Дисертації з теми "True extension"

L’extension d’une procédure collective est une création jurisprudentielle consacrée par la loi de sauvegarde des entreprises du 26 juillet 2005. Elle a pour objectif de reconstituer artificiellement le patrimoine séparé du débiteur. Ainsi, elle va consister à étendre la procédure collective initiale à une ou plusieurs personnes physiques ou morales. L’extension de procédure collective revêt un avantage considérable pour le débiteur dans la mesure où elle va lui offrir plus de possibilités et de moyens lui permettant de résoudre au mieux ses difficultés. De même pour le créancier qui verra le patrimoine du débiteur réuni à celui d’une tierce personne. Son fondement juridique est l’article L. 621-2 du code de commerce. Il dispose que le tribunal doit caractériser l’existence d’une confusion de patrimoine ou la fictivité avant de prononcer un jugement d’extension de procédure collective. La jurisprudence contribue grandement à l’évolution législative de l’extension de procédure collective. En dépit de la codification de cette procédure, la jurisprudence y occupe une place omniprésente. Ce rôle s’explique par le fait que le législateur laisse au juge le pouvoir d’interpréter et d’apprécier l’extension de procédure collective, sur la base de ses deux causes qui sont respectivement la confusion de patrimoine et la fictivité. Quel est donc le pouvoir d’appréciation laissé au juge ? Il s’agit de l’interprétation dont dispose ce dernier concernant l’existence de la fictivité ou de la confusion de patrimoine. Ainsi donc, pour prononcer une extension de procédure collective sur la base de la confusion de patrimoine, le juge doit nécessairement caractériser l’existence de relations financières anormales ou l’imbrication inextricable des patrimoines, à savoir celui du débiteur principal et celui ou ceux des personnes à qui il voudrait étendre la procédure collective.L’appréciation du caractère fictif de la personne morale est le cas le moins fréquent mais reste le plus complexe à déterminer. Les juges ont la lourde responsabilité de déceler la fictivité d’une personne morale et se heurtent la plupart du temps aux divers montages financiers établis dans les groupes de sociétés.Le juge n’a pas à chercher si la confusion de patrimoine entre deux personnes physiques ou morales a causé un préjudice au débiteur principal pour étendre sa procédure collective. Cet encadrement législatif laisse apparaître que les juges sont libres de prononcer l’extension de procédure collective en prenant en compte le fait qu’un contrôle rigoureux de leur décision est réalisé par la Cour de cassation. En outre, au regard des intérêts divergents du débiteur et du créancier, mais aussi en raison de l’impact des décisions d’extension de procédure collective sur la vie économique de ces deux catégorie de personnes, les décisions prononçant l’extension de procédure collective font l’objet d’un contrôle rigoureux de la part de la Cour de Cassation.Toutefois si cette procédure recèle bien des avantages, il n’en demeure pas moins, qu’au regard de sa pratique, certaines réformes pourraient permettre de l’améliorer
The extension of a collective procedure is a jurisprudential creation enshrined in the law on the protection of companies of 26 July 2005. Its objective is to artificially reconstitute the debtor's prepared assets. Thus, it will consist in extending the initial collective procedure to one or more natural or legal persons. The extension of collective proceedings is of considerable benefit to the debtor insofar as it will offer him more possibilities and means to solve his difficulties as well as possible. The same applies to the creditor who will see the debtor's assets combined with those of a third party.Its legal basis is Article L. 621-2 of the French Commercial Code. It provides that the court must characterize the existence of a Confusion of patrimony or fictitious nature before pronouncing a judgment extending collective proceedings. Case law contributes significantly to the legislative evolution of the extension of collective proceedings. Despite the codification of this procedure, case law is omnipresent. This role is explained by the fact that the legislator gives the judge the power to interpret and assess the extension of collective proceedings, on the basis of its two causes, namely confusion of assets and fictitious acts. What is the discretion left to the judge? This is the latter's interpretation of the existence of fictitious or confusing assets. Thus, therefore, in order to pronounce an extension of collective proceedings on the basis of the Confusion of Assets, the judge must necessarily characterise the existence of abnormal financial relations or the inextricable interweaving of assets, namely that of the principal debtor and that of the person or persons to whom he would like to extend the collective proceedings.The assessment of the fictitious nature of the legal person is the least frequent case but remains the most complex to determine. Judges have a heavy responsibility to detect the fictitious nature of a legal person and most often encounter the various financial arrangements established within corporate groups.The need not to look for whether the confusion of assets between two natural or legal persons has caused prejudice to the principal debtor in order to extend his collective proceedings. This legislative framework shows that judges are free to extend collective proceedings, taking into account the fact that their decision is rigorously reviewed by the Court of Cassation. In addition, in view of the divergent interests of the debtor and the creditor, but also because of the impact of decisions to extend collective proceedings on the economic life of these two categories of persons, decisions ordering the extension of collective proceedings are subject to rigorous control by the Court of Cassation.However, while there are many advantages to this procedure, the fact remains that, in terms of its practice, some reforms could improve it

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Esta tese de doutorado almejou explorar, tanto teórica quanto metodologicamente, um fenômeno da comunicação contemporânea: os processos de transmidiação de seriados ficcionais no contexto da criação e do consumo no mercado televisivo estadunidense. Chamamos de processos de transmidiação as estratégias e práticas criativas que fazem um conteúdo monomidiático, o seriado televisivo no nosso estudo de caso, percorrer diversas mídias e plataformas comunicacionais. Trata-se da criação de artefatos que se vinculam a um texto de referência, fazendo-o migrar de mídias enquanto simultaneamente alarga seu escopo de significações. O nosso objetivo central foi o de analisar o que chamamos de universo transmídia de True Blood: os textos, paratextos e extensões ficcionais, alocados em múltiplas mídias e plataformas, que se utilizam de diversos formatos e linguagens, e produzidos tanto pelas organizações empresariais quanto pelas organizações dos fãs. Estas peças, arguimos, compõem o complexo emaranhado comunicacional que se encontra em circulação cultural e que se refere a uma obra específica, o seriado True Blood. A análise buscou explorar as estratégias de criação de extensões a partir de suas relações com o texto principal, sendo dividida conforme as duas macro-categorias de extensões transmídia (as paratextuais e as ficcionais) e examinando organicamente as criações oriundas de ambas as instâncias produtivas. As extensões paratextuais foram analisadas conforme as categorias de: antecipação, recuperação, remixagem e contexto de produção. As extensões ficcionais foram analisadas a partir das estratégias de alargamento do mundo ficcional do texto principal, que são: continuação de histórias, construção de mundo, construção de personagens, backstories (histórias do passado), histórias alternativas, e, por fim, jogos. Ao fim, foi possível identificar as semelhanças e diferenças dos produtos oriundos das empresas e dos fãs, compreendendo as finalidades estratégicas que elas cumprem no ínterim do universo transmídia de True Blood.
This doctoral dissertation aimed to explore, both theoretically and methodologically, a phenomenon of contemporary communication: the transmedialisation processes around television fictions within the context of creation and consumption in the American television market. We refer to transmedialisation processes as the creative strategies and practices that make a single-media content – the television series in our case study – travel across various media and platforms. It refers to the creation of artifacts that link themselves to a reference text, making it migrate to another media while simultaneously broaden its scope of meanings. Our main goal was to analyze what we called the transmedia universe of True Blood: the texts, paratextos and fictional extensions, placed in multiple media and platforms, using various formats and languages, and being produced by both the media industry organizations and fans organizations. We argue that these pieces compose the complex communicational entanglement which is in broad cultural circulation and refers to an specific artwork, the television series True Blood. The analysis aimed to explore the creation strategies of transmedia extensions through their relations to the main text, divided by two major categories of extensions (paratextual and fictional) and examining organically the creations that came from both productive instances. The paratextual extensions are analyzed according the categories of: anticipation, recuperation, remixing, and production context. The fictional extensions are analyzed through their strategies of enlarging the storyworld of the main text, which are: continuation of stories, worldbuilding, characters construction, backstories, alternate stories, and games. By the end, it was possible to identify the similarities and differences of products originated from the industries and the fans, understanding the strategical purposes that they fulfill inside the transmedia universe of True Blood.

This study investigated the potential benefit of introducing Moringa oleifera (MO) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) leaves as supplementary feed resource for indigenous goats feeding systems in southern Mozambique. The study started with a description of smallholder goat production systems in three resource-poor districts of Mozambique and subsequently investigated the variation and seasonal fluctuations of natural fodder quality in the Changalane district throughout a year period. Thereafter, the effect of tree forage supplementation on growth and reproductive performance of Landim goats were evaluated by simulating a typical feeding system used in the study area. In study one, a survey was conducted in three villages to collect data on indigenous goats and in smallholder husbandry practices in terms of feeding, health and reproduction management. Information from 45-smallholder goat keepers were recorded using a survey, which was complemented by interviews. Results showed that goats were raised under extensive systems, under free grazing. Tethering was a common management practice, with limited supplementation during the dry season. In general, during the dry season the natural pasture were scarcity and poor in quality and consequently does not sustained the energy and protein requirements of ruminants for maintenance and other functions. In study two, the eight key species that were consumed by the goats (namely Sclerocarya birrea, Spirostachys africana, Dichrostachys cinerea, Flueggea virosa, Acacia nigrescens, Acacia nilotica, Panicum maximum and Morus alba) were collected and analysed. Daily energy intake (4.27 ± 0.17 MJ/kg DM vs 3.71 ± 0.41 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (CP) intake (92.83 ± 16.05 g DM/head/day vs. 59.38 ± 13.12 g DM/head/day) were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Daily intake of calcium and phosphorus did not show significant seasonal variations and were below the requirements levels for maintenance of a 20 kg bodyweight goat during the dry season and for the pregnant goat during both seasons. These results showed a need to supplement goats with energy, protein and phosphorus for maintenance, growth and reproduction during the dry season. In study three, the impact of supplementation with LL and MO on the growth and reproduction performance of indigenous goats were evaluated. Fifty-six goats were randomly divided into seven groups, with four castrated males and four females in each group. One group was used as the control group (animals grazing on natural veld without any supplementation), while first three groups were fed with LL and the other three groups with MO tree leaves, respectively. Compared to the control group, both treatments had a significant effect, irrespective of the level of supplementation in terms of overall body weight gain and the final body weight of the bucks. All female reproduction parameters measured for the supplemented groups were superior when compared to the control group. Findings of this study suggest the benefit of using LL and MO tree leaves as supplement for Mozambican goats to overcome the adverse effects of seasonal fluctuations in feed quality on their growth and reproductive performance.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
PhD
Unrestricted

Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Rubens Maciel Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: A curva PEV é uma importante ferramenta que define os rendimentos de diversos derivados de petróleo obtidos em função dos seus pontos de ebulição verdadeiros, fornecendo informações importantes para decisões referentes ao controle dos processos de refinarias e sobre a qualidade do petróleo produzido. A curva PEV está bem estabelecida para pontos de ebulição de até 565?C, através de métodos estabelecidos pela ASTM. O emprego de uma metodologia para a caracterização das frações pesadas de petróleo com pontos de ebulição acima de 565?C e o desenvolvimento de um procedimento para a extensão da curva PEV nessa faixa tem, portanto, um impacto decisivo no melhor aproveitamento do óleo cru nacional, já que estes têm uma quantidade expressiva de frações pesadas na sua composição. Para se ter um conjunto de dados da curva PEV mais abrangente para esses petróleos, foi estabelecida uma metodologia para a extensão da curva PEV através da destilação molecular. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi determinar experimentalmente a extensão da curva PEV de frações pesadas de petróleos nacionais, utilizando o processo de destilação molecular. Desse modo, a extensão da curva PEV foi feita a partir da obtenção dos dados do destilador molecular para dois tipos de petróleos ainda não estudados pelo grupo do LDPS/UNICAMP e, através da correlação DESTMOL, as temperaturas de operação do destilador molecular foram convertidas para os pontos de ebulição verdadeiros correspondentes. Por meio desse processo, as correntes de produto obtidas foram quantificadas e avaliadas através de caracterizações físico-químicas. A metodologia através da destilação molecular atingiu valores de PEV próximos a 700?C, proporcionando, além disso, ganhos consideráveis de destilado, representando grandes avanços na área.
Abstract: The TBP curve is an important tool that defines the yield of petroleum products in function of its true boiling points, supplying important information for decisions of refinery process control and quality of the produced oil. The TBP curve is well established for true boiling points up to 565?C, through established methods for the American Society and Testing Materials (ASTM). The use of a methodology for the characterization of heavy petroleum fractions with true boiling points above 565?C and the development of a procedure for the extension of TBP curve in this range has, therefore, a decisive impact to the best improvement of national crude oil, since they have an expressive amount of heavy fractions in its composition. To improve this data set of TBP curve for heavy oils, a methodology for the extension of TBP curve was established through the molecular distillation. The general objective of this work was to determine experimentally the extension of TBP curve for national heavy petroleum fractions, using the molecular distillation process. In this manner, the extension of TBP curve was made from the data attainment of molecular distiller for two types of oils not still studied for the LDPS/UNICAMP group and, through the application of DESTMOL correlation, the operating temperatures of the molecular distiller was converted for the corresponding true boiling points. In this process, the product streams were quantified and evaluated through physical-chemical characterizations. The methodology using molecular distillation reached TBP values up to 700?C, providing, so, considerable gain of distilled, representing a notable advance in this area.
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 5, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Geography." Discipline: Geography; Department/School: Geography.

Les systèmes informatiques jouent un rôle essentiel dans la vie actuelle, et leurs erreurs peuvent avoir des conséquences dramatiques. Il existe des méthodes formelles permettant d'assurer qu'un système informatique est fiable. La méthode formelle utilisée dans cette thèse est appelée complétion d'automates d'arbres et permet d'analyser les systèmes à nombre d'états infini. Dans cette représentation, les états du système sont représentés par des termes et les ensembles d'états par des automates d'arbres. L'ensemble des comportements possibles d'un système est calculé grâce à l'application successive d'un système de réécriture modélisant le comportement du système vérifié. On garantit la fiabilité d'un système en vérifiant qu'un comportement interdit n'est pas présent dans l'ensemble des états accessibles. Mais cet ensemble n'est pas toujours calculable, et nous devons alors calculer une sur-approximation calculable de cet ensemble. Mais cette approximation peut s'avérer trop grossière et reconnaître de faux contre-exemples. La première contribution de cette thèse consiste alors à caractériser, par des formules logiques et de manière automatique, ce qu'est une "bonne" sur-approximation : une approximation représentant un sur-ensemble des configurations accessibles, et qui soit suffisamment précise pour ne pas reconnaître de faux contre-exemples. Résoudre ces formules conduit alors automatiquement à une sur-approximation concluante si elle existe, sans avoir recours à aucun paramétrage manuel. Le second problème de la complétion d'automates d'arbres est le passage à l'échelle, autrement dit le temps de calcul parfois élevé du calcul de complétion quand on s'attaque à des problèmes de la vie courante. Dans la vérification de programmes Java utilisant la complétion d'automates d'arbres, cette explosion peut être due à l'utilisation d'entiers de Peano. L'idée de notre seconde contribution est alors d'évaluer directement le résultat d'une opération arithmétique. D'une façon plus générale, il s'agit d'intégrer les éléments d'un domaine infini dans un automate d'arbres. En s'inspirant de méthodes issues de l'interprétation abstraite, cette thèse intègre des treillis abstraits dans les automates d'arbres, constituant alors un nouveau type d'automates. Les opérations sur le domaine infini représenté sont calculées en une seule étape d'évaluation plutôt que d'appliquer de nombreuses règles de réécriture. Nous avons alors adapté la complétion d'automates d'arbres à ce nouveau type d'automate, et la généricité du nouvel algorithme permet de brancher de nombreux treillis abstraits. Cette technique a été implémentée dans un outil appelé TimbukLTA, et cette implémentation permet de démontrer l'efficacité de cette technique.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le problème de la modélisation des changements de régime dans les modèles à corrélations conditionnelles dynamiques en nous intéressant plus particulièrement à l'approche Markov-switching. A la différence de l'approche standard basée sur le modèle à chaîne de Markov caché (HMM) de base, nous utilisons des extensions du modèle HMM provenant des modèles graphiques probabilistes. Cette discipline a en effet proposé de nombreuses dérivations du modèle de base permettant de modéliser des structures complexes. Cette thèse se situe donc à l'interface de deux disciplines: l'économétrie financière et les modèles graphiques probabilistes. Le premier essai présente un modèle construit à partir d'une structure hiérarchique cachée markovienne qui permet de définir différents niveaux de granularité pour les régimes. Il peut être vu comme un cas particulier du modèle RSDC (Regime Switching for Dynamic Correlations). Basé sur le HMM hiérarchique, notre modèle permet de capter des nuances de régimes qui sont ignorées par l'approche Markov-Switching classique. La seconde contribution propose une version Markov-switching du modèle DCC construite à partir du modèle HMM factorisé. Alors que l'approche Markov-switching classique suppose que les tous les éléments de la matrice de corrélation suivent la même dynamique, notre modèle permet à tous les éléments de la matrice de corrélation d'avoir leur propre dynamique de saut. Dans la dernière contribution, nous proposons un modèle DCC construit à partir d'un arbre de décision. L'objectif de cet arbre est de relier le niveau des volatilités individuelles avec le niveau des corrélations. Pour cela, nous utilisons un arbre de décision Markovien caché, qui est une extension de HMM.

Le sujet traite la conception et la realisation d'un sgbd relationnel etendu aux images. Le systeme xcard developpe, est base sur le modele relationnel qui compose la majorite des sgbd actuels. Le modele relationnel est connu pour ses fondements mathematiques et son formalisme simple. Le langage de manipulation utilise est le qbe (query by examples) qui a ete etendu pour la manipulation des donnees images (qbeep). A la representation interne d'un bloc image on fait correspondre une relation. Cette idee simple de convertir les blocs images en une relation a constitue l'axe principal de ce travail. Cela a permis de conserver la meme organisation de stockage et d'acces pour les deux types de donnees (alphanumerique et image). Le prototype xcard est facile a utiliser, il permet a un non informaticien d'exploiter sa base de donnees sans connaissance au prealable. Le systeme permet les operations classiques (recherche, mise-a-jour, destruction. . . ) et des operations sur les images en 2d et 3d (affichage, intersection, suppression, zoom, mise-a-jour, rotation, difference. . . ). Xcard traite des requetes simples afin de determiner les caracteristiques d'une image et des requetes composees concernant deux images. Le sujet se situe dans les recherches actuelles (extension du modele relationnel, couplage avec un systeme expert, modele oriente objet. . . )

Ce travail, réalisé dans le cadre du projet Geant4-DNA, consiste à concevoir un prototype pour la simulation des effets chimiques précoces des rayonnements ionisants. Le modèle de simulation étudié repose sur la représentation particule-continuum où toutes les molécules sont explicitement simulées et où le solvant est traité comme un continuum. La méthode proposée par cette thèse a pour but d'améliorer les performances de ce type de simulation. Elle se base sur (1) la combinaison d'une méthode de pas en temps dynamiques avec un processus de pont Brownien pour la prise en compte des réactions chimiques et afin d'éviter une simulation à pas en temps fixe, coûteuse en temps de calcul, et (2) sur la structure de données k-d tree pour la recherche du voisin le plus proche permettant, pour une molécule donnée, une localisation rapide du réactif le plus proche. La précision de l'algorithme est démontrée par la comparaison des rendements radiochimiques en fonction du temps et en fonction du transfert d'énergie linéaire avec des résultats d'autres codes Monte-Carlo et des données expérimentales. A partir de ce prototype, une tentative de prédiction du nombre et du type d'interactions radicaux-ADN a été entreprise basée sur d'une description simplifiée du noyau cellulaire
The purpose of this work, performed under the Geant4-DNA project, is to design a prototype for simulating early chemical effects of ionizing radiation. The studied simulation model is based on the particle-continuum representation where all the molecules are explicitly simulated, and where the solvent is treated as a continuum. The method proposed by this thesis aims at improving the performance of this type of simulation. It is based on (1) a dynamical time steps method with a Brownian bridge process, to account for chemical reactions, which avoids the costly fixed time-step simulations, and (2) on the k-d tree data structure for quickly locating, for a given molecule, its closest reactants. The accuracy of the algorithm is demonstrated by comparing radiochemical yields over time and depending on the linear energy transfer with results obtained from other Monte Carlo codes and experimental data. Using this prototype, an attempt to predict the number and type of radical attacks on DNA has been performed using a simplified description of the cell nucleus

A propriedade de auto-cura, em redes inteligente de distribuição de energia elétrica, consiste em encontrar uma proposta de reconfiguração do sistema de distribuição com o objetivo de recuperar parcial ou totalmente o fornecimento de energia aos clientes da rede, na ocorrência de uma falha na rede que comprometa o fornecimento. A busca por uma solução satisfatória é um problema combinacional cuja complexidade está ligada ao tamanho da rede. Um método de busca exaustiva se torna um processo muito demorado e muitas vezes computacionalmente inviável. Para superar essa dificuldade, pode-se basear nas técnicas de geração de árvores de extensão mínima do grafo, representando a rede de distribuição. Porém, a maioria dos estudos encontrados nesta área são implementações centralizadas, onde proposta de reconfiguração é obtida por um sistema de supervisão central. Nesta dissertação, propõe-se uma implementação distribuída, onde cada chave da rede colabora na elaboração da proposta de reconfiguração. A solução descentralizada busca uma redução no tempo de reconfiguração da rede em caso de falhas simples ou múltiplas, aumentando assim a inteligência da rede. Para isso, o algoritmo distribuído GHS é utilizado como base na elaboração de uma solução de auto-cura a ser embarcada nos elementos processadores que compõem as chaves de comutação das linhas da rede inteligente de distribuição. A solução proposta é implementada utilizando robôs como unidades de processamento que se comunicam via uma mesma rede, constituindo assim um ambiente de processamento distribuído. Os diferentes estudos de casos testados mostram que, para redes inteligentes de distribuição compostas por um único alimentador, a solução proposta obteve sucesso na reconfiguração da rede, indiferentemente do número de falhas simultâneas. Na implementação proposta, o tempo de reconfiguração da rede não depende do número de linhas nela incluídas. A implementação apresentou resultados de custo de comunicação e tempo dentro dos limites teóricos estabelecidos pelo algoritmo GHS.
The characteristic of self-healing, in smart grids, consists of finding a proposal for a reconfiguration of distribution system aiming at restoring the power, partially or completely to supply the network clients, in the event of network failure, which compromises the energy supply. The search for a satisfactory solution is a combinatorial problem whose complexity is proportional to the network size. An exhaustive search-based method is a time-consuming process and often computationally not viable. To overcome this difficulty, techniques for generating minimal spanning trees of the graph, which represents the smart grid, are exploited. However, the majority of studies in this area provide centralized implementations, where the solution for reconfiguration is achieved by a central control system. In this dissertation, we propose a distributed implementation, where each of the network switch collaborates in the development of the solution for reconfiguration. The proposed decentralized solution seeks a reduction in terms of the network reconfiguration time, in case of a single or multiple failures, thus increasing network intelligence. In this purpose, the GHS distributed algorithm is used as a basis for developing a self-healing solution to be embedded in the processing elements that are included within the line commutation switches of smart grid. The proposed solution is implemented using robots as processing units, which communicate via the same network, thereby creating a distributed processing environment. The several tested case studies show that, for smart grids that to have a single distribution feeder, the proposed solution allowed for a successful reconfiguration of the network, regardless of the number of simultaneous failures. In the proposed implementation, the network reconfiguration time does not depend on the number of buses and lines included. The implementation presents results of communication cost and time within the theoretical bounds of the GHS algorithm.

A fin de diseñar e implementar lenguajes de programación que tengan en cuenta el paradigma borroso modificaremos el lambda cálculo clásico, adjuntando a cada término un grado, y redefiniendo la beta-reducción, obteniendo que para que el nuevo cálculo verifique la propiedad de Church-Rosser la transmisión de los grados debe hacerse por medio de una función que sea una t-norma o s-conorma. Utilizando esta nueva herramienta diseñamos un lenguaje no determinista que satisface los requerimientos de la programación con datos borrosos.
With the aim of designing and implementing programming languages that take into account the fuzzy paradigm we will modify the classical lambda calculus by adding a degree to each term and by redefining the b-reduction. Thus, for the new calculus to verify the Church-Rosser property, the degree computed with can be made through a function that is a t-norm or an s-conorm. With this new tool we design a nondeterminist language that satisfies fuzzy dataprogramming requirements, and an example of its behaviour is shown.

碩士
國立清華大學
通訊工程研究所
103
The error-correcting code (ECC) is one of the channel coding technique widely used in many applications. Low density parity check (LDPC) codes have a remarkable performance Among the error-correcting codes, and have drawn significant attention for their error-correcting capability using the message-passing decoding algorithm. The PEG algorithm is a good sub-optimal method to construct the Tanner graph for a LDPC code. By progressively establishing edges between the furthest nodes, the PEG algorithm is able to build a Tanner graph while maximizing length of the cycle caused in the edge adding progress. In this thesis, we introduces a greedy algorithm for quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC code construction, which works in the same manner as the PEG algorithm. QC-LDPC codes are a subclass of LDPC codes which gains benefits on encoding/decodng complexity reduction from their circular shifting structures. In the proposed algorithm, a QC-LDPC code is built by extending a small size matrix to the target size with large cycles. Our algorithm focuses on cycle length stretching during the matrix extension. The matrix extension is implemented by fitting proper circulant matrix while eliminating short cycles. We present a new kind of depth tree for circulant search in matrix extension procedure. Our algorithm brings out the QC-LDPC code with reconfigurable code parameter settings and has good performance close to PEG LDPC codes. Furthermore, the use of matrix extension reduces the computation scale, and provides a efficient and easy-to-implement method to construct a QC-LDPC code.

The rural poor of Hazaribag suffer from vitamin A and iron deficiencies from meals containing rice (200-400g) and limited (25-50g) slow-cooked vegetables with potatoes. This causes undernourishment in 50% of children and 40% of women. The two main causes are lack of access to nutritious foods, and lack of knowledge about nutrition. Through extension, 24 women were taught and quantitatively assessed about growing avocado and drumstick trees, and proper nutrition. Participants were monitored for four months using persistent observation to qualitatively evaluate the adoption process of four behaviors (eating and feeding avocados to children; increasing consumption of drumstick leaves/pods; caring for grafted avocado trees, and planting avocado seeds) and their consequences. From the assessment of knowledge gained and retained, results indicate a statistically significant difference among all test scores, T1 and T2 (p = .001, t = -5.58), T1 and T3 (p = .001, t = -6.98), T2 and T3 (p = .038, t = -2.20), and T4 perceptions of knowledge before/after training (p = .001, t = -16.32). Qualitative studies show the women did adopt a majority of the behaviors, with 100% eating or feeding avocados to children; 60% eating more drumstick leaves/pods; 90% caring for avocado trees and 50% planting seeds. A number of consequences were associated with the adoption of the behaviors. Many of the women reported perceptions of improved health and expressed that children were falling sick less often due to the avocados and drumstick leaves/pods. The MUAC test showed that children who ate avocados weekly had increases in their mid-upper-arm circumference. And, people outside the study became interested in avocados because the participants shared their new knowledge. Most extension programs result in knowledge gains, but this study showed that with continued engagement and interaction, the participants were able to retain and gain additional knowledge about agriculture and proper nutrition. From the data collected, it is clear that the women learned and adopted the behaviors to improve their nutrition resulting in positive changes. Ultimately, there is a connection between extension, knowledge gains, and behavior adoption. This could be a powerful tool to address malnutrition in Hazaribag.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
O trabalho aqui reportado refere-se aos métodos e mecanismos estudados e implementados para extender funcionalidades do Groovy. A linguagem Groovy é uma linguagem de programação baseada em Java que possibilita o uso de sintaxes próprias bem como as usuais no Java, possibilitando a mistura de sintaxe Groovy com Java dentro do mesmo código. Estas funcionalidades vêm oferecer uma maior usabilidade ao utilizador, facilitando a programação e permitindo um código mais compacto. Nesta tese começou-se por abordar os mecanismos de funcionamento/manipulação das Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). Com base no estudo das AST foram criados monitores de variáveis e métodos. Estes monitores permitem ao utilizador, por exemplo: monitorizar variáveis para saber quando estas são alteradas/acedidas e executar um método específico definido pelo utilizador (por exemplo para monitorização da utilização de recursos). Esta funcionalidade de monitor é oferecida aos programadores através de uma nova sintaxe que foi adicionada à linguagem Groovy. O Groovy possui ainda limitações no que respeita às closures, tais como não realizar a verificação de tipos de dados. Essas limitações foram abordadas e analisadas de modo a encontrar novas formas de as solucionar. Isto é, foram feitas transformações globais às AST de forma a fazer a verificação do tipo de entrada e de saída das closures. Outra limitação encontrada no Groovy e abordada nesta tese relaciona-se com o paradigma publish/subscribe para o Groovy. Esta funcionalidade não está comtemplada pelo Groovy na sua versão base e foi introduzida no decorrer deste trabalho. Esta funcionalidade permite maior reutilização do software por meio de subscrição de dados/eventos.

碩士
大葉大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
91
The study sets to investigate the extent to which life-long education campaign, a back-to-school project vigorously promoted by the government, has an effect on its people toward the notion of qualification-orientation. As far as the extension school programme is concerned, almost all tertiary institutes in Taiwan have become bidders for the limited market shares, which have in turn posed an immediate threat to extension school operators themselves. It is self-evident that providing tailor-made courses to students by knowing what they need has become a survival key to long-term extension school operation. Based on questionnaires concerning factors affecting course selection retrieved from student data base, cross analysis and Chi-square test, the study aims at designing a tailor-made curriculum structure by applying extension school and the Decision Tree inductive analysis, a Data Mining methodology introduced by Berry and Linoff in 1997. An Answer Tree software is implemented in finding independent variable or dependent variable categories in order to display an accurate student-punctuality rate, which is believed to be a crucial reference in curriculum design.

Design patterns instances may require a lot of effort to be located and managed when they are in the form of source code, due to the lack of support provided by the programming languages. In this dissertation we provide a set of high-level primitives that address the main features of certain design pattern, supporting their implementation, and offering a way to be represented in Java through code annotations. We developed proof of concept extensions that address some of the widely used design patterns in object oriented programming, namely Singleton, Decorator, Flyweight, Visitor, Composite and Observer patterns. Through the course of this dissertation, we demonstrate that is possible to support design pattern implementation through code generation without sacrificing much flexibility. The proposed Java extensions are evaluated by refactoring existing classes from the Java SDK and the case study framework JHotDraw
Os padrões de desenho são dificeis de encontrar num projecto, devido a falta apoio da linguagem de programação onde foram instanciados. Desenvolvemos um conjunto de primitivas de alto nivel que suportam a implementação dos padrões de desenho, auxiliando a representação dos seus elementos na linguagem Java. Estas primitivas abordam os padrões de desenho mais utilizados em linguagens orientadas a objectos, nomeadamente o Singleton, o Decorator, o Flyweight, o Visitor, o Composite e o Observer. Durante o percurso desta dissertação, iremos demonstrar que é possivel auxiliar a implementação de padrões de desenho através de geração de código, sem limitar os contextos onde pode ser integrado. As extensões propostas são avaliadas pela substituição de instancias de padrões de desenhos presentes nem classes do Java SDK e da plataforma JHotDraw.

Farmers in developing countries are struggling to feed families due to low crop yields resulting from land degradation, land use pressures and unsustainable use of water resources. While deliberate integration of trees into farming systems (agroforestry) has been practiced traditionally in the Mt. Elgon region of Uganda since time immemorial, with modernisation of society and commercialisation of agriculture, many farmers are motivated to dismantle agroforestry systems in favour of monocultural farming systems. The science needed to improve agroforestry in the Mt Elgon region should focus on tree-crop water interactions because the competition for light and water is one of the main reasons that farmers remove trees in favour of annual crops. Additionally, long-term adoption of agroforestry has been negatively affected by an underlying culture of financial expectancy and highly subsidized extension by research and development programmes, leading to ‘pseudo adoption’. I contend that modernised agroforestry practices, informed by science generated in a participatory manner, have the promise of improving household food security, livelihoods and resilience. The study is aligned to a pragmatic interdisciplinary research approach to embrace the domains of both biophysical science (tree-water use and crop productivity studies) and social science (farmer motivations and perceptions). It generally demonstrates effective application‐oriented research and farmer decision-making, with a specific case of managing trees in a relevant agroforestry system. The study seeks to understand how farmers’ knowledge and attitudes towards agroforestry change in response to exposure to the generation of scientific information from biophysical experiments. The four central research questions for this research are: (i) what influences the intentions of smallholder farmers in Mt. Elgon region to plant and retain trees on their farms?; (ii) what factors influence farmers’ perceptions of the impact of trees on common bean and coffee productivity?; (iii) what are the impacts of trees and their management on crop productivity and water use across a range of farm contexts?, and; (iv) what is the impact of biophysical information on farmers’ perceptions about agroforestry tree management in coffee-bean systems? A conceptual framework integrating the biophysical and social components of the study has been developed to inform the key agricultural technology adoption pathways of smallholder farmers. The study had an initial phase of in-depth, semi-structured farmer interviews and generation of biophysical information on impact of tree canopy pruning on tree water use and crop productivity from two selected farms with Cordia africana and Albizia coriaria trees integrated with coffee and common beans. The information from the biophysical data (collected over a 20-month period) was then reported to farmers through a series of extension events that were followed by a second phase of farmer interviews. Lastly, all the data and information collected from the second phase of farmer interviews and the biophysical experiment were used to establish the potential impact of incorporating C. africana and A. coriaria on soil water resources and sustainable crops productivity that would result from farmer adoption of biophysical information. Results from the biophysical component of the study show that C. africana and A. coriaria exhibit contrasting patterns of seasonal tree water use across leaf shedding stages, characterised by episodes of reverse flow in A. coriaria at specific periods of the year. While tree canopy pruning altered the synchrony in the vegetative phenology of Albizia trees, the pruned Cordia and Albizia trees respectively used 22.8% and 50.1% less water than unpruned trees whose average daily water use was 76.5L day-1 and 133.7L day-1. Coffee trees growing under pruned Cordia and Albizia trees used more water than coffee growing under unpruned trees, which could have resulted from more transpiration pull in coffee resulting from increased radiation with reduced shading. Canopy pruning also reduced the water demand of the tree component and resulted in recharge in the crop-rooting zone. In terms of crop productivity, yields of parchment coffee were highest under pruned Albizia (949 kg/ha), followed by coffee under unpruned Albizia (792 kg/ha). Unshaded coffee produced the least yield at 402 kg/ha and 422 kg/ha in the Albizia and Cordia sites, respectively. The highest common beans yields (708 and 688 kg/ha) were obtained from common beans planted in open field sites, followed by those grown under unshaded coffee sites. The low yields from coffee and common beans under unpruned trees is attributed to below and above ground competition consistently outweighing the benefits of shade. The social component of the study applied a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique to assess the psychological drivers of smallholder farmers’ intention and their motivation to integrate trees in their farming systems based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The findings indicate that psychological factors are key drivers to the farmers’ internal decisionmaking process in agroforestry technology adoption and can be context specific. The adoption behaviour of smallholder farmers is mainly shaped by existing community social norms and beliefs that tend to promote knowledge exchange, as opposed to the conventional knowledge transfer extension approaches. While I provide evidence that attitude and perceived behavioural control are reliable predictors of farmer tree planting behaviour, farmer perceptions and knowledge of the impact of trees on farm and their management varies across the farmer categories studied, where the intended purpose of trees on farm is perceived differently. This study argues that bridging local and scientific knowledge through participatory research and extension is fundamental to enhance agricultural technology adoption among smallholder farmers. Therefore, the final phase of the study drew upon knowledge generated from biophysical component on impact of pruning on tree water use and crop productivity to assess farmers’ perceptions and willingness to adopt practices emanating from the study following exposure of 394 farmers to the research outputs. The extension events facilitated dialogue between the researcher and the farmers, and the results show that the information delivered through extension events was better understood by majority of the farmers directly interacting with the project. However, overall, only 184 farmers of the 394 participants (47%) were convinced that higher coffee yield could be obtained from shaded coffee. Therefore, over 50% of these farmers are still hesitant to change, as the majority of them prune their trees only when there is need for fuelwood and or poles. In the African context, agroforestry is strongly promoted via development projects, that provide incentives to farmers in form of free planting materials, tree nursery inputs and capacity building on planting and management of agroforestry components. There is always a likelihood that what appears as adoption is in fact trialling of the new practice, which masks actual longterm adoption. I therefore suggest that adoption information exchange through social networks and general community interactions may enhance long-term agroforestry adoption. These complex interaction processes should be applied at the early stages of technology adoption and would facilitate introduction of socially and biophysically appropriate agroforestry interventions into local realities. In conclusion, the results from the biophysical component of the study have demonstrated that agroforestry tree canopy pruning is an important on-farm management decision for controlling competition and subsequently increasing crop yields, while prolonging the period of intercropping in intensive farming systems. However, farmers may be hesitant to adopt such useful information due to an underlying culture of financial expectancy leading to ‘pseudo adoption’, underutilization of existing social networks during research and extension, limitations in the period of exposure to a technology, and constraints in measuring and predicting adoption. The study has generally demonstrated that adoption is not merely related to the technology, socio economic and behavioural factors, and the research and extension methods applied, but also a result of complex interactions between people, technologies and institutions. For effective extension, there needs to be a lot more visibility of the research itself and over a long period of time rather than the formal short-term interactions between farmers and extension agents. The impacts resulting from effective application-oriented research, understanding farmer decision making and successful adoption of biophysical information can be essential for informing policy decisions relating to agricultural technology adoption pathways of smallholder farmers and household food security.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2021