket was carried out using the bottom edge length of the gasket as the control variable in accordance with the statistical samples, and the influence of geometric parameters on the waterproofing design of sealing gasket is analyzed by numerical simulation from the aspects of the number of closed holes, the shape of closed holes, and the change of the opening rate in different parts. Characteristic parameters optimization of rubber hardness parameters on waterproof design of sealing gaskets have been completed on the contact pressure of sealing gasket for segmental joints. It provided some references for the design, production, processing, and quality inspection of shield tunnel gasket in the future.

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36

Lee, Chulho, Soon-Wook Choi, Tae-Ho Kang, and Soo-Ho Chang. "A Numerical study on the Moisture Transport of Concrete Tunnel Linings with the Sprayable Waterproofing Membrane." Tunnel and Underground Space 26, no. 3 (June 30, 2016): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7474/tus.2016.26.3.212.

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37

Yang, Xiaohua, Kunlong Zheng, Lixiao Xu, and Nieyangzi Liu. "Properties and Applications of a New Chemical Grouting Material." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7191354.

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The study investigates a new chemical grout by mixing the main agent, auxiliary agent, catalyst, foam stabilizer, solvent, and water, to treat the distress of railway tunnel. The orthogonal design was used to obtain 16 groups of grout proportion schemes, and reasonable proportion parameters were screened using laboratory and field tests. Additionally, this study included detailed research on the grout performance. The test results showed that the proportion schemes of groups 3, 4, and 15 grout were the most reasonable. In particular, for group 3, the viscosity is 663 MPa·s, the curing time is 119 s, the foaming capacity is 1589%, and the compressive strength is 20.16 MPa. For group 4, the viscosity is 663 MPa·s, the curing time is 137 s, the foaming capacity is 1809%, and the compressive strength is 17.76 MPa. For group 15, the viscosity is 281 MPa·s, the curing time is 98 s, the foaming capacity is 1173%, and the compressive strength is 26.79 MPa. Groups 4 and 15 grouts were used to treat the frost boiling and track bed subsidence in existed railway tunnels. Based on this, field monitoring showed that muddy water became clear water with an average depth of only 4 mm in the drainage ditch and that the irregular subsidence of the track bed was also solved after treatment. According to the aforementioned experimental research and analysis, it is proven that new grout not only exhibits a reasonable solidification time, high strength, and excellent waterproofing and impermeability with no pollution of the environment but also can be produced by a safe and convenient synthesis method. Group 4 is suitable for treating tunnel seepage, group 15 is suitable for structural reinforcement, and group 3 confers the advantages of seepage prevention, leakage stoppage, and reinforcement.

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38

Fu, Helin, Pengtao An, Kai Li, Guowen Cheng, Jie Li, and Xiaohui Yu. "Grouting Design of Rich Water Tunnels and the Calculation of Distance between Annular Blind Pipes." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 31, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8873971.

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The rich water tunnel often uses “water blocking and drainage limiting” waterproofing and drainage systems. On the one hand, the drainage system is set behind the lining to reduce the water pressure. On the other hand, the stratum grouting is used to control the discharge flow of groundwater. In the drainage system, it is important to determine the distance between the annular blind pipes, but there is no clear calculation formula, which leads to the designer often relying on experience. First, the groundwater drainage system is constructed. Based on Darcy’s law and the law of conservation of mass, the formula for calculating the seepage discharge and the seepage pressure with the parameters of annular blind pipe spacing is derived. At the same time, the design parameters of the grouting circle are optimised, and then the formula of annular blind pipe spacing is derived according to the design value of the antiwater pressure of the secondary lining structure and the allowable seepage discharge of the tunnel. Finally, based on the case study of the Hongtu extra-long tunnel under construction, it is verified by field monitoring data. The results show that (1) grouting reinforcement is an important means to reduce water seepage, and tunnel water seepage can be adjusted by changing the thickness and permeability coefficient of the grouting reinforcement circle, in which the thickness of the reinforcement circle should not be too large, and the permeability coefficient should not be less than 1/80 of the surrounding rock permeability coefficient; (2) according to the derived formula, the water pressure of the secondary lining structure decreases in a parabolic manner from the middle of the two rows of annular blind pipes to the place where the annular blind pipes are set; (3) the allowable water seepage of the tunnel and the design value of the water pressure resistance of the lining structure should be considered when determining the distance between annular blind pipes; and (4) based on the derived formula, the distance between the annular blind pipes in the test section of the Hongtu extra-long tunnel is determined to be 8 m.

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39

Ai, Qing, Yining Gu, Yong Yuan, Xiaomo Jiang, Hui Wang, Haitao Yu, and Yongjie Huang. "Integrated waterproofing evaluation method for longitudinal joints of shield tunnel subjected to extreme surcharge: Numerical analysis and experimental validation." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 131 (January 2023): 104834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2022.104834.

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40

Plugin, Andrii, Oleh Kalinin, Sergii Miroshnichenko, Alina Zvierieva, Vasyl Holinei, and Maksym Liakhov. "INJECTION MODEL OF CEMENT MORTAR PENETRATION INTO CRACKED ROCKS BEHIND WALLING." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 196 (October 12, 2021): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.196.2021.241660.

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The natural and technological factors influencing on the depth of injection cement mortars penetration into the cracked rocks and emptiness under the lining of mountain tunnels have been studied. There are the width of cracks in rocks and groundwater pressure in them, the dynamic viscosity of the solution, which is determined by the content of additives-superplasticizer and watercement ratio W/C, the magnitude and duration of pressure during the projection (crimping). Thesefacts were established after the analytical of literature sources and the analysis of features, design and a technical condition of real tunnel, geological structure of processing rocks under their lining. Based on the fundamental rheological equation - Newton's law in viscous flow models of dependences of depth of penetration on factors mentioned above are developed. Because of research of these models the sizes of technological factors, including dynamic viscosity of the mortar, providing the required penetration of cement mortars were received. To ensure the penetration of the solution to a depth of 10 m in cracks with a width of 10 mm, the dynamic viscosity should not exceed over 0.05 Pa·s, and in cracks of 1 mm – 0.01 Pa·s. To ensure the penetration of the solution to a depth of 2 m in cracks with a width of 1 mm, the dynamic viscosity should be in the range of 0.03–0.1 Pa·s, and in cracks of 0.1 mm – 0.0025–0, 01 Pa·s. Superplasticizers allows reducing the dynamic viscosity ofsolutions to such values and effectively increasing the depth of their penetration into cracks and, as a result increasing the water resistance and load-bearing capacity of the fractured rock. The technology of injecting cement mortars with superplasticizer additives has been improved and developed for: the reconstruction of underground structures and massive artificial structures; the designing of a spherical bearing between galvanized concrete without a bald spot and the exposedmetal beams. The technology is recommended to be used for waterproofing and increasing the bearing capacity of tunnel, piers, bridges, and for the device of a laying layer between а withoutballast reinforced concrete bridge plate and longitudinal beams of metal bridges.

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41

Deng, Shengjun, Huanyu Lin, Yang He, Feng Zhou, Siyuan She, Zequn Hong, and Xiangdong Hu. "Unsteady-State Conjugate Heat Transfer Model of Freeze-Sealing Pipe Roof Method and Sensitivity Analysis of Influencing Factors of Freezing Effect." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091370.

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The freeze-sealing pipe roof (FSPR) method has been applied to the Gongbei tunnel of the Hongkong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge, which is the first application of this method in the world. The purpose of the ground-freezing method is soil waterproofing. Temperature is an important indicator for measuring the freezing effect; however, the FSPR method involves unsteady-state conjugate heat transfer between frozen soil, steel pipes, concrete, air, and other media. This paper proposes an unsteady-state conjugate heat transfer model and establishes a global solution algorithm of a strong coupling governing equation based on the virtual density method. Then, a calculation based on COMSOL software is realized and validated. The sensitivity of different factors such as initial formation temperature, different soil layers, and brine temperature on the freezing effect was studied by simulating the FSPR model. It is concluded that the brine temperature had a greater impact on the freezing effect, followed by the soil layer, whereas the formation temperature had the least impact. For muddy silty clay, if the brine temperature is −20 °C, it takes 44 days to meet the design requirements of 2 m. If the brine temperature is −30 °C, 27 days is enough. When the formation temperature is 20 °C, it takes 20 days for medium gravel sand to reach the thickness of the freezing curtain, and 32 days for muddy silty clay. Compared to other soil layers, the freezing effect of the medium gravel sand is relatively better. This research has a certain impetus to similar multimedia freezing heat transfer issues.

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42

Uematsu, Yasushi, Tetsuo Yambe, Tomoyuki Watanabe, and Hirokazu Ikeda. "The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof." Wind 1, no. 1 (November 9, 2021): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind1010003.

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The present paper proposes a measure for improving the wind-resistant performance of photovoltaic systems and mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems installed on flat roofs by combining them together. Mechanically attached single-ply membrane roofing systems are often used in Japan. These roofing systems are often damaged by strong winds, because they are very sensitive to wind action. Recently, photovoltaic (PV) systems placed on flat roofs have become popular. They are also often damaged by strong winds directed onto the underside, which cause large wind forces onto the PV panels. For improving the wind resistance of these systems, we proposed to install PV panels horizontally with gaps between them. Such an installation may decrease the wind forces on the PV panels due to the pressure equalization effect as well as on the waterproofing membrane due to the shielding effect of the PV panels. This paper discusses the validity of such an idea. The pressure on the bottom surface of a PV panel, called the “layer pressure” here, was evaluated by a numerical simulation based on the unsteady Bernoulli equation. In the simulation, the time history of the external pressure coefficients, measured at many points on the roof in a wind tunnel, was employed. It was found that the wind forces, both on the PV panels and on the roofing system, were significantly reduced. The reduction was large near the roof’s corner, where large suction pressures were induced in oblique winds. Thus, the proposed method improved the wind resistance of both systems significantly.

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43

Cazzuffi, Daniele, Domenico Gioffrè, and Andrea Luciani. "Geosynthetics in tunnels and underground structures applications." E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336801005.

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Waterproofing systems of tunnels is of crucial importance for the long-term effectiveness of the underground works and for the possible impact on the surrounding environment. In conventional tunnelling, polymeric geomembranes are nowadays used with fluid barrier function, while nonwoven geotextiles and geonets are commonly employed with mechanical protection and drainage functions. After some descriptions of the main requirements of the geosynthetics used in tunnels and underground structures, the durability aspects of the materials forming the waterproofing systems are briefly outlined.

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44

Du, Shaoshuai, and Jinhua Tang. "State-of-the-Art Review on Failure Mechanism and Waterproofing Performance of Linings for Shield Tunnels." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6104725.

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The introduction and development of shield tunnels have led to the innovation of precast segmental linings, which has significant advantages in improving the construction speed compared with in-situ cast concrete linings. However, damage of the linings and water leakage at the lining joints highlight defects in the design and construction of the linings. In this regard, it is necessary to investigate the failure mechanism of linings for shield tunnels and evaluate the waterproofing performance and repercussions of lining joints. The relevant research results published in recent years are reviewed in this paper, focusing on the failure mechanisms of linings and the waterproofing performance of lining joints. Progressive failure and instability of linings are introduced. Progressive failure has three stages: initial elastic stage, local damage stage, and overall failure stage. The performance-based design of joint waterproofing is described in seven steps. Further opportunities for the investigation of this topic are discussed.

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45

Dammyr, Øyvind, Bjørn Nilsen, Kurosch Thuro, and Jørn Grøndal. "Possible Concepts for Waterproofing of Norwegian TBM Railway Tunnels." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 47, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 985–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0388-5.

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46

BLENDERMANN, Görge, and Dieter SCHMID. "Evolution of Drainage and Waterproofing Systems in Tunnels around Neuchâtel." IABSE Congress Report 16, no. 16 (January 1, 2000): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137900796313582.

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47

Кукарина, Е. Е. "Применения бентонитовых матов в качестве гидроизоляционных материалов в строительстве". ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, № 2 (2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-48.

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Modern trends in construction in large cities and megacities, lack of available land, rising land prices and the need for its rational use lead to the active development of underground space. Construction of underground garages, Parking lots, shopping centers, pedestrian crossings and transport tunnels requires the use of reliable (waterproof) and durable waterproofing Bentonite slabs are widely used in construction, for example, in waterproofing. The material has been in use for a long time, because its main component is clay. One of the famous and already outdated varieties of material is found under the name "clay castle". It is a compacted paremata in plate raw material, whose thickness was 30-40 cm Today, technology has leaped forward, incorporating the best of old techniques and modern developments. So there were bentonite mats, which will be discussed further.

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48

Johnson, R. P., F. E. Swallow, and S. Psomas. "Structural properties and durability of a sprayed waterproofing membrane for tunnels." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 60 (November 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.07.013.

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49

Liu, Jinghui, and Xiaojun Li. "Analytical solution for estimating groundwater inflow into lined tunnels considering waterproofing and drainage systems." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80, no. 9 (July 24, 2021): 6827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02378-0.

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50

Yi, Chao Jue, and Peng Cheng Zhai. "Application of Fiberglass-Polyester Paving Mat in Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.485.

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Fiberglass-Polyester Paving Mat is a new compound synthetic material, and a compound of fiberglass and polyester, which advantages include high strength, low elongation, good compatibility with bitumen, resistance of high temperature and corrosiveness. This paper mainly elaborated the performance of Fiberglass-Polyester Paving Mat, such as delaying cracking, alleviating the crack development, which can effectively prevent the road surface water infiltration and improve the pavement performance in asphalt pavement construction and transformation. Based on the forming mechanism of reflective cracks, this article describes the engineering application of fiberglass-polyester paving mat in the prevention of reflection crack of bituminous pavement and in waterproofing of the paving layer in tunnels, thus providing the basis for the application of Fiberglass-Polyester Paving Mat in highway construction and maintenance engineering.

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