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1
McKay, Derek. Allies of convenience: Diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Austria, 1714-1719. New York: Garland Pub., 1986.
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2
Mortal allies. London: Orion, 2003.
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3
Haig, Brian. Mortal allies. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
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4
Haig, Brian. Mortal Allies. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2002.
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5
Mortal Allies: Sean Drummond 02. [Waterville, Me.]: Wheeler Pub., 2002.
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Mortal Allies: Sean Drummond 02. London: Orion, 2002.
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7
Brezenoff, Steven. The bowling lane without any strikes. North Mankato, Minn: Capstone Stone Arch Books, 2014.
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8
Crushes, cliques and the cool school trip. London: Scholastic, 2012.
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9
Lambert, Véronique. The Adornes Domain and the Jerusalem Chapel in Bruges. Translated by Ian Connerty. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989924.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bruges, middle of the 15th century. Anselm Adornes, scion of a rich patrician family, creates a magnificent domain in the heart of the city : an elegant mansion, beautiful gardens, several charitable almshouses and the spectacular Chapel of Jerusalem. It is a place that every right-minded resident of Bruges and every tourist must see. The history of the Adornes domain is truly remarkable, remaining in the unbroken possession of the same family for six centuries. It has survived storms and setbacks, the secularism of the French Revolution, the fury of two world wars and inevitable periods of disinterest. 'In this book Véronique Lambert allows us to share in the hopes and fears, joys and sorrows, trials and tribulations that mark the milestones in the Adornes family saga. Within the boundaries of historical interpretation and based on extensive research, she unfolds a fascinating tale of ambitious adventurers, charismatic personalities, flamboyant lords and ordinary mortals, but each imbued with the family's traditional willpower and energy'. Let yourself be enchanted by this fascinating piece of our cultural heritage, which deserves to be more widely known.
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Harrison, Mark. Types of trials. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes types of trials as applied to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details and advantages and disadvantages of case reports, case series, cohort studies, case–control studies, randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones, and Daniel Martin. Statistical basis of clinical trials. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter summarizes some aspects of study design and statistical analysis to allow the anaesthetist to appraise research. Types of observational study are described and aspects of interventional studies such as sample size calculation and power are explained. Research governance, phases of drug trials and levels of evidence are described. A section on statistical analysis includes expression of proportion for binary data (odds ratio, number needed to treat) and use of probability and confidence intervals to measure statistical significance.
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Griech-Polelle, Beth A., ed. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial and its Policy Consequences Today. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845280400.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Justice Robert H. Jackson, plenipotentiary for planning the Allies trial at the International Military Tribunal, called the trial “one of the most significant tributes ever paid by power to reason.” In Justice Jackson’s opening statement he made it clear that the trial at Nuremberg was to mark a new beginning in human history; that Nuremberg would serve to establish principles that could serve as benchmarks for all human behavior. This revised and extended Edition seeks to address both the short-term effects of the International Military Tribunal and the current impact that the trials have had on international law. The first section of the book contains essays which are written by leading scholars such as Christoph J.M. Safferling, looking at German participation in the Nuremberg Trials, to Winifried R. Garscha’s examination of Austrian War Crimes Trials and the concept of “Violation of Human Dignity.” This section will also include an examination of the influence of Nuremberg on the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. The second section of the book addresses the present-day impact of Nuremberg on international law. This section contains essays on selective justice, human rights litigation, the creation of hybrid tribunals, with new essays addressing sexual and gender-based violence in conflict zones, as well as new work on the Nuremberg Project, located at Harvard University. The hope for this volume is that the spirit of Nuremberg will be revived. In the words of Henry T. King, Jr., who was a young lawyer serving at the IMT, stated in the preface, “A better and more peaceful world based on justice is within our grasp,(…), we have a golden opportunity to build a more secure future for generations to come.”
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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. Conflict Rules and Integration Principles in the International IP System. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter first looks at the (few) formal conflict rules in the international intellectual property (IP) system. It focusses on those found in the Trade Related Aspects of International Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. It then assesses those rules and principles that are not about directly allowing other international norms to prevail, but rather indirectly allow states implementing IP treaties and adjudicative bodies interpreting them to take into account external norms and the interests and objectives they protect. Next, the chapter provides an overview of three different areas where the international IP system has either provided specific responses to its intersections with other areas of international law, or where such a response is under negotiation in international IP fora. Finally, this chapter turns to the main horizontal tool in TRIPS and other IP treaties that allows states to take into account other interests and objectives that coincide or conflict with IP protection: the so called ‘three-step-test’.
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McKay, Derek. Allies of Convenience: Diplomatic Relations Between Great Britain and Austria, 1714-1719 (Outstanding Theses from the London School of Economics and). Taylor & Francis, 1987.
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15
Helliwell, Philip S. Composite scores in psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Composite scores are assessment tools that combine a number of separate evaluations into one score. The composite score generally has more statistical power than the individual items, is more responsive, and has a greater effect size. A composite score allows synthesis of several elements into one score which can then, if psychometrically appropriate, allow the determination of disease activity (both low and high) cut-offs, and response criteria. The topics discussed in this chapter are the development and use of composite scores to assess disease activity in psoriatic arthritis: their history and development, use in practice, psychometric characteristics, and relative merits. Although there is no overall consensus on which measure to use, either in clinical trials or in the clinic, there appears to be agreement that remission should be the ideal target of treatment, with minimal/low disease activity a feasible alternative.
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Rhodes, Jonathan K. J., and Peter J. D. Andrews. Intracranial pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0223.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement is an established monitoring modality in the ICU and can aid prognostication after acute brain injury. ICP monitoring is recommended in all patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and an abnormal cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan and the ability to control ICP is associated with improved outcome after TBI. The lessons from TBI studies can also be applied to other acute pathologies of the central nervous system where ICP can be increased. ICP measurement can warn of impending disaster and allow intervention. Furthermore, measurement of ICP allows the calculation of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and maintenance of CPP may help to ensure adequate cerebral oxygen delivery. Various systems exist to monitor ICP. A recent trial in two South American countries suggested that ICP-guided management and management guided by clinical examination and repeated imaging produced equivalent outcomes. Although this trial currently provides the best evidence regarding the impact of monitoring ICP on outcome following TBI, but because of the inadequate power and questionable external validity, the generalizability of the results remain to be confirmed.
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Harrison, James, Kunal Kulkarni, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Oxford Handbook of Key Clinical Evidence. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234073.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This online reference digests and presents the key trials influencing current clinical practice, selected and summarised by figureheads in the medical and surgical specialties. The presentation of information allows users to quickly access and assimilate the evidence behind the practices and interventions experienced every day.
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Ferguson, Gerry. Unfit to Stand Trial Canadian Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788478.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the Canadian law of fitness to stand trial, which has remained largely the same since its codification in 1992. It examines two major weaknesses of that law. First, the statutory definition of unfit to stand trial is unduly narrow. Secondly, the disposition imposed on the accused after a finding of unfitness still allows, at least theoretically, for indefinite detention. The chapter also analyses existing data on the actual length of detention for unfit accused. Other reform issues are also examined in this chapter. For example, is it time for Canada to abolish the practice of fitness to stand trial verdicts being made by juries rather than judges? And should Canada raise the standard of proof to ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ when the issue of unfit to stand trial is alleged solely by the Crown?
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Saito, Hiro. The Legacy of the Tokyo Trial. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824856748.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since relevant political actors used the Tokyo Trial as a reference point, a critical reassessment of the trial holds the key to resolving the history problem. First, elements of victor’s justice in the trial need to be critiqued in light of the world-historical context of imperialism and colonialism. This critique will decrease ambivalence that many Japanese citizens feel toward the trial and help them accept Japan’s war crimes decisively. Second, Japan’s victimhood vis-à-vis war crimes of the Allied Powers need to be recognized. Such recognition will allow Japanese citizens to draw on their own victimhood to fully empathize with South Korean and Chinese victims and, in turn, help South Korean and Chinese citizens better understand Japan’s war commemorations. Third, the trial’s government-centered view on Japan’s past aggression needs to be challenged to clarify each Japanese citizen’s share of war responsibility and allow cosmopolitan contrition to become truly nationwide.
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William A, Schabas. Part 6 The Trial: Le Procès, Art.74 Requirements for the decision/Conditions requises pour la décision. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0078.
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This chapter comments on Article 74 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 74 deals with several aspects of the trial itself. It requires members of the Trial Chamber to be present at all stages of the trial, but also allows for alternates to be designated. It indicates that the decision be adopted by a majority, and that the deliberations remain secret. The decision must contain a full and reasoned statement. This is far more specificity than any other international criminal tribunal has required. The Charter of the International Military Tribunal said that the judges must ‘give the reasons on which it is based’. Nowhere did it specify whether the deliberations should be in secret, or whether the decision should be by majority or unanimity, or whether there should be dissenting opinions, yet the judges did essentially what is provided for in article 74 of the Rome Statute.
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Harrison, Mark. Blinding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198765875.003.0060.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter describes blinding as applied to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details and methods involved with blinding trials. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.
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Schabas, William A. Finalising the Treaty of Versailles. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wilson’s text was polished by the Drafting Committee and then altered, upon the request of Lloyd George, so as to remove any suggestion that it did not provide for a proper criminal trial. The draft treaty was then submitted to the Germans for comment. A committee of German experts that included the famous sociologist Max Weber wrote a reply contesting the clauses about trial and punishment of Kaiser Wilhelm. For Germany, this was one of the few provisions in the Treaty of Versailles that were intolerable. But the Allies refused to budge and Germany found itself forced to sign.
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Levy, David. History, epidemiology, and aetiology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0001.
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Outline of the key landmarks in the history of Type 1 diabetes. Epidemiology, focusing on its rising incidence and the increasing prevalence of later-onset autoimmune diabetes. Genetics are briefly covered; the evidence for and against the impact of a variety of environmental factors thought to be important in aetiology are emphasized, especially in relation to prospective randomized clinical trials (RCT) in early Type 1 diabetes, aiming to delay the onset of autoimmunity in high-risk individuals or slow the decline in C-peptide levels shortly after clinical diagnosis. The balance-risk hypothesis, which allows for inclusion of protective and promoting factors, is introduced.
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Basu, Sanjay. Fundamentals. Edited by Sanjay Basu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667924.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this chapter, the author defines and provides examples of several key terms used in public health and healthcare modeling research. The chapter begins by clarifying the differences between key terms used to describe rates of disease (incidence, prevalence, and mortality) as well as the performance characteristics of tests used to detect disease (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value), prevent or treat disease (odds ratios, relative risks), understand studies (case-control, cohort, and randomized controlled trials), and avoid common study problems (bias, confounding). Understanding these key terms and how they are used in research studies allows the reader to correctly interpret study results.
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Rösler, Kai M., and Michel R. Magistris. The size of motor-evoked potentials: influencing parameters and quantification. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article discusses parameters influencing the size of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in normal and pathological conditions, and the methods of meaningful quantification of the MEPs. MEPs are widely used to study the physiology of corticospinal conduction in healthy subjects and in patients with diseases of the central nervous system. The characteristics of MEP size are, stimulus intensity, coil positioning, and facilitation. MEPs show variability in size and shape from one stimulus to the next, even if the stimulus parameters are kept constant. This article describes the triple stimulation technique (TST), which was developed to eliminate the effects of phase cancellation from the MEPs, to allow for a better quantification. Pathological conditions may modify the parameters discussed in the article and influence the size of the MEPs by lesions of motor neurons or of their axons, central conduction velocity slowing, or conduction block.
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AlJaroudi, Wael. Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Before and After Cardiac Revascularization. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the burden of the disease remains high, the rates of death attributable to CAD have declined by almost a third between 1998 and 2008. In patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), data supporting survival benefit from coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus no revascularization are outdated with the recent advancement in medical therapy. Over the years, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has played a significant role in detecting ischemic burden, risk stratifying patients and guiding physicians to the best treatment strategy. Contrary to data from other trials, the role of stress MPI has been downplayed in more contemporary randomized clinical trial that failed to show that ischemic burden identifies the ideal candidate for revascularization or carries incremental prognostic value. Hence, there is an equipoise on the role of MPI in the management of patients prior to revascularization. The role of stress MPI post-revascularization has also been evaluated in multiple studies, mostly done in the last decade or prior. The guidelines advocate against routine stress MPI in asymptomatic patients (unless 5 years or more post-CABG), but allows it in the presence or recurrence of symptoms. The current chapter will review the data on survival benefit from revascularization, complementary role of stress MPI in selecting the appropriate candidate for revascularization, prognostic value of ischemic versus atherosclerotic burden, role of MPI post revascularization, updated guidelines and proposed algorithms to guide the treating physicians.
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Stegenga, Jacob. Malleability of Meta-Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An astonishing volume and diversity of evidence is available for many hypotheses in medicine. Some of this evidence—usually from randomized trials—is amalgamated by meta-analysis. Despite the ongoing debate regarding whether or not randomized trials are the gold standard of evidence, the most reliable source of evidence in medical science is usually thought to come from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This chapter argues that meta-analyses are malleable. Different meta-analyses of the same evidence can reach contradictory conclusions. Meta-analysis fails to provide objective grounds for assessing the effectiveness and harms of medical interventions because numerous decisions must be made when performing a meta-analysis, which allow wide latitude for subjective idiosyncrasies to influence its outcome.
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Hunter, David J., Frank W. Roemer, and Ed Riordan. Imaging: magnetic resonance imaging. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) overcomes many of the limitations associated with conventional radiography, the technique historically regarded as the gold standard in imaging of osteoarthritis (OA). MRI allows visualization of changes and pathologies in joint tissues including cartilage and the menisci, the two tissue components responsible for the indirect radiographic marker of joint space narrowing, decreasing the length of time that must elapse before disease progression can be detected. Other elements of the joint can also be analysed simultaneously: a key development in the understanding of OA. This chapter focuses on the utility of MRI in observational studies and clinical trials, detailing the available MRI techniques and quantitative/qualitative measurements, and their correlation with tissue damage. The possible future directions of MRI in OA are also discussed, with a view to its potential utility in identifying disease-modifying interventions.
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Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid, and Bernard Prendergast, eds. Otorhinolaryngology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conditions of the ear, nose, or throat (ENT) are common diagnoses in primary care and are a frequent indication for referral to secondary care. They have a major impact on health and health-care resources, and it is therefore important that the management of ENT conditions is based upon the best available evidence. Such evidence should come from methodologically sound research in patients representative of those seen in everyday practice. Over the past decades, general practitioners and ENT surgeons have embraced the principles of evidence-based medicine, actively contributing to randomized controlled trials in this field. Consequently, management of ENT conditions is shifting from experience-based to evidence-based. The randomized controlled trials and individual patient data meta-analyses presented in this chapter have been instrumental in the development of clinical guidelines that allow general practitioners and ENT surgeons to make evidence-based shared decisions for the management of some of the commonest ENT conditions.
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William A, Schabas. Part 4 Composition and Administration of the Court: Composition et Administration de la Cour, Art.39 Chambers/Les chambres. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0044.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter comments on Article 39 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 39 sets out the organization and functions of Chambers. The Court is required to ‘organize itself’ into the Appeals Division, Trial Division, and Pre-Trial Division, as set out in article 34(b) of the Statute. In each of the three Divisions, the judicial functions of the Court are carried out by Chambers. The Statute gives judges the authority to organize the composition of the Chambers, which has proven difficult because judges are required to agree upon matters in which they may have strong personal interests. The composition of the Appeals Chamber, widely perceived as being the most prestigious, has sometimes sharply divided the judges. The provisions of article 39 are themselves ambiguous enough to allow for conflicting interpretations.
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Richter, Gerhard. “A Disease of All Signification”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This essay investigates the implications of the idea that a philosophically informed understanding of a literary text such as The Trial cannot proceed in isolation from a perpetual engagement with the ways in which the literal and the figurative dimensions of the text unfold in relation to each other. If Kafka’s novel, by causing the relation between the literal and the figural to enter a space of indeterminacy, enacts something of what Adorno calls “a sickness of all signification [eine Krankheit alles Bedeuten],” no reading of Kafka can afford to ignore the precise conceptual terms of this sickness. The implications of these reflections are considered in relation to an exemplary test case, Giorgio Agamben’s recent interpretation of The Trial as Kafka’s commentary on the relation between law and slander.
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de Carvalho, Mamede, and Michael Swash. Neurophysiology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor degenerations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electromyography is critical for the diagnosis of motor neuron disease, as its findings exclude mimicking disorders, and confirm signs of widespread motor unit loss and reinnervation. In chronic conditions the slow disease course allows giant, stable motor unit potentials to appear. In contrast, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the rapid degenerative process is characterized by signs of denervation and unstable motor unit potentials, where motor units become dysfunctional before having time to sustain very large reinnervated motor unit potentials. Fasciculation potentials are observed in both conditions. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis fasciculation potentials are important supporting electrodiagnostic evidence, permitting earlier diagnosis. Many methods have been developed to quantify and monitor the lower motor neuron pool, but few have been used in clinical trials. Their role as tools to follow interventions or to interpret pathogenesis remains incompletely explored. Electromyography is a sensitive and reliable test in the diagnosis and assessment of motor neuron diseases.
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Sperino, Sandra F., and Suja A. Thomas. Down the Rabbit Hole. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278380.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The “stray remarks doctrine” is a court-created concept that allows courts to declare that certain discriminatory remarks are not relevant to an underlying claim of discrimination. This doctrine is one of many evidentiary rules and inferences that courts have created and that they sometimes use at the pretrial motion stage to evaluate discrimination claims instead of allowing cases to proceed to trial and to be decided by juries. In addition to the stray remarks doctrine, this chapter explores the “same-actor inference,” the “honest-belief doctrine,” “inference blindness,” and the idea that courts do not sit as “super-personnel departments.” These doctrines and inferences are unique to discrimination law, reflect stereotypical thinking, and are not justifiable. They prioritize the employer’s explanations over the interests of discrimination victims.
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Roizen, Michael F., and Jeffrey D. Roizen. The Role of Exercise in Integrative Preventive Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Eighty observational association studies and several controlled trials provide strong evidence that exercise, done in appropriate amounts and with appropriate techniques, can dramatically enhance well-being and decrease morbidity and mortality. This chapter summarizes the available evidence so that healthcare providers can write rational prescriptions for physical activity for patients that allow minimal activity for maximum health benefit. In brief, doing four physical activities weekly—(1) any kind, (2) strength building, (3) bone strengthening (jumping), and (4) stamina building—and avoiding prolonged (> 1 hr) inactivity by walking for two minutes every hour—provides maximal morbidity and mortality benefit.
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de Beauvoir, Simone, Michael Artime, and Marybeth Timmermann. Preface to Treblinka. Translated by Marybeth Timmermann. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036941.003.0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“Why did the Jews allow themselves to be led to the slaughter like sheep?” the young sabras of Israel asked each other indignantly at the time of the Eichmann trial.1 In Europe also, many Jews of the younger generation, not having known Nazism, wonder about this. The fact is that, in the world of concentration camps, all peoples had the same comportment: a conditioning process carefully designed by the SS assured the submission of the condemned. In 1947, in ...
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Sime, Stuart. 15. Track allocation and case management. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198747673.003.1711.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Judicial case management of civil litigation is one of the central planks of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). In exercising their powers to manage cases, the courts will be seeking to secure the overriding objective of the CPR of ensuring that cases are dealt with justly and at proportionate cost. This chapter discusses procedural judges; docketing; provisional track allocation; filing directions questionnaires; track allocation rules; notice of allocation; allocation directions; ADR and stays to allow for settlement; transfer to appropriate court; trial in the Royal Courts of Justice; changing tracks; and subsequent case management.
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Sime, Stuart. 15. Track Allocation and Case Management. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198823100.003.1711.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Judicial case management of civil litigation is one of the central planks of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). In exercising their powers to manage cases, the courts will be seeking to secure the overriding objective of the CPR of ensuring that cases are dealt with justly and at proportionate cost. This chapter discusses procedural judges; docketing; provisional track allocation; filing directions questionnaires; track allocation rules; notice of allocation; allocation directions; ADR and stays to allow for settlement; transfer to appropriate court; trial in the Royal Courts of Justice; changing tracks; and subsequent case management.
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Sime, Stuart. 15. Track allocation and case management. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198787570.003.1711.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Judicial case management of civil litigation is one of the central planks of the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). In exercising their powers to manage cases, the courts will be seeking to secure the overriding objective of the CPR of ensuring that cases are dealt with justly and at proportionate cost. This chapter discusses procedural judges; docketing; provisional track allocation; filing directions questionnaires; track allocation rules; notice of allocation; allocation directions; ADR and stays to allow for settlement; transfer to appropriate court; trial in the Royal Courts of Justice; changing tracks; and subsequent case management.
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Tyndall, Alan, and Jacob M. van Laar. Stem cell therapies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0085_update_003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the start of the international project in 1997, over 2000 patients have received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), mostly autologous, as treatment for a severe autoimmune disease, with overall 85% 5-year survival and 43% progression-free survival. Around 30% of patients in all disease subgroups had a complete response, often durable despite full immune reconstitution. In many cases, e.g. systemic sclerosis, morphological improvement such as reduction of skin collagen and normalization of microvasculature was documented, beyond any predicted known effects of intense immunosuppression alone. It is hoped that the results of the three running large prospective randomized controlled trials will allow modification of the protocols to reduce the high transplant-related mortality which relates to regimen intensity, age of patient, and comorbidity. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been recently tested in various autoimmune diseases, exploiting their immune modulating properties and apparent low acute toxicity. MSC display immune privilege in that the patient requires no immunosuppression prior to allogeneic MSC infusion. Despite encouraging many small phase I/II studies, only 2 prospective controlled trials which achieved their primary endpoints have been published.
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Schabas, William A. The Trial of the Kaiser. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833857.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Today’s elaborate system of international criminal justice originates in proposals at the end of the First World War to try Kaiser Wilhelm II before an international criminal tribunal. In the weeks following 11 November 1918, the British, French, and Italian Governments agreed on a trial. Lloyd George campaigned for re-election on the slogan ‘Hang the Kaiser’. The Kaiser had fled to the Netherlands, possibly after receiving signals from the Dutch Queen that he would be welcome. Renegade US soldiers led by a former Senator failed in a bizarre attempt to take him prisoner and bring him to Paris. During the Peace Conference, the Commission on Responsibilities brought international lawyers together for the first time to debate international criminal justice. They recommended trial of the Kaiser by an international tribunal for war crimes, but not for starting the war or violating Belgian neutrality. The Americans were opposed to any prosecution. However, President Wilson changed his mind and agreed to trial for a ‘supreme offence against international morality’. This became a clause in the Treaty of Versailles, one of the few that the Germans tried to resist. Although the Allies threatened a range of measures if the former Emperor was not surrendered, the Dutch refused and the demands were dropped in March 1920. The Kaiser lived out his life in a castle near Utrecht, dying of natural causes in June 1941. Hitler sent a wreath to the funeral.
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Warner, Matthew A., Carlos Marquez de la Plata, David S. Liebeskind, and Ramon Diaz-Arrastia. Imaging Assessment of Brain Injury. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Imaging plays a pivotal role in discerning the extent and nature of brain injuries. Advances in neuroimaging techniques have improved sensitivity for detecting smaller lesions, improved the anatomical specificity of lesions in white matter, and improved the prognostic value of detected lesions. Novel quantitative methods allow measurements of hemorrhage and infarct volume in the acute phase of injury, and regional brain atrophy and functional disconnectedness months after injury. It is likely that the success of future clinical trials of neuroprotective therapies will be dependent on reliable and validated neuroimaging biomarkers of injury and recovery. This chapter describes neuroimaging modalities that are currently being utilized in clinical and experimental settings and their implications for the development and testing of neuroprotection strategies.
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Dudoignon, Stéphane A. From Tribal to Global to … Tribal? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190655914.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter deals with the history of the emergence, development, triumph and present-day challenges of Deobandi madrasa teaching and of the politicisation of Sunni identity in Iran’s Baluch society, against the socioeconomic backgrounds reconstructed in the volume’s previous sections. It relates, notably, the origins of the Sarbaz nexus. It explores the centrality of the Sarbaz oasis in early modern Iranian Baluchistan; its connexions with the Baluch transnational labour emigration; British and Iranian support to Deobandi teaching during the Interwar period, as a bulwark against Soviet influence and communist ideology; the decisive role played after WWII by intermediary agents in Karachi and Pakistani Baluchistan for the propagation of Deobandi teaching in Iranian territory; and the special connexion of the Sarbazi nexus of ulama with the Isma‘ilzayi tribe and its allies in Baluch society.
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Lapidge, Michael. The Roman Martyrs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811367.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Roman Martyrs contains translations of forty Latin passiones of saints who were martyred in Rome or its near environs, during the period before the ‘peace of the Church’ (c. 312). Some of these Roman martyrs are universally known — SS. Agnes, Sebastian or Laurence, for example — but others are scarcely known outside the ecclesiastical landscape of Rome itself. Each of the translated passiones, which vary in length from a few paragraphs to over ninety, is accompanied by an individual introduction and commentary; the translations are preceded by an Introduction which describes the principal features of this little-known genre of Christian literature. The Roman passiones martyrum have never previously been collected together, and have never been translated into a modern language. They were mostly composed during the period 425 x 675, by anonymous authors who who were presumably clerics of the Roman churches or cemeteries which housed the martyrs’ remains. It is clear that they were composed in response to the huge explosion of pilgrim traffic to martyrial shrines from the late fourth century onwards, at a time when authentic records (protocols) of their trials and executions had long since vanished, and the authors of the passiones were obliged to imagine the circumstances in which martyrs were tried and executed. The passiones are works of pure fiction; and because they abound in ludicrous errors of chronology, they have been largely ignored by historians of the early Church. But although they cannot be used as evidence for the original martyrdoms, they nevertheless allow a fascinating glimpse of the concerns which animated Christians during the period in question: for example, the preservation of virginity, or the ever-present threat posed by pagan practices. And because certain aspects of Roman life will have changed little between (say) the second century and the fifth, the passiones throw valuable light on many aspects of Roman society, not least the nature of a trial before an urban prefect, and the horrendous tortures which were a central feature of such trials. Above all, perhaps, the passiones are an indispensable resource for understanding the topography of late antique Rome and its environs, since they characteristically contain detailed reference to the places where the martyrs were tried, executed, and buried. The book contains five Appendices containing translations of texts relevant to the study of Roman martyrs: the Depositio martyrum of A.D. 354 (Appendix I); the epigrammata of Pope Damasus d. 384) which pertain to Roman martyrs treated in the passiones (II); entries pertaining to Roman martyrs in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum (III); entries in seventh-century pilgrim itineraries pertaining to shrines of Roman martyrs in suburban cemeteries (IV); and entries commemorating these martyrs in early Roman liturgical books (V).
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Sarotte, Mary Elise. Securing Building Permits. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163710.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter details how Helmut Kohl still had to secure building permits to start work even after the prefab model emerged as the winner among the models. Kohl particularly had to convince Gorbachev because he needed some form of permission from not only Moscow but also Warsaw to proceed with his plans for East Germany. Close cooperation between Kohl and the Bush administration ensued—which involved the chancellor and his aides making repeated trips to the States in spring and summer 1990, often just weeks apart—with the mission of finding ways to convince their NATO allies to make reform a reality in time to sway Gorbachev. In the second half of 1990, Kohl got the building permits that he needed to move the prefabricated structures that had served West Germany well—its alliance, constitution, currency, and market economy—eastward to replace the ruins of Eastern socialism.
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Aslan, Reza. Cosmic War in Religious Traditions. Edited by Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides a discussion on cosmic war in religious traditions, focusing on the development and evolution of cosmic war in the Hebrew Bible. Cosmic war can allow belief in the direct intervention of a deity on the battlefield on behalf of the deity's tribe, nation, or peopl, and is a concept that is profoundly settled in the religious traditions of the ancient Near East. The major themes found in most cosmic war traditions are elaborated. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq rapidly play the tenor of a cosmic conflict against demonic forces. It must be noted that behind the cosmic impulse, there often lurks very real and earthly grievances that must be considered if the drive toward cosmic war, which remains such a destructive factor in contemporary religious disputes, is to be stemmed.
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Justaniah, Almamoon I. Permanent Ureteral Occlusion. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0090.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Distal ureteral injuries are uncommon. When present, urine leakage may ensue. Common etiologies are gynecologic surgeries (75%), trauma, pelvic malignancy, and radiation therapy. Clinical presentation varies according to the location of leakage or fistula. For example, patients with ureterovaginal fistula may present with vaginal discharge. Patients with intra-abdominal leakage may develop urinoma or abscess. Unfortunately, most of these patients are poor surgical candidates due to prior surgery and/or radiation. Therefore, operative repair can be challenging and at times not a valid option. Transrenal ureteral occlusion may provide the best available option for such patients. A trial of urine diversion via percutaneous nephrostomy tube may allow spontaneous healing. If this fails, ureteral occlusion proximal to the leak/fistula can be attempted with a success rate up to 100%. Occlusion techniques include ureteral clipping, radiofrequency cauterization, embolization coils, Amplatzer vascular plugs, detachable balloons, absolute alcohol, and isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate (glue).
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Hayashi, Daichi, Ali Guermazi, and Frank W. Roemer. Radiography and computed tomography imaging of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disorder in the elderly worldwide and there is still no effective treatment, other than joint arthroplasty for end-stage OA, despite ongoing research efforts. Imaging is essential for assessing structural joint damage and disease progression. Radiography is the most widely used first-line imaging modality for structural OA evaluation. Its inherent limitations should be noted including lack of ability to directly visualize most OA-related pathological features in and around the joint, lack of sensitivity to longitudinal change and missing specificity of joint space narrowing, and technical difficulties regarding reproducibility of positioning of the joints in longitudinal studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely applied in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. Computed tomography (CT) is an important additional tool that offers insight into high-resolution bony anatomical details and allows three-dimensional post-processing of imaging data, which is of particular importance for orthopaedic surgery planning. However, its major disadvantage is limitations in the assessment of soft tissue structures compared to MRI. CT arthrography can be useful in evaluation of focal cartilage defects or meniscal tears; however, its applicability may be limited due to its invasive nature. This chapter describes the roles and limitations of both conventional radiography and CT, including CT arthrography, in clinical practice and OA research. The emphasis is on OA of the knee, but other joints are also mentioned where appropriate.
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Tyndall, Alan, and Jacob M. van Laar. Stem cell therapies. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the start of the international project in 1997, over 1500 patients have received a haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), mostly autologous, as treatment for a severe autoimmune disease, with overall 85% 5-year survival and 43% progression-free survival. Around 30% of patients in all disease subgroups had a complete response, often durable despite full immune reconstitution. In many cases, e.g. systemic sclerosis, morphological improvement such as reduction of skin collagen and normalization of microvasculature was documented, beyond any predicted known effects of intense immunosuppression alone. It is hoped that the results of the three running large prospective randomized controlled trials will allow modification of the protocols to reduce the high transplant-related mortality which relates to regimen intensity, age of patient, and comorbidity. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been recently tested in various autoimmune diseases, exploiting their immune modulating properties and apparent low acute toxicity. MSC display immune privilege in that the patient requires no immunosuppression prior to allogeneic MSC infusion. Despite encouraging small phase I/II studies, no positive data from randomized prospective studies are as yet available in the peer-reviewed literature.
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Bardgett, Richard. Earth Matters. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668564.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For much of history, soil has played a major, and often central, role in the lives of humans. Entire societies have risen, and collapsed, through the management or mismanagement of soil; farmers and gardeners worldwide nurture their soil to provide their plants with water, nutrients, and protection from pests and diseases; major battles have been aborted or stalled by the condition of soil; murder trials have been solved with evidence from the soil; and, for most of us, our ultimate fate is the soil. In this book Richard Bardgett discusses soil and the many, and sometimes surprising, ways that humanity has depended on it throughout history, and still does today. Analysing the role soil plays in our own lives, despite increasing urbanization, and in the biogeochemical cycles that allow the planet to function effectively, Bardgett considers how superior soil management could combat global issues such as climate change, food shortages, and the extinction of species. Looking to the future, Bardgett argues that it is vital for the future of humanity for governments worldwide to halt soil degradation, and to put in place policies for the future sustainable management of soils.
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Seymour, Mark. Emotional Arenas. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743590.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the records of a murder trial that transfixed the nation, this book is a social history of 1870s Italy that develops a new paradigm for the history of emotions - the ‘emotional arena’. The decade following Italian unification formed a context of notable cultural variety and fluidity, and the experience and expression of emotions could be as variable as the regions making up the new nation. Through a close examination of a range of specific spaces in which lives, loves, and deaths unfolded – such as marital homes, places of socializing and entertainment, funerals, and a Roman courtroom – the book argues that social ‘arenas’ are crucial to the historical development of emotional cultural rules and styles. The narrative is driven by the failed marriage of a decorated but allegedly impotent Risorgimento soldier, his wife’s affair with a circus artiste (who had a string of previous lovers), and the illicit new couple’s murder of the husband. Hundreds of witnesses – from local professionals to servants and even circus clowns – interviewed across the length and breadth of the peninsula, left their personal views on marriage, love, sexuality, and infidelity. These provide a series of peepholes into little-known corners of the new nation’s social fabric. A careful yet imaginative reading of the prosecution records and contemporary newspaper coverage allows exploration of the highly emotional experiences generated by this story. The result is a classic Italian micro-history with surprising relevance for today’s emotionally volatile times.