Статті в журналах з теми "Tuna viscera"
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1
Derouiche Ben Maiz, Habiba, Emilia M. Guadix, Antonio Guadix, Mohamed Gargouri, and Francisco Javier Espejo‐Carpio. "Valorisation of tuna viscera by endogenous enzymatic treatment." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 54, no. 4 (November 2018): 1100–1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14009.
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Klomklao, S., and S. Benjakul. "Utilization of Tuna Processing Byproducts: Protein Hydrolysate from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis ) Viscera." Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 41, no. 3 (June 17, 2016): e12970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.12970.
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3
Nugroho, Galih, Arning Wilujeng Ekawati, and Hartati Kartikaningsih. "Characteristics of Tuna Viscera (Thunnus sp.) Hydrolysate Protein Fermented by Bacillus licheniformis." Research Journal of Life Science 7, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rjls.2020.007.02.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to analyze the nutritional composition of the degree of hydrolysis and amino acids in the internal organ waste of tuna and the protein hydrolyzate of tuna's internal organs after fermentation using the Bacillus licheniformis bacteria. The analysis showed that the protein content of tuna offal was 53.52%, and after fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis, bacteria were able to increase protein levels from 56.04. The degree of hydrolysis of protein (DH) showed an increase of 13.24% in tuna offal to 22.28% of protein hydrolyzates are fermented tuna innards. The total essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids in the fermented tuna innards' protein hydrolyzates increased during the fermentation process. The highest levels of essential amino acids were found in arginine as high as 3.632965 at the 96th hour, and the lowest histidine was 1.082602. In contrast, for the highest non-essential amino acids, there was glycine at 8.52223, and the lowest for tyrosine was 1.272592.
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BANZE, Jorge Filipe, Maria Fernanda Oliveira SILVA, Dariane Beatriz Schoffen ENKE, and Débora Machado FRACALOSSI. "Acid silage of tuna viscera: production, composition, quality and digestibility." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 43, especial (December 30, 2017): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2017.24.34.
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Tran, Thi Ngoc, Chien Thang Doan, Van Bon Nguyen, Anh Dzung Nguyen, and San-Lang Wang. "Conversion of Fishery Waste to Proteases by Streptomyces speibonae and Their Application in Antioxidant Preparation." Fishes 7, no. 3 (June 14, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7030140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Proteinaceous wastes from the fishery process are an abundant renewable resource for the recovery of a variety of high-value products. This work attempted to utilize several proteinaceous wastes to produce proteases using the Streptomyces speibonae TKU048 strain. Among different possible carbon and nitrogen sources, the protease productive activity of S. speibonae TKU048 was optimal on 1% tuna head powder. Further, the casein/gelatin/tuna head powder zymography of the crude enzyme revealed the presence of three/nine/six proteases, respectively. The crude-enzyme cocktail of S. speibonae TKU048 exhibited the best proteolytic activity at 70 °C and pH = 5.8. Sodium dodecyl sulfate strongly enhanced the proteolytic activity of the cocktail, whereas FeCl3, CuSO4, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid could completely inhibit the enzyme activity. Additionally, the crude-enzyme cocktail of S. speibonae TKU048 could efficiently enhance the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities of all tested proteinaceous materials including the head, viscera, and meat of tuna fish; the head, viscera, and meat of tilapia fish; the head, meat, and shell of shrimp; squid pen; crab shell; and soybean. Taken together, S. speibonae TKU048 revealed potential in the reclamation of proteinaceous wastes for protease production and antioxidant preparation.
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Nurhayati, Tati, Wahyu Ramadhan, and Tubagus Fatahilah Kerta Raharja. "Microencapsulation of trypsin from the intestine of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Albacares)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1033, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1033/1/012058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Fish viscera is one of the waste products from fisheries that have not been widely used it tends to be disposed of more. Whereas in fish innards there are some enzymes including the trypsin found in the intestines. To increase the added value of fish viscera, a study on the extraction and microencapsulation of trypsin from fish intestines was carried out. This study aimed to analyze the activity of the trypsin from tuna intestine microencapsulated using maltodextrin. The concentrations of maltodextrin used were 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% w/v. The microencapsulated enzymes were then dried using a spray dryer. The results showed that the crude extract of the trypsin had a specific activity value of 0.250 U/mg with a Vmax value of 0.0379 mmol/s and Km 0.2299 mM. Trypsin microencapsulated with 1% (w/v) maltodextrin was the best treatment because it has the highest specific activity (0.235±0.013 U/mg) with Vmax values of 0,0208 mmol/s and Km of 0,8581 mM. After going through the drying process with a spray dryer, the enzyme activity decreased by 10±1%.
7
Thanh, Le Tat. "SURVEY ON TOTAL LIPID CONTENT AND COMPOSITION OFFATTY ACIDS FROM HEAD AND VISCERA OF TUNA." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2C (March 19, 2018): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2c/11878.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, 16 samples including 8 head samples and visceral samples of tuna species incentral Vietnam coast are collected and serveyed the composition and content of fatty acids inthe total lipid. The obtained results show that the total lipid content in the head samples rangefrom 4.5 % to 11.7 % weight of fresh samples, particularly, the total lipid content of MT1 (headof Thunnusobesus) and VV1 (head of Thunnusalbacares) reached 14.2 % and 14.8 %. Invisceral samples, the total lipid content ranges from 2.3 % to 6.5 % compared with the weight offresh sample. We also identified 37 kinds of fatty acids, in which head samples of tuna are richin fatty acids in the omega-3 group (from 24.7 % to 37.8 %). Especially DHA ranges from19.3 % to 27.8 % and EPA ranges from 4.4 % to 8.4 %. Analysis results showed that omega-3content in visceral samples less than head samples of tuna, their contents only reach from 16.0 %to 31.4. The fatty acids content in the omega-6 group are the lowest and reach from 4.7 % to10.8 %.
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Vaske Júnior, Teodoro. "Are deep-sea cephalopods really common preys for oceanic seabirds?" Biota Neotropica 11, no. 1 (March 2011): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032011000100018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An analysis of published data on oceanic seabirds diets, show the predominance of muscular cephalopods with superficial distribution in the oceanic layers, but also important are the gelatinous and ammoniacal species restrict to layers below 300 m from the surface. In principle, it could be not expected that deep-sea cephalopods are common prey for seabirds like several authors have been concluded. It is proposed in this study that an indirect source, important and easily attainable, have been appeared with the beginning of tuna longline operations. The habit to feed upon viscera of the fishes captured by tuna longliners, that discard the gut contents to the water, may explain the probable equivocal conclusions that deep dwelling cephalopods are natural prey of oceanic seabirds.
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Kang, Kil-Yoon, Dong-Hyun Ahn, Sun-Mi Jung, Dong-Hun Kim, and Byung-Soo Chun. "Separation of protein and fatty acids from tuna viscera using supercritical carbon dioxide." Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 10, no. 4 (August 2005): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02931848.
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Blank, Jason M., Jeffery M. Morrissette, Peter S. Davie, and Barbara A. Block. "Effects of temperature, epinephrine and Ca2+ on the hearts of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 13 (July 1, 2002): 1881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.13.1881.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYTuna are endothermic fish with high metabolic rates, cardiac outputs and aerobic capacities. While tuna warm their skeletal muscle, viscera, brain and eyes, their hearts remain near ambient temperature, raising the possibility that cardiac performance may limit their thermal niches. We used an in situ perfused heart preparation to investigate the effects of acute temperature change and the effects of epinephrine and extracellular Ca2+ on cardiac function in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares). Heart rate showed a strong temperature-dependence, ranging from 20 beats min-1 at 10 °C to 109 beats min-1 at 25 °C. Maximal stroke volume showed an inverse temperature-dependence,ranging from 1.4 ml kg-1 at 15 °C to 0.9 ml kg-1 at 25 °C. Maximal cardiac outputs were 27 ml kg-1 min-1at 10 °C and 98 ml kg-1 min-1 at 25 °C. There were no significant effects of perfusate epinephrine concentrations between 1 and 100 nmoll-1 at 20 °C. Increasing extracellular Ca2+ concentration from 1.84 to 7.36 mmoll-1 at 20°C produced significant increases in maximal stroke volume, cardiac output and myocardial power output. These data demonstrate that changes in heart rate and stroke volume are involved in maintaining cardiac output during temperature changes in tuna and support the hypothesis that cardiac performance may limit the thermal niches of yellowfin tuna.
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Koo, Jae-Geun, and Ho Young Chang. "Physicochemical characteristics of mackerel and tuna viscera as baits for swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus pots." Journal of the Korean society of Fisheries Technology 50, no. 3 (August 31, 2014): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3796/ksft.2014.50.3.310.
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Ovissipour, Mahmoudreza, Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari, Rajabmohammad Nazari, Ali Motamedzadegan, and Barbara Rasco. "Tuna viscera protein hydrolysate: nutritive and disease resistance properties for Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicusL.) larvae." Aquaculture Research 45, no. 4 (September 7, 2012): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03257.x.
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Naghdi, Shahab, Masoud Rezaei, Mehdi Tabarsa, and Mehdi Abdollahi. "Extraction of sulfated polysaccharide from Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera using alcalase enzyme and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) visceral semi-purified alkaline proteases." Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 32 (May 2023): 101033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101033.
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Siripongvutikorn, Sunisa, Ruttiya Asksonthong, and Worapong Usawakesmanee. "Evaluation of harmful heavy metal (Hg, Pb and Cd) reduction using Halomonas elongata and Tetragenococcus halophilus for protein hydrolysate product." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 6, no. 4 (April 27, 2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v6i4.240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Fermented fish is one form of natural protein hydrolysate has been reported to have many health benefits such as antihypertensive, antioxidative activity and anti-inflammatory peptides. However, as known that toxic heavy metal is widely spread and entered throughout the food chain particularly in tuna internal organ which is widely used to process fermented product or discharged to be fish meal. Consumption of fermented tuna viscera containing heavy metal is risky. Detoxifying and/ or reducing those toxic elements is more interesting particularly by using bacterial cells and their metabolic product. Halomonas elongata is moderately halophilic bacteria having heavy metal removal ability, normally found in hypersaline environments. Tetragenococcus halophilus is halophilic lactic acid bacteria and probiotic actually found in fermented food such as fish sauce, shrimp paste and fermented fish. Some scientific data reported that using T. halophilus improved amino acid profiles and desirable volatile compounds as well as reduced biogenic amine content in fish sauce product. Therefore, it was hypothesized that using H. elongata and T. halophilus can reduce heavy metal content and improve organoleptic quality of fermented fish viscera product (Tai pla) in the next experiment.Objective: This present work aimed to determine growth character of H. elongata and T. halophilus reared at various NaCl concentrations; 10, 15, 20 and 25% there after heavy metal reduction by using these microorganism reared at optimum NaCl concentration was evaluated. Methods: H. elongata and T. halophilus were reared in SNB (saline nutrient broth) and MRS-broth added with NaCl at concentration 10, 15, 20 and 25%, respectively. Each organism to obtain content at cultured in the media containg appropriate NaCl content was added with Hg, Pb and Cd at concentration, 0.5, 1, and 3 mg/L, respectively. Thereafter supernatant of each condition incubated at 48 and 96 hr was taken to heavy metal analysis.Results: The results showed that the higher NaCl content the slower of late log phase and stationary phase particularly in T. halophilus. This may due to T. halophilus did not produce special metabolite as exopolysaccharide which found in H. elongate. Regardless heavy metal concentration, the result revealed that CdCl2 at 3 mg/kg caused more H. elongata cell death but did not occur in T. halophilus. In addition, removal of Hg, Pb and Cd was 12.70, 84.78 and 75.83%, respectively by rearing with H. elongata for 48 hr. Furthermore, the removal of Hg, Pb and Cd done by T. halophilus was 12.68, 91.27 and 95.12%, respectively at 96 hr of of incubation.Conclusion: H. elongata and T. halophilus prefered SNB containing NaCl concentration between 10-20%. Higher NaCl concentration, 20-25% log phase was extended. Both H. elongata and T. halophilus could remove all test heavy metals, however T. halophilus seemed to have more Pb and Cd removal capability compared with H. elongata. Using H. elongata and T. halophilus for next fermented tuna viscera is possible.Keywords: Halomonas elongata, Tetragenococcus halophilus, Heavy metal, NaCl
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Lee, Sang-Min, Minh Anh Pham, and Il-Shik Shin. "Partial Replacement of Fish Meal by Fermented Skipjack Tuna Viscera in Juvenile Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Diets." Fisheries and aquatic sciences 12, no. 4 (December 31, 2009): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/fas.2009.12.4.305.
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Siripongvutikorn, Sunisa, Worapong Usawakesmanee, and Kanrawee Hunsakul. "Utilization of tuna roe and using inulin as oil replacer for producing value added omega-3 mayonnaise product." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 6, no. 3 (March 26, 2016): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v6i3.242.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Fishery industry has been important for Thai’s economic more than 30 years. It leads Thailand to be the one of world’s largest canned tuna producer and exporter. However, mainly white meat part is used in canned tuna product while the waste comprises roe, viscera, head and dark meat is sold to feed meal plant or sold as cheap material even its nutritive value is still high. There is well know that sea fish as tuna is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) such as Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Many people around the world play more attention with salad dish with the dressing. Generally, mayonnaise is prefer for the salad dressing and it normally consists of chicken egg yolk which high saturated fatty acid and in addition, fat content in mayonnaise normally is about 30-65%. Therefore, normal mayonnaise is high in fat content and low polyunsaturated fatty acid then consuming this product may not a great idea for on diet or controlled weight people.Objective: To increase omega-3 by tuna roe substitution and to replace fat content by using inulin gel.Methods: Tuna roe was prepared by soaking with galangal extracted with 95% ethanol for removal fishy/rancidity odor. Inulin powder 45 g was added in to water to obtain final suspension 100 ml before brought to heat at temperature 65oC for 15 min to form a gel and stored at 4oC. Omega-3 mayonnaise product was started with using 100% tuna roe substitution for egg yolk. Thereafter, inulin gel was added to replace vegetable oil at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Basic mayonnaise containing egg yolk and 0% inulin gel (100% soy bean oil) was used as control sample. Color and emulsion stability test were monitored for physical quality. pH value, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were used for chemical quality. Total viable count (TVC), yeast and mold, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and coliform were measured for microbiological quality. Sensory evaluation using 9-point hedonic scale technique was also monitored.Results: When increased inulin gel into the mayonnaise, L* value significantly increased while a* and b* values significantly decreased (p<0.05). Without added inulin gel, mayonnaise producing by using tuna roe had lower emulsion stability test (%) compared with control sample using egg yolk. It was found that using inulin gel significantly increased moisture contents and water activity of mayonnaise. However, there was no significantly different found in pH value in any sample. In addition, tuna roe mayonnaise with and without added inulin gel possessed higher lipid oxidation products determined as PV and TBARS value compared with basic mayonnaise using egg yolk. All microbiological quality indices were very low and passed standard regulation of mayonnaise product. Though, consumer acceptability of mayonnaise producing from tuna roe was lower than that of control, 50% of inulin gel substitution seemed to have better sensory score when compared with other inulin gel substitution groups. Therefore, sensory improvement of omega-3 mayonnaise product substituted with inulin gel need to be further studied.Conclusions: Mayonnaise producing from tuna roe and replacing fat with inulin gel between 25 to 100% were successful when determined by emulsion stability, pH value and microbiological quality. However, sensory score of using 100% tuna roe with and without inulin gel substitution for making mayonnaise was lower than that of control. Among tuna roe mayonnaise substituted with inulin gel, 50% should be selected for sensory improvement in the further work.Keywords: Tuna roe, Mayonnaise, Inulin, Omega-3
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Chotikachinda, R., C. Tantikitti, S. Benjakul, T. Rustad, and E. Kumarnsit. "Production of protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) viscera as feeding attractants for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)." Aquaculture Nutrition 19, no. 5 (August 28, 2013): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anu.12024.
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Besas, Jesebel R., and Erlinda I. Dizon. "Influence of Salt Concentration on Histamine Formation in Fermented Tuna Viscera (<i>Dayok</i>)." Food and Nutrition Sciences 03, no. 02 (2012): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2012.32029.
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Patil, Umesh, Jirakrit Saetang, Bin Zhang, and Soottawat Benjakul. "Use of Tuna Visceral Pepsin in Combination with Trypsin as Digestion Aid: Enhanced Protein Hydrolysis and Bioavailability." Foods 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Freeze-dried tuna pepsin powder (TPP) was prepared using maltodextrin (10%) and trehalose (5%), while trypsin-loaded beads (TLB) with 5% glycerol were obtained via chitosan/alginate ionotropic gelation. The storage stability of TPP and TLB and their proteolytic activity toward red kidney bean protein (RKB), threadfin bream surimi (TBS) and egg white protein (EWP) in varying simulated in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) tract conditions were studied. The intestinal transepithelial transportation of generated peptides was also carried out through Caco-2 cell monolayers after the cytotoxicity test. Enzyme activity was dropped when TPP and TLB in blister packs were kept for 10 weeks of storage at room (28 °C) and refrigerated (4 °C) temperatures. TPP and TLB at a level of 50% (w/w of proteins) effectively hydrolyzed RKB, TBS and EWP in a simulated in vitro GI tract, as indicated by marked protein degradation and increased degree of hydrolysis. Some peptides generated after GI digestion could transport through Caco-2 cell monolayers. Those peptides had different molecular size distribution and antioxidant activities. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for RKB hydrolysate after passing through the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Therefore, TPP and TLB from skipjack tuna viscera could potentially be used for enzyme supplementation to help digest food proteins. Food-derived bioactive peptides generated after GI digestion could assist in improving human health due to their antioxidant activity.
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Putra, Debriga, Henny A. Dien, Roike I. Montolalu, Hens Onibala, Daisy M. Makapedua, Deiske A. Sumilat, and Alfret Luasunaung. "Efek Suhu dan Waktu Simpan terhadap Kualitas Bagian Tengah Yellowfin Tuna Segar (Thunnus albacares)." Media Teknologi Hasil Perikanan 8, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/mthp.8.3.2020.29537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decline quality of Tuna as a result of abuse temperature and long shelf life time. Histamine, microbial and sensory odours become one of the global problems that can cause health problems. Large number of bacteria dominated in viscera area rather than other fish parts. This study was conducted to determine the effect of storage temperature on histamine, microbial and sensory odours on middle of Yellowfin Tuna. This study used descriptive explorative method, sampel were periodically taken for analyses at intervals 48 hours (0ºC), 8 hours (10ºC) and 4 hours (25ºC). Yellowfin Tuna was rejected earlier by the sensory odours than TPC and histamine. During storage at 0ºC for 720 hours histamine levels still acceptable for consumption however TPC already exceeded the limit after 672 hours and rejected by sensory odours for 624 hours storage. During storage at temperature 10ºC did not reached the limit for 120 hours while TPC value already reached 2x106 cfu/g for 88 hours storage and rejected by sensory odours for 72 hours storage. During storage at temperature 25ºC histamine reached 67.3 ppm for 32 hours, ALT reached 5.5x105 cfu/g for 24 hours and rejected by sensory odour for 20 hours of storage. Histamine formation correlates with the growth of microbial counts and decrease of sensory odours value. Suhu yang tinggi dalam waktu simpan lama berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kualitas ikan tuna. Histamin, mikroba dan bau busuk menjadi salah satu permasalahan global yang dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan. Bagian tengah ikan menjadi sumber bakteri paling tinggi dibandingkan bagian lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji perkembangan histamin, ALT dan sensori bau pada bagian tengah Tuna sirip kuning dalam penyimpanan suhu yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif, sample di analisis secara berkala pada suhu 0ºC (48 jam), 10ºC (8 jam) dan 25ºC (4 jam). Tuna sirip kuning mengalami pembusukan lebih awal berdasarkan parameter sensori bau, kemudian disusul ALT dan Histamin. Kandungan histamine pada suhu 0ºC masih layak untuk dikonsumsi setelah 720 jam, namun nilai ALT melebihi batas aman setelah 672 jam penyimpanan dan nilai sensori bau setelah 624 jam penyimpanan. Penyimpanan suhu 10ºC tidak menyebabkan peningkatan histamin melebihi batas limit setelah penyimpanan selama 120 jam, sedangkan nilai ALT mencapai 2x106 cfu/g setelah 88 jam dan nilai sensori bau menyatakan ikan busuk setelah penyimpanan selama 72 jam. Penyimpanan suhu 25ºC histamin mencapai 67,3 ppm setelah penyimpanan 32 jam dan nilai ALT 5,5x105 cfu/g pada penyimpanan ke 24 jam serta ikan dinyatakan busuk berdasarkan sensori bau setelah 20 jam penyimpanan. Peningkatan histamin berkorelasi dengan pertumbuhan jumlah mikroba dan penurunan nilai sensori bau.
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Vazquez, Jose A., Maria I. Montemayor, Javier Fraguas, and Miguel A. Murado. "Hyaluronic acid production by Streptococcus zooepidemicus in marine by-products media from mussel processing wastewaters and tuna peptone viscera." Microbial Cell Factories 9, no. 1 (2010): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-46.
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Hernandez, Crisantema, Jazmin Sarmiento-Pardo, Blanca Gonzalez-Rodriguez, and Isabel Abdo Parra de la. "Replacement of fish meal with co-extruded wet tuna viscera and corn meal in diets for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)." Aquaculture Research 35, no. 12 (October 2004): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01139.x.
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Pham, Hung Duc, Muhammad A. B. Siddik, Hoang Minh Le, Manh Van Ngo, Minh Van Nguyen, and David Francis. "Effects of Dietary Tuna Viscera Hydrolysate Supplementation on Growth, Intestinal Mucosal Response, and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae Infection in Pompano (Trachinotus blochii)." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (May 18, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3645868.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of tuna viscera hydrolysate (TVH) on juvenile pompano Trachinotus blochii, growth performance, nutritional response, intestinal and liver health, and resistance to Streptococcus iniae were investigated in this study. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (protein 46.0%, lipid 10.0%) were formulated in which TVH was added to replace fishmeal protein at levels of 0 (control), 30, 60, 90, and 120 g kg-1, labelled as TVH0, TVH05, TVH10, TVH15, and TVH20, respectively. Triplicate groups of pompano were fed the respective diets for ten weeks. The results showed that fish fed diets containing TVH10 produced significantly higher final body weight and specific growth rate in comparison to the fishmeal control ( P < 0.05 ). Dietary TVH did not produce any effect on feed utilisation, somatic indices, and proximate composition of juvenile pompano ( P > 0.05 ). While most amino acids were unchanged by the dietary inclusion of TVH, phenylalanine and valine levels were significantly lower in the fish fed TVH20 diet compared to the control. Fish fed the TVH20 diet had significantly lowered total serum protein compared to the TVH10 treatment, whereas other biochemical parameters in the blood did not show any difference among treatments. The intestinal histology indicated a significant increase in goblet cell numbers in fish fed TVH10 diet. Fish fed diet supplemented with TVH showed the highest disease resistance against Streptococcus iniae after 14 days of challenge. Based on a quadratic regression between final body weight and dietary TVH levels, the optimum TVH was calculated to be 10% or 60.0 g kg-1 for maximum growth performance when fed to pompano.
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ISHIHARA, YUKIO, CHIERI NAKATA, MINORU MORIMOTO, NOBUHIRO MORI, and FUMIO WATANABE. "Free amino acid and mineral contents in viscera of bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis unloaded in Sakai fishing port, Tottori Prefecture." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 79, no. 3 (2013): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.79.433.
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Dissaraphong, Sirima, Soottawat Benjakul, Wonnop Visessanguan, and Hideki Kishimura. "The influence of storage conditions of tuna viscera before fermentation on the chemical, physical and microbiological changes in fish sauce during fermentation." Bioresource Technology 97, no. 16 (November 2006): 2032–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.007.
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Hernández-López, María, and Diego Romero. "Chronic Microplastic Exposure and Cadmium Accumulation in Blue Crabs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aquatic ecosystems are severely threatened by the presence of a multitude of pollutants. In seas and oceans, the amount of plastics continues to increase and there is great concern about toxic element accumulation. Specifically, cadmium (Cd), a toxic metal, is highly relevant to public health safety due to its ability to accumulate in the internal tissues of crustaceans; likewise, microplastics (MPs) are emerging as pollutants capable of causing alterations in marine organisms. The aim of this study was thus to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of Cd in the tissue of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) chronically exposed to MPs (25 μg L−1). In total, 24 crabs were exposed in water for 118 days to 2 types of MPs (virgin and oxidised). During the final 21 days of the experiment, the crabs were fed with tuna liver, a viscera in which Cd accumulates (mean of 7.262 µg g−1). The presence of MPs caused no changes in Cd concentrations in either the haemolymph or tissues (hepatopancreas, gills, and muscles) of the crabs, although for oxidised MPs, there was a positive correlation between Cd concentrations in the hepatopancreas and muscles, a relevant finding for food safety.
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Fudge, Douglas S., E. Don Stevens, and James S. Ballantyne. "No evidence for homeoviscous adaptation in a heterothermic tissue: tuna heat exchangers." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 275, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): R818—R823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.3.r818.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Many poikilotherms are known to adjust the membrane composition of their cells in response to a temperature change so that membrane fluidity, and therefore function, is conserved. Such compensatory changes in membrane composition are considered “homeoviscous adaptations.” In this study, we examined a heterothermic tissue, the visceral rete mirabile of the bluefin tuna, for evidence of homeoviscous adaptation. We measured the proportions of phospholipid fatty acids and phospholipid head groups as a function of position along the rete thermal gradient, which has been estimated to be ∼10°C. We found no effect of position along the rete on the composition of either phospholipid fatty acids or head groups. Our results were unexpected in light of our previous demonstration of compensation of metabolic enzyme activity in the same tissue. The lack of evidence for a homeoviscous response may be due to the fluctuating nature of the thermal gradient along the visceral retia; i.e., membranes may be adapted to a eurythermal existence rather than being fine-tuned to a particular temperature.
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Ovissipour, Mahmoudreza, Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari, Ali Motamedzadegan, Barbara Rasco, and Rajab Mohammad Nazari. "Optimization of Protein Recovery During Hydrolysis of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Visceral Proteins." Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 20, no. 2 (April 18, 2011): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10498850.2010.548910.
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Ovissipour, Mahmoudreza, Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari, Ali Motamedzadegan, and Rajab Mohammad Nazari. "Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Visceral Waste Proteins of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares)." Food and Bioprocess Technology 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2010): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0357-x.
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Fudge, D. S., E. D. Stevens, and J. S. Ballantyne. "Enzyme adaptation along a heterothermic tissue: the visceral retia mirabilia of the bluefin tuna." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): R1834—R1840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.6.r1834.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We measured enzyme activities along a heterothermic tissue, the visceral retia mirabilia of the bluefin tuna, to test current theories of enzyme temperature adaptation. The heterothermic tissue model is ideal for the study of fundamental temperature adaptation because it eliminates confounding effects of whole animal acclimation. Enzymes were measured at six positions along the rete at four temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C). Five enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, citrate synthase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase) exhibited a significant positive compensatory effect, with activity at the cold end of the rete 1.2-3.1 times higher than at the warm end. Two enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase) exhibited no significant compensation. On the basis of activation energies of enzymes along the rete, differences in activity were due to differences in enzyme concentration and not isozymes or enzyme modification. Analysis of the compensatory responses of the enzymes in light of their thermal sensitivities leads us to conclude that the pentose phosphate shunt is especially enhanced at the cold end of the rete.
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Clark, T. D., B. D. Taylor, R. S. Seymour, D. Ellis, J. Buchanan, Q. P. Fitzgibbon, and P. B. Frappell. "Moving with the beat: heart rate and visceral temperature of free-swimming and feeding bluefin tuna." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, no. 1653 (August 26, 2008): 2841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0743.
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Bestley, Sophie, Toby A. Patterson, Mark A. Hindell, and John S. Gunn. "Feeding ecology of wild migratory tunas revealed by archival tag records of visceral warming." Journal of Animal Ecology 77, no. 6 (November 2008): 1223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01437.x.
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Ikebe, Emi, Nichole Fife-Koshinomi, Takashi Matsumoto, Takaaki Yahiro, Taichi Ikebe, and Hidekatsu Iha. "Antiobesity and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Orally Administered Bonito Extracts on Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9187167.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. The condensed fermentative extract of bonito (BoE), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), has claimed its health conditioning effects against lifestyle-related diseases such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods. We evaluated the antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects of BoE on mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Mice (9 weeks of age) were maintained for 11 weeks on HFD with or without BoE (50 mg or 500 mg/kg). Results. Compared with untreated mice, BoE50 or BoE500 mice achieved maximum weight reductions of 7.4% (males) and 11.4% (females), and visceral fat in male BoE500 mice was more decreased among all mice (P = 0.00459). Furthermore, an antiobesity gene uncoupling protein-1 was significantly induced in the visceral fat tissues of male BoE500 (P = 0.0110) and female BoE50 and BoE500 mice (P = 0.0110 and P = 0.0110, resp.). Finally, we detected reduced amount of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (P = 0.0250) in the sera of female BoE50 and interleukin- (IL-) 5 (P = 0.0120), IL-6 (P = 0.0118), and IL-13 (P = 0.0243) in female BoE500 mice. Conclusion. The antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects of BoE were demonstrated with our examination system and any toxic adverse effects were not observed in mice during the 3-month investigation.
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Savarino, Philippe, Emmanuel Colson, Guillaume Caulier, Igor Eeckhaut, Patrick Flammang, and Pascal Gerbaux. "Microwave-Assisted Desulfation of the Hemolytic Saponins Extracted from Holothuria scabra Viscera." Molecules 27, no. 2 (January 15, 2022): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Saponins are plant and marine animal specific metabolites that are commonly considered as molecular vectors for chemical defenses against unicellular and pluricellular organisms. Their toxicity is attributed to their membranolytic properties. Modifying the molecular structures of saponins by quantitative and selective chemical reactions is increasingly considered to tune the biological properties of these molecules (i) to prepare congeners with specific activities for biomedical applications and (ii) to afford experimental data related to their structure–activity relationship. In the present study, we focused on the sulfated saponins contained in the viscera of Holothuria scabra, a sea cucumber present in the Indian Ocean and abundantly consumed on the Asian food market. Using mass spectrometry, we first qualitatively and quantitatively assessed the saponin content within the viscera of H. scabra. We detected 26 sulfated saponins presenting 5 different elemental compositions. Microwave activation under alkaline conditions in aqueous solutions was developed and optimized to quantitatively and specifically induce the desulfation of the natural saponins, by a specific loss of H2SO4. By comparing the hemolytic activities of the natural and desulfated extracts, we clearly identified the sulfate function as highly responsible for the saponin toxicity.
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Bernal, Diego, Chugey Sepulveda, and Jeffrey B. Graham. "Water-tunnel studies of heat balance in swimming mako sharks." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 23 (December 1, 2001): 4043–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.23.4043.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARY The mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) has specialized vascular networks (retia mirabilia) forming counter-current heat exchangers that allow metabolic heat retention in certain regions of the body, including the aerobic, locomotor red muscle and the viscera. Red muscle, white muscle and stomach temperatures were measured in juvenile (5–13.6 kg) makos swimming steadily in a water tunnel and exposed to stepwise square-wave changes in ambient temperature (Ta) to estimate the rates of heat transfer and to determine their capacity for the activity-independent control of heat balance. The rates of heat gain of red muscle during warming were significantly higher than the rates of heat loss during cooling, and neither the magnitude of the change in Ta nor the direction of change in Ta had a significant effect on red muscle latency time. Our findings for mako red muscle are similar to those recorded for tunas and suggest modulation of retial heat-exchange efficiency as the underlying mechanism controlling heat balance. However, the red muscle temperatures measured in swimming makos (0.3–3°C above Ta) are cooler than those measured previously in larger decked makos. Also, the finding of non-stable stomach temperatures contrasts with the predicted independence from Ta recorded in telemetry studies of mako and white sharks. Our studies on live makos provide new evidence that, in addition to the unique convergent morphological properties between makos and tunas, there is a strong functional similarity in the mechanisms used to regulate heat transfer.
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Lazar-Ivkovic, Tatjana. "The place and role of physical activity in the treatment of obesity." Medical review 58, no. 1-2 (2005): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0502085l.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
treatment of obesity should primarily include diet and physical activity. Increased physical activity increases energy consumption with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular and metabolic-endocrine systems. It is of utmost importance to point out that simultaneous changes in physical activity and diet decrease both the total body fat mass and the viscelar fat. At the same tune, protein body structure is maintained and subsequent follow-up of patients showed better results in respect of maintaining the achieved results. In children and adolescents it is possible to achieve weight loss only by increasing physical activity. Physical activity should be performed three times a week and if metabolic effects are to be achieved, each training should last up to an hour. Highly recommendable are: swimming, cycling and hiking, whereas team sports provide better socialization of obese people. .
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Shiomi, Kazuo. "Tetramine in the Salivary Glands of Marine Carnivorous Snails: Analysis, Distribution, and Toxicological Aspects." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Focusing on tetramine, tetramethylammonium ion, contained in the salivary glands of marine carnivorous snails, this paper gives an overview of analytical methods, distribution in marine snails, and toxicological aspects. Some Neptunea snails have often caused food poisoning in North Atlantic and Northeast Asia regions, especially in Japan. The toxin of both N. arthritica and N. antiqua was first proven to be tetramine in 1960. Subsequent research on marine snail tetramine has progressed with the development of analytical methods. Of the various methods developed, the LC/ESI-MS method is most recommended for tetramine analysis in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and versatility. Accumulated data show that tetramine is ubiquitously contained at high concentrations (usually several mg/g) in the salivary glands of Neptunea snails. Tetramine is also found in the muscle and viscera of Neptunea snails and even in the salivary gland of marine snails other than Neptunea species, although mostly at low levels (below 0.1 mg/g). Interestingly, the major toxin in the salivary glands of Fusitriton oregonensis and Hemifusus tuba is distinguishable from tetramine. In tetramine poisoning, diverse symptoms attributable to the ganglion-blocking action of tetramine, such as visual disturbance, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, and nausea, develop within 30 min after ingestion of snails because of rapid absorption of tetramine from the gastrointestinal tract. The symptoms are generally mild and subside in a short time (within 24 at most) because of rapid excretion through the kidney. However, it should be kept in mind that tetramine poisoning can be severe in patients with kidney dysfunction, as shown by two recent case reports. Finally, given the diffusion of tetramine from the salivary gland to the muscle during boiling and thawing of snails, removal of salivary glands from live snails is essential to avoid tetramine poisoning.
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Fiddian-Green, Alice. "Gendered Triple Standard and Biomedical Management of Perinatal and Maternal Opioid Use Disorder in the United States." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 3, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.6720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite trends towards treatment versus punitive-based approaches to addressing opioid use disorders (OUD) in the United States, pregnant and parenting women with OUD remain highly stigmatized, their maternal fitness routinely contested. Biomedical conceptions of OUD as a chronic, relapsing condition often run counter to the abstinence-based models enforced across the myriad institutions that manage OUD, particularly for women whose maternal status is contingent on treatment enrollment and adherence. Exposure to trauma is considered to be nearly universal among women with OUD; biomedical classifications of trauma primarily center on the interpersonal (i.e., adverse childhood [ACEs] and lifetime experiences). This work responds to a call to ‘gender addiction’ (Campbell and Ettorre 2011) and examine the ‘epistemologies of ignorance’ (Tuana 2006) around notions of ‘risk’ by advocating for a broadened definition of trauma that incorporates the institutional violence imbedded into policies and procedures specific to the biomedical management of OUD. Drawing from an 18-month ethnographic investigation of pregnant and parenting women with OUD living in the Northeastern United States., this article argues that the intertwined institutions (e.g. medical, legal, and social services) that manage OUD according to biomedical dictates enact a converging constellation of violence on women; this in turn becomes a form of embodied trauma, directly influencing perinatal and maternal opioid use trajectories. Key findings include: (1) civil commitment to treatment as a form of direct bodily violence, (2) loss of maternal status as visceral violence, and (3) institutional erasures (i.e., intergenerational family separation) as symbolic violence.
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Bailey, Timothy W., Suzanne M. Appleyard, Young-Ho Jin, and Michael C. Andresen. "Organization and Properties of GABAergic Neurons in Solitary Tract Nucleus (NTS)." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 1712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00038.2008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cranial visceral afferents enter the brain at the solitary tract nucleus (NTS). GABAergic neurons are scattered throughout the NTS, but their relation to solitary tract (ST) afferent pathways is imprecisely known. We hypothesized that most GABAergic NTS neurons would be connected only indirectly to the ST. We identified GABAergic neurons in brain stem horizontal slices using transgenic mice in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression was linked to glutamic acid decarboxylase expression (GAD+). Finely graded electrical shocks to ST recruit ST-synchronized synaptic events with all-or-none thresholds and individual waveforms did not change with greater suprathreshold intensities—evidence consistent with initiation by single afferent axons. Most (∼70%) GAD+ neurons received ST-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) that had minimally variant latencies (jitter, SD of latency <200 μs) and waveforms consistent with single, direct ST connections (i.e., monosynaptic). Increasing stimulus intensity evoked additional ST-synchronized synaptic responses with jitters >200 μs including inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), indicating indirect connections (polysynaptic). Shocks of suprathreshold intensity delivered adjacent (50–300 μm) to the ST failed to excite non-ST inputs to second-order neurons, suggesting a paucity of axons passing near to ST that connected to these neurons. Despite expectations, we found similar ST synaptic patterns in GAD+ and unlabeled neurons. Generally, ST information that arrived indirectly had small amplitudes (EPSCs and IPSCs) and frequency-dependent failures that reached >50% for IPSCs to bursts of stimuli. This ST afferent pathway organization is strongly use-dependent—a property that may tune signal propagation within and beyond NTS.
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"Proteolytic Analysis of Different Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Viscera for Obtaining Protein Hydrolysates." Letters in Applied NanoBioScience 11, no. 2 (September 4, 2021): 3374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33263/lianbs112.33743387.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This project aims to obtain and characterize protein hydrolysates from the solid residues (dark muscle) and effluents (cooking water) generated from the processing of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) and evaluate their potential to be applied as organic fertilizer in farming. From the studied viscera (stomach, pyloric blind, liver, pancreas, and intestine), it was found that the pyloric blind of the tuna digestive system represents an adequate source of alkaline proteases that act on the dark muscle of tuna and cooking water, at pH optimum of 10.5 and temperature of 50 °C. The results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and enzymatic inhibition indicate that the proteolytic activity exhibited by the enzymatic extract of the pyloric blind of tuna is mainly due to serine protease enzymes, especially trypsin type, and it showed a proteolytic activity similar to that of a commercial protease coming from Bacillus sp. It is possible to use these enzymes in processes that require pH values between 8 and 11 and mild temperatures conditions (30-50°C). The cooking water showed a low yield and high ash content, which may decrease the protein hydrolysates' nutritional quality and functional properties.
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Ciezarek, Adam, Luke Gardner, Vincent Savolainen, and Barbara Block. "Skeletal muscle and cardiac transcriptomics of a regionally endothermic fish, the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis." BMC Genomics 21, no. 1 (September 17, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-020-07058-z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background The Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) is a regionally endothermic fish that maintains temperatures in their swimming musculature, eyes, brain and viscera above that of the ambient water. Within their skeletal muscle, a thermal gradient exists, with deep muscles, close to the backbone, operating at elevated temperatures compared to superficial muscles near the skin. Their heart, by contrast, operates at ambient temperature, which in bluefin tunas can range widely. Cardiac function in tunas reduces in cold waters, yet the heart must continue to supply blood for metabolically demanding endothermic tissues. Physiological studies indicate Pacific bluefin tuna have an elevated cardiac capacity and increased cold-tolerance compared to warm-water tuna species, primarily enabled by increased capacity for sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling within the cardiac muscles. Results Here, we compare tissue-specific gene-expression profiles of different cardiac and skeletal muscle tissues in Pacific bluefin tuna. There was little difference in the overall expression of calcium-cycling and cardiac contraction pathways between atrium and ventricle. However, expression of a key sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-cycling gene, SERCA2b, which plays a key role maintaining intracellular calcium stores, was higher in atrium than ventricle. Expression of genes involved in aerobic metabolism and cardiac contraction were higher in the ventricle than atrium. The two morphologically distinct tissues that derive the ventricle, spongy and compact myocardium, had near-identical levels of gene expression. More genes had higher expression in the cool, superficial muscle than in the warm, deep muscle in both the aerobic red muscle (slow-twitch) and anaerobic white muscle (fast-twitch), suggesting thermal compensation. Conclusions We find evidence of widespread transcriptomic differences between the Pacific tuna ventricle and atrium, with potentially higher rates of calcium cycling in the atrium associated with the higher expression of SERCA2b compared to the ventricle. We find no evidence that genes associated with thermogenesis are upregulated in the deep, warm muscle compared to superficial, cool muscle. Heat generation may be enabled by by the high aerobic capacity of bluefin tuna red muscle.
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Ramadhan Ritonga, Irwan, Sujaree Bureekul, and Penjai Sompongchaiyakul. "Risk Assessment of Total Mercury (T-Hg) in Commercial Seafood Marketed in Bangkok, Thailand." Applied Environmental Research, March 29, 2022, 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.35762/aer.2021.44.1.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Seafood is recognized as the high protein source of human consumption. However, it is hampered by mercury contamination. The objectives of this study are to determine total mercury (T-Hg) levels in edible portions of commercial seafood available in Bangkok’s supermarkets, and to evaluate the potential risks from mercury through seafood consumption. Total 32 species, including 22 fish, 4 cephalopod and 6 shellfish, were purchased from super-markets. Fish samples were dissected in 3 parts comprised of flesh, gill and viscera. While, cephalopod and shellfish were separated for edible tissues. The samples were digested in hot acid and were determined using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The results revealed that T-Hg contained in the fish flesh > cephalopod > shellfish. In addition, T-Hg was accumulated in flesh > viscera > gill. Statistical analysis suggested that T-Hg accumulated in flesh was related positively with species, feeding habit, and habitat (p < 0.05). For risk analysis, estimated daily intake (EDI) of flesh ranged from 0.01 to 0.42 µg kg-1 bodyweight d-1, the lowest and highest EDI values were in salmon and yellowfin tuna, res-pectively. Yellowfin tuna, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, fourfinger threadfin, and silver sillago were the 4 species that having the EDI values of T-Hg higher than the FAO/WHO recommended provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of 0.23 µg kg-1 bodyweight d-1. Thus, the frequent consumption of these seafood are not recommended. In addition, the daily consumption of seafood should not exceed the maximum safe daily intake (MSDC). The MSDC of seafood in this study ranged from 15.5 (yellowfin tuna) to 474 (salmon) g d-1.
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Garofalo, Silvia Fraterrigo, Nicola Cavallini, Francesca Demichelis, Francesco Savorani, Giuseppe Mancini, Debora Fino, and Tonia Tommasi. "From tuna viscera to added-value products: A circular approach for fish-waste recovery by green enzymatic hydrolysis." Food and Bioproducts Processing, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2022.11.006.
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López-Verdejo, Alejandro, Francisco E. Montero, Fernando de la Gándara, Miguel A. Gallego, Aurelio Ortega, Juan Antonio Raga, and José F. Palacios-Abella. "A severe microsporidian disease in cultured Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus)." IMA Fungus 13, no. 1 (March 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s43008-022-00090-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOne of the most promising aquaculture species is the Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with high market value; disease control is crucial to prevent and reduce mortality and monetary losses. Microsporidia (Fungi) are a potential source of damage to bluefin tuna aquaculture. A new microsporidian species is described from farmed bluefin tunas from the Spanish Mediterranean. This new pathogen is described in a juvenile associated with a highly severe pathology of the visceral cavity. Whitish xenomas from this microsporidian species were mostly located at the caecal mass and ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 mm. Light and transmission electron microscopy of the spores revealed mature spores with an average size of 2.2 × 3.9 μm in size and a polar filament with 13–14 coils arranged in one single layer. Phylogenetic analysis clustered this species with the Glugea spp. clade. The morphological characteristics and molecular comparison confirm that this is a novel microsporidian species, Glugea thunni. The direct life-cycle and the severe pathologies observed makes this parasite a hard risk for bluefin tuna cultures.
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Thakur, Lovlesh, Priyanka Madaan, Aklank Jain, Vinay Shankar, Ajeet Negi, Shashi Bhushan Chauhan, Shyam Sundar, Om Prakash Singh, and Manju Jain. "An Insight Into Systemic Immune Response in Leishmania donovani Mediated Atypical Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the New Endemic State of Himachal Pradesh, India." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (January 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.765684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Leishmaniasis continues to afflict known and newer endemic sites despite global efforts towards its control and elimination. In this regard, the emergence of newer endemic sites with unusual disease formats is recognized wherein Leishmania donovani complex classically known to cause visceral disease is demonstrated to cause cutaneous manifestation. In this context, atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases caused by L. donovani genetic variants from the newer endemic state of Himachal Pradesh (HP) in India are beginning to be understood in terms of parasite determinants. The atypical CL manifestation further needs to be explored to define host immune correlates with a possible role in driving the unusual disease progression. In the given study, we performed comprehensive systemic-immune profiling of the atypical CL patients from the study area in HP, India, in comparison with the classical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients from the northeast region of India. The systemic immune response was studied using ELISA-based assessment of Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, and Th22 specific plasma cytokine expression pattern and parasite-specific total serum IgG/IgG subclasses. The specified immune correlates are known to exhibit heterogeneous association with the different infecting parasite species, infection load, and co-lateral host immunopathology in classical CL and VL. In the atypical CL patient group, altered expression of IL-10 emerged as the key finding that could potentially fine-tune the Th1/Th17/Th22 effector cytokine axis towards a localized cutaneous manifestation. A reduced expression of IL-10 along with a high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio as a readout of effective parasite killing defined atypical cutaneous outcome. In contrast, high circulatory IL-10 levels and a depressed IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were seen in classical VL patients in line with an ineffective parasite-killing cytokine response. Overall, the study highlights new knowledge on host immune correlates in terms of cytokine expression pattern and IgG subclasses that underline atypical disease manifestation such that L. donovani, a generally visceralizing parasite species cause skin localized cutaneous lesions.
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Gottesman-Katz, Lena, Rocco Latorre, Stephen Vanner, Brian L. Schmidt, and Nigel W. Bunnett. "Targeting G protein-coupled receptors for the treatment of chronic pain in the digestive system." Gut, December 3, 2020, gutjnl—2020–321193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chronic pain is a hallmark of functional disorders, inflammatory diseases and cancer of the digestive system. The mechanisms that initiate and sustain chronic pain are incompletely understood, and available therapies are inadequate. This review highlights recent advances in the structure and function of pronociceptive and antinociceptive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that provide insights into the mechanisms and treatment of chronic pain. This knowledge, derived from studies of somatic pain, can guide research into visceral pain. Mediators from injured tissues transiently activate GPCRs at the plasma membrane of neurons, leading to sensitisation of ion channels and acute hyperexcitability and nociception. Sustained agonist release evokes GPCR redistribution to endosomes, where persistent signalling regulates activity of channels and genes that control chronic hyperexcitability and nociception. Endosomally targeted GPCR antagonists provide superior pain relief in preclinical models. Biased agonists stabilise GPCR conformations that favour signalling of beneficial actions at the expense of detrimental side effects. Biased agonists of µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs) can provide analgesia without addiction, respiratory depression and constipation. Opioids that preferentially bind to MOPrs in the acidic microenvironment of diseased tissues produce analgesia without side effects. Allosteric modulators of GPCRs fine-tune actions of endogenous ligands, offering the prospect of refined pain control. GPCR dimers might function as distinct therapeutic targets for nociception. The discovery that GPCRs that control itch also mediate irritant sensation in the colon has revealed new targets. A deeper understanding of GPCR structure and function in different microenvironments offers the potential of developing superior treatments for GI pain.
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Mair, Robert G., Miranda J. Francoeur, and Brett M. Gibson. "Central Thalamic-Medial Prefrontal Control of Adaptive Responding in the Rat: Many Players in the Chamber." Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 15 (April 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.642204.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has robust afferent and efferent connections with multiple nuclei clustered in the central thalamus. These nuclei are elements in large-scale networks linking mPFC with the hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala, other cortical areas, and visceral and arousal systems in the brainstem that give rise to adaptive goal-directed behavior. Lesions of the mediodorsal nucleus (MD), the main source of thalamic input to middle layers of PFC, have limited effects on delayed conditional discriminations, like DMTP and DNMTP, that depend on mPFC. Recent evidence suggests that MD sustains and amplifies neuronal responses in mPFC that represent salient task-related information and is important for detecting and encoding contingencies between actions and their consequences. Lesions of rostral intralaminar (rIL) and ventromedial (VM) nuclei produce delay-independent impairments of egocentric DMTP and DNMTP that resemble effects of mPFC lesions on response speed and accuracy: results consistent with projections of rIL to striatum and VM to motor cortices. The ventral midline and anterior thalamic nuclei affect allocentric spatial cognition and memory consistent with their connections to mPFC and hippocampus. The dorsal midline nuclei spare DMTP and DNMTP. They have been implicated in behavioral-state control and response to salient stimuli in associative learning. mPFC functions are served during DNMTP by discrete populations of neurons with responses related to motor preparation, movements, lever press responses, reinforcement anticipation, reinforcement delivery, and memory delay. Population analyses show that different responses are timed so that they effectively tile the temporal interval from when DNMTP trials are initiated until the end. Event-related responses of MD neurons during DNMTP are predominantly related to movement and reinforcement, information important for DNMTP choice. These responses closely mirror the activity of mPFC neurons with similar responses. Pharmacological inactivation of MD and adjacent rIL affects the expression of diverse action- and outcome-related responses of mPFC neurons. Lesions of MD before training are associated with a shift away from movement-related responses in mPFC important for DNMTP choice. These results suggest that MD has short-term effects on the expression of event-related activity in mPFC and long-term effects that tune mPFC neurons to respond to task-specific information.
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West, H. W., M. Siddique, L. Volpe, R. Desai, M. Lyasheva, K. Dangas, C. Shirodaria, et al. "Automated quantification of epicardial adipose tissue on CCTA via deep-learning detection of the pericardium: clinical implications." European Heart Journal 42, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral fat deposit within the pericardial sac which surrounds the heart myocardium and coronary arteries. EAT volume has been demonstrated to be strongly associated with the development and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases, but its measurement is subjective and challenging in practice. Purpose To develop a deep-learning approach for automated segmentation of EAT from routine CCTA scans, that could assist clinical interpretation of CCTA. Methods A deep-learning method using a 3D Residual-U-Net neural network architecture for 3D volumetric segmentation of CCTA data was created. The network was trained on a diverse sample of 1900 CCTAs, each manually segmented by a single expert, drawn from the UK sites of the Oxford Risk Factors And Non-invasive imaging (ORFAN) Study. Three iterations of feedback learning were used to fine tune the algorithm for the segmentation of the whole heart within the bounds of the pericardium. In each iteration, the machine analysed sets of 100–250 unannotated CCTAs unseen by the machine which were then corrected by experts. EAT volumes were calculated by automated thresholding of adipose tissue (−190HU through −30HU) from within the bound of the pericardial segment (Figure 1). The network was then applied to 817 unseen CCTAs from US sites of the ORFAN Study. These scans were also segmented for ground truth by two experts blind to all other data. Comparisons between machine vs expert total pericardial volume and EAT volume were made using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The algorithm was then applied externally in 1588 CCTAs from the SCOTHEART trial (UK), and the EAT volume was automatically calculated for each case. Cross-sectional associations between standardised EAT volumes and prevalent AF and CAD were performed. Results Within both the internal (UK ORFAN sites) and external (USA ORFAN sites) validation cohorts correlation between human and machine segmented total pericardium and EAT was excellent, with CCC of 0.97 for both volumes (external validation cohort shown in Figure 2A). Utilising SCOTHEART CCTAs with automatically segmented EAT volumes, a multivariable-adjusted logistic regression model accounting for risk factors of age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, valvular disease, and previous heart surgery found that EAT volumes were significantly associated with prevalent AF, with odds ratio (OR) per 1 SD increase of EAT volume of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.44; P=0.03). A similar model for prevalent CAD, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, hypertension, non-HDL cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery calcium score resulted in an OR per 1 SD increase of EAT volume of 1.26 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.45; P=0.001) (Figure 2B). Conclusion Highly accurate, reproducible, and instantaneous EAT volume quantification is possible utilising deep-learning detection of the whole human heart within the pericardial sac. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): British Heart FoundationNational Institute for Health Research - Oxford University Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre Figure 1Figure 2
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Shouse, Eric. "Feeling, Emotion, Affect." M/C Journal 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2443.
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AFFECT/AFFECTION. Neither word denotes a personal feeling (sentiment in Deleuze and Guattai). L’affect (Spinoza’s affectus) is an ability to affect and be affected. It is a prepersonal intensity corresponding to the passage from one experiential state of the body to another and implying an augmentation or diminution in that body’s capacity to act. L’affection (Spinoza’s affection) is each such state considered as an encounter between the affected body and a second, affecting, body … (Massumi, Plateaus xvi)
Although feeling and affect are routinely used interchangeably, it is important not to confuse affect with feelings and emotions. As Brian Massumi’s definition of affect in his introduction to Deleuze and Guattari’s A Thousand Plateaus makes clear, affect is not a personal feeling. Feelings are personal and biographical, emotions are social, and affects are prepersonal. In the remainder of this essay, I will attempt to unpack the previous sentence and provide some examples that will illustrate why the distinction I’ve made between feelings, emotions, and affects is more than pedantry.
A feeling is a sensation that has been checked against previous experiences and labelled. It is personal and biographical because every person has a distinct set of previous sensations from which to draw when interpreting and labelling their feelings. An infant does not experience feelings because she/he lacks both language and biography. Yet, almost every parent will state unequivocally that their child has feelings and expresses them regularly (what the parent is actually bearing witness to is affect, about which, more shortly).
An emotion is the projection/display of a feeling. Unlike feelings, the display of emotion can be either genuine or feigned. The distinction between feelings and emotions was highlighted by an experiment conducted by Paul Ekman who videotaped American and Japanese subjects as they watched films depicting facial surgery. When they watched alone, both groups displayed similar expressions. When they watched in groups, the expressions were different. We broadcast emotion to the world; sometimes that broadcast is an expression of our internal state and other times it is contrived in order to fulfill social expectations. Infants display emotions although they do not have the biography nor language skills to experience feelings. The emotions of the infant are direct expressions of affect.
An affect is a non-conscious experience of intensity; it is a moment of unformed and unstructured potential. Of the three central terms in this essay – feeling, emotion, and affect – affect is the most abstract because affect cannot be fully realised in language, and because affect is always prior to and/or outside of consciousness (Massumi, Parables). Affect is the body’s way of preparing itself for action in a given circumstance by adding a quantitative dimension of intensity to the quality of an experience. The body has a grammar of its own that cannot be fully captured in language because it “doesn’t just absorb pulses or discrete stimulations; it infolds contexts…” (Massumi, Parables 30). Before this gets too abstract, let’s return to the example of the infant.
An infant has no language skills with which to cognitively process sensations, nor a history of previous experiences from which to draw in assessing the continuous flow of sensations coursing through his or her body. Therefore, the infant has to rely upon intensities (a term that Massumi equates with affect). “Affects are comprised of correlated sets of responses involving the facial muscles, the viscera, the respiratory system, the skeleton, autonomic blood flow changes, and vocalisations that act together to produce an analogue of the particular gradient or intensity of stimulation impinging on the organism” (Demos 19). The key here is that for the infant affect is innate. Through facial expression, respiration, posture, color, and vocalisations infants are able to express the intensity of the stimulations that impinge upon them. Thus, parents are correct when they say their children express emotion. On the other hand, they are incorrect when they attribute feelings to the little tots. Their offspring have neither the biography nor the language to feel. The transition from childhood to adulthood is one in which we partially learn how to bring the display of emotion under conscious control. Affects, however, remain non-conscious and unformed and “are aroused easily by factors over which the individual has little control . . .” (Tompkins 54). For the infant affect is emotion, for the adult affect is what makes feelings feel. It is what determines the intensity (quantity) of a feeling (quality), as well as the background intensity of our everyday lives (the half-sensed, ongoing hum of quantity/quality that we experience when we are not really attuned to any experience at all).
One of the simplest ways to understand how affect continues to operate meaningfully in the lives of adults even after they have gained some conscious control over their emotions is to look at an individual whose affect system has gone haywire. Neurologist, Oliver Sacks, described his experience with such a person. She was an elderly patient who had suffered a hip fracture. The fracture resulted in the immobilisation of her leg for an extended period of time. At the time Sacks began working with her, the woman hadn’t regained feeling in her leg in three years. She was not able to consciously move her leg and she felt that it was “missing.” However, when she heard music she would involuntarily tap her foot to the beat. “This suggested the possibility of music therapy – ordinary physiotherapy had been of no use. Using support (a walker, etc.), we were able gradually to get her to dance, and we finally achieved a virtually complete recovery of the leg, even though it had been defunct for three years” (Sacks 170-1).
The woman in the previous story couldn’t move her leg via the usual conscious mechanisms because the leg had become disconnected from her a-conscious awareness of her body, or “proprioception.” Proprioception is the “continuous but unconscious sensory flow from the movable parts of our body (muscles, tendons, joints), by which their position and tone and motion are continually monitored and adjusted, but in a way which is hidden from us because it is automatic and unconscious” (Sacks 43). Affect adds intensity, or a sense of urgency to proprioception which is why music – the recollection of which is partially stored in the body – could move this woman’s leg when will alone could not.
What is remarkable about the story of the woman whose leg danced all on its own is not so much that affect trumped will in this particular case, but that this is just one example of the way in which affect always precedes will and consciousness (Massumi, Parables 29). At any moment hundreds, perhaps thousands of stimuli impinge upon the human body and the body responds by infolding them all at once and registering them as an intensity. Affect is this intensity. In the infant it is pure expression; in the adult it is pure potential (a measure of the body’s readiness to act in a given circumstance). Silvan Tompkins explains that affect has the power to influence consciousness by amplifying our awareness of our biological state:
The affect mechanism is like the pain mechanism in this respect. If we cut our hand, saw it bleeding, but had no innate pain receptors, we would know we had done something which needed repair, but there would be no urgency to it. Like our automobile which needs a tune-up, we might well let it go until next week when we had more time. But the pain mechanism, like the affect mechanism, so amplifies our awareness of the injury which activates it that we are forced to be concerned, and concerned immediately (Tomkins 88).
Without affect feelings do not “feel” because they have no intensity, and without feelings rational decision-making becomes problematic (Damasio 204-22). In short, affect plays an important role in determining the relationship between our bodies, our environment, and others, and the subjective experience that we feel/think as affect dissolves into experience.
What does all of this mean for individuals who are interested in media and cultural studies? It means that describing “media effects” in terms of the communication of ideology sometimes results in the post hoc ergo propter hoc (after this therefore because of this) fallacy. This has to do with the second term in Massumi’s definitions of affect/affection. L’affection is the process whereby affect is transmitted between bodies. “The transmission of affect means that we are not self-contained in terms of our energies. There is no secure distinction between the ‘individual’ and the ‘environment’” (Brennan 6). Because affect is unformed and unstructured (unlike feelings and emotions) it can be transmitted between bodies. The importance of affect rests upon the fact that in many cases the message consciously received may be of less import to the receiver of that message than his or her non-conscious affective resonance with the source of the message.
Music provides perhaps the clearest example of how the intensity of the impingement of sensations on the body can “mean” more to people than meaning itself. As Jeremy Gilbert put it, “Music has physical effects which can be identified, described and discussed but which are not the same thing as it having meanings, and any attempt to understand how music works in culture must . . . be able to say something about those effects without trying to collapse them into meanings.” In a lot of cases, the pleasure that individuals derive from music has less to do with the communication of meaning, and far more to do with the way that a particular piece of music “moves” them. While it would be wrong to say that meanings do not matter, it would be just as foolish to ignore the role of biology as we try to grasp the cultural effects of music. Of course, music is not the only form of expression that has the potential to transmit affect. Every form of communication where facial expressions, respiration, tone of voice, and posture are perceptible can transmit affect, and that list includes nearly every form of mediated communication other than the one you are currently experiencing.
Let me clarify that the transmission of affect does not mean that one person’s feelings become another’s. The transmission of affect is about the way that bodies affect one another. When your body infolds a context and another body (real or virtual) is expressing intensity in that context, one intensity is infolded into another. By resonating with the intensity of the contexts it infolds, the body attempts to ensure that it is prepared to respond appropriately to a given circumstance. Given the ubiquity of affect, it is important to take note that the power of many forms of media lies not so much in their ideological effects, but in their ability to create affective resonances independent of content or meaning.
The power of affect lies in the fact that it is unformed and unstructured (abstract). It is affect’s “abstractivity” that makes it transmittable in ways that feelings and emotions are not, and it is because affect is transmittable that it is potentially such a powerful social force. This is why it is important not to confuse affect with feelings and emotions, and why I agree with Brian Massumi that Lawrence Grossberg’s term “affective investments” doesn’t make a whole lot of sense. If, as Massumi proposes, affect is “unformed and unstructured,” and it is always prior to and/or outside of conscious awareness, how is one to “invest” in it (Parables 260)? Investment presumes forethought and a site for deposit, and affect precedes thought and is as stable as electricity. This isn’t to say that there aren’t practices where certain enhancing forms of affect are more prevalent, only that the people who engage in those practices are not investing in affect, but rather in the hope of being moved. Of course, one of the lessons of cultural studies is that investing in hope has moved people before.
References
Brennan, Teresa. The Transmission of Affect. Ithaca: Cornell U. P., 2004. Damasio, Antonio. Descartes’ Error. 1994. New York: Quill, 2000. Demos, Virginia E. “An Affect Revolution: Silvan Tompkin’s Affect Theory.” Exploring Affect: The Selected Writings of Silvan S. Tompkins. Ed. Virginia E. Demos. New York: Press Syndicate of the U. of Cambridge, 1995: 17-26. Ekman, Paul. “Universal and Cultural Differences in Facial Expression of Emotion.” Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Ed. J. R. Cole. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1972: 207-83. Gilbert, Jeremy. “Signifying Nothing: ‘Culture’, ‘Discourse’ and the Sociality of Affect. Culture Machine 2004. http://culturemachine.tees.ac.uk/>. Massumi, Brian. “Notes on the Translation and Acknowledgements.” In Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987. ———. Parables for the Virtual. Durham: Duke UP, 2002. Sacks, Oliver. A Leg to Stand On. New York: Touchstone, 1984. Tompkins, Silvan. Exploring Affect: The Selected Writings of Silvan S. Tompkins. Ed. Virginia E. Demos. New York: Press Syndicate of the U of Cambridge, 1995.
Citation reference for this article
MLA Style
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Williams, Marisa. "Going Underground." M/C Journal 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1953.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In The Practice of Everyday Life, Walking in the City, Michel de Certeau celebrates the glorious sublimity of an Icarian moment as his gaze from the 110th floor of the World Trade Centre soars over Manhattan. Having taken such a voluptuous pleasure (92) in the view myself, and watched the twin towers collapse into rubble on my television screen last September, as I re-visit the aerial site through de Certeau, his words resonate strongly with the oneiric force of memory, myth and the wonder of urban possibility. For while theorising, does de Certeau not write his own story of the city as dream, as imaginative longing, consuming and producing an urban 'text' (93) as he reads from on high? Participating in the logic of one of the city's opportunities, a tourist attraction, his analytic practice is a creative expression of his own subjective experience. Theoretically, the story begins in the labyrinth of the cityscape, where the urban text is humanised by its mobile, unpredictable practitioners whose everyday operations style, invent and generate ways of being and becoming. What de Certeau offers us is something quite beautiful and noble, almost consolatory, in the idea of an artful, other spatiality that slips, undetected, into the banal routine of daily existence. To explore how lived space (96) is authorised by its heroic practitioners, made other, as it is inscribed into and outside the historic, social and economic realities or strategies of the urban environment, I resort to fiction, where the certain strangeness (93) of the everyday surfaces to be read. Colum McCann's novel, This Side of Brightness, takes us down below de Certeau's down below to the subterranean spaces of the New York City subway tunnels where the central character, Treefrog, estranged from his family, makes his home: his dark nest, high in the tunnel (McCann 2). Treefrog's escape into this murky, cavernous netherworld is a disappearing act for this is where no ordinary practitioners of the city live 'down below,' [down] below the thresholds at which [an everyday] visibility begins. (de Certeau 93) Seeking refuge, this is where the city's resident asylum seekers migrate, claiming exile as a right. To be outcast is an autonomous and pragmatic spatial tactic, a self-imposed, self-composed state of being as other. Here, survival is a process of resistance, an illegal occupation. Errant and devious, the lifestyle choice these urban consumers make violates the civil ordinances of the city. Venturing topside, Treefrog repels, offends and embarrasses the ordinary practitioners of the city travelling on the subway (96, 240) and in the reading room at the public library (93). The disgust and fear aroused by his stench and squalid appearance make no allowance for pity or pride. In these aboveground collective social spaces his unhygienic, undomesticated presence is not proper; it signals defiance in its fetid, imposing refusal to be controlled or to disappear. Treefrog is an anonymous manifestation of the cityscape. Disguised by long hair, a beard, ragged clothes, filth and dirt (242), his real identity is undetectable: Clarence Nathan Walker is invisible. Seemingly primitive, this sight is decidedly modern in its ubiquitous depiction of the contemporary urban indigent. A place of wounded spirits, Treefrog's 'mole' neighbourhood confesses the shame of an overwhelming suffering born of the streets. Papa Love's grief is monumentalised in the surreal gargantuan murals and portraits of the dead he paints on the walls of the tunnel. Crack addicts, Angela and Elijah, get high, wasted, underground. A symbolic toilet seat hangs wreath-like on Faraday's front door; as a doorbell (128). Dean, the Trash Man, collects the discarded remains of an urban consumer society and installs them in his 'front yard' as an assemblage of ready-made materials and found objects. Textually, his 'work' orchestrates a cacophony of human ruin and putrescence: the mounds of human faeces and the torn magazines and the empty containers and the hypodermic needles with blobs of blood at their tips like poppies erupting in a field...the broken bottles and rat droppings and a baby carriage and smashed TV and squashed cans and discarded cardboard boxes and shattered jars and orange peels and crack vials and a single teddy bear with both its eyes missing, its belly nibbled into by rats. (56) In this community, housing isolates, shelters and incarcerates, each inhabitant has their own cubicle, concrete bunker, solitary cell (56). In contrast to this depressed existential vista, before his incarnation as Treefrog, Clarence Nathan knows the sublime erotic charge of towering over New York City, expressed by de Certeau. Working construction on the city's skyscrapers, he seeks ascension, going, willfully, higher than any walking man in Manhattan....Beneath him, Manhattan becomes a blur of moving yellow taxis and dark silhouettes. There is something in this rising akin to desire, the gentle rock from side to side, the cooling breeze, the knowledge that he is the one who will pierce the virginity of space where the steel hits the sky....The elevator clangs and stops. Clarence Nathan finishes his coffee, tosses the paper cup and walks across the metal decking towards two ladders which jut up in the air. For a joke the men call this area the POST: The Place of Shrivelled Testicles. No ordinary man will go further. The nimblest Clarence Nathan and Cricket...climb three ladders to the very top of the building, where columns of steel reach up into the air. (195-6) Unaffected by vertigo and impervious to the danger, there is a seeming nonchalance, a banality, to Clarence Nathan's activity as he finishes his coffee, tosses the paper cup and gets to work; this is a practice of everyday life for him. And yet this productive activity, governed by city council planning and approval, contains a liberatory ruse, an 'anthropological,' poetic and mythic experience of space, (93) as proposed by de Certeau. High above, he performs a transcendent manoeuvre, a magic trick, creating and constructing space out of thin air, nothing. Icarian, Clarence Nathan's desire seems not for scopic pleasure but for the pure visceral elation of being unrestrained, unprotected, autonomous, above and beyond the rest of the world. At such a height Clarence Nathan does not speculate or even think he forgets where he is, that his 'body even exists.' (177) Surpassing rational comprehension and linguistic expression, his elevation articulates an unadulterated liberation, an erotics of feeling and an ecstasy of being: [s]ometimes, for a joke, Clarence Nathan takes out his harmonica at the top of the column and blows into it using just one hand. The wind carries most of the tune away, but occasionally the notes filter down to the ironworkers below. The notes sound billowy and strained, and for this the men sometimes call him Treefrog, a name he doesn't much care for. (198) From this pivotal point, high on the extreme vertical axis of the cityscape, Clarence Nathan has much further to fall when he loses his balance mentally, descending into an abyss of human despair. Being down is not deep enough. Going underground, Clarence Nathan reclaims this haunted, burrowed space of the city as a legacy bequeathed to him by his grandfather, one of the sandhogs who dug the tunnels of the New York subway, and reinvents himself as Treefrog. An appropriate moniker for this uncivilised, otherworldly realm, [a]ll darkness and dampness and danger, (7) sometimes it is the only name he can remember (29). Foregrounding memory and myth, McCann's fable weaves the creation story of a family through the interstices of a city's legends and official history, allowing us to read the appropriation, the othering, of the city's spaces by its inhabitants in the practice of their lives as ephemeral markings of artistic activity. Through the incantation of spatial and narrative trajectories, as de Certeau suggests, [a] migrational, or metaphorical, city thus slips into the clear text of the planned and readable city (93). Writing himself into these catacombs, literally, Treefrog embraces his interment, his burial rights, as a return to his primordial home: In his notebook Treefrog writes: Back down under the earth, where you belong. Back down under the earth where you belong....He could make a map of those words, beginning at the B and ending at the g where all beginning begins and ends and they would make the strangest of upground and belowground topographies. (139) So as not to forget the strange topographies of existence, Treefrog inscribes them on the surface of his skin: [h]is chest is scrimshawed with stabwounds and burns and scars. So many mutilations of his body. Hot paper clips, blunt scissors, pliers, cigarettes, matches, blades they have all left their marks. (30) Mapping an abstract expression, intimately, these are the warrior scars of the initiate. Belowground, Clarence Nathan eludes the clinical strategies of his obsessive-compulsive post-traumatic stress disorder; he avoids the nuthouse (228). Here, in retreat, as Treefrog, he is free to create, dream and imagine, unrestrained and unexamined; it is an elegant self-prescribed remedy. For Clarence Nathan, the tunnels are therapeutic and restorative. Ultimately, they enable him to be resurrected back into the light, upground, leaving Treefrog, like a discarded doppelgänger, to the shadows of the tunnels (242-3). An ironic compensation for his mental instability, Clarence Nathan's gift of perfect physical balance, his inheritance, (170) determines his survival underground. Safe and secure with his cave positioned high in the tunnel wall, Treefrog's daily movements are dependent upon the demonstration of an agile bodily grace, a mobility that defies gravity in its series of acrobatic swings and precarious tight-rope walking. Enhancing the danger and difficulty of his daring by performing blindfolded, Treefrog negotiates space intuitively: he walks onto the catwalk with his eyelids shut. The narrow beam requires supreme balance below him is a twenty foot drop to the tunnel. He swings his way down to the second beam ten feet below, crouches, then leaps and drops soundlessly to the gravel, knees bent, heart thumping. He opens his eyes to the darkness. (25) Mimetically Treefrog appropriates this eternal nocturnal realm and makes it his own, a part of himself, he feels the darkness, smells it, belongs to it. (23) As from his subterranean perch Treefrog fills the emptiness with the eerie, improvised strains of his harmonica, the stale, dank, tired air of the tunnels, is filtered through the human body, and used to make something strangely ethereal, beautiful, fresh and new: in the miasmic dark, Treefrog played, transforming the air, giving back to the tunnels their original music (2). Treefrog accepts this other spatiality, carved into and out of the urban environment, as a gift, and his performance reciprocates a generosity that signals hope and healing; '[t]he world, he knows, can still spring its small and wondrous surprises (53). McCann presents the tunnels of New York City as an urban wilderness, a lawless frontier. And yes, Treefrog's community is comprised of "demonic subterraneans madmen, perverts, addicts, criminals, murderers," but challenging Blanche Gelfant's account of the lower states, this reverse spatial direction does not necessarily signify a metaphorical mobilisation of values downward into the unexplored depths of moral disorder (417). Rather, in This Side of Brightness, moral disorder is a condition of ordinary, everyday existence aboveground, where violence, chaos, vulnerability, persecution, terror, inequality, kindness, disregard, compassion, indifference, awe, tragedy, compose, socially, [a] landscape of loving and hating. A palpable viciousness in the air. And yet a tenderness too. Something about this part of the world being so alive that its own heart could burst from the accumulated grief. As if it all might suddenly fulminate under the gravity of living. (185) Figured imaginatively through Treefrog the tunnels become an enchanted otherworldly space, '[a] heaven of hell,' (70) in which darkness, solitude and anonymity have the miraculous power to strengthen and absolve. Amidst the waste and detritus a beauty is brutally, painfully laid bare. For Treefrog, for Clarence Nathan, the tunnels are an emotional and psychological sanctuary and their appropriation is a courageous life-affirming act: it is only underground that...men become men, integrated, whole (37). References de Certeau, Michel. The Practice of Everyday Life. Trans. Steven Rendall. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988. Gelfant, Blanche. Residence Underground: Recent Fictions of the Subterranean City. The Sewanee Review. 83 (1975): 406-38. McCann, Colum. This Side of Brightness. London: Phoenix House, 1998. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Williams, Marisa. "Going Underground" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5.2 (2002). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0205/underground.php>. Chicago Style Williams, Marisa, "Going Underground" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5, no. 2 (2002), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0205/underground.php> ([your date of access]). APA Style Williams, Marisa. (2002) Going Underground. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 5(2). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0205/underground.php> ([your date of access]).