Дисертації з теми "Tumeurs du côlon – Dissertation universitaire"
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Alaouta, Cherine. "Imagerie moléculaire pour la nano-théranostique : approche par spectroscopie Raman." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMP201.
Повний текст джерелаAlthough cancer treatment has seen considerable progress, resistance to anticancer therapies remains a major cause of treatment failure. One approach to address this challenge is drug squalenization, a method that involves covalently attaching squalene to active pharmaceutical compounds, thereby generating powerful anticancer agents with self-assembly capabilities. In this study, Raman microspectroscopy was utilized to investigate the effects of the anticancer drugs Gem and DXF, along with squalenized nanoparticles (non-deuterated and deuterated GemSQ, and SQDXF), on breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-231) and colon carcinoma cell lines (HT-29 and HCT-116).Both Gem and DXF exhibit weak Raman cross sections, making them difficult to detect using Raman spectroscopy at physiological concentrations due to their nucleoside-analogue structures and low fluorescence quantum yield. To enhance the detectability of Gem, it was conjugated with deuterated squalenic acid, producing an analogue with a distinct spectral signature in the 2000-2300 cm⁻¹ range, free from interference by endogenous cell molecules. However, this strategy was not feasible for DXF, and the detection of SQDXF nanoparticles was instead achieved by monitoring their subcellular effects.The results provided valuable insights into the interactions between the drugs and key cellular components such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, with the findings being linked to the cytotoxic effects of the compounds. This research opens up promising new avenues in nanomedicine
Ychou, Marc. "Radioimmunothérapie des tumeurs : expertise in vivo des anticorps anti-ace radiomarqués à l'iode 131 sur le modèle du cancer colo-rectal." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05CD10.
Повний текст джерелаDesurmont, Thibault. "Etude de l'implication des chimiokines et de leurs récepteurs dans la survenue d'une rechute métastatique chez des patients atteints d'un cancer du côlon métastatique et traités par chirurgie hépatique avec ou sans chimiothérapie néoadjuvante." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S042/document.
Повний текст джерелаOur aim was to analyze the potential role of chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4 signalling pathways in liver metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) relapse. Expression levels of CXCR2, CXCR4, and their chemokine ligands were evaluated in liver metastases of colorectal cancer in order to study their correlation with overall and disease-free survival of patients having received, or not received, a neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen.Quantitative RT-PCR and CXCR2 immunohistochemical staining were carried out using human CRC liver metastasis samples. Expression levels of CXCR2, CXCR4, and their ligands were statistically analyzed according to treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients ' outcome. Murine models of subcutaneous and orthotopic intracaecal xenografts have been developed and used to study the expression of CXCR2, CXCR4 and CXCL7 in connection with the treatment of mice with chemotherapy.We showed that CXCR2 and CXCL7 overexpression are correlated to patient’s shorter overall and disease-free survival. By multivariate analysis, CXCR2 and CXCL7 expressions are independent factors of overall and disease-free survival. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy increases significantly the expression of CXCR2 and CXCL7 was overexpressed close to significance. Results of our mouse models have shown a trend over-expression of our interest genes in tumor tissues of the treated mice.In conclusion, we show the involvement of CXCL7/CXCR2 signalling pathways as a predictive factor of poor outcome in metastatic CRC. 5-Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy regimens increase the expression of these genes in liver metastasis, providing one explanation for aggressiveness of relapsed drug-resistant tumors. Selective blockage of CXCR2/CXCL7 signalling pathways could provide new potential therapeutic opportunities
Garcia, Aurélie. "Établissement de modèles cellulaires de cancer du sein et de l'ovaire permettant l'étude des effets des récepteurs des œstrogènes sur la proliférération et l'activation de gènes." Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1TA07.
Повний текст джерелаEstrogen Receptors a and β (ERa and ERβ), which are members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, impact on cell proliferation and difrrentiation genes expression in an opposite manner. Both transcription factors activity belong to a natural ligand, but also to many environmental molecules, efficient to bind and disrupt their mechanism. Breast and ovarian cancers can be hormono-dependant cancers. Therapies aimed at counteract ERa positive breast cancers progression are mainly based on its invalidation. Nowadays, two strategies are applied: estrogen production inhibition using aromatase inhibitors, and ERa activity inhibition by anti-estrogens. On the contrary, hormono-therapy is not proposed for ovarian cancer treatment, because of a de nova resistance which remains to be better understood. It also appears essential to improve our knowledge about breast cancer resistance acquisition mechanisms, in order to research new therapies. The aim of this work was first to precise estrogen actions on~ cell proliferati n and target genes activation. For that, we established estrogen-responsive bioluminescent breast and ovarian cancers models. These cell lines allowed us to determine effects of naturat synthetic and environmental selective ligands on natural and synthetic genes activation through ERa and ERβ. The other part of this study consisted in establishing other breast and ovarian bioluminescent cell lines, allowing us to study cell and tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We also show these bioluminescent models relevance to investigate hormono-resistance acquirement mechanisms and new anti-tumoral treatments
Zagani, Rachid. "Mécanismes d'action des inhibiteurs de COX2 impliqués dans la régression des adènomes coliques." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05T017.
Повний текст джерелаBackground & Aims: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors reduce colon cancer risk by mechanisms that are not fully understood. We performed microarray analysis of adenomas from ApcΔ14/+ mice to identify genes that respond to these drugs. Methods: ApcΔ14/+ mice were given a single daily injection of parecoxib for up to 9 weeks; intestinal tracts of these and control mice were analyzed by microarray analysis, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and quantitative real-time PCR. Findings were further assessed using Apclox/lox vil-CreERT2 mice, the CT26 cancer cell line, and human colon tumour samples. Results: Microarray analysis revealed that osteopontin, a marker of colon cancer progression, was downregulated in polyps from ApcΔ14/+ mice given parecoxib, compared with controls. ApcΔ14/+ mice given parecoxib had longer survival times and reduced polyp burdens. Osteopontin was quickly downregulated by parecoxib in intestinal polyps from ApcΔ14/+ mice and 2 components of the osteopontin regulatory network—the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 and Wnt/β-catenin signalling—were sequentially repressed. NR4A2 activated the osteopontin promoter in CT26 cells; this effect was blocked by mutation of the NR4A2 binding response element, cotransfection of a dominant-negative form of NR4A2, and small inhibitory RNA against NR4A2. NR4A2 levels were increased throughout tumor progression in ApcΔ14/+ mice, but unlike osteopontin, did not correlate with tumor stage. NR4A2 levels were reduced in adenomas from patients treated with rofecoxib. Conclusions: Downregulation of osteopontin, probably through blockade of NR4A2 and Wnt signalling, is an important component of the antitumour activity of COX2 inhibitors. These factors might be developed as therapeutic targets for intestinal cancers
Moreau, Marie. "La ß-caténine et le NF-Kß coopèrent pour réguler le système uPA/uPAR dans des cellules tumorale." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077113.
Повний текст джерелаThe Wnt/ß-catenin signaling influences many cellular processes including cell adhesion, growth and differentiation. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) have been reported as target genes of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells, since their expression is directly regulated through ß-catenin, binding to the T-cell factor binding element (TBE) motifs present in their promoters. Using three cancer cell models (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SW480, breast and colon cancer cell lines, respectively) we demonstrated that silencing of ß-catenin increased uPA, uPAR and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression and the invasive potential of cancer cells. In addition, p-catenin stabilization and accumulation by lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) or by ß-catenin/Tcf-4 expression vectors transfection led to a decrease in uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 mRNA expression in the studied cancer models. Moreover, the treatment of P-catenin siRNA transfected cells with a specific inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-KB) translocation, SN50, significantly reduced enhancement of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 expression and cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, ß-catenin siRNA treated cells exhibited NF-KB nuclear translocation. In this study we present evidence of a novel cross-talk between ß-catenin and uPA/uPAR System through NF-KB cooperation in breast and colon cancer cells. Our results strengthen the emerging view that ß-catenin exerts different effects on tumor cells and that the therapeutic strategy of its inhibition could involve more complex mechanisms than originally anticipated
Renaud-Monsarrat, Florence. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des tumeurs colorectales de la voie festonnée : intérêt des gènes de mucines." Thesis, Lille 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL2S044/document.
Повний текст джерелаColorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem yet it remains the third most common and the second deadliest cancer for both men and women in the United States and in Europe, owing to diagnosis at advanced stage and variable response to the treatments. However, the incidence and mortality appear to be steadily declining in countries with programmatic screening and it remains critical to characterize CRC molecular subtypes to identify new biomarkers. CRC display a wide clinicopathological and molecular heterogeneity and arise from different carcinogenesis pathway. Approximately 20% to 30% of CRC occur by the means of the serrated neoplasia pathway. CRC from the serrated pathway are associated with frequent epigenetic instability (CIMP, CpG island methylator phenotype) which causes most sporadic microsatellite instability (MSI) CRC through epigenetic inactivation of MLH1 and frequent BRAF mutation. CRC from the serrated pathway frequently display a mucinous pattern and are prone to express secreted mucins MUC2 and MUC5AC. Early identification of serrated pathway precursor lesions is currently challenging since the progression to adenocarcinoma in this pathway is particularly brief.We assessed in this study clinicopathological and molecular features of colorectal carcinomas and polyps and we analyzed the interest of mucin genes MUC2 and MUC5AC to classify serrated polyps and to identify the precursor lesions of CIMP/MSI carcinomas._x000D_A series of 418 CRC and 330 polyps was included in the study, with 218 serrated polyps and 112 conventional adenomas. We assessed the molecular profile (KRAS/BRAF mutations, MSI, CIMP, MGMT methylation, MLH1) and the expression and methylation profile of MUC2 and MUC5AC genes and further correlation with clinical and pathological data were performed.We show that MUC5AC hypomethylation is a specific marker of CIMP/MSI CRC, independently of other clinical or pathological factors. We show moreover than MUC5AC hypomethylation is an early event of carcinogenesis, specific to microvesicular hyperplastic polyps (MVHP) and sessile serrated adenoma (SSA) suggesting a filiation between these two lesions and also a progression of MVHP to SSA, SSA with dysplasia, and then to MSI/CIMP CRC. MUC5AC hypomethylation was moreover highly specific of BRAF mutated, CIMP or MSI serrated lesions.In conclusion, our results suggest that the MUC5AC mucin is involved/plays a role in the development/progression of colorectal tumors of the serrated pathway. MUC5AC hypomethylation occurs early during carcinogenesis and may be of interest for the diagnosis of serrated polyp especially in the presence of ambiguous morphology and to early detection of polyps carrying a malignant potential. Our results suggest moreover that some MVHP may progress to SSA and CIMP/MSI CRCs highlighting the importance to perform biopsy of serrated polyps during endoscopy to identify microvesicular subtype among colorectal hyperplastic polyps, which could require a minimal surveillance
Dewaeles, Edmonde. "Identification et caractérisation de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires à l’origine de la résistance des tumeurs pulmonaires au cisplatine et de ses effets néphrotoxiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S025.
Повний текст джерелаLung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form of cancer, accounting for 80% of lung cancer. Cisplatin combination therapy represents the cornerstone of NSCLC treatment. Unfortunately, its clinical use is limited by two major issues: chemoresistance and the occurrence of serious adverse side effects, such as renal toxicity. In this thesis work, we have sought to identify and characterize new molecular determinants involved in the chemoresistance and/or renal toxicity of cisplatin. First, using a functional screening in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, we identified a miRNA whose overexpression decreases cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Then, we studied the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance and demonstrated involvement of this miRNA in the regulation of signaling pathways associated with the apoptotic process and the metabolism of vitamin B 6. Secondly, we evaluated the role of the adenosine A2A receptor in cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. Our results showed that renal expression of this receptor is increased in a mouse model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and that pharmacological modulation of A2AR, using selective antagonists, reduced cisplatin nephrotoxic effects. Lastly, using syngenic graft model, we showed that the administration of the selective A2AR antagonist did not compromise the anti-tumor properties of cisplatin; Overall, this work uncovered new therapeutic strategies that could either increase the sensitivity of lung adenocarcinoma to cisplatin or limit its nephrotoxic effects
Gourdier, Isabelle. "Exploration de la résistance à l'oxaliplatine dans les cancers colorectaux : implication de la voie apoptotique mitochondriale." Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON13520.
Повний текст джерелаTumor resistance to chemotherapy limits considerably the efficacy of colorectal cancer treatment. The aim of this thesis was to identify major cellular mechanisms leading to oxaliplatin resistance of colorectal cancers. For this purpose, we developed cellular models to study resistance, submitting several human colorectal cell lines to increasing concentrations of oxaliplatin. In this study, oxaliplatin resistance was found to be associated with a mitochondrial apoptosis defect, first in the HCT116 cellular model and then in a second cellular model: SW620. Indeed, oxaliplatin resistance was found to be associated with functional alterations in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (cross-resistance to apoptosis inducers acting directly on the mitochondria). In some cases, apoptosis alterations were found to be associated with a dysregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax at several levels: genetic (Bax mutation), transcriptional (over-expression of Bax transcripts) and/or proteomic ( dawn-expression or complete loss of expression of Bax protein). Identification of these alterations in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in relation to acquisition of oxaliplatin resistance opens new clinical horizons among which are:(i) the development of a method to predict oxaliplatin resistance, based on the identification of tumor markers of mitochondrial apoptosis defects, and (ii) the conception of a therapeutic strategy designed to increase oxaliplatin efficacy by addition of a substance able to modulate phenomena of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis resistance
MATHIEU, Jacques. "L'angiogenèse dans les carcinomes prostatiques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T080.
Повний текст джерелаDucastel, Sarah. "Le récepteur nucléaire FXR dans les cellules L entéroendocrines : régulateur de la réponse aux acides gras à chaîne courte, métabolites du microbiote intestinal." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S022.
Повний текст джерелаThe control of glucose homeostasis is the result of a close dialogue between the different metabolic organs through nervous and hormonal messages. Among the regulatory mechanisms, the incretin GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1), produced and secreted by enteroendocrine L cells in the intestine in response to food intake, enhances insulin secretion by the pancreas. At the beginning of mythesis, we have shown first that activation of the nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) decreases theproduction and the secretion of GLP-1 in response to glucose. However, there are many other stimuli ofGLP-1 secretion. In particular, the intestinal microbiota participates in the control of energy homeostasisby fermentation of dietary fibers, producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon which promotethe secretion of the incretin GLP-1 by binding to their transmembrane receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 inenteroendocrine L cells. We therefore investigated whether FXR could also regulate other GLP-1secretion pathways in L cell and the aim of my thesis work was then to study the role of FXR in colonicL cell response to SCFAs.GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs was evaluated ex vivo in intestinal biopsies from micetreated with GW4064, a synthetic agonist of FXR, in murine colonoids from WT and FXR KO mice, invitro in murine L cells GLUTag and human L cells NCI-H716 activated with GW4064 and in vivo inWT and FXR KO mice after supplementation with prebiotics (inulin type fructans) to increase SCFAsproduction in the colon. Expression of the SCFAs receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 were also examined inthese different models and FFAR2 Gαq-signalling pathway was evaluated in vitro.SCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion is blunted in colon explants from mice treated with GW4064 and improved in FXR KO colonoids. In vitro activation of FXR inhibits GLP-1 secretion in response toSCFAs and synthetic ligands of FFAR2, mainly by decreasing FFAR2 expression and FFAR2 Gαqsignallingpathway. FXR KO mice exhibit an increased FFAR2 expression in colon and increased plasma GLP-1 levels after prebiotic supplementation.Overall my thesis results show that FXR inhibition increases GLP-1 secretion byenteroendocrine L cells in response to glucose and to gut microbiota-metabolites, the SCFAs. Thecombination of FXR antagonists with prebiotic supplementation can thus be a promising therapeuticapproach to stimulate the incretin axis in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liverdiseases such as NASH (Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis)
Raynal, Caroline. "Etude du rôle du récepteur des xénobiotiques PXR dans la réponse à la chimiothérapie du cancer colorectal." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13523.
Повний текст джерелаDespite numerous pharmacogenetic studies, clinical efficacy of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer is subjected to broad inter-individual variations leading to the inability to predict outcome and toxicity. Fluoropyrimidines, oxaliplatine and irinotecan are worldwide approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and undergoe extensive peripheral and tumoral metabolism. Considering their metabolic profiles and the tissue distribution of Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), we hypothesized that PXR could play a key role in colon cancer cell response to those cytotoxic agents. PXR is a xenoreceptor activated by many drugs and environmental compounds regulating the expression of drug metabolism and transport genes in detoxification organs such as liver and gastrointestinal tract. Stable transfection of hPXR cDNA in human colorectal cancer cells LS174T, SW480 and SW620 led to a marked chemoresistance to the active metabolite SN38 correlated with PXR expression level. Metabolic profile of SN38 showed a strong enhancement of SN38 glucuronidation to the inactive SN38G metabolite in PXR-expressing cells, related to an increase of UDP-glucuronosyl transferases UGT1A1, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 mRNAs. Inhibition of PXR expression by lentivirus-mediated shRNA, led to SN38 chemoresistance reversion concomitantly to a decrease of UGT1A1 expression and SN38 glucuronidation. We also showed that PXR was expressed with a strong variability in both normal and neoplastic human colon tissues and highlighted a strong correlation between PXR and UGT1A1 in tumors. Our results suggest that tumoral metabolism of SN38 is affected by PXR and that this should be taken into account in the prediction of irinotecan response as environmental compounds, nutrition and diet affect PXR expression and/or activity
Guillon, Jordan. "Caractérisation moléculaire de mécanismes d’échappement à la sénescence : définition d'une hétérogénéité de la sénescence Regulation of senescence escape by TSP1 and CD47 following chemotherapy treatment Regulation of senescence escape by the cdk4–EZH2–AP2M1 pathway in response to chemotherapy tRNA biogenesis and specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases regulate senescence stability under the control of mTOR. Proteomics approaches to define senescence heterogeneity and chemotherapy response Chemotherapy-induced senescence, an adaptive mechanism driving resistance and tumor heterogeneity." Thesis, Angers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANGE0005.
Повний текст джерелаSenescence is induced as a result of telomeric shortening, activation of oncogenes or in response to chemotherapy. This tumour suppression mechanism prevents the proliferation of abnormal cells and transformation. However, some studies have shown that in response to chemotherapy, senescence is more of an adaptation mechanism allowing tumour cells to escape. Thus, we have characterized new escape mechanisms allowing to define senescence heterogeneity. During our studies, we observed that the stability of this suppressive mechanism is epigenetically regulated by EZH2. This methylase modulates the expression of AP2M1, an endocytosis protein required for escape. The stability of senescence is also modulated by secreted SASP factors such as TSP1. By interaction with its receptor CD47, this glycoprotein limits the emergence of persistent cells. The reduction in the expression of this receptor then favours the escape of senescence. Finally, tRNA biosynthesis also modulates the stability of this suppressive mechanism. During the emergence of persistent cells, mTOR promotes the expression of specific tRNAs and the resolution of protein stress. The expression of the corresponding tRNA ligases is then required for escape. Thus, senescence is more heterogeneous than initially described. Its stability is disturbed by the expression of epigenetic regulators, endocytosis proteins, specific receptors and by the deregulation of tRNA biosynthesis
Quilbe, Alexandre. "Évaluation in vitro et in vivo de deux nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ciblées dans l'adénocarcinome pancréatique : une immunothérapie ciblant l’Immune Checkpoint Galectine-9 et une thérapie photodynamique ciblant le récepteur folate." Thesis, Lille, 2020. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/EDBSL/2020/2020LILUS034.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRecently, other and our team have demonstrated that a high regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) prevalence promotes tumor progression by inhibiting anti-tumor immune response. This was further substantiated by other studies on various cancer models. Using this knowledge, our laboratory has developed a new immunotherapy strategy targeting immunosuppressive activity of human natural Treg (CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+ CD127-/Low). This strategy targets Galectin-9 (Gal-9) produced and secreted by Treg cells using an anti Gal-9 monoclonal antibody (Patent WO2015185875). Thus, for the first time, we demonstrated that an anti-Gal-9 immunotherapy can significantly limit tumor growth in a humanized mouse model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In parallel, it have been shown a high Gal-9 expression in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer (PDAC), and a high prevalence of circulating and infiltrating Treg in PDAC patients. Thus, PDAC appears to be a privileged target for our anti-Gal-9 immunotherapy. In this context, our main objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of our anti-Gal-9 immunotherapy in PDAC. In close collaboration, with Dr. Isabelle Vanseuningen (JPARC, Lille), we were first able to evaluate the expression of Gal-9 and the prevalence of Treg from the earliest stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis in a transgenic mouse model. We have also evaluated the efficiency of anti-Gal9 treatment on tumor pancreatic progression. Our data demonstrated that the neutralization of Gal-9 was successful in limiting Treg infiltration along with neoplastic lesion progression. In a second time, in order to anticipate the use of this immunotherapy in humans, we also validated Gal-9 expression (RT-qPCR, Immunofluorescence, Western blot and cytometry) in 4 different human pancreatic cancer lines (Capan-1, Capan-2, MIAPaCa-2, PANC-1). Interestingly, we showed that these lines secrets Gal-9 in particular via exosomes (ELISA, Western-Blot). Finally, in vivo results suggested that our anti-Gal-9 antibody limits not only exosomes immunosuppressive impact, but also the tumor growth in a humanized mouse model of PDAC.Furthermore, we have initiated a novel study to evaluate a new therapeutic strategy for PDAC: The Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT is based on the use of a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and a light excitation. Upon accumulation in the neoplasm and subsequent photo-excitation, the PS generates reactive oxygen species to elicit tumoral cytotoxicity. In the recent years, PDT has already proved its worth in the field of oncology. There is indeed a rationale to think that PDT could impact the immune response, in favor of immunoactivation against the tumor. In the laboratory, we have a new folate-coupled PS (PS2), protected by a recently published patent (WO2019 016397-A1, January 24, 2019), which binds with folate receptor 1 (FOLR1). FOLR1 is expressed in 100% of ADKPs, and even over-expressed in 30%. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT on 4 human PDAC lines: Capan-1, Capan-2, MiaPaca-2 and Panc-1. We validated the genomic and proteomic expression of FOLR1 on the 4 PDAC cell lines. Subsequently, we confirmed the efficacy of PS2 mediated PDT our 4 tumor cell lines. Our results also demonstrated that PDT affects the cytokine secretion of cancer cell lines and the conditioned media of these PS2-PDT-treated cells had a proliferative effect on the human immune system. Finally, we showed that PS2-PDT limits the tumor growth of our immunocompromised humanized mice (SCID) model with subcutaneously transplanted MIAPaCa-2 cells.In conclusion, our investigations suggest not only that PS2-PDT is an effective targeted therapy in the treatment of ADKP but also that it activates the immune system and plays the role of a real adjuvant anti-cancer vaccination
Couturier-Maillard, Aurélie. "Etude des interactions du microbiote intestinal avec le récepteur de l’immunité innée NOD2 dans la maladie de Crohn et le cancer colorectal." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S008/document.
Повний текст джерелаCrohn's disease is a multifactorial disease that could result from environmental factors, genetic factors and would also involved a dysregulation of the immune response against the intestinal microbiota. Indeed, qualitative and quantitative variations of the gut microbiota could be detected in Crohn’s patients or colorectal cancers patients. Moreover, risk of colorectal cancer development is two-fold increased in patients with Croh's disease.In this study, we focused on the role of innate immunity receptor Nod2, which polymorphisms predispose to Crohn's disease, and the influence of gut microbiota in the development of colitis and colorectal cancer.A chemical colitis model and chemical colitis associated cancer (CAC) in mouse highlighted an increased susceptibility of Nod2-/- and Rip2-/- animals compared to WT animals suggesting that NOD2 and its adaptor protein RIP2 can protect from colitis and tumorigenesis.To determine the origin of this increased risk observed in Nod2 or RIP2-deficient animals we first checked the transmissibility of colitis. Co-housing and cross-fostering experiments showed a transmission of susceptibility associated with deficient animals in WT animals horizontally (by congeners) and vertically (by mother). A systematic analysis of the microbiota in CAC model showed a reduction of microbial diversity and a dysbiosis in Nod2-/- animals suggesting an involvement of the flora in the establishment of the increased risk observed in deficient animals. Administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotherapy has confirmed this hypothesis by reducing the susceptibility of Nod2-/- animals. A transcriptional analysis was performed to determine the molecular mechanisms associated with colitis in response to microbiota and highlighted IL-6 and its target genes already described for theirs pro-tumoral effects. Involvement of IL-6 was confirmed by inhibition of IL-6 using an antibody blocking IL-6 receptor that can reduced tumorigenesis. Finally, the generation of germ free Nod2-deficient mice and recolonization by WT mice microbiota showed the ability to reverse the increased risk observed in Nod2-/- mice.Finally, in a context Nod2-deficient, an IL-6-dependent inflammatory response directed against intestinal microbiota, promote the establishment of pro-colitogenic microbiota and would predisposed to colitis and CAC. The transmissibility of this flora may be itself a tool to study interactions between innate and adaptive immune systems. Finally, identification of colitogenic bacteria and inflammatory mechanisms involved, will allow the development of therapies in order to reduce tumorigenesis associated with persistent inflammation in patients with Crohn disease
Lardiere-Deguelte, Sophie. "Tumeurs neuroendocrines du grêle : chirurgie de la tumeur primitive et des métastases mésentériques." Thesis, Reims, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REIMM201.
Повний текст джерелаSurgery is the only potentially curative treatment for neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine (SiNET). This thesis, resulting from a collaborative work, focuses on the surgical management of the primary tumor(s) and mesenteric metastases of SiNET through three original articles.The first article proposes a classification of metastatic mesenteric lymph nodes, based on preoperative imaging, in order to better define their resectability. This work also shows the lack of correlation between the length of resected small intestine and the number of nodes analyzed.The second study highlights two factors, visible on the initial morphological imaging, associated with symptomatic TNE-IG. These factors are the presence of: (i) a visible primary tumor and/or (ii) a metastatic mass contact >180° with superior mesenteric. This work leads us to propose local tumor resection in the presence of one of these two signs, even in presence of unresectable liver metastases.Finally, in the third study, we collected the results of repeat resection after an initial sub-optimal resection for TNE-IG. This management strategy proposed by some experts seems inconsistently implemented (especially if no residual tumor is visible on imaging) and has never been published. Tumor remnants were found in 95% of the patients who underwent repeat resection. Remission was obtained in more than half of the cases.These three studies provide numerous leads for future multi-center work
Jacob, Arthur. "Apport du séquençage d'exome pour le diagnostic et le traitement des maladies complexes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S011.
Повний текст джерелаSince the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2001, the field of genomicshas grown exponentially, in large part due to the introduction of Next GenerationSequencing (NGS). This technique has revolutionized the investigation methods ofgenetic diseases, allowing high-throughput genome-wide sequencing to establish thegenetic basis of diseases. The increasing accessibility of these technologies allowsthe development of precision medicine, based on the specific care of each patientaccording to his genetic profile. Sequencing can be used for the diagnosis ofdiseases, the search for genetic predispositions to a disease, or for the therapeuticchoice, in particular in oncology. Exome sequencing (WES), in particular, offers aneffective method for studying diseases, since exonic regions represent 2% of theentire genome, but can contain up to 85% of functional variants responsible fordiseases. However, the genetic analysis of patients in a clinical setting is mainly carried out by the targeted sequencing of panels of a few genes chosen according tothe clinical context. The work carried out during this CIFRE thesis in partnership withthe company Prenostics was to develop relevant WES analyzes to characterize thegenetic profile of patients with rare genetic diseases and cancers. The objective wasto assess their contribution to the diagnosis and establishment of personalizedtreatment strategies in three distinct contexts of clinical practice, by comparing it tothe conventional approach of panel sequencing.- In the field of pediatric genetic diseases, molecular diagnosis by conventionalmethods only reaches 25%, leaving the majority of families without precise geneticcounseling. Our WES analysis of a cohort of 26 children with genetic diseases notdiagnosed by conventional genetic analyzes, our WES approach resulted in apositive diagnosis in 35% of cases.- About 5 to 10% of breast cancers are hereditary, but more than half of them are notelucidated by the genes at risk of breast cancer (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, etc.) thatare included in conventional panel sequencing. By analyzing the exome of fourfamilies, we attempted to identify the genes involved in familial cases non-mutatedfor the known BRCA1 / BRCA2 genes (BRCAx families). After filtering the riskvariants transmitted among affected limbs, we identified the candidate genesHIST1H1C, TYRO3, TPH1, SLC12A3 and CCNF as possible genes of predispositionto breast cancer. However, without in-depth functional studies to validate theirinvolvement, WES does not seem to provide any benefit for patient management.- Finally, in the field of oncology, the personalization of treatment is at the center ofcurrent issues. Our study of a cohort of 35 refractory solid tumors aimed atdemonstrating the feasibility and efficacy of WES for characterizing the geneticprofile of solid tumors and for decision-making in oncology. We were able to maketreatment suggestions for half of them and helped modify the treatment of at leasteight out of 35 patients.This study describes the different applications, limits and advantages of WES as amolecular investigation tool for human diseases. By demonstrating the benefit ofusing WES in the clinic, our results contribute to the ongoing efforts to integrate it intothe care pathway and the development of precision medicine
Werbrouck, Coralie. "Modélisation in vitro & in vivo de la résistance à la radiothérapie dans les gliomes infiltrants du tronc cérébral (DIPG) TP53 Pathway Alterations Drive Radioresistance in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG)." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL001.
Повний текст джерелаDiffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG) are the most severe pediatric brain tumours. Though accepted as the main therapeutic, radiotherapy is only transiently efficient and not even in every patient. We previously identified a heterogeneous response to radiotherapy at diagnosis (Castel et al., 2015). The aim of the project was to define the mechanisms of radioresistance.First, we assessed in vitro response to ionizing radiations in a collection of DIPG cellular models derived from treatment-naïve biopsies and we uncovered TP53 mutation as the main driver of increased radioresistance. We validated this finding in 4 isogenic pairs of DIPG cells with TP53WT and TP53KD. Then, we demonstrated with an extended cohort of 73 DIPG patients that mutated TP53 patients had a poor response to radiotherapy. Using a kinome-wide synthetic lethality RNAi screen, we further identified target genes that can sensitize TP53MUT DIPG to ionizing radiations. CHK1 inhibition increases response to radiation specifically in TP53MUT cells and could be considered as a new therapeutic approach in this setting. Finally, we established in vitro radioresistant DIPG cells to study tumour relapse and we developed tools to model post-radiotherapy relapse through the study of clonal dynamics using single cell RGB marking.In all, this results go further in the understanding of the DIPG radioresistance. We demonstrated that a TP53 alteration is a theranostic marker to predict radioresistance and we opened new therapeutic opportunities in combination with radiotherapy for the treatment of this pediatric disease, which remains incurable
Champeau, Mathilde. "Dissolving microneedles for an optimal transdermal delivery of an active principle used in photodynamic therapy : development and proof of concept." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S007.
Повний текст джерелаNon-melanoma skin cancers are on the rise with 2 to 3 million people diagnosed each year and are sometimes treated by local ablation therapy. To avoid this surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT) appears as an advantageous treatment. Currently used in clinics, PDT consists of applying a cream containing a photosensitive precursor to the damaged skin, which, then metabolizes and under light excitation inducescell death. However, this technique is not fully effective if the skin lesion extends into the deep skin layers. To improve the therapeutic treatment of this type of skin cancer, a patch with dissolving microneedles (MNs) was develop to reach the deep layers of lesions that are difficult to treat. Hyaluronic acid, known for its biocompatibility, solubility and biodegradability, was chosen as the constituent material, and mixed with the 5-aminolevulinic acid (photosensitive precursor, 5-ALA). To ensure the best penetration without causing pain by touching the nerve endings, an optimal “pencil-tip” design was defined with MNs length going from 400 to 750μm. A simple and robust manufacturing process called solvent casting molding method, has been set up which is an asset for potential industrialization. In absence of realistic skin lesions model,we chose to establish one on rats skin by applying daily UV-B doses. Histology and pharmacokinetic studies validated the presence of precancerous skin lesions and the MN-patch in vivo efficiency was therefore tested. After one hour application on the injured rat skin, the MN-patch dissolved and released the 5-ALA that further metabolized to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). A significant level of PpIX fluorescence was recorded suggesting that after light excitation, a PDT session could be effective. In parallel, to reduce pain felt during PDT treatment, a light device with suitable optical and thermal properties was conceived and coupled to the MN-patch. The idea would be to start the illumination directly after MN-patch application in order to avoid a painful photochemical reaction. This wearable and easy to use system purpose a all-in-one PDT processing which fulfills the criterion of patient compliance, better efficiency and speed of treatment
Silina, Linda. "Targeting TYRO3 : A Novel Strategy to Radiosensitise Bladder Cancer Cells Review of Preclinical Studies to Improve Radiotherapy Response in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Lessons and Perspectives TYRO3 Targeting as a Radiosensitizing Strategy in Bladder Cancer TYRO3 as a Molecular Target for Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction in Bladder Cancer." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL024.
Повний текст джерелаBladder cancer (BCa) is a major global health problem. It is the fourth most common cancer in men in industrialized countries. 25% of all diagnosed BCa are Muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) which have poor prognosis. Cystectomy is the standard treatment for MIBC, but for patients with comorbidities it presents significant drawbacks including increased risk of infection and impacted quality of life. Radiotherapy coupled with chemotherapy and tumor transurethral resection has emerged as a promising bladder sparing. Chemotherapy does not spare normal tissue and results in side effects. Therefore, it is of great interest to discover novel radiosensitisation strategies for bladder tumors.TYRO3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase of the TAM family (comprising TYRO3, AXL and MERTK) and is known to regulate diverse biological. TYRO3 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and promotes tumor cell proliferation, survival and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, higher levels of TYRO3 expression have been associated with decreased overall survival in patients of diverse cancers. However, the role of TYRO3 in BCa has so far not been studied. In this thesis, I investigated:(1)The role of TYRO3 in BCa; (2) The radiosensitising effect of TYRO3 downregulation and inhibition in BCa cells; (3) The effect of TYRO3 downregulation and inhibition on normal human urothelial tissue.We first demonstrated that TYRO3 is overexpressed in 50% of MIBCs. TYRO3 overexpression conferred a TYRO3-dependance to bladder tumor cells for cell growth and viability. Transcriptomic analysis of TYRO3-downregulated cells suggested that TYRO3 signaling controlled cell cycle and protected from apoptosis, which indicated a potential to improve radiation response. TYRO3 downregulation lead to a significantly increased radiosensitivity of BCa cells and conversely, TYRO3-overexpression induced radioresistance. In combination with radiotherapy, TYRO3 dowregulation lead to a cell cycle arrest and a long term persistence of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Foci (IRIF). Finally, I demonstrated that TYRO3 downregulation and inhibition did not impact viability of normal human bladder cells suggesting that inhibiting TYRO3 could improve radiotherapy efficiency while sparing normal surrounding tissues
Benhabiles, Hana. "Etude de la correction de mutations non sens par de nouvelles molécules pouvant servir d'approches thérapeutiques ciblées." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S046.
Повний текст джерелаNonsense mutations generate premature termination codons (PTC) within an open reading frame. This type of mutation is found in about 11% of patients with genetic disorders. Concerning cancer, 5 to 40% of mutations affecting tumor-suppressing genes are nonsense mutations. The presence of a PTC in a gene leads to rapid degradation of its mRNA mediated by the RNA surveillance mechanism named NMD (Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay) preventing the synthesis of truncated proteins. In cancer, the absence of expression of tumor suppressing genes such as TP53 interferes with many biological pathways including apoptosis enabling tumor progression.A screening system that allows identifying molecules capable of re-expressing genes harboring nonsense mutations by inhibiting the NMD system and/or by activating readthrough has been developed in the lab. Readthrough is a natural mechanism, which occurs during translation, leading to the incorporation of an amino acid at the PTC position. Among the molecules that have been identified thanks to the screen, a natural extract named H7 and a compound named CNSM1 efficiently rescues the expression of the nonsense-mutated TP53 gene carrying a PTC.CNSM1 and H7 induces the expression of full-length proteins from PTC-containing genes indicating that these compounds are capable of activating readthrough. I validated the screen results on several cancer cell lines harboring an endogenous nonsense mutation in TP53 gene and showed that the function of p53 was restored in the presence of CNSM1 or H7. I also investigated the cellular toxicity related with the use of CMNS1 on cultured cells and the in vivo effect of H7 in a mouse model harboring a nonsense mutation in dystrophin gene. My results demonstrate that these compounds have a mild cellular toxicity. In addition, using a genome editing approach I confirmed the relationship between the cytoskeletal blockage and the NMD inhibition. I identified two proteins that are implicated in the cytoskeletal rearrangement, which might be targeted to induce NMD inhibition and then the expression of truncated but functional protein from the mutated mRNA. H7 or CNMS1 might be coupled to an NMD inhibition strategy to improve the nonsense mutation correction. Knowing CNSM1 and H7 are so far the most efficient molecule capable of rescuing the expression of PTC-containing genes, these compounds represents a realistic hope for a new-targeted therapy for pathologies associated with nonsense mutations
Paillet, Juliette. "Le lien entre auto-immunité et immunosurveillance des cancers dans le cas des cholangites et du cholangiocarcinome." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL009.
Повний текст джерелаBile duct cancer or cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver tumor. The arsenal of treatments for CCA is highly limited due to the resistance to standard chemoradiotherapies and to the low resection efficiency. Chronic inflammation is a well-known risk factor for cancer development, and two chronic inflammatory diseases of the bile ducts are characterized: primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). Hence, PSC is the 1st etiology established of CCA in Western countries. In contrast, patients with PBC never develop CCA. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that PBC- associated autoimmunity would fuel CCA immunosurveillance and protect the patients from its emergence. In our mouse models, we observed that PBC reduced the frequency of tumor onset and delayed the tumor growth kinetic. Conversely, PSC did not impact the progression of the CCA. We demonstrated that this protection was CCA-specific and did not have any effects on others tumor histotypes. It was also dependent on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells, and especially dependent on the IFNγ-mediated response. Altogether, these results evidence a mechanistic overlapping between autoimmunity and cancer immunosurveillance, with autoimmune reactions against organ-specific self-antigens contributing to the elimination of malignant cells originating from the same tissue
Baloche, Valentin. "Contributions négatives et positives de la galectine-9 au développement tumoral : étude dans des modèles tumoraux murins syngéniques In the MB49 Murine Model, Genetic Ablation of Galectin-9 Enhances Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Possible Role of a Greater CXCL9/Il-6 Production Tumor Exosomal Micrornas Thwarting Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Interferon β and Anti-PD1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade Cooperate in NK Cell-Mediated Killing of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Interferon Beta Increases NK Cell Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Tumor Necrosis Factor Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges Galectin-9 Promotes a Suppressive Microenvironment in Human Cancer by Enhancing STING Degradation". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS117.
Повний текст джерелаLike other galectins, galectin-9 (gal-9) is an animal lectin which interacts with a defined subgroup of glycans carried by glycoproteins or glycolipids. Gal-9 associated with cells performs multiple functions in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus and at the surface of the plasma membrane. Some publications suggest that intracellular gal-9 inhibits the mobility of malignant cells and exerts an anti-metastatic effect. In addition, gal-9 can be secreted into the extracellular medium where it behaves like a cytokine with mainly immunosuppressive effects. These effects have been demonstrated in the context of human tumors and in mouse tumor models. However, so far there was no murine tumor model available to assess the pro-tumor or anti-tumor effet of gal-9 independently of gal-9 produced by infiltrating cells. To address this issue, we derived isogenic clones invalidated or not for gal-9 from 2 murine tumoral lines : CT26 (BABL/c genetic background) and MB49 (C57BL/6 genetic background), using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In the case of the MB49 line, we were able to demonstrate a remarkable phenotype in vivo. During serial transplantations, we saw, for tumors derived from invalidated clones, a dramatic reduction in tumor growth after 3 or 4 passages in syngenic mice but not in immunodeficient mice. The emergence of the immune response responsible for this arrest of tumor growth was investigated by immunohistochemistry, multiplex cytokine assay in tumor extracts and transcriptome analysis by RNAseq. Increased intra-tumor production of interferon-γ, CXCL9 and Il-6 appears to play an important role in enhancing the immune response against KO-gal-9 tumors
Bauvin, Pierre. "Modélisation de la stéatose hépatique (NAFLD) et de ses facteurs de risque par apprentissage sur des données de santé." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S028.
Повний текст джерелаNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease which is a combination of simple, slowly progressing steatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory form which accelerates its progression. It is estimated that one in four people in the world is affected by NAFLD, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly, in parallel with the prevalence of its main risk factors: overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes.This pathology is asymptomatic up to the complications, cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC), which leads to late diagnosis and a negative impact on the associated morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the reference diagnosis requires a liver biopsy, an invasive examination that cannot be performed routinely. As a result, the progression of the disease is poorly known and its estimation may suffer from a selection bias, towards patients with significant risk factors, who require a biopsy in the first place. A better understanding would allow the implementation of strategies to reduce its burden.The modelling approach is appropriate to take into account all susceptible patients, without having to carry out a large-scale follow-up study using liver biopsies in patients who are mostly asymptomatic. The objectives of this thesis are to describe and quantify the progression of NAFLD, to predict the associated morbidity and mortality, and to identify the population at risk, using Markov models. To do this, it is necessary to fill in some of the progression parameters via a literature review, to characterise the initial states (population likely to develop NAFLD) and the final states (mortality due to NAFLD), in order to deduce the missing progression parameters between the onset of the disease and mortality, by back-calculation.To exhaustively characterise NAFLD mortality, we identified all patients with cirrhosis or HCC from national hospital databases, representing more than 380,000 patients. We then developed an identification algorithm to determine the etiology underlying the hepatic complication, based on all the stays of the identified patients. This algorithm requires the identification of patients with cirrhosis or HCC of alcoholic or viral origin, to obtain by elimination only NAFLD patients. Once the specific mortality data had been obtained, we estimated the population likely to develop NAFLD, defined as all individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes, excluding the population of excessive drinkers. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of this population, and modelled its evolution with age and years, based on individual data from surveys representative of the French population.Finally, we quantified the progression of NAFLD, and the impact of risk factors, using two approaches: from the literature, and from biopsy data from more than 1,800 obese patients who were candidates for bariatric surgery, resulting in a tool for predicting the progression of NAFLD in this population. We chose to back-calculate the progression parameters corresponding to the asymptomatic states, which are the most susceptible to selection bias.We obtained a model of the progression of NAFLD, taking into account the dynamic distribution of the population among weight classes and diabetes status, and resulting in the observed statistics of NAFLD deaths. The model takes into account gender, age, year, BMI (body mass index) class, diabetes status and the presence of a genetic polymorphism (PNPLA3 rs738409, C→G) as covariates of progression. It is a tool for assessing the impact of a possible treatment or public health policy on morbidity and mortality
Delion, Matthieu. "La chirurgie éveillée chez l'enfant Specifities of awake craniotomy and brain mapping in children for resection of supratentorial tumours in the language areas." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0073.
Повний текст джерелаIntraoperative cortical and subcortical direct stimulation surgery while awake (CSCSSA) is rarely used to operate in functional areas of the brain in children. Only small series have been published regarding children. However, this procedure is considered to be a gold standard for identifying and preserving the eloquent cortical and subcortical sites. Indeed the child’s survival and the quality of life depend on the quality of the tumor resection. The unifying idea of my thesis was the transfer of the CSCSSA from adults to children.The first work of this thesis was to study the feasibility of the CSCSSA in children through our clinical experience. We also showed that CSCSSA could be applied in children in a safe way with good clinical and radiological results. Some precautions should also be observed, notably concerning the preparation of these young patients. The second step of this thesis was to evaluate the psychological impact of this kind of procedure in children, thanks to the cooperation of the child psychiatrists. The child’s experience was good in every case. None of our patients presented symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the surgery. The third objective was to evaluate the use of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) in children for the preoperative planning. We demonstrated not only the strong correlation between rsfMRI and brain electrical mapping, but also the superiority in terms of sensibility and specificity of rsfMRI compared to task based functional MRI. Indeed rsfMRI allowed us to isolate the attentional networks, which interfere with the results of task based functional MRI
Garbar, Christian. "MUC/EGFR/IL17 et l’autophagie sont associés à la résistance de la chimiothérapie ou des thérapies ciblées dans les cancers du sein triple négatif." Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMM207/document.
Повний текст джерелаTriple negative breast cancer (TN) is often associated to chemioresistance. Moreover, despite an EGRF over-expression, TN is also resistant to anti-EGFR drugs. These resistance mechanisms are not known yet.MUC1 is a transmembrane broadly glycosylated protein. Its extracellular unit (MUC-N) is involved to membrane receptor regulations, as EGFR. As other membrane glycoproteins, MUC1 could modulate, by over-sialylation, the immune cellular response. Its intracellular unit (MUC-C) presents phosphorylation sites involved in numerous signal pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR or RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Both pathways regulate autophagy which is a survival cellular mechanism associated to resistance of chemiotherapy drugs.We showed that TN presents quantitative and qualitative MUC1 alterations, likely associated with dys-regulation of autophagy/MUC1/EGFR pathways. The activation of autophagy explains the chemiotherapy resistance. IL17 is a proinflammatory interleukin secreted by the tumor microenvironment. In TN, IL17 is also associated to chemiorestistance throughout the MEK/ERK pathways, suggesting its involving activating autophagy.In conclusion, our work allows us to hypothesize that inhibition of autophagy and/or MUC1 and/or IL17 could be increase the sensibility to chemiotherapy or targeted therapies against TN
Carene, Dimitri. "Décrypter la réponse thérapeutique des tumeurs en intégrant des données moléculaires, pharmacologiques et cliniques à l’aide de méthodes statistiques et informatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS589.
Повний текст джерелаCancer is the most frequent cause of death in the world, with 8.2 million death / year. Large-scale genome studies have shown that each cancer is characterized by a unique genomic profile. This has led to the development of precision medicine, which aims at targeting treatment using tumor genomic alterations that are patient-specific. In hormone-receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative early breast cancer, clinicopathologic characteristics are not sufficient to fully explain the risk of distant relapse, despite their well-established prognostic value. The main objective of this thesis project was to use statistical and computational methods to assess to what extent genomic alterations are involved in distant breast cancer relapse in addition to classic prognostic clinicopathologic parameters. This project used clinical and genomic data (i.e., copy numbers and driver gene mutations) from the PACS04 and METABRIC trial.In the first part of my thesis project, I first evaluated prognostic value of copy numbers of predefined genes including FGFR1, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; CCND1, Cyclin D1; ZNF217, Zinc Finger Protein 217; ERBB2 or HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor, as well as a panel of driver gene mutations. Results from the PACS04 trial showed that FGFR1 amplification increases the risk of distant relapse, whereas mutations of MAP3K1 decrease the risk of relapse. Second, a genomic score based on FGFR1 and MAP3K1, allowed to identify three levels of risk of distant relapse: low risk (patients with a MAP3K1 mutation), moderate risk (patients without FGFR1 copy number aberration and without MAP3K1 mutation) and high risk (patients with FGFR1 amplification and without MAP3K1 mutation). Finally, this genomic score was validated in METABRIC, a publicly available database. In the second part of my thesis project, new prognostic genomic biomarkers of survival were identified using penalized methods of LASSO type, taking into account the block structure of the data.Keywords: Copy number aberrations (CNA), mutations, breast cancer (BC), biomarkers, variable selection methods, dimension reduction, cox regression
Durand, Matthieu. "Imagerie expérimentale ex vivo de haute résolution à 7 tesla du cancer localisé de la prostate." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S015/document.
Повний текст джерелаProstate MRI at 1.5T or 3T is the best imaging modality for tumor detection. Weinvestigated high resolution MRI at 7T on prostate specimen tissue to improve spatialresolution and prostate cancer detection.First part of experiments consisted of setting up new imaging protocol with 7T MRI onex vivo prostatic tissue. Imaging was carried out on all or part of specimen from radicalprostatectomy of patients or prostate harvested from deceased organ donors.Collected data resulted in new protocol parameters for fast spin echo needed to yielda spatial resolution of 60 X 60 X 90 μm3. High spatial resolution imaging was used toidentify relevant morphological structures for characterization of the prostate gland andtumor as compared to histology.Second part of work was done with whole gland imaging at 7T of radical prostatectomyspecimens of patients. Imaging protocol was based on the outcomes from the first partof experiments and consisted in T2W with high resolution of 130 X130 X195 μm3,diffusion and ADC map. Two independent and blinded reviewers were in charge ofimaging quality assessment and tumor detection. Overall quality was great with goodagreement between the two reviewers. Correlation study for prostate cancer detectionwith the corresponding H&E was of 70%, 80%, 79% and 72% for sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively.We measured the resolution of 7T MRI of ex vivo prostatic tissue, and it’s benefits intumor detection. New semiology should be designed at 7T to improve theunderstanding of prostatic tissue in further experiments. In future, these findings canbe extrapolated to carry out in 7T MRI of in vivo prostate gland
Nasreddine, Salam. "Etude de deux chimiokines cxcl12/sdf-1 et fractalkine (fkn)/cx3cl1 dans le cancer epithelial des ovaires." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718444.
Повний текст джерелаSantana, dos santos Elizabeth. "Contribution of the Missense and Non-Coding BRCA1/2 Variants for the Hereditary Predisposition and Response to Treatment of Breast and Ovarian Cancers Assessment of the Functional Impact of Germline BRCA1/2 Variants Located in Non- Coding Regions in Families with Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer Predisposition Non-Coding Variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes: Potential Impact on Breast and Ovarian Cancer Predisposition." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS027.
Повний текст джерелаOvarian and breast cancers are currently defined by the main pathways involved in the tumorigenesis. In hereditary breast/ovarian cancers (HBOC), tumors with BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants (PV) present an impairment of DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR). For many years, BRCA1/2 PV were only searched on germline DNA. Currently, this information is also searched at tumor level to personalize treatment. Even so, the reason of the inactivation of this pathway remains uncertain for most cases, even in the presence of HR deficient signature.Gathered evidence indicates that protein inactivating PV may not be the only mechanism of HR dysfunction. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to identify alternative mechanisms of HR inactivation to improve both: genetic counseling and therapeutic response. For this purpose, we have attempted to contribute to non-coding and missense (other than premature stop codon) BRCA1/2 variant classification and searched for new biomarkers of therapeutic response to DNA damage agents in other HR genes.We identified germline variants in key transcriptional regulatory elements of BRCA1 and BRCA2, and demonstrated that part of them were functionally active and had additional arguments suggesting pathogenicity. We also explored molecular features of breast and ovarian tumors from BRCA1 variant carriers and observed a predominance of loss of the wild-type allele. Conforming to this evidence, we propose to incorporate LOH information, into the multifactorial model for BRCA1 variant classification. Finally, besides the enrichment of BRCA1/2 germline and somatic PV, we described alternative mechanisms of HR inactivation in a OC population presenting optimal response to platinum-based chemotherapy, including BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation and also mutations in other genes of HR pathway
Bun, Mylène. "Etude des mécanismes moléculaires induits par l’activation de la voie de signalisation NOTCH2 dans les lymphomes B de la zone marginale de la rate (SMZL) NOTCH-Induced MYC Expression Is Required for Marginal Zone Lymphoma Cell Survival." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL067.
Повний текст джерелаSplenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a indoldent B-cell neoplasm lymphoma involving the spleen and bone marrow that affects mostly old people (65 yo). SMZL patients manifest a splenomegaly and a cytopenia. In 15% of the case, autoimmune manifestations are found. Studies based on mutational analysis have highlighted a specific and recurrent mutation in 25% of the case in NOTCH2 signaling pathway. This mutation truncates the PEST domain, which is crucial for NOTCH2 intracellular domain degradation, and so the activation arrest. Hence this somatic gain-of-function mutation leads to an over-activation of NOTCH2 signaling in SMZL. Molecular mechanisms induced by NOTCH2 in the pathogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, identifying NOTCH2 direct target genes may allow establishment of targeted therapies to treat SMZL patients mutated in NOTCH2 signaling. All along my PhD study, I aimed to identify NOTCH2 direct target genes induced in SMZL. First, I characterized Ri-1 cell line as a relevant cell model for my study. Then, to identify transcriptional changes induced by NOTCH2 in SMZL, RNA-seq was performed. From these data, among genes that were significantly re-expressed, I identified the oncogene MYC as a potential NOTCH2 direct target gene. Beside, to probe epigenetic factors associated with oncogenes, ShRNA screen was performed. We have highlighted that MYC expression was significantly repressed. To confirm these data, MYC depletion was done using ShMYC. These data are consistent with the shRNA screen data. When MYC expression is repressed, there is a significant decrease of cell proliferation and growth. To validate these data, an MYC-independent NOTCH2 expression was endogenously induced using CRISPRa technology in the condition where NOTCH2 activity is inhibited. We have demonstrated that MYC –independent NOTCH2 expression restores cancer cell survival when NOTCH2 activity is repressed. Hence, in this study, I showed that MYC expression is required for cell growth, cell proliferation and cell survival. Moreover, identifying MYC as a potential NOTCH2 direct target gene allows a better understanding of molecular mechanisms induced in SMZL pathogenesis
Papargyris, Loukas. "Mécanismes de génération des macrophages immunorégulateurs humains : rôle de l’axe IL-27 / Adénosine / PGE2 The ecto-ATPDase CD39 is involved in the acquisition of the immunoregulatory phenotype by M-CSF-macrophages and ovarian cancer tumor-associated macrophages: Regulatory role of IL-27 Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Skews Human DC to Prime IL10-Producing T Cells Through TLR2/6/JNK Signaling and IL-10, IL-27, CD39, and IDO-1 Induction." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0038.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of the present thesis is to study the molecular mechanisms associated with the polarization of human macrophages towards an immunoregulatory phenotype, similar to that of tumor associated macrophages (TAM). Laboratory data have shown the role of IL-27 in this process, mostly by its capacity to modulate CD39 expression, which controls, at least in part, the acquisition of an immunoregulatory phenotype by human macrophages.The purpose of this work was to specify the molecular mechanisms involved in the acquisition of the regulatory phenotype, downstream IL-27. The results confirm the central role of adenosine, and therefore of the ectonucleotidase CD39, and identify the molecule PGE2 in the functional polarization of immunoregulatory macrophages. These data confirm the importance of IL-27 in the generation of human immunoregulatory macrophages and specify the involved molecular mechanisms. Over the long term, these results will allow to evaluate new strategies in the treatment of solid tumors, whose local immunosuppression is associated with a strong infiltrate of CD39-expressing macrophages
Apra, Caroline. "Etude du développement des méninges & modélisation de tumeurs fibreuses solitaires chez la souris par introduction du gène de fusion NAB2-STAT6 dans les cellules PGDS-positives." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL052.
Повний текст джерелаMeningeal solitary fibrous tumors (SFT), like somatic SFT, are characterized by the NAB2-STAT6 fusion gene. This fusion induces the nuclear relocation of the STAT6 transcription factor and the activation of EGR transcription, increasing proliferation. Meningeal SFT cells, like meningioma cells, are positive for prostaglandin-D2-Synthase (PGDS), a specific marker of meningeal, especially arachnoid, cells. In Part 1, we showed that benign SFT can transform into malignant TFS - formerly hemangiopericytomas - and we reported the therapeutic efficacy of pazopanib, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor. Part 2 is devoted to the molecular study of SFT: the comparison of the exome of pairs of SFT, a grade I primary and grade III recurrence, brought out the pathogenic variant of TP53 c.743G> T. The transcriptome of meningeal SFT showed the aggregation of SFT from all localizations, distinct from meningiomas. Part 3 presents the modeling of meningeal SFT in genetically modified mice by the introduction of two NAB2-STAT6 fusion genes (exons 2-16 and 6-17). The RCAS-NAB2-STAT6 retroviruses, injected at birth into the subdural space of PGDS-tva mice, specifically infect arachnoid cells. After more than a year of follow-up, the animals did not develop any SFT. It is likely that, as in many other tumor models, fusion is not sufficient to induce tumor development. In Part 4, we adapted the iDisco method, which usually allows three-dimensional visualization of brain samples, for mouse embryos and whole skulls, and described the expression of PGDS in mice in situ, between the 11th post-conception day and the 7th post-natal day. It is located in the meninges at the skull base in the early stages and at the convexity after birth, and also in the radial glia
Hullo, Marie. "Place des nanoparticules pour lutter contre la radio-résistance du cancer du sein : impact de l’hétérogénéité tumorale Gold Nanoparticle Uptake in Tumor Cells: Quantification and Size Distribution by sp-ICPMS . Radiation Enhancer Effect of Platinum Nanoparticles: Experimental in Vitrolimits Andrelevant Physical Chemical Simulation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL004.
Повний текст джерелаThe use of high-Z nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy effects has gained momentum over the last decade. Historically, as nanoparticles increase tumor density, they were thought to improve radiation dose by locally increasing the probability of interactions with ionizing radiations. Local dose enhancement is then associated with increased oxidative stress and DNA damage. Therefore, radiosensitization with nanoparticles could impair radioresistance as well as improve therapeutic index. Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of breast cancer treatment. However, mammary tumors are heterogeneous and comprise distinct populations of cancer cells that respond differently to treatments. Cancer stem cells (CSC) and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) are major factors contributing to cancer cells plasticity, tumor heterogeneity, and escape from programmed cell death (apoptosis). In breast cancer, both CSC and cells undergoing EMT are characterized by the expression of two surface markers CD24 and CD44 (CD24-/low, CD44 high). This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of high-Z nanoparticles of different nature (gold, platinum), different size (from 5 to 35 nm) and different surface charge (positive and negative) as potent radiosensitizer on several breast cancer models of different epithelial or mesenchymal state. As no significant change could initially be observed in vitro following the combination of nanoparticles with radiation compared to radiation alone, I gain insight on the influence of physical, chemical and biological parameters required for characterizing radio-enhancement. Among them, I focused on improving the diffusion of nanoparticles and their internalization in tumor cells. I showed that nanoparticles uptake by breast cancer cells was depending on their mesenchymal state: nanoparticle internalization by cancer cells is dramatically increased in mesenchymal-like cancer cells compared to epithelial-like cells across a panel of several breast cancer cell lines. Importantly this discrepancy was not affected by the charge, size or surface chemistry of the nanoparticles themselves. This strongly suggests a cell-dependent mechanism, in opposition to the current paradigm that nanoparticles uptake is mainly governed by their inherent physical/chemical properties. This study emphasized the importance of membrane and extracellular structures in nanoparticle recognition and preferential interaction with cells. Our results are of peculiar interests as the identification of genes or mechanisms facilitating nanoparticles accumulation into radioresistant cancer cells could further conception of promising therapeutic nanoparticles
Fontugne, Jacqueline. "Basal/Squamous Subtype of Bladder Cancer : Mechanisms of Progression, Transcriptional Regulators and New Therapeutic Strategies A Consensus Molecular Classification of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Gene Expression Dynamics During Progression to Basal/Squamous Bladder Cancer in the BBN Mouse Model Reveals a Switch From EGFR to FGFR1 Dependency in Sarcomatoid Tumors Enhancer Profiling of Bladder Cancer Reveals a Candidate Basal/Squamous-Specific Core Regulatory Circuitry Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Marker CXCL13 Is Associated With 1 Better Survival for 2 Patients With Advanced-Stage Bladder Cancer Treated With Immunotherapy." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL030.
Повний текст джерелаBladder cancer is frequent, with poor prognosis at the muscle-invasive stage (MIBC). The basal/squamous (Ba/Sq) subtype of MIBC can progress to the sarcomatoid variant and has very poor outcome.Owing to their aggressive phenotype, Ba/Sq tumors are often diagnosed at advanced stages, hampering the study of disease progression in humans. In a first part, we thus utilized a carcinogen-induced mouse model of Ba/Sq MIBC to explore the molecular changes occurring from pre-invasive stages, to Ba/Sq MIBC, to the sarcomatoid variant. We determined that pre-invasive stages already harbor Ba/Sq features and identified clusters of genes with co-expression changes during progression, with relevance to human disease. A focus on sarcomatoid cases revealed their close resemblance to the human sarcomatoid counterpart. We identified an EGFR/FGFR1 switch during sarcomatoid dedifferentiation, correlated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This finding indicates that patients with sarcomatoid, EMT- or FGFR1-high tumors may benefit from FGFR inhibitors.Additionally, the master transcription factors (TFs) controlling the Ba/Sq phenotype are poorly understood. One approach to identify such TFs is to pinpoint to those forming a core regulatory circuitry (CRC) driven by super-enhancers (SE), i.e., large genomic regulatory domains with a major role in cell identity. In a second part, we identified such SEs by performing ChIP-seq for H3K27ac, a typical histone modification found in SE regions, in bladder cancer primary tumors and cells lines, including of Ba/Sq subtype. We determined that distinct H3K27ac profiles are associated with molecular subtypes and identified subtype-specific SEs. CRC analysis using the CRCmapper algorithm nominated potential master TFs driving the Ba/Sq phenotype, including RUNX2 and KLF7. Further functional validation of these candidates in bladder cancer cell lines is necessary.Overall, this work furthers our understanding of Ba/Sq MIBC and provides potential new therapeutic strategies
Chollat-Namy, Marie. "Effet de l’inactivation du gène suppresseur de tumeur p53 et de sa réactivation pharmacologique sur la réponse cytotoxique anti-tumorale The Pharmalogical Reactivation of p53 Function Improves Breast Tumor Cell Lysis by Granzyme B and NK Cells Through Induction of Autophagy Mutant P53 Gain of Function Stimulates PD-L1 Expression." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL032.
Повний текст джерелаImmune system plays an important role in the control and destruction of cancer cells. The major effectors of antitumor immune response are Natural Killer (NK) cells and the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which recognize et destroy tumor cells by exocytosis of perforin and granzymes contained in cytotoxic granules. It has been previously shown in the laboratory that the tumor suppressor p53 plays an important role in this apoptotic pathway. However more than 50% of human tumors have p53 inactivating mutations which favor tumor development. Consequently, frequent p53 inactivation in human tumor could enable them to escape from destruction by cytotoxic immune cells. In this context, my thesis work has shown that the pharmacological reactivation of wild type p53 function in cancer cells expressing a mutated p53 increased their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated apoptosis cells through the induction of an autophagic process. Moreover, I tried to determine the link between p53 mutations and the expression of the immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 which prevent efficient activation of cytotoxic cells and promote immune cells exhaustion. My work suggests that the expression of p53 mutants promotes an the expression of PD-L1 at the cancer cell surface. The study of the underlying mechanisms is still in progress
Xie, Wei. "Transcription Inhibitor Lurbinectedin and Oncolytic Peptide LTX-401 trigger Immunogenic Cell Death and Synergize With Immune Checkpoint Blockade Lurbinectedin Synergizes With Immune Checkpoint Blockade To Generate Anticancer Immunity Tumor Lysis With LTX-401 Creates Anticancer Immunity Autophagy Induction by Thiostrepton Improves the Efficacy of Immunogenic Chemotherapy Oncolysis With DTT-205 and DTT-304 Generates Immunological Memory in Cured Animals." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL072.
Повний текст джерелаCancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, despite the existence of standard treatment, innovative therapeutic strategies and drugs are still in urgent demand. The combination of immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducing drugs and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) seems to be a promising modality. In this thesis, we demonstrated Lurbinectedin, a transcription inhibitor newly approved for relapsed lung cancer treatment, triggers hallmarks of ICD in four different human and murine cell lines in vitro. Vaccinated with Lurbinectedin-treated fibrosarcoma cell protects immunocompetent mice from rechallenge with syngeneic tumours. Lurbinectedin restrains transplanted fibrosarcoma growth in an immune dependent manner. Both transplanted MCA205 cancer and hormone/carcinogen induced breast cancer were sensitized by Lurbinectedin to PD-1 and CTLA-4 double ICBs. Of note, long-term immunological memory was generated in cured mice. Further, we evaluated the anticancer capacity of LTX-401, an oncolytic peptide designed for local immunotherapy. Sequential intratumoral injections of LTX-401 dramatically retards subcutaneous MCA205 and TC-1 tumour growth in immunocompetent host, yet shows limited therapeutic effect of anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4 ICBs. Moreover, sequential LTX-401 treatment with double ICBs exhibits systemic antitumor immunity to both treated and abscopal tumour. In conclusion, lurbinectedin and LTX-401 induce cancer cell immunogenic cell death and enhance the anticancer effects of immune chekcpoint blockade. These results lay the experimental foundation of combination regiments and may facilitate the clinical trial design
Thomas, Mélissa. "Origins of Cellular Lethality Resulting From a Defect in Homologous Recombination in Human Cells." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASL027.
Повний текст джерелаHomologous recombination (HR) is involved in repairing DNA double strand breaks, and in protecting and restarting stalled or collapsed replication forks. Rad51 and BRCA2 are two key proteins of HR. I have showed that inhibiting HR, as well as over expressing Rad51, is lethal in human cells, although a very few cells still survive the inhibition. Moreover, many cancers carry mutations in an HR gene (BRCA1/2 in breast and ovary cancers) or over express an HR gene. My project aims to identify the mechanisms and the causes behind the lethality triggered by a dysregulation of HR, and to understand how a few cells manage to survive it. I have determined, through FACS and phosphorylated histone H3 labeling (IF), that HR deficient human cells, or those over expressing Rad51, accumulate at the G2/M checkpoint.At the same time, time-lapse microscopy experiments seemed to indicate that the cells died from apoptosis, which was confirmed by data from experiments using Annexin-V as an apoptosis marker and from Western-Blots. Western-Blots showed that the G2/M checkpoint is activated, through analysis of CyclinB1 and of cdk1, and that apoptosis is triggered, through analysis of PARP cleavage. My main working hypothesis was that overexpressing a dominant negative form of Rad51, and possibly also overexpressing Rad51 WT, would lead to replication defects, whose accumulation would in turn lead to an activation of the checkpoint. BrdU incorporation experients and use of the molecular combing technique confirmed this hypothesis : in HR-dysregulated cells, replication speed is slowed down and there are more stalled forks. In-silico analyses have showed that HR-mutated cancers often carry a second mutation in another gene, involved in either the G2/M checkpoint or in restarting stalled replication forks. Based on these analyses and on results from RNAseq experiments performed on FANCD1 patients' fibroblasts, candidate genes have already been listed, confirming the in-silico analysis
Lacas, Benjamin. "Apport clinique des méta-analyses dans les cancers ORL localement avancés." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS054.
Повний текст джерелаRadiotherapy and chemotherapy are both recommended treatments for locally advanced head and neck cancers. During conventional radiotherapy, 70 Grays are given in 35 fractions over 7 weeks (called « conventional fractionation »). Chemotherapy may be given before (induction), at the same time (concomitant) or after (adjuvant) locoregional treatment (surgery and/or radiotherapy). Many randomized clinical trials studied the efficacy of altered fractionated radiotherapy and others studied the addition of chemotherapy to locoregional treatment. Individual patient data meta-analysis consists in the collection of the databases of the trials, the check and the analysis, together. It allows to perform advanced analyses like variation of the treatment effect over trials’ or patient’s characteristics. The objectives of the present work were:1/ The first update of the MARCH meta-analysis, which included 34 trials (from 1979 to 2010) and 11,969 patients in order to study the efficacy of altered fractionated radiotherapy compared to conventional fractionation. A toxicity analysis has also been performed. A secondary question was the efficacy of altered fractionation alone compared to conventional fractionation plus concomitant chemotherapy.2/ The second update of the MACH-NC meta-analysis, which included 105 trials (1965-2010) and 19,511 patients in order to study the efficacy of the addition of chemotherapy compared to locoregional treatment. A secondary question was the efficacy of the addition of concomitant chemotherapy compared to the addition of induction chemotherapy
Veith, Irina. "Lung Cancer On-Chip for Immunotherapy Response Profiling Apoptosis Mapping in Space and Time of 3D Tumor Ecosystems Reveals Transmissibility of Cytotoxic Cancer Death." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL036.
Повний текст джерелаNon-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the few tumor diseases, with melanoma and vesical carcinoma, for which immuno-oncology drugs led to a therapeutic revolution. Only 20 to 30% of the NSCLC patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) monotherapy with durable responses, while combinations led up to 40% of long responder patients. Our study aims to better characterize the modulation of the tumor microenvironment upon ICI treatment, plus or minus concurrent chemotherapy, in order to guide more compelling immunotherapy strategies. Inspired by the organ-on-a-chip technology, we implemented the reconstitution ex vivo of a simplified immunocompetent lung tumor microenvironment by performing 3D co-cultures in microfluidic devices. This approach allowed us to perform live-imaging and quantification of the effects of ICI on the tumor ecosystem.The design of the chip consists of three parallel micro-chambers, separated by micro-pillars that allow the confinement of a biomimetic hydrogel in the central channel by capillarity. By co-culturing autologous NSCLC cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (harvested from the TILs of the same patient and furtherly amplified in vitro) we could recapitulate, visualize and quantify an efficient and specific cytotoxic activity of the T cells against the autologous cancer cells. For this purpose, we developed a novel algorithm that could localize the cancer cells and, thanks to a fluorescent reporter of the caspase activity, measure their death in a time- and space-specific manner. In these 3D co-cultures the cytotoxic activity of T cells was enhanced by the treatment with PD-1 inhibitor and PD-L1 inhibitor, therefore reconstituting on-chip an ICI response. Furthermore, this method allowed us to extract a parameter, the potential of death induction, which mathematically estimates the “contagiousness of death” by computing the proximity in space and time of death signals. Interestingly, this analysis revealed us that the death of cancer cells caused by either chemotherapy or cytotoxic T cells is contagious, whereas in control conditions the cancer cells death is stochastic. This observation may have biological and clinical implications, for instance regarding the bystander effect, observed after radiotherapy treatment. Furthermore, in order to have a molecular insight on the impact of the co-culture on T cells, in presence or absence of ICI, we analyzed by flow cytometry the expression of several T cell markers. After 3 days of co-culture on chip, the T cells showed an increased expression of activation markers, such as CD69 and CD25, as well as an increased expression of exhaustion markers, notably PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, LAG-3, CD137 and OX-40. The coupling of image analysis and the study of T cell plasticity, allowed us to associate for the first time the finely quantified cytotoxic activity of the T cells and their activation/exhaustion status and describe a responsive phenotype to immunotherapies. In this thesis, we demonstrated that the tumor-on-chip is suitable to evaluate the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, to potentially assess the effect of combined drugs and to study the mechanisms of cancer cell primary resistance
Gaudeau, Albane. "Conversion du cancer du sein triple-négatif par la modulation épigénétique Cell-Based siRNA Screens Highlight Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Epigenetic Vulnerability True Value of RNAi Screens Beyond On-Target Effects Du criblage à haut contenu à la déconvolution de cibles : nouvelle donne pour les approches phénotypiques." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL048.
Повний текст джерелаResearch presented in this thesis manuscript is the result of a fruitful collaboration between my host company, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, my host laboratory, BioPhenics Laboratory at Institut Curie, and I, preparing my PhD at the doctoral school CBMS at Université Paris-Saclay. International partnerships also led to the generation of numerous data towards the same purpose: identifying novel therapeutic targets in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. TNBC is a breast cancer subtype characterized by its ER(Estrogen receptor)-, PR(Progesterone receptor)- and HER2(Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-negative phenotype, affecting almost 20% of breast cancer diagnosed women. In the absence of these receptors, patients cannot respond neither to hormone therapy nor anti-HER2 targeted therapies. While TNBC is enriched in cancer-stem cells (CSC) and epigenetic deregulations were identified in TNBC CSC signaling pathways, we supposed that epigenetic mechanisms could be modulated to result in two phenotypes : an impact on TNBC cell viability, and an impact on HER2 expression in order to sensitize cells to existing anti-HER2 therapies. To investigate these hypotheses, we performed siRNA functional genomics screening targeting 863 epigenetic modulators through high-throughput and high-content approaches. Although using siRNA represents a powerful approach, the risk of off-target effects is important. In order to reinforce on-target hits discovery and to prevent the identification of non-specific hits, various strategies were used for the two studies. While the identification of genes involved in HER2 expression is currently in progress, we identified 3 key genes for TNBC cell viability, including CHAF1A for which the role in TNBC cell viability was never revealed. Also, following bioinformatic analyses performed from viability data, off-target effects were considered as sources of potential hits, highlighting the potential of a new functional genomics screening approach