Статті в журналах з теми "Tribunali militari"

Alla luce dei recenti studi sulla giustizia di transizione, il saggio richiama l'attenzione sugli aspetti controversi di un procedimento giudiziario per collaborazionismo istruito presso la Corte d'Appello dell'Aquila nell'autunno 1945. La ricerca, condotta su fonti archivistiche inedite, ricostruisce gli avvenimenti che determinarono la deportazione di 383 detenuti e nove civili dal carcere di Sulmona al Konzentrationslager di Dachau. L'analisi della vicenda processuale consente di collocare il caso abruzzese, del quale la memoria pubblica non conserva alcuna traccia, nel piů ampio dibattito storiografico che ha indicato i limiti e le contraddizioni della legislazione speciale per l'epurazione e la punizione dei crimini fascisti. Lo scavo archivistico ha permesso inoltre di approfondire alcuni aspetti cruciali relativi alla mancata liberazione, in seguito alla caduta del fascismo, dei detenuti jugoslavi condannati dai tribunali militari di guerra, vittime della doppia deportazione: prima in Italia e, dopo l'8 settembre 1943, nei campi di concentramento nazisti.

Several armed conflicts have marked the past two decades in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). As a result, the DRC is facing an unprecedented humanitarian disaster with the death of hundreds of thousands of people, the large-scale displacement of civilians and the rape of thousands of women, girls and men. These armed conflicts have led to the metamorphosis of the concept of ‘crime’ with the emergence of new forms of sexual violence, particularly the widespread sexual violence used by armed groups as a tactic of war. In response to this avalanche of sexual violence, the DRC has taken a series of legislative measures. It began with the ratification of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) on 11 April 2002. This was followed by the promulgation of the Military Judicial Code and the Military Criminal Code on 18 November 2002 (MJC and MCC, respectively) criminalizing, inter alia, war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. In 2006, the Congolese legislator criminalized various forms of sexual crimes as defined by international law in the Military Penal Code. On 31 December 2015, the Congolese authorities promulgated Law No. 15/022, amending and supplementing the Military Penal Code, for the implementation of the Rome Statute. Through this Law, the legislator has included in the Congolese Ordinary Criminal Code rape and other sexual assaults constituting war crimes, and in some circumstances, crimes against humanity. In terms of prosecutions, around 40 cases of rape classified as war crimes and crimes against humanity have been tried by Congolese military courts, and a few other cases are being investigated. This article seeks to assess the progress made by the DRC in prosecuting rape as a war crime and the challenges to such prosecutions. La République démocratique du Congo (RDC) a été marquée par plusieurs conflits armés au cours des deux dernières décennies. Il en résulte que ce pays est confronté à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent avec la mort de centaines de milliers de personnes, le déplacement à grande échelle de civils et le viol de milliers de femmes, de filles et d'hommes. Ces conflits armés ont entraîné une métamorphose du concept de ‘crime’ avec l'émergence de nouvelles formes de violence sexuelle, notamment la violence sexuelle généralisée utilisée par les groupes armés comme tactique de guerre. En réponse à cette avalanche de violences sexuelles, la RDC a adopté une série de mesures législatives. La première fut la ratification du Statut de la Cour pénale internationale (Statut de Rome) le 11 avril 2002. Cette ratification fut suivie par la promulgation du Code judiciaire militaire et du Code pénal militaire le 18 novembre 2002 (respectivement le CMJ et le CCM) qui criminalisent, entre autres, les crimes de guerre, les crimes contre l'humanité et le génocide. En 2006, le législateur congolais a incriminé dans le Code pénal militaire diverses formes de crimes sexuels tels que définis par le droit international. Le 31 décembre 2015, les autorités congolaises ont promulgué la loi no 15/022, modifiant et complétant le Code pénal militaire, pour la mise en œuvre du Statut de Rome. A travers cette loi, le législateur a inclus dans le Code pénal ordinaire congolais les viols et autres agressions sexuelles constitutifs de crimes de guerre, et dans certaines circonstances, de crimes contre l'humanité. En termes de poursuites, une quarantaine de cas de viols qualifiés de crimes de guerre et de crimes contre l'humanité ont été jugés par les tribunaux militaires congolais, et quelques autres cas sont en cours d'instruction. Cet article vise à évaluer les progrès réalisés par la RDC en matière de poursuites pénales pour viol en tant que crime de guerre et les défis auxquels ces poursuites sont confrontées. Verschillende gewapende conflicten hebben de afgelopen twee decennia hun stempel gedrukt op de Democratische Republiek Congo (DRC). Als gevolg daarvan wordt de DRC geconfronteerd met een ongekende humanitaire ramp die gepaard gaat met de dood van honderdduizenden mensen, de grootschalige ontheemding van burgers en de verkrachting van duizenden vrouwen, meisjes en mannen. Die gewapende conflicten hebben geleid tot een metamorfose van het begrip ‘misdaad’ met de opkomst van nieuwe vormen van seksueel geweld, in het bijzonder het wijdverspreide seksuele geweld dat door gewapende groepen als oorlogstactiek wordt gebruikt. Als reactie op die lawine van seksueel geweld heeft de DRC een reeks wetgevende maatregelen genomen. Het begon met de ratificatie van het Statuut van het Internationaal Strafhof (Statuut van Rome) op 11 april 2002, gevolgd door de afkondiging van het militair gerechtelijk wetboek en het militair strafwetboek op 18 november 2002. Daarin worden onder meer oorlogsmisdaden, misdaden tegen de mensheid en genocide strafbaar gesteld. In 2006 heeft de Congolese wetgever verschillende vormen van seksuele misdrijven, zoals omschreven in het internationaal recht, strafbaar gesteld in het militair strafwetboek. Op 31 december 2015 hebben de Congolese autoriteiten wet nr. 15/022 tot wijziging en aanvulling van het militair strafwetboek uitgevaardigd, met het oog op de uitvoering van het Statuut van Rome. Met die wet heeft de wetgever verkrachting en andere vormen van seksueel geweld die te beschouwen zijn als oorlogsmisdaden, en in sommige omstandigheden misdaden tegen de mensheid, in het gewone Congolese Wetboek van Strafrecht opgenomen. Wat vervolging betreft, zijn ongeveer 40 gevallen van verkrachting die als oorlogsmisdaden en misdaden tegen de mensheid werden aangemerkt, door de Congolese militaire rechtbanken berecht, en enkele andere gevallen worden momenteel onderzocht. Deze studie heeft tot doel na te gaan welke vooruitgang de DRC heeft geboekt bij de vervolging van verkrachting als oorlogsmisdaad en voor welke uitdagingen dergelijke vervolgingen staan. Varios conflictos armados han dejado huella en las dos décadas pasadas en la República Democrática del Congo (RDC). A resultas de ello, la RDC se está enfrentando a un desastre humanitario sin precedentes con la muerte de cientos de miles de personas, desplazamiento de civiles a gran escala y la violación de miles de mujeres, niñas y hombres. Estos conflictos armados han llevado a la metamorfosis del concepto de ‘crimen’ con la aparición de nuevas formas de violencia sexual, en particular el uso generalizado de la violencia sexual por grupos armados como táctica de guerra. En respuesta a esta avalancha de violencia sexual, la RDC ha adoptado una serie de medidas legislativas. Todo comenzó con la ratificación del Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional (Estatuto de Roma) el 11 de abril de 2002. A esto siguió la promulgación del Código Judicial Militar y del Código Penal Militar el 18 de noviembre de 2002 (Código Judicial Militar y Código Penal Militar, respectivamente), penalizando, entre otros, los crímenes contra la humanidad y el genocidio. En 2006, el legislador congoleño introdujo en el Código Penal Militar varias modalidades de crimen sexual tal y como se definen en el Derecho Internacional. El 31 de diciembre de 2015, la autoridades congoleñas promulgaron la Ley Núm. 15/022, reformando y complementando el Código Penal Militar, con objeto de implementar el Estatuto de Roma. A través de esta ley, el legislador ha tipificado en el Código Penal Común la violación y otros ataques sexuales que constituyen crímenes de guerra y, en algunas circunstancias, crímenes contra la humanidad. En términos de procedimientos instruidos, cerca de 40 casos de violación tipificada como crímenes de guerra y crímenes contra la humanidad han sido tramitados por los tribunales militares congoleños, y varios casos más continúan siendo objeto de investigación. Este estudio busca valorar el progreso de la RDC en la persecución de la violación como crimen de guerra y los retos a los que se ha tenido que hacer frente en dicha tarea. Gli ultimi due decenni della Repubblica Democratica del Congo (RDC) sono stati segnati da diversi conflitti armati. Di conseguenza, la RDC sta affrontando un disastro umanitario senza precedenti con la morte di centinaia di migliaia di persone, lo sfollamento di civili su larga scala e lo stupro di migliaia di donne, ragazze e uomini. Questi conflitti armati hanno portato alla metamorfosi del concetto di ‘crimine’ con l'emergere di nuove forme di violenza sessuale, in particolare la diffusa violenza sessuale usata dai gruppi armati come tattica di guerra. In risposta a questa valanga di violenza sessuale, la RDC ha adottato una serie di misure legislative. È iniziato tutto con la ratifica dello Statuto della Corte penale internazionale (Statuto di Roma) l'11 aprile 2002. A ciò è seguita la promulgazione del Military Judicial Code and the Military Criminal Code il 18 novembre 2002 (rispet­tivamente Codice giudiziario militare e Codice penale militare), che hanno criminalizzato, tra l'altro, crimini di guerra, crimini contro l'umanità e genocidio. Nel 2006, il legislatore congolese ha definito come crimini varie forme di reati sessuali così come definito dal diritto internazionale nel Codice Penale Militare. Il 31 dicembre 2015 le autorità congolesi hanno promulgato la Legge n. 15/022, che modifica e integra il Codice Penale Militare, per l'attuazione dello Statuto di Roma. Attraverso questa legge, il legislatore ha incluso nel Codice penale Ordinario congolese lo stupro e altre aggressioni sessuali definiti crimini di guerra e, in alcune circostanze, crimini contro l'umanità. In termini di procedimenti penali, circa 40 casi di stupro classificati come crimini di guerra e crimini contro l'umanità sono stati processati dai tribunali militari congolesi e alcuni altri casi sono oggetto di indagine. Questo studio cerca di valutare i progressi compiuti dalla RDC nel perseguire lo stupro come crimine di guerra e l’impegno in tali procedimenti penali. Mehrere bewaffnete Konflikte haben die vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnte in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo (DRK) geprägt. Als Folge dessen steht die DRK vor einer beispiellosen humanitären Katastrophe mit dem Tod von Hunderttausenden von Menschen, der massiven Vertreibung von Zivilisten und der Vergewaltigung von Tausenden von Frauen, Mädchen und Männern. Diese bewaffneten Konflikte haben zu einer Metamorphose des Begriffs ‘Verbrechen’ mit dem Aufkommen neuer Formen sexueller Gewalt geführt, insbesondere der weit verbreiteten sexuellen Gewalt, die von bewaffneten Gruppen als Kriegstaktik eingesetzt wird. Als Reaktion auf diese Lawine sexueller Gewalt hat die DRK eine Reihe von gesetzlichen Maßnahmen ergriffen. Es begann mit der Ratifizierung des Statuts des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs (Römisches Statut) am 11 April 2002. Es folgte die Verkündung des Militärgerichtsgesetzbuchs und des Militärstrafgesetzbuchs am 18. November 2002, die unter anderem Kriegsverbrechen, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und Völkermord unter Strafe stellen. Im Jahr 2006 hat der kongolesische Gesetzgeber im Militärstrafgesetzbuch verschiedene Formen von Sexualverbrechen im Sinne des Völkerrechts unter Strafe gestellt. Am 31. Dezember 2015 haben die kongolesischen Behörden das Gesetz Nr. 15/022 zur Änderung und Ergänzung des Militärstrafgesetzbuchs im Hinblick auf die Umsetzung des Römischen Statuts verkündet. Mit diesem Gesetz hat der Gesetzgeber Vergewaltigung und andere sexuelle Übergriffe, die Kriegsverbrechen und unter gewissen Umständen auch Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit darstellen, in das kongolesische ordentliche Strafgesetzbuch aufgenommen. Was die Strafverfolgung anbelangt, so wurden etwa 40 Fälle von Vergewaltigung, die als Kriegsverbrechen und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit eingestuft werden, von kongolesischen Militär­gerichten abgeurteilt, und einige weitere Fälle werden derzeit untersucht. Diese Studie versucht, die Fortschritte der DRK bei der strafrechtlichen Verfolgung von Vergewaltigung als Kriegsverbrechen und die Herausforderungen für solche Verfolgungen zu bewerten.

This article is about International Criminal Tribunals as important bodies of International Criminal Procedure. The London Agreement. Nuremberg and Tokyo Military Tribunals in legal history, their influence on international criminal jurisdiction. What is the role of International Criminal Tribunals? The Declaration ofAtrocities one of main documents about jurisdiction of international criminal procedure. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda andformer Yugoslavia. Statute of International Criminal Court. International Criminal Court as an independent body, its functions, role and jurisdiction. Other legal acts that regulate international criminal procedure. Key words: international criminal tribunal, declaration, International Criminal Court, military tribunals Aytac İlqar qızı Adgözəlzadə Beynəlxalq cinayət prosesi tarixində beynəlxalq cinayət tribunalları Xülasə Bu məqalə Beynəlxalq Cinayət Prosesinin vacib hissəsi olan Beynəlxalq Cinayət Tribunallar haqqındadır. London razılaşması. Nyuremberg ve Tokio Hərbi Tribunalları hüquq tarixində və onların beynəlxalq cinayət prosesinə təsirləri. Beynəlxalq Cinayət Tribunallarının rolu nədir? Vəhşiliklərə qarşı qəbul olunan bəyənnamə beynəlxalq cinayət prosesinin yurisdiksiyasını tənzimləyən mühüm sənədlərdən biri kimi. Keçmiş Yuqoslaviya və Ruanda Beynəlxalq Cinayət Tribunalları. Beynəlxalq Cinayət Məhkəməsinin Statutu. Beynəlxalq Cinayət Məhkəməsi müstəqil qurum kimi, onun səlahiyyətləri, rolu və yurisdiksiyası. Beynəlxalq Cinayət Prosesi tənzimləyən başqa normativ aktlar. Açar sözlər: beynəlxalq cinayət tribunalı, bəyannamə, Beynəlxalq Cinayət Məhkəməsi, hərbi tribunallar

La competencia de la Jurisdicción Militar es una de las cuestionesmás debatidas desde la época de la Transición democrática. Desde entonces seha tratado de limitar su competencia al ámbito estrictamente castrense. En 2016entró en vigor el vigente Código Penal Militar, una norma bastante desconocidapara la gran mayoría de los operadores jurídicos. En el presente trabajoexaminaremos el ámbito subjetivo de aplicación de esta norma, que, comoveremos, se aplica no solo a militares, sino también a civiles, ya se cometa eldelito en tiempos de paz o de conflicto armado. Palabras clave: Transición democrática. Constitución española. Ámbito estrictamente castrense. Código Penal Militar. Jurisdicción Militar. Tribunales militares. Keywords: Democratic transition. Spanish Constitution. Scope strictly military. Military Criminal Code. Military jurisdiction. Military courts.

The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998 constitutes a landmark in the development of International Criminal Law (ICL), which gained its first momentum after World War II through the foundation of International Military Tribunals in Nuremberg and Tokyo. ICL is, however, not confined to these most prominent courts or their statutes providing for definitions of international crimes under their respective jurisdiction; rather, ad hoc international, or internationalized and hybrid special tribunals and criminal chambers also contribute to the development and shape of ICL and reflect its diverse legal and institutional basis. Perceived as another tribunal of “international character,” on August 18, 2020, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) pronounced its judgment on the merits in the Ayyash case. The long-awaited verdict raises the question of the Tribunal's contribution to the further evolution of ICL.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo analisar a aplicação do princípio da insignificância no Direito Penal Militar, em especial nos casos dos crimes de uso e porte de entorpecentes em locais sujeitos à administração militar, previstos no artigo 290 do Código Penal Militar. A abordagem fará referência ao conceito dos crimes militares, os pilares pautados na hierarquia e disciplina, e ao final discorrerá acerca das divergências doutrinárias existentes acerca da possibilidade ou não de se aplicar o princípio da bagatela na esfera castrense, bem como o entendimento dos Tribunais Superiores acerca do tema, principalmente a jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal Militar e do Supremo Tribunal Federal.

AbstractThe Cambodia Tribunal's co-investigating judges' first order, for the provisional detention of Duch, one of the suspects for the atrocities committed by the regime of Democratic Kampuchea in the 1970s, addresses the application of the doctrines of male captus bene detentus and abuse of process. The order, confirmed by the pre-trial chamber, states, relying on those doctrines, that Duch's unreasonably long prior detention, ordered by the Cambodian Military Court, does not bar his provisional detention by the Cambodia Tribunal. This article argues that the order is in accordance with applications of the relevant doctrines by the international criminal tribunals in similar cases, and that, absent involvement of the international or hybrid tribunal, abuse of process can, and should, only be successfully applied in case of torture or serious mistreatment of the suspect.

AbstractIn international criminal tribunal discourse, appeals to history and legitimacy are omnipresent. This article addresses the widespread practice of combining these appeals into one narrative. It analyses how international prosecutors engage with justifying the legitimacy of trials through the invocation of a tribunal's own history. The scrutiny of such ‘auto-histories’ as a specific form of history-telling illuminates an overlooked dimension of trials as fora for writing history. The opening statement is a perfect opportunity for constructing and communicating auto-histories. A comparative study of opening statements at the International Military Tribunal, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court reveals a recurrent, self-justifying narrative where both rootedness in history and a break with the past are key to singing the tribunal into existence as a crucial mechanism in the transition from chaos to peace. The connections between auto-histories at different tribunals show how legal practitioners discursively contribute to constructing the international criminal law's identity by relying on both origins and future.

We reveal the forms, methods and features of the participation of revolutionary tribunals in anti-peasant actions carried out by the authorities in 1918–1921, including against the participants in the Antonov revolt. We analyze the significance and role of tribunals as specific types of special courts in the implementation of the authorities’ policy towards the peasantry. It is argued that the revolutionary tribunals occupied their definite place in the system of anti-peasant terror and carried out their specific functions, fulfilling the task of formally legalizing unstructured violence against peasants. We analyze the process of increasing the repressiveness of the tribunals against the background of a sharp increase in anti-Soviet manifestations on the part of the peasantry, which ultimately resulted in anti-peasant terror. The task of the revolutionary tribunals as an institutional instrument of anti-peasant terror was to judicially legalize repression against the pea-santry. The role of the tribunals in the prosecution of deserters, the bulk of whom were again pea-sants, is revealed. It is argued that the revolutionary tribunals were granted the broadest confisca-tion rights against deserters and the process of their implementation. Considerable attention is paid to the activities of the revolutionary tribunals during the suppression of the peasant revolt in the Tambov region, in particular the Tambov revolutionary military tribunal, which was a parallel structure of the territorial revolutionary tribunal, which was under the jurisdiction of the Revolu-tionary Military Council of the Republic.

The U.S. lawyers played the leading role in organization and arrangement of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) intended for trial of the main Japanese war criminals. Tribunal was established by a charter issued by the U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed as a Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan. Therefore, prevalence of Anglo-Saxon legal family is evident in the practice of tribunal. One of them is the use of affidavit in the Tokyo International Military Tribunal. The article applies the method of comparative legal studies; conducts analysis of the legal norms stipulated in decrees of the tribunals. Dogmatic method is employed for interpretation of legal norms presented in the decrees. The author examines the practice of presenting and usage of affidavit in the course of judicial procedure in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Affidavits were provided into the tribunal by prosecution witnesses, as well as by defendants themselves. The article also demonstrated the use of affidavits by the U.S. administration for political purposes.  

Este trabalho visa explorar a perda da graduação dos militares de baixa hierarquia, denominado Praças, a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, com o enigmático artigo 125, § 4°, que tanta turbulência trouxe ao mundo jurídico. O trabalho tem como ponto partida o artigo de Álvaro Lazzarini, denominado a Vitaliciedade de Servidores Militares Estaduais, publicada na Revista de Direito Administrativo, Rio de Janeiro n. 205, em 1996. O estudo analisa desde as primeiras decisões judiciais até às atuais, com jurisprudências do Supremo Tribunal Federal, Tribunais de Justiças Militares Estaduais e Tribunais de Justiças Estaduais e Tribunal do Distrito Federal, procurando oferecer um panorama da situação em todo território nacional. Ao final é dado enfoque à modificação radical do entendimento do Supremo Tribunal Federal. O trabalho possui grande interesse prático, devido ao grande número de Praças das Forças Auxiliares existentes no Brasil.

75 years passed after the end of the Great Patriotic War, during which the Soviet people made the main contribution to the victory over the worst enemy of mankind – Hitler Germany. It is necessary to remember this and keep forever for future generations the heroic deeds and exploits of the Soviet people in the harsh years of World War II. This article on a large factual archival material comprehensively describes the activities of the military tribunal of the Leningrad Front in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War. For the first time, issues such as the formation of military tribunals of the front, the organization of military judicial work, the forms and methods of legal training of judges and the interaction of the tribunals with the Military Council of the Leningrad Front were reflected.

The authors present data on the forensic investigations conducted during the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, as well as evaluation and use of expert testimony by the Tribunal, and characterize the main types of forensic investigations conducted both prior to the Tribunal and in the course of the trials. Certain procedural aspects of ordering and conducting forensic examinations are examined. The authors show how Nuremberg's forensic legacy provided an important contribution to the organization of forensic support for international and internationalized criminal courts and tribunals created in the post-1990s period.

Este estudo começa examinando os casos Eichin e Antilef ante o Tribunal Constitucional chileno sobre a competência da justiça militar. Nestes casos, o Tribunal recorreu tanto à Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos quanto à jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. A presente investigação aborda a questão da possibilidade de considerar os casos sobre justiça militar como exemplos de mudança de paradigma no direito público e diálogo entre tribunais. Propomos que os casos mencionados relativos à competência da justiça militar no Chile constituem um exemplo da transição para um novo paradigma constitucional caracterizado por uma intensificação do diálogo entre juízes em matéria de direitos humanos.

Abstract This article discusses mixed disputes concerning military activities in light of the Order of Provisional Measures in Ukraine v Russia. It is argued that the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) decision that Russia’s use of force against the Ukrainian warships was not military in nature would diminish the military activities exception under Article 298(1)(b) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The distinct status of warships means that use of force against them can hardly be taken as merely pertaining to law enforcement activities. Thus, the dispute should be more properly characterized as a mixed dispute, containing both a military element and a law enforcement element. In light of the jurisprudence of UNCLOS tribunals concerning mixed disputes, if the Annex VII Tribunal to be constituted intends to assume jurisdiction over the dispute, it would need to either isolate the law enforcement element from the military element, or define and apply the preponderance test applicable to mixed disputes concerning military activities.

Este artículo da una mirada panorámica a la justicia militar portuguesa, basada en tres puntos del Derecho militar: derecho penal; derecho procesal penal; y derecho disciplinario.El sistema de justicia militar portugués se basa en una jurisdicción militar especial. Es decir: se rige por un Código de Justicia Militar (CJM), pero los casos se juzgan en tribunales judiciales (civiles) ordinarios, aunque con la participación de jueces militares. El CJM solo tipifica crímenes estrictamente militares, comoaquellos que perjudican los intereses militares de la defensa nacional y otros que la Constitución encomienda a las Fuerzas Armadas y como tales calificados por la ley (art. 1.º, n.º 2, CJM). Por lo tanto, si un militar comete un delito que no es estrictamente militar, no es juzgado en la jurisdicción militar.Cuando el caso se juzga en jurisdicción militar (especial, es decir, en tribunales ordinarios, con la participación de jueces militares), se aplican las reglas de procedimiento especiales de la CJM. De manera subsidiaria, el Código Penal y el Código de Procedimiento Penal se aplican a los casos militares, en la medida en que no estén debidamente regulados en la CJM.Finalmente, existe un derecho disciplinario independiente para la violación de los deberes militares que se basa en los valores militares de misión, jerarquía, cohesión, disciplina, seguridad y obediencia.

AbstractThe decisions of international courts and tribunals affect how we read history. Alternative tribunals, such as peoples’ tribunals, attempt to write alternative histories to counter the official versions. This article locates controversies over the Armenian genocide in debates about the relationship between history and international law. It considers ways of reading archives and the role of archives in informing those debates. It compares the Istanbul war crimes trials held in 1919–1920 before the Ottoman Military Tribunals with the Paris session of the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal held in 1984 that dealt with questions of history and memory through the juridical format of a hearing. A century after the events of 1915, the contested historiography of the Armenian genocide influences how international lawyers and historians seek to pass judgment on the past.

A proposta de artigo científico contempla o período Joanino de 1808 a Constituição de 1824 no Brasil. Como tema de História Militar Brasileira, a interpretação historiográfica social, fora o meio de operacionalização à devida compreensão metodológica e de remodelagem de institutos jurídicos luso-brasileiros ao tema abordado. A Casa de Suplicação e a interlocução institucional ao Conselho Superior Militar e Justiça de 1808. Neste sentido, o Conselho Superior Tribunal Militar e Justiça possuía função estritamente administrativa embora desempenhasse funções judicantes, ao julgar assuntos corporativos e militares. Assim, a proposta desenvolvida, busca demonstrar a validade metodológica da História nas Ciências Militares, como importante fonte de compreensão na formação das Instituições Jurídicas Nacionais e a respectiva contribuição institucional da Real Junta e da perspectiva em Cairú, para o processo de racionalização e constitucionalização do Conselho Tribunal Militar e Justiça diante a Carta de 1824.

The Nuremberg trial of Nazi criminals, which took place from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946, became an important milestone in the history of world civilization. The article is devoted to consideration of the process of developing an agreement on the establishment of an International Military Tribunal and its charter, drawing up an indictment, direct preparation of the process and its progress. The main focus of the article is on the role of the USSR in the preparation and conduct of the Nuremberg trials. The work reveals the relations between the prosecutors from the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France, their mutual assistance, the contradictions, that arose from time to time, and the course of closed sessions is highlighted.

<p>With political changes afoot in both Australia and the United States, it is timely to review military regimes and remind ourselves how greatly they matter. Section 51(vi) of the Constitution authorises the Commonwealth Parliament to legislate with respect to: ‘The naval and military defence of<br />the Commonwealth and of the several States and the control of the forces to execute and maintain the laws of the Commonwealth…’ One of the concerns in relation to s 51(vi) has been whether this provision supports the establishment of military tribunals and, further, whether these tribunals can<br />be regarded as exercising judicial power of the Commonwealth and thus be regarded as properly constituted courts for the purposes of Ch III of the Australian Constitution. The High Court’s 2004 decision in Re Colonel Aird; Ex parte Alpert has established that military tribunals and, more generally, the military discipline system will be regarded as constitutionally<br />valid and a properly constituted court for the purposes of Ch III provided that it is applied to conduct which can be regarded as ‘service connected’ or invoked for the purposes of enforcing and maintaining discipline among the defence forces. This article examines the decision in Aird’s Case and the associated ‘service connection’ test as a basis for supporting the constitutional validity of the military tribunal system. The concluding section of the article develops some further observations on the newly created Australian Military Court.</p>

On 29 November 1996 Trial Chamber I of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (“the ICTY”) handed down its sentence in the case of Dražen Erdemović. This was a decision of historie significance for a variety of reasons, the most obvious being that it was the first sentence passed by an international war crimes tribunals, applying international law, since the International Military Tribunals which sat at Nuremberg and Tokyo between 1945 and 1948; it was also the first time a truly international tribunal bas concluded the trial of a minor war criminal, as opposed to a senior military commander or political leader. In addition, it was the first sentence handed down by the ICTY, which has been plagued sincc its first days of operation by problems in securing evidence and witnesses, not to mention the presence of the accused. Now the ICTY has shown, in the face of widespread criticism and accusations of impotence, that it can actually perform the task assigned to it. The doubt about such a judgment is that the Erdemović case is not perhaps the best basis on which to assess the ICTY's performance, so singular were the accused's conduct and, indeed, the circumstances in which he found himself before the Tribunal. Essentially, had it not been for the accused's voluntary surrender and his extensive co-operation with the Office of the Prosecutor, and the co-operation of the judirial authorities in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) in transferring Erdemović to The Hague, the case would probably never have happened at all.

A estrutura constitucional de competências instituída pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988 (doravante CF/88 ou Constituição) estabeleceu que compete à justiça militar da União julgar os crimes militares, sem adentrar na qualificação dos réus. Ficando a definição de crime militar a cargo da legislação infraconstitucional, tem-se que o art. 9° do Código Penal Militar (doravante CPM), instituído pelo Decreto-lei n° 1.001, de 21 de outubro de 1969, permite que o foro militar federal julgue civis. No entanto, a Convenção Americana sobre Direito Humanos (doravante Convenção) assegura, em seu art. 8, item 1, que toda pessoa tem direito a ser ouvida, com as devidas garantias e dentro de um prazo razoável, por um juiz ou tribunal competente, independente e imparcial, sendo que a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (doravante CorteIDH ou Corte), apenas reconhece à justiça militar frente a garantia da imparcialidade a competência para julgar militares por crimes que atentem exclusivamente contra bens ou interesses militares, o que cria uma evidente contrariedade com a possibilidade nacional de que a justiça militar da União julgue civis. Desse modo, o objetivo geral deste artigo consiste em verificar se (e em que medida) as hipóteses autorizadoras do julgamento de civis pela justiça militar da União compatibilizamse com a interpretação que a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos confere ao disposto no art. 8, item 1, da Convenção, especificamente no que se refere às garantias da imparcialidade e da independência. Com esse fim, tem-se como objetivos específicos do escrito: (a) uma introdução sobre a estrutura e a competência da justiça militar no Brasil; (b) a delimitação da possibilidade de que a justiça militar da União julgue civis; (c) a verificação, por meio de precedentes, do exato sentido atribuído pela CorteIDH às garantias da imparcialidade e da independência, previstas no art. 8°, item 1, da Convenção, especificamente no que se refere à competência de tribunais militares; e, por fim, (d) a proposição de alterações que poderiam ser feitas na legislação brasileira, ou medidas que possam ser tomadas por juízes, a fim de adequar a regulação da matéria à jurisprudência da Corte. A fim de cumprir os objetivos de pesquisa, será adotado o método indutivo tendo em vista que o sentido da imparcialidade e da independência na Convenção, bem como dos limites do foro militar, serão extraídos a partir de análises de decisões da CorteIDH.

The aim of this paper is to examine the trial process and standard of the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) in Bangladesh. The main aim of the paper is to explore whether the trial is about justice or politics. Two International Crimes Tribunals (ICTs) have been established following the amended ICT Act 2009 after 40 years of independence. To date, more than 30 verdicts have been delivered by the tribunals and most of the accused have been proved to be war criminals, as collaborators with the Pakistani army, and involved in the politics of Jamaat who have penalized for capital punishment. Jammat is name of a political party in Bangladesh. Although the tribunal is named ‘the International Crimes Tribunal’, no international judges or prosecutors – like those who have taken part in the tribunals of Nuremberg, Tokyo, Rwanda, Yugoslavia or the permanent International Criminal Court of The Hague – have been involved in this trial process. The Pakistani military who were involved and accused as war criminals have also been excluded from prosecution. Therefore, a lot of criticisms have made about the trial process and standard; however, some unique features can be found, such as an appeal to the Supreme Court and a mercy petition to the President. It has also been proved that politics are involved in the war crimes and even the trial process, which is not influenced solely by the abstract notions of justice. The paper takes the form of a descriptive case study and is based on mainly secondary sources of information.

Este artigo descreve resultados de pesquisa que empreendeu uma análise comparativa das páginas web dos tribunais superiores do Poder Judiciário no Brasil — Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ), Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST) e Supremo Tribunal Militar (STM) — e de seus órgãos fiscalizadores — Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ), Conselho da Justiça Federal (CJF) e Conselho Superior da Justiça do Trabalho (CSJT) com o objetivo de produzir um diagnóstico da qualidade da exploração das tecnologias. A metodologia envolveu análise de conteúdo em quatro categorias: informações institucionais; transparência; serviços; e interatividade. Os resultados indicam que os portais apresentaram desempenho satisfatório nas categorias de informações institucionais (87% das páginas web analisadas contêm informações relacionadas), transparência (78%) e serviços (74%), mas nota-se a insuficiência da exploração de recursos de interatividade (39% das páginas contêm mecanismos de input dos usuários). Estes dados são interpretados à luz de recomendações de organismos internacionais e pesquisas na área.

Although in international law responsibility traditionally had belonged to states, along with involvement of individuals in conflicts between states and committing by them crimes on a massive scale, a need to criminalize such acts and to bring offenders guilty of the most serious violations of international law to justice - arose. Establishment of international criminal courts resulted from the need to fulfill internationally the idea of justice. Development of international criminal courts reflects differences in inter alia attitude towards ratione materiae of particular courts and tribunals. The purpose of this article is to present and discuss international crimes within the jurisdiction of international criminal courts and tribunals. A typology of international criminal courts was indicated and the most important courts and tribunals were presented in detail. The paper discusses subject jurisdiction of International Military Court in Nuremberg and International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokio, the first international courts established to bring war criminals to justice; as well as the subject jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, the only permanent court in international criminal court system, having universal jurisdiction. Four categories of the most serious crimes of international concern were considered, and doubts concerning subject jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, as well as its functioning in general, were signalized.

It is a popular view that international war crimes tribunals are a tool for social transformation and reconciliation after conflicts. According to advocates, one of their strengths in this regard is the individual punishment of criminals, which is said to achieve justice for victims while avoiding the collectivization of guilt. This is also said to have the effect of endorsing the transformation of the nation by freeing it from the burden of collective guilt while detaching those responsible for war crimes from the society concerned and eliminating their political influence. Does individual criminal punishment achieve these? And is the de-collectivization of guilt through international trials desirable for post-conflict social transformation and reconciliation? This article addresses these questions by focusing on the impact of the Tokyo International Military Tribunal, which is analyzed through the ways in which it has been perceived in post-war Japan. It argues that the Tribunal's punishment of wartime leaders produced an ambiguous effect on the Japanese people's sense of war guilt and responsibility, which in turn became an obstacle for the nation to achieve reconciliation not only with its former victims but also with its own past. The article questions the assumption that international criminal justice can promote social transformation and reconciliation.

O processo penal internacional combina elementos das tradições acusatórias e inquisitórias, assim constituindo um paradigma único. Em razão da escala mais ampla e da maior complexidade da criminalidade internacional a ser enfrentada pelos Tribunais criminais internacionais, pode ser interessante observar os seus desenvolvimentos e históricos diante da temática da admissibilidade probatória. Neste artigo pretende-se analisar a legislação e a prática dos Tribunais Internacionais Militares, os Tribunais Penais Internacionais para a antiga Iugoslávia e para Ruanda, e o Tribunal Penal Internacional, além de apontar comentários gerais sobre admissibilidade da prova em uma perspectiva internacional ampla, ou seja, não somente limitada a órgãos judiciais internacionais de caráter penal.

O uso indevido de drogas assola toda a humanidade. E no meio militar também não é diferente. Em pesquisa nos tribunais, observa-se inúmeros militares sendo processados pelo uso ou tráfico de drogas. O presente trabalho analisou a doutrina a respeito do tema, bem como fez buscas em tribunais intermediários e superiores, visando observar qual o entendimento destes quanto ao crime militar cometido nestes casos, e qual a aplicação de pena. Em paralelo, analisou-se a Lei 11.343/2006, e as inovações trazidas por esta, e que não abrangeu o meio militar, por ser um direito penal especial. Questiona-se: teria o legislador olvidado do Código Penal Militar ao editar a Lei 11.343, não alterando o artigo 290 do CPM, ou a análise para tal foi diferenciada, devido ao caráter especial da lei penal militar? A metodologia aplicada neste estudo foi a pesquisa qualitativa, especialmente a bibliográfica, bem como buscas na legislação seca e legislação aplicada nos tribunais.

According to the report of the United Nations commission on Human Rights, rape is the least condemned war crime (coomaraswamy, Further Promotion 64n263). Although wartime rape was listed as a crime against humanity by the Nuremberg Military Tribunals and by the Geneva Conventions, it was not until 2001 that the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia identified rapists as war criminals. In that year the tribunal sentenced three men for violations of the laws or customs of war (torture, rape) and crimes against humanity (torture, rape) committed during the war in Bosnia during the 1993 takeover of Foca, where women were systematically raped and killed, the purpose being “to destroy an ethnic group by killing it, to prevent its reproduction or to disorganize it, removing it from its home soil.”

Os militares exercem forte influência na vida política brasileira desde a proclamação da República, em 1889. A Justiça Militar, que deveria julgar exclusivamente militares em tempo de paz, ao longo da História do Brasil tem sido empregada para condenar civis, inclusive por razões de perseguição política. Nos últimos anos tem sido constatada a condenação de civis, moradores de comunidades faveladas do Rio de Janeiro, por parte da Justiça Militar, em razão de alegada prática de crimes de desobediência negros e favelados no Rio de Janeiro), por parte da Justiça militar, em operações de cumprimento da Lei e da Ordem, por enquadramento nos crimes de desobediência e desacato praticados contra militares. A investigação ocorreu por meio de análise qualitativa de acórdãos do Superior Tribunal Militar, entre os anos de 2011 a 2019, em condenações por desobediência e desacato, no curso de operações de Garantia da Lei e da Ordem empregadas contra moradores de comunidades faveladas do Rio de Janeiro, que se insurgiram contra a atuação policial das Forças Armadas. e desacato no curso de operações de garantia da lei e da ordem. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processamento de civis (na maioria pobres, negros e favelados no Rio de Janeiro), por parte da Justiça militar, em operações de cumprimento da Lei e da Ordem, por enquadramento nos crimes de desobediência e desacato praticados contra militares. A investigação ocorreu por meio de análise qualitativa de acórdãos do Superior Tribunal Militar, entre os anos de 2011 a 2019, em condenações por desobediência e desacato, no curso de operações de Garantia da Lei e da Ordem empregadas contra moradores de comunidades faveladas do Rio de Janeiro, que se insurgiram contra a atuação policial das Forças Armadas.

This article examines elements of performance in the giving of evidence by military witnesses to the Saville Tribunal's Inquiry into the events of ‘Bloody Sunday’ – the day in 1972 when thirteen civilians were shot dead by British Army paratroops during a banned civil rights protest in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. The performative nature of testimony represented an unstable element in this tribunal's attempt to reconstruct the past, raising a number of provoking questions concerning the nature and process of the legal pursuit of truth, in particular the ways in which the performative aspects of proceedings – grounded in the evocation of the past through the enacted memory of witnesses – function. Through tracing and analysing the process of memory recall in the testimonial performance of particular military witnesses to the tribunal, watched by the author, the essay considers the affective impact of courtroom testimony and the effect of this on the legal context in which testimony is given.

The idea of a permanent international criminal court has been on the international agenda for much of this century. After World War I unsuccessful attempts were made to bring the German Emperor to trial before an international tribunal and, later, to try Turks responsible for the genocide of Armenians before a tribunal to be designated by the Allied Powers. In 1937, following the assassination in 1934 of King Alexander of Yugoslavia by Croatian nationalists in Marseilles, treaties were drafted to outlaw international terrorism and to provide for the trial of terrorists before an international tribunal, but states lost interest in this venture as war approached and no state ratified the treaty for an international criminal court and only one (India) ratified the treaty outlawing international terrorism. The establishment of the Nuremberg and Tokyo international military tribunals to try the principal leaders of the Nazi and Japanese regimes after World War II as a natural culmination of the pre-war debate over an international criminal court and set the scene for renewed attempts to create a permanent international criminal court.

A Constituição Federal de 1988 deu novo sentido à participação política e, assim, ao sistema partidário e eleitoral que havia sido manipulado de forma casuística pelo regime militar nos vinte anos anteriores. A ausência de um projeto hegemônico de democracia durante a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, no entanto, prolongou as disputas para os anos seguintes e para os tribunais. O Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, em especial, definiu os contornos da participação política adequada à democracia. Argumentamos que, ao interpretar antigas e novas regras à luz de sua compreensão sobre a Constituição, o TSE transformou o pluripartidarismo em autonomia parlamentar e reduziu a proteção da igualdade à proteção da autonomia privada. Para tanto, analisamos casos julgados pelo tribunal nas eleições presidenciais de 1989, com destaque para os temas de censura, propaganda eleitoral e registro partidário.

O presente trabalho objetiva analisar, à luz da proteção multinível dos direitos humanos, a evolução do tratamento conferido pelo direito internacional penal aos crimes de natureza sexual, em especial à violação, desde a sua gênese nos primeiros documentos do moderno direito de guerra, Convenções de Haia e Tribunais Militares pós-Segunda Guerra, passando pelas contribuições materiais e processuais dos tribunais penais ad hoc para antiga Iugoslávia e Ruanda, até chegar ao Estatuto de Roma do Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI). Por fim, analisar-se-á o caso Jean Pierre Bemba Gombo, recentemente julgado pelo TPI, e as contribuições e retrocessos que podem ser observados nesse julgamento para o desenvolvimento da jurisprudência internacional sobre o tema.

This article concerns an issue that has become increasingly relevant for international coalition forces participating in joint military operations abroad, viz. the duty to collect, document, record and secure evidence of serious violations of international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights committed in armed conflicts. The point, simple as it seems, is that respect for justice and international humanitarian law requires that perpetrators of war crimes etc. be brought to justice. Yet prosecution and trial of these crimes cannot succeed without material proof and information that meet the standards for admission into evidence in criminal trials. However, judicial experience from international criminal trials suggests that much of the evidence produced in Court fails to meet this standard – and is therefore dismissed. The article highlights the need to secure evidence of these crimes and proposes five simple basic recommendations for military personnel who come across evidence of serious violations of international humanitarian law in armed conflicts: (1) be familiar with the elements of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression; (2) know the rules of the game regarding collection of evidence, including the duty to respect local norms and authorities and to follow any international rules or agreements, and the duty to comply with obligations to seek authorization for investigation from domestic authorities; (3) be careful in your registration and handling of evidence material; (4) be careful not to hurt yourself or others when you search for evidence; and (5) stay critical and impartial to all material and information you receive from others. Cet article aborde un problème que les forces armées des coalitions internationales rencontrent de plus en plus souvent lorsqu’elles participent à des opérations militaires conjointes à l’étranger: l’obligation de rassembler, de documenter, d’enregistrer et de garantir des preuves de violations graves du droit international humanitaire et des droits de l’homme lors de conflits armés. Aussi simple qu’il paraisse, le principe est le suivant: le respect de la justice et du droit international humanitaire implique que les auteurs de crimes de guerre et autres soient traduits en justice. Toutefois, les poursuites judiciaires et le procès qui s’ensuit ne peuvent aboutir sans preuves matérielles et informations qui répondent aux normes d’admission de la preuve dans les procès au pénal. L’expérience judiciaire de ces procès internationaux suggère néanmoins que bon nombre des preuves présentées au tribunal ne répondent pas à ces normes et sont dès lors rejetées. L’auteur insiste sur le besoin de fournir des preuves de ces crimes et propose cinq recommandations de base pour le personnel militaire qui aurait des preuves de violations graves du droit international humanitaire dans les conflits armés: (1) informez-vous sur les différents éléments qui composent le génocide, les crimes contre l’humanité, les crimes de guerre et les agressions; (2) connaissez les règles relatives au rassemblement de preuves, y compris le devoir de respecter les normes et autorités locales, de suivre les règles et accords internationaux, et de se conformer à l’obligation d’obtenir une autoris­ation des autorités nationales pour mener une enquête; (3) soyez prudents lorsque vous enregistrez et utilisez des éléments de preuve; (4) veillez à ne pas causer de tort aux autres ni à vous-même lorsque vous cherchez des preuves; et (5) restez critique et impartial lorsque vous recevez des informations d’autres personnes. Dit artikel bespreekt een kwestie die van toenemend belang is voor internationale coalitietroepen die deelnemen aan gezamenlijke militaire operaties in het buitenland, nl. de plicht om bewijs van ernstige schendingen van het internationaal humanitair recht (IHR) en van de mensenrechten in gewapende conflicten te verzamelen, te staven, vast te leggen en veilig te stellen. Het punt, hoe eenvoudig ook, is dat het respect voor de rechtspleging en het internationaal humanitair recht vereist dat de daders van oorlogsmisdaden enz. voor het gerecht worden gebracht. Toch kunnen deze misdaden niet succesvol vervolgd en berecht worden zonder materieel bewijs en informatie die voldoen aan de normen om als bewijs in strafprocessen te worden toegelaten. De ervaring uit internationale strafprocessen leert echter dat veel van het bewijsmateriaal dat in de rechtbank wordt aangedragen, niet aan deze norm voldoet – en daarom wordt verworpen. Het artikel benadrukt de noodzaak om het bewijs van deze misdaden veilig te stellen en stelt vijf eenvoudige basisaanbevelingen voor aan militairen die in gewapende conflicten bewijzen van ernstige schendingen van het internationaal humanitair recht aantreffen: (1) wees op de hoogte van de elementen van genocide, misdaden tegen de menselijkheid, oorlogsmisdaden en agressie; (2) ken de regels van het spel met betrekking tot het verzamelen van bewijs, met inbegrip van de plicht om de lokale normen en autoriteiten te respecteren en om alle internationale regels of overeenkomsten te volgen, evenals de plicht om te voldoen aan de verplichting dat aan binnenlandse autoriteiten toestemming moet worden gevraagd om een onderzoek in te stellen; (3) let op bij het registreren en behandelen van bewijsmateriaal; (4) zorg ervoor dat je jezelf of anderen geen schade berokkent wanneer je naar bewijs zoekt; en (5) blijf kritisch en onpartijdig ten opzichte van al het materiaal en de informatie die je van anderen ontvangt. El artículo aborda un problema que con el tiempo ha adquirido una importancia relevante para las fuerzas en coalición que participan en operaciones conjuntas en el exterior, tal cual es el deber de recoger, documentar, registrar y asegurar las pruebas de crímenes graves contra el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) y contra los derechos humanos cometidos en los conflictos armados. El asunto, tan simple como parece, es que el respeto por la justicia y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario exige que en definitiva los perpetradores de crímenes de guerra sean llevados ante la justicia. Sin embargo, la acusación y el enjuiciamiento de estos crímenes no pueden prosperar sin una prueba material e información que reúna los requisitos necesarios para ser admitida como prueba de cargo en juicios penales. Al hilo de esto, la experiencia judicial en procedimientos penales internacionales demuestra que muchas de estas pruebas presentadas ante un tribunal no cumplen con estos estándares y, por consiguiente, son rechazadas. El artículo resalta la necesidad de asegurar la prueba de estos crímenes y propone cinco recomendaciones básicas para el personal militar que deba requisar estas pruebas relativas a crímenes graves contra el Derecho Internacional Humanitario en conflictos armados: (1) Familiarizarse con los elementos constitutivos del crimen de genocidio, crímenes contra la humanidad, crímenes de guerra y crimen de agresión; (2) Conocer las reglas del juego relativas a la recogida de pruebas, incluido el deber de respetar las normas y a las autoridades locales y cualquier otra regla o acuerdo internacional, y el deber de cumplir con la obligación de solicitar autorización a las autoridades locales para llevar a cabo investigaciones; (3) Ser diligente en el registro y manejo de las pruebas materiales; (4) Tener cuidado de no dañarse o dañar a otros en la búsqueda de las pruebas; y (5) tener una actitud crítica e imparcial ante las pruebas e información que se reciba de otros. Questo articolo tratta di una questione che è diventata sempre più rilevante per le forze di coalizione internazionali che partecipano ad operazioni militari congiunte all’estero, vale a dire il dovere di raccogliere, documentare, registrare e mettere al sicuro le prove di gravi violazioni al diritto internazionale umanitario (IHL) e dei diritti umani commesse nei conflitti armati. Il punto, semplice come appare, è che il rispetto della giustizia e del diritto internazionale umanitario richiedono che gli autori di crimini di guerra etc. siano assicurati alla giustizia. Però l’azione penale e il processo per tali crimini non possono avere successo senza prove materiali e informazioni che soddisfino gli standard per l’ammissione come prova nei processi penali. Tuttavia, l’esperienza giudiziaria dei tribunali penali internazionali suggerisce che molte delle prove prodotte nei tribunali non soddisfano questi standard e perciò vengono respinte. Questo articolo evidenzia la necessità di garantire prove di questi crimini e propone cinque semplice raccomandazioni di base per il personale militare che si imbatte in prove di serie violazioni al diritto internazionale umanitario nei conflitti armati: (1) Conoscere gli elementi del genocidio, dei crimini contro l’umanità, dei crimini di guerra e dell’aggressione; (2) Conoscere le regole del gioco riguardo la raccolta delle prove, compreso il dovere di rispettare le norme e autorità locali e di seguire qualsiasi regola o accordo internazionale, e il dovere di rispettare gli obblighi di chiedere l’autorizzazione alle indagini alle autorità nazionali; (3) Fare attenzione nella registrazione e gestione del materiale probatorio; (4) Fare attenzione a non fare del male a se stessi od altri nella ricerca delle prove; e (5) Rimanere critici ed imparziali nei confronti di tutto il materiale e delle informazioni ricevute da altri. Dieser Artikel behandelt eine Angelegenheit, die für die Streitkräfte internationaler Koalitionen, die sich an gemeinsamen Militäreinsätzen im Ausland beteiligen, an Relevanz gewinnt, nämlich die Pflicht, Beweismittel schwerer Verletzungen des internationalen humanitären Rechts und internationaler Menschenrechte in bewaffneten Konflikten zu sammeln, zu dokumentieren, aufzuzeichnen und sicherzustellen. Der Kernpunkt, so einfach dieser scheinen mag, besteht darin, dass Respekt vor der Justiz und dem internationalen humanitären Recht erfordert, dass Täter von Kriegsverbrechen, usw. vor Gericht gebracht werden sollen. Dennoch können die Verfolgung und Ahndung dieser Verbrechen ohne materiellen Beweis und Informationen, die den Standards zur Zulassung als Beweismittel in Strafprozessen gerecht werden, nicht gelingen. Die gerichtliche Erfahrung internationaler Strafprozesse weist allerdings darauf hin, dass manche der dem Gericht unter­breiteten Beweise diesen Standards nicht gerecht werden, und somit abgewiesen werden. Der Autor unterstreicht, dass es notwendig ist, Beweise für diese Verbrechen sicher­zustellen, und schlägt fünf einfache Grundempfehlungen für Militärangehörige vor, die auf Beweise schwerer Verletzungen des internationalen humanitären Rechts in bewaffneten Konflikten stoßen: (1) Sorgen Sie dafür, dass Sie die Elemente des Genozids, der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit, Kriegsverbrechen und Aggressionen kennen; (2) seien Sie mit den Spielregeln hinsichtlich der Sammlung von Beweisen vertraut, und dies einschließlich der Pflicht, örtliche Normen und Autoritäten zu respektieren, irgendwelche internationale Regeln oder Abkommen zu befolgen und die Verpflichtungen zu erfüllen, um die Genehmigung zur Durchführung von Ermittlungen von den Behörden des betreffenden Landes einzuholen; (3) seien Sie vorsichtig bei Ihrer Erfassung von bzw. Ihrem Umgang mit Beweismaterial; (4) sorgen Sie dafür, dass Sie sich selbst oder anderen keinen Schaden zufügen, wenn Sie nach Beweisen suchen; und (5) bleiben Sie kritisch und unvoreingenommen in Bezug auf all das Material und alle Informationen, die Sie von anderen erhalten.

Much has been written about the “deterrent” role of international courts and tribunals in preventing potential atrocities. Since the establishment of thead hoctribunals and the International Criminal Court, the international community has sought to anchor the legitimacy of international justice in the “fight against impunity”. Yet recent studies have suggested that an overly broad characterization of international courts and tribunals as “actors of deterrence” might misplace expectations and fail to adequately capture how deterrence works – namely, at different stages, within a net of institutions, and affecting different actors at different times.1TheReviewinvited two practitioners to share their perspectives on the concrete effects of international criminal justice on fostering compliance with international humanitarian law. Chris Jenks questions the “general deterrence” role of international criminal justice, contending that the influence of complicated and often prolonged judicial proceedings on the ultimate behaviour of military commanders and soldiers is limited. Guido Acquaviva agrees that “general deterrence”, if interpreted narrowly, is the wrong lens through which to be looking at international criminal justice. However, he disagrees that judicial decisions are not considered by military commanders, and argues that it is not the individual role of each court or tribunal that matters; rather, it is their overall contribution to an ever more comprehensive system of accountability that can ultimately foster better compliance with international humanitarian law.

Trabalho de conclusão de curso que abordará a alteração da competência da Justiça Militar da União (JMU) para julgar civis como forma de obstáculo para a obediência aos ditames do Pacto de San José de Costa Rica – Convenção Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. A pesquisa será direcionada às garantias constitucionais do juiz natural, devido processo legal e a contradição imposta pela Lei 13. 491/17,dentre elas, destaca-se pela lesividade: a de não submeter civis à jurisdição militar, e ainda o direito a ser julgado por um tribunal competente e imparcial. A monografia conterá análise jurisprudencial dos tribunais internos e os julgados da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, órgão regional de defesa de direitos humanos. Analisará os impactos da ampliação da competência da Justiça Miliar em paralelo à Intervenção Federal no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.

The article draws on the archival sources introduced into scientific use for the first time to study the social character of active participants of the peasant revolt in the Tambov gubernia (1920-1921) who executed under sentences of the revolutionary tribunals. Telegraphic messages from the revolutionary military tribunals about executions of insurgents stored in the fond of the Military Board of the Supreme Tribunal in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) are being introduced into scientific use. The article offers their content analysis. The archival documents provide biographical data and establish main characteristics of insurgents and charges against them. The article analyses of the procedure of execution as a punitive measure used by the regime to suppress the revolt. It observes that the greatest number of sentences was executed at the final stage of the revolt suppression. Meetings of the revolutionary military tribunals were held in the evening or at night. As a rule, the meeting lasted for an hour or a bit longer; the sentence was not subject to any appeal and was executed immediately. The research identifies the social basis and nature of the insurgent movement and reveals the role of deserters and the civilians’ attitude to the actions of ‘bandits.’ The research also proves that the absolute majority of the insurgents were well-to-do peasants and their participation in the revolt was a conscious choice. All executed peasants were young; their average age was about 27. The local character of the revolt is proved by the geography of executed peasants’ residences. There were no Socialists-Revolutionaries among the executed insurgents; therefore, the revolt was free from political influence and expressed interests common to all peasants. The communistic regime saw in the execution of insurgents for ‘malicious and active banditism’ a repression measure to suppress the peasant revolt. The author has found out names of 70 Tambov peasants executed as participants of the revolt, which do not appear in the published sources.

The immediate aftermath of the Second World War saw a transnational effort to identify and prosecute those individuals who committed war crimes and crimes against humanity in such fora as the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg. However, parallel national processes were carried out across Europe to punish those citizens who, by a range of definitions, allegedly collaborated with enemy occupiers and committed treason. In the Soviet Union, suspected collaborators were tried as counterrevolutionaries in both the areas where crimes were committed and also those distant from regions of German or Romanian occupation. By examining tribunals in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in this article, I argue for the importance of identifying and prosecuting alleged collaborators to the Soviet postwar project – a project which was far from limited to areas in the western parts of the country and which remained intimately linked to prewar, Stalinist understandings of justice and revolution.

Luego del Golpe Militar del 11 de septiembre de 1973 la dictadura instalo unos Consejos de Guerra en la que juzgó a funcionarios del gobierno de la Unidad Popular, como militantes de partidos de izquierda. En estos tribunales se dictaron 50 condenas de Pena de Muerte. A 47 años de ocurridos los hechos los Consejos de Guerra de la dictadura están siendo anulados por la Corte Suprema. El 3 de octubre de 2016 el máximo tribunal anuló el fallo del Consejo de Guerra Rol 1-1973, tribunal que había condenado a un grupo de aviadores constitucionalistas. Al dictar esta sentencia de anulación el máximo tribunal cumplió con lo ordenado en la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana del caso Omar Maldonado y otros contra Chile que ordenó anular estos Consejos de Guerra. La Corte Suprema señaló que el Recurso de Revisión era el medio procesal para anular estas sentencias. Desde ese primer fallo se han dictado 23 sentencias de anulación de estos Consejos de Guerra. Esta nueva jurisprudencia es parte del proceso de Justicia Transicional que se está realizado en Chile que entrega una respuesta a las violaciones a los derechos humanos realizadas durante la dictadura.

Em decorrência da dinamicidade da vida social, a Ciência Jurídica não é estanque e, como tal, o ordenamento jurídico, a doutrina e mesmo a jurisprudência passam por adequações e superações através do tempo. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve por escopo analisar o fenômeno do overruling de Súmulas do Superior Tribunal de Justiça sucedido com a nova redação atribuída ao artigo 9º do Código Penal Militar pela Lei 13.491/17. Para tanto, em termos metodológicos, assumiu contornos de pesquisa de procedimento bibliográfico-documental, com abordagem qualitativa e fim descritivo, recorrendo à legislação correlata, à doutrina jurídica e literatura pertinente como base. Dada a ampliação do conceito de crime militar e, por consequência, da própria competência da Justiça Castrense para julgar os agora denominados crimes militares por extensão previstos na lei penal como um todo, verificou-se que restaram por superadas as Súmulas de nº 6, 75, 90 e 172 do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, outrora editadas para dirimir questões jurídicas atinentes a conflitos de competência entre Justiça Comum e Justiça Militar. A pesquisa reafirmou, ademais, a premência de os operadores e estudiosos do Direito estarem sempre alerta às vicissitudes do mundo jurídico, aos novos institutos e conformações que, ao longo do tempo, direta ou indiretamente, são também frutos das próprias demandas sociais.

Resumo Há mais de três décadas, familiares de desaparecidos da ditadura militar argentina se engajam em ações políticas para exigir Justiça pelas violações aos direitos humanos cometidas durante a repressão. Com a anulação das leis de anistia em 2005, abriram-se os caminhos legais para a responsabilização penal. Desde então, as narrativas sobre o passado entraram definitivamente em cena (e em disputa) nos tribunais do país. Baseado em etnografia dos julgamentos de delitos de lesa humanidade na Argentina, o artigo analisa como vítimas, agentes do Estado acusados de violações e atores judiciais converteram os tribunais em lugar privilegiado para a afirmação de sentidos ao passado ditatorial. Conduzindo uma análise mais encantada da política e seu simbolismo (que considera a dimensão afetiva e existencial da ação humana), o intuito é problematizar como a cena judicial vem se desempenhando como espaço de luta para a produção do saber e verdade sobre a ditadura na Argentina.

La Responsabilidad del Superior es una teoría que supone responsabilidad penal tanto para el superior militar como para el superior civil. Ésta ha tenido aceptación internacional desde los primeros Tribunales Penales Internacionales (Tribunales Militares Internacionales) hasta el Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal Internacional. Este artículo explica, en lo esencial, la teoría de la responsabilidad del superior desde un punto de vista internacional, así como su acogida parcial por el ordenamiento interno colombiano a partir de la figura de la posición de garante y la aplicación del Acto Legislativo 02 de 2001 que adiciona la Constitución Política colombiana.