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1
Rhind, Susan G., Murray V. Ellis, Martin Smith, and Daniel Lunney. "Do Koalas Phascolarctos cinereus use trees planted on farms? A case study from north-west New South Wales, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 3 (2014): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biodiversity benefits are routinely cited as an outcome of planting trees on farms but there has been too little information to properly substantiate such claims. This study is among the first to examine the use of plantings by arboreal mammals. We examined an important inland koala population and its use of farm revegetation to determine: (1) if koalas use planted trees; (2) patch characteristics correlated with use/non-use by koalas; and, (3) contextual characteristics correlated with use/non-use. Surveys of koala dung, also known as scats or faecal pellets, were conducted under trees in 19 plantings. Fourteen showed signs of koalas and their pellets were recorded under 16 of the 25 tree taxa examined. All sizes and ages of trees were used, including the youngest plantings (six years). Considerable koala activity occurred in the various Eucalyptus species, but some tree species were not used. Koalas made substantial use of inland ironbark species, which are not listed as ‘koala food trees’ in government policy documents. Proximity to potential source populations of koalas was the strongest predictor of a planting being used, but this was further improved by including the age of the planting. There is extensive public funding available for restoration and land care activities. This study demonstrates that certain trees rapidly provide koala habitat when planted on farms and that the first priority should be restoring sites in close proximity to known koala populations. Tree species used should include local recognized food trees, as well as ironbarks and non-eucalyptus species that offer shelter.
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D. Meek, Paul. "Eucalypt decline and dead trees: if it's not sexy few seem to care." Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 4 (2008): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080240.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whether its Bell Miner Associated Dieback (BMAD), Eucalypt Decline or as the wording of the Key Threatening Process nomination states "Forest eucalypt dieback associated with over-abundant Bell Miners Manorina melanophrys, and psyllids, the phenomena of eucalypt decline on the east coast of Australia is serious. Approximately 781,000 hectares of east coast forests are currently predisposed to decline (Vic Jurskis unpub. data 2008). Among all the forms of dieback affecting east coast forest types, BMAD is one of the most serious and over $700,000 has been spent in the last few years trying to work out the what, why and where of managing this threat to forest ecosystems. Despite a 'task force' (the BMAD Working Group) having been set up to report on Bell Miner Associated Dieback, to the majority of Australian's, it either doesn't exist, they cannot agree on an acceptable term to describe it or it is not on their "peril radar". Substantial effort has been invested trying to unravel the mystery of BMAD and mitigating its impacts. Yet, to some decision makers, BMAD is not important and they see little association between this phenomena and drought, poor land management, weeds, fire and climate change; issues which do seem to capture their attention.
3
Nguyen, Peter, Jennifer McIntosh, Adrian Bickerstaffe, Sanjaya Maddumarachchi, Kara-Lynne Cummings, and Jon D. Emery. "Benefits and harms of aspirin to reduce colorectal cancer risk: a cross-sectional study of methods to communicate risk in primary care." British Journal of General Practice 69, no. 689 (November 18, 2019): e843-e849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x706613.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundNew Australian guidelines recommend that GPs actively consider prescribing low-dose aspirin to patients aged 50–70 years to reduce their risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and GPs need to understand the relative benefits and harms to support informed decision making.AimTo develop and examine different methods to communicate the benefits and harms of taking aspirin for CRC prevention.Design and settingA cross-sectional, vignette study with patients aged 50–70 years consecutively recruited from general practices in Melbourne, Australia, between July and August 2018.MethodSummary estimates from meta-analyses of the effects of aspirin on the incidence of CRC, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and incidence rates in the Australian population to estimate outcomes in a hypothetical population of 10 000 people aged 50–70 years. These estimates were presented using four different risk communication formats. Participants were shown these different formats and asked if they would take aspirin to prevent CRC.ResultsA total of 313 participants were recruited (95.1% recruitment rate), of whom 304 completed the study. Most participants (71.7–75.3%) reported they would take aspirin irrespective of risk format presented. Bar charts (odds ratio [OR] 1.20, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.01 to 1.44) and expected frequency trees (OR 1.18, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.41) were more strongly associated with the intentions to take aspirin compared with icon arrays. Bar charts were most preferred for presenting risk information.ConclusionA large proportion of participants in this study intended to take aspirin to reduce their CRC risk regardless of risk communication format. Bar charts and expected frequency trees were the preferred methods to present the benefits and harms of taking aspirin to prevent CRC.
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Legge, S., R. Heinsohn, and S. Garnett. "Availability of nest hollows and breeding population size of eclectus parrots, Eclectus roratus, on Cape York Peninsula, Australia." Wildlife Research 31, no. 2 (2004): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The distribution of the Australian mainland endemic subspecies of the eclectus parrot, Eclectus roratus macgillivrayi, is currently confined to the lowland rainforests of the Iron–McIlwraith Ranges of eastern Cape York Peninsula. Females breed in large hollows in emergent rainforest trees that are readily visible from above. Aerial surveys were used to sample 58% of the rainforest (454 km2) of the Iron Range region to estimate the density of these nest trees. Corrections for overcounting bias (not all observed emergent trees were active nest trees) and undercounting bias (not all active nest trees were visible from the air) were made by ground-truthing over 70 trees. The tree count data were treated in two different ways, producing estimates of 417 (s.e. = 25) and 462 (s.e. = 31) nest trees for the Iron Range region. Long-term observational data on the number of eclectus parrots associated with each nest tree were used to estimate the population size of eclectus parrots at Iron Range: 538–596 breeding females, and 1059–1173 males. These results have three implications. First, this relatively low population estimate suggests that the Australian subspecies of eclectus parrots should be considered vulnerable to habitat loss or perturbation, especially in light of their complex social system, male-biased adult sex ratio, low breeding success and high variance in reproductive success among females. Second, the low density of nest trees suggests that eclectus parrots are absent from the rainforests of Lockerbie Scrub and the Jardine dunefields because these areas are too small. Finally, if eclectus parrots persisted in the Iron–McIlwraith region during the rainforest contractions of Pleistocene glacial maxima (e.g. 14 000–17 000 years ago), the refugium in this region must have been fairly substantial in order to support a viable population – probably larger than previously assumed.
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Mawson, P. R., and C. E. Cooper. "The effect of changing land use on the availability of potential nest trees for the endangered Muir's corella (Cacatua pastinator pastinator): a case study of the establishment of commercial Tasmanian blue gum plantations in Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 2 (2015): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the mid-1990s commercial Tasmanian blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus) plantations were established in south-west Western Australia. We examined the extent of loss of potential nesting trees for an endangered obligate hollow-nesting cockatoo, Muir’s corella (Cacatua pastinator pastinator), resulting from establishment of these plantations during 1995–2004. Clearing of native vegetation was extensive in both Tonebridge (51%) and Frankland (76%) study sites. The proportion of land used for timber plantation increased significantly from 2.4% to 12.1% (Tonebridge) and 0.5% to 9% (Frankland) in the period 1995–2004. Plantations were predominantly established on already cleared farmland, but during the rapid development of plantations, large numbers of remnant paddock trees (mean = 56%) in cleared farmland were removed. Despite the loss of more than 50% of potential nesting habitat over an area of 376km2 within its current distribution, Muir’s corella continued to increase in numbers. However, there are concerns about delayed impacts of the clearing of potential nest trees we have observed, and consequences of further tree loss during future plantation harvesting. Evidence-based demonstration of biodiversity protection is increasingly needed to fulfil forest and plantation stewardship requirements, so greater care needs to be directed towards the management of extant remnant vegetation in paddocks.
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Neldner, Victor J., Rodrick W. Rogers, and Paul I. Forster. "The lichen flora of tropical Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 66, no. 5 (2018): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt17246.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first account of the lichen flora of the Cape York Peninsula bioregion is provided with 423 lichen taxa from 47 families and 127 genera recorded. The tropical savannas of Cape York Peninsula, which experience annual or biennial ground fires, are generally a harsh environment for lichen establishment and growth. The majority of eucalypts and Melaleuca viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn. trees that dominate much of Cape York Peninsula vegetation regularly shed their bark and do not generally provide a suitable habitat for lichen establishment and persistence. However, even in these savanna habitats, some tree species provide suitable fire-safe substrates for lichens. The rainforest, riparian and coastal vegetation lichen flora is much more diverse, primarily because of the lack of fire but also because of more mesic conditions and persistent thin bark types. Most of the lichens (413 lichen species) survive on a number of bark types, while there are 51 species on rock substrates (10 exclusively on rocks). The diverse lichen flora is dominated by pantropical species, many of which are shared with New Guinea, Thailand and the Northern Territory. However, eleven lichen species are only known from Cape York Peninsula.
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Wright, Ian J., and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Geographic Variation in Eucalyptus diversifolia (Myrtaceae) and the Recognition of New Subspecies E. diversifolia subsp. hesperia and E. diversifolia subsp. megacarpa." Australian Systematic Botany 10, no. 5 (1997): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb96019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Patterns of geographic variation in morphological and chemical characters are documented in Eucalyptus diversifolia Bonpl. (soap mallee, white coastal mallee). This species is found in coastal and subcoastal Australia from southern Western Australia to Cape Nelson (western Victoria), with a number of disjunctions in the intervening region. Morphological data from adult plants collected at field localities and seedlings grown under uniform conditions were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods, including oneway ANOVA, multiple comparison tests, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), nearest neighbour networks, and minimum spanning trees. Seedling material was tested for isozyme polymorphism, and adult leaf flavonoids were analysed using liquid chromatography. Morphological and chemical characters are also documented in E. aff. diversifolia, a closely related but unnamed taxon restricted to ironstone outcrops near Norseman (WA), and putative E. diversifolia- E. baxteri hybrids from Cape Nelson. Congruent patterns in data sets distinguish three groups of E. diversifolia adults and progeny: (1) those to the west of the Nullarbor disjunction; (2) South Australian populations to the east of this disjunction; and (3) those from Cape Nelson. Formal taxonomic recognition of the three forms at subspecific level is established, namely E. diversifolia subsp. diversifolia, E. diversifolia subsp. hesperia, and E. diversifolia subsp. megacarpa. Patterns of geographic affinity between populations are consistent with a hypothesis of genetic exchange between normally disjunct regional populations of E. diversifolia via coastal land-bridges exposed during periodic times of low sea level since the mid Tertiary.
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Morrison, Mick, and Emily Shepard. "The archaeology of culturally modified trees: Indigenous economic diversification within colonial intercultural settings in Cape York Peninsula, northeastern Australia." Journal of Field Archaeology 38, no. 2 (May 2013): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0093469013z.00000000044.
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Drucker, Adam G., Stephen T. Garnett, Marty K. Luckert, Gabriel M. Crowley, and Niilo Gobius. "Manager-based valuations of alternative fire management regimes on Cape York Peninsula, Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, no. 5 (2008): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07102.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Decisions about fire management on pastoral properties are often made with little empirical knowledge. Proper accounting of the interactions between land, pasture, trees and livestock within the context of climatic variability and market conditions is required in order to assess financial implications of alternative fire management regimes. The present paper aims to facilitate such accounting through the development of a manager-driven decision-support tool. This approach is needed to account for variable property conditions and to provide direction towards considering optimal practices among a vast array of potential activities. The tool is an interactive model, developed for a hypothetical property, which analyses the costs and benefits of a baseline (no fires) against a historically based probability of wildfire overlaid by four alternative fire management regimes, representing cumulatively increasing levels of fire management intensity. These are: Regime 1, no action taken to prevent or stop wildfires; Regime 2, fire suppression (reactive fighting of wildfire); Regime 3, Regime 2 plus prevention (early dry-season burning); and Regime 4, Regime 3 combined with storm-burning (burning soon after the first wet-season storm). The model, which shows that fire and fire management have significant influences on the gross margin of Cape York Peninsula cattle properties, can be used as a decision-support tool in developing fire management strategies for individual properties. Specific fire management recommendations follow, together with the identification of potential areas of future work needed to facilitate use of the tool by clients.
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Hellum, A. K. "Seed ecology in a population of Acaciaholosericea." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-125.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One population of seed from 18 trees of Acaciaholosericea A. Cunn. ex G. Don from Western Australia was studied. Seeds were weighed individually and germinated in replicates of 25 to try to describe population behaviour under constant temperatures between 17 and 40 °C. Total germination peaked at between 95 and 99% at temperatures between 17 and 35 °C and then dropped sharply to 45% at 40 °C. Temperatures between 17 and 35 °C, therefore, did not influence total germination, and all respective slope coefficients were the same over the entire temperature range. This reflects a very wide optimal temperature range for germination. In all cases, seeds slightly heavier than the mean (11.6 mg) reached the highest rate of total germination. Peak germination occurred in progressively heavier seeds as temperatures were raised from 17 to 40 °C. The germinative rate was also found to decrease as seed weight increased at temperatures between 25 and 35 °C. This was true for seeds from single trees and for pooled seed. At 20 and 40 °C, however, lighter seeds tended to lose the ability to germinate quickly. Lighter seeds also tended to germinate well without a boiling pretreatment, whereas heavier seeds needed to be boiled for 90 s before germination could proceed. Boiling tended to kill the lightest seeds. Seeds weighing between 8 and 10 mg were able to germinate more quickly initially than either lighter or heavier seeds, regardless of which trees the seeds came from.
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Sanderlin, Randy S. "Susceptibility of Some Common Pecan Rootstocks to Infection by Xylella fastidiosa." HortScience 50, no. 8 (August 2015): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.8.1183.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch], a hardwood tree native to North America, is grown for commercial production of nuts in southeastern, central, and western regions of the United States. Pecan is also grown commercially in Mexico, South Africa, Australia, and some countries in South America. Pecan trees can be infected by the broad host range xylem-limited bacterial pathogen Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. Infection incites a leaf scorch disease that can cause significant defoliation, reduced tree growth, and lower nut yield. Pecan cultivars are clonally propagated onto rootstocks grown from open-pollinated seed of selected cultivars. X. fastidiosa is transmitted at a high frequency from infected rootstocks into newly developing grafted trees. Rootstocks resistant to infection would be beneficial to pecan nurseries and pecan producers to prevent infection of young trees through grafting, especially when combined with hot-water treatment of scions to eliminate the pathogen. Some common rootstocks were tested for variation in susceptibility to infection using mechanical inoculation with the pathogen. No outstanding level of resistance to infection was detected among the seven rootstocks tested. The rootstocks from ‘Curtis’, ‘Elliott’, and ‘Riverside’ were less susceptible than one standard rootstock in the test (‘VC1-68’) and less susceptible than highly susceptible ‘Cape Fear’ rootstock. Conversely, the rootstocks from ‘Apache’, ‘Moore’, ‘Stuart’, and ‘VC1-68’ seed had a level of susceptibility to infection comparable to ‘Cape Fear’ and perhaps are not the best choice for rootstocks in geographic areas where X. fastidiosa is prevalent. The results of this research suggest that there is variation in rootstock susceptibility to infection by X. fastidiosa. The use of mechanical inoculation may facilitate identification of susceptibility categories of pecan rootstocks to the pecan bacterial leaf scorch pathogen.
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Heinsohn, Robert, Stephen Murphy, and Sarah Legge. "Overlap and competition for nest holes among eclectus parrots, palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1 (2003): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We examined the extent of overlap in the characteristics of nest holes used by eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus), palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus) and sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) in patches of rainforest and woodland in and around Iron Range National Park, Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Eclectus parrots nested only in rainforest and palm cockatoos nested mostly in eucalypt woodland adjacent to rainforest. Sulphur-crested cockatoos nested in both habitats. Nest holes of eclectus parrots and rainforest sulphur-crested cockatoos were in trees of larger DBH (diameter at breast height) and higher off the ground than those of palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos in woodland. Palm cockatoos differed from the other parrots in their use of deeper holes with entrances that faced skywards rather than sideways. Both palm cockatoos and woodland sulphur-crested cockatoos used nests with smaller entrances than eclectus parrots and rainforest sulphur-crested cockatoos. All species showed intraspecific competition for nest holes. Behavioural conflict was also common between sulphur-crested cockatoos and the other two species. Each year 9.7–25.8% of eclectus parrot nests were taken over either permanently or temporarily by sulphur-crested cockatoos. Only one palm cockatoo nest was taken over by sulphur-crested cockatoos. Nest-holes were destroyed by natural causes at similar rates in rainforest (3.8% per annum over 174 nest-years) and woodland (5.4% per annum over 93 nest-years). Four nest trees fell over, and the floor of the nest collapsed at a further four holes. Three woodland nest trees burnt down during dry-season fires (August–October). New eclectus parrot and rainforest sulphur-crested cockatoo holes originated from incipient hollows on the tree that were modified by the parrots. We discuss the intense competition between these large parrots in light of the apparent shortage of appropriate nest holes in Cape York rainforest and eucalypt woodland.
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BARRICK, KENNETH A. "Comparison of the nutrient ecology of coastalBanksia grandiselfinwood (windswept shrub-like form) and low trees, Cape Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park, Western Australia." Austral Ecology 28, no. 3 (June 2003): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01272.x.
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McDonald, Paul G., Penny D. Olsen, and D. J. Baker-Gabb. "Territory fidelity, reproductive success and prey choice in the brown falcon, Falco berigora: a flexible bet-hedger?" Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 4 (2003): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The brown falcon, Falco berigora, is one of Australia's most common and widespread raptors, inhabiting a broad array of habitats and most climatic zones across Australia. We monitored a large, marked population (44–49 pairs) over three annual breeding seasons in southern Victoria. Reproductive parameters such as clutch size and the duration of parental care were constant across years. However, there were marked differences in brood size and the proportion of pairs breeding. Both sexes of falcons were found to have high territory and mate fidelity, with only 10% of members of each sex changing territories during the study. Falcons were flexible in their choice of nest sites, using a variety of tree species and even isolated nest trees. Nest sites and territories were regularly distributed throughout the study area, with the density of the population the highest on record for this species. The diet of the population as a whole was very broad, but each pair predominantly specialised on either lagomorphs, small ground prey, small birds, large birds or reptiles. Individuals that changed territory within the study area also switched their diet according to the predominant land-use within the new territory and thus prey availability. We argue that, at the population level, broad dietary breadth, flexibility in choice of nest site, and a conservative, static breeding strategy allows the species to persist in a broad range of environments, possibly through 'bet-hedging'. At the individual level, changeable dietary specialisation, high territory fidelity, strong year-round territorial defence, confining breeding to years when individual conditions were favourable and adjusting brood sizes when required appear to be the main strategies enabling brown falcons to thrive under a variety of conditions.
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Dial, Kenneth P., and Brandon E. Jackson. "When hatchlings outperform adults: locomotor development in Australian brush turkeys ( Alectura lathami , Galliformes)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1712 (November 3, 2010): 1610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1984.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Within Galliformes, megapods (brush turkey, malleefowl, scrubfowl) exhibit unique forms of parental care and growth. Hatchlings receive no post-hatching parental care and exhibit the most exaggerated precocial development of all extant birds, hatching with fully developed, flight-capable forelimbs. Rather than flying up to safety, young birds preferentially employ wing-assisted incline running. Newly hatched Australian brush turkeys ( Alectura lathami ) are extraordinarily proficient at negotiating all textured inclined surfaces and can flap-walk up inclines exceeding the vertical. Yet, as brush turkeys grow, their forelimb-dependent locomotor performance declines. In an attempt to elucidate how hatchlings perform so well, we analysed hindlimb forces and forelimb kinematics. We measured ground reaction forces (GRFs) for animals spanning the entire growth range (110–2000 g) as they ascended a variably positioned inclined ramp that housed a forceplate. These data are compared with a similar dataset for a chukar partridge ( Alectoris chukar ) that exhibit a growth strategy typical of most other Galliformes and that demonstrate improved incline performance with increasing age. The brush turkeys' ontogenetic decline in incline running performance is accompanied by loss of traction at steep angles, reduced GRFs and increased wing-loading. We hypothesize that Australian brush turkeys, in contrast to other Galliformes, develop from forelimb-dominated young that exploit a variable terrain (e.g. mound nests, boulders, embankments, cliffs, bushes and trees) into hindlimb-dominated adults dependent on size and running speed to avoid predation.
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Shearer, B. L., C. E. Crane, R. G. Fairman, and M. J. Grant. "Occurrence of Armillaria luteobubalina and Pathogen-mediated Changes in Coastal Dune Vegetation of South-western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 5 (1997): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sixty-two Armillaria luteobubalina Watling & Kiledisease centres were assessed along the coast from near Cervantes, 160 kmnorth-west of Perth, to Cape Arid, 120 km east of Esperance. Disease centresranged from 0.02 to 6.5 ha in size (mean ± s.e., 1.7 ± 0.2 ha).Most disease centres were active, with mainly old deaths occurring in only7% of centres. Impact was low in only 3% of centres. Diseasecentres mainly occurred on calcareous sands of Holocene dune systems.Susceptible hosts from the Proteaceae, Mimosaceae and Myrtaceae tended to bedominant small trees or shrubs and their death resulted in centres composedmainly of sedges or small shrubs and ground-cover species from a range offamilies. Percentage cover of susceptible plant species was significantly lessin disease centres than adjacent healthy areas. Cover of resistant speciestended to be greater in disease centres than adjacent healthy areas, althoughdifferences were not significant. In association with changes in communitystructure, infection resulted in more bare ground in disease centres thanamongst healthy vegetation. Infection had minimal effect on species richness.The mortality progress curve for the susceptible speciesDryandra sessilis (Knight) Domin increased at a meanapparent infection rate of 0.31 ± s.e. 0.12year-1. A disease centre extended at the rate of 0.004ha year-1 between 1964 and 1983 and 0.07 hayear-1 during the period 1981–1989. Diseaseextension per year was not correlated with yearly rainfall. Threatened taxakilled by A. luteobubalina included the rare andendangered Banksia brownii Baxter ex R.Br.,B. occidentalis R.Br. subsp.formosa Hopper, andB. verticillata R.Br. This is the first report ofdisease significantly altering the structure and composition of coastalvegetation of south-western Australia.Armillaria luteobubalina is a significant additional,and hitherto unrecognised, selection pressure on coastal dune vegetationcommunities, and an important consideration in their management andconservation.
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Sexton, Justin, Yvette Everingham, David Donald, Steve Staunton, and Ronald White. "A comparison of non-linear regression methods for improved on-line near infrared spectroscopic analysis of a sugarcane quality measure." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 26, no. 5 (October 2018): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518802448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On-line near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis systems play an important role in assessing the quality of sugarcane in Australia. As quality measures are used to calculate the payment made to growers, it is imperative that NIR models are both accurate and robust. Machine learning and non-linear modelling approaches have been explored as methods for developing improved NIR models in a variety of industrial settings, yet there has been little research into their application to cane quality measures. The objective of this paper was to compare chemometric models of commercial cane sugar (CCS) based on four calibration techniques. CCS was estimated using partial least squares regression (PLS), support vector regression (SVR), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and gradient boosted trees (GBTs). Model performance was assessed on an independent validation data set using root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and r2 values. SVR (RMSEP = 0.37%; r2 = 0.92) and ANN (RMSEP = 0.36%; r2 = 0.93) performed similarly to PLS (RMSEP = 0.37%; r2 = 0.92) on the validation data set, while GBT exhibited a much lower skill (RMSEP = 0.51%; r2 = 0.85). Analysis of important wavelengths in each model showed that PLS regression, SVR and ANN techniques emphasized the importance of similar spectral regions. Future research should consider testing model robustness over seasons and/or regions. Comparisons of chemometric models should consider reporting variable importance as a way of understanding how models use spectral information.
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Rapley, Luke P., Geoff R. Allen, and Brad M. Potts. "Genetic variation in Eucalyptus globulus in relation to susceptibility from attack by the southern eucalypt leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta agricola." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The southern eucalypt leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis), is an outbreak insect pest of commercial Eucalyptus globulus Labill. plantations in south-eastern Australia. We surveyed a young E. globulus family trial in southern Tasmania to determine whether genetic variation existed in the susceptibility of trees to C. agricola field oviposition. The family trial consisted of 225 families, derived from open-pollinated seed collected from native stands at 24 different localities, representing nine geographic subraces. The survey showed that E. globulus subraces from Victoria were significantly more susceptible to C. agricola oviposition than Tasmanian subraces. Significant additive genetic variation within subraces was evident for the number of egg batches, larval clutches and their combination (infestation level), although these heritability scores were all low (egg batches h2op = 0.09; larval clutches h2op = 0.14 and infestation level h2op = 0.11). Subsequent tree defoliation was significantly positively correlated with infestation at a phenotypic, genetic and environmental level. No significant differences in C. agricola oviposition on foliage sprigs was detected among subraces in an ex situ caged oviposition experiment. However, the cage experiment proved to be a good predictor of field oviposition, accounting for 70 and 88% of variation in field oviposition among localities and subraces, respectively.
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Henderson, L. "Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions." Bothalia 36, no. 2 (August 21, 2006): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v36i2.362.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A subset of invasive alien plant species in southern Africa was analysed in terms of their history of introduction, rate of spread, countries/region of origin, taxonomy, growth forms, cultivated uses, weed status and current distribution in southern Africa, and comparisons made of those originating from south of the tropic of Capricorn, north of the tropic of Cancer and from the tropics. The subset of 233 species, belonging to 58 families, includes all important declared species and some potentially important species. Almost as many species originate from temperate regions (112) as from the tropics (121). Most southern temperate species came from Australia (28/36), most tropical species from tropical America (92/121) and most northern temperate species from Europe (including the Mediterranean) and Asia (58/76). Transformers account for 33% of all species. More transformers are of tropical origin (36) than of northern temperate (24) and southern temperate origin (18). However. 50% of southern temperate species are transformers, compared to 32% of northern temperate and 29% of tropical species. Southern temperate transformer species are mainly woody trees and shrubs that were established on a grand scale as silvicultural crops, barriers (hedges, windbreaks and screens) and cover/binders. Most aquatics, herbs, climbers and succulent shrubs an. trom the tropics. Ornamentals are the single largest category of plants from all three regions, the tropics having contributed twice as many species as temperate regions.
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Landsberg, Jill, and F. R. Wylie. "Dieback of rural trees in Australia." GeoJournal 17, no. 2 (September 1988): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02432927.
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Adame, Maria Fernanda, and Ruth Reef. "Potential Pollution Sources from Agricultural Activities on Tropical Forested Floodplain Wetlands Revealed by Soil eDNA." Forests 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11080892.
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Tropical floodplain wetlands are found in low-lying areas that are periodically inundated. During wet periods, these wetlands can receive large amounts of suspended and dissolved material from the catchment, including many potential pollutants. In this study, we use traditional isotope tracers (δ15N and δ13C) along with soil eDNA to investigate the sources of transported materials and potential contaminants in seven forested floodplain wetlands in tropical Australia. We hypothesised that eDNA and isotope tracers in the soil would reflect the land use of the catchment. Our goal was to test whether eDNA could be used as a potential tool to identify and monitor pollutants in floodplain wetlands. The sampling sites were located within catchments that have a mosaic of land types, from well-conserved rainforests to intensive agricultural land uses, such as grazing, sugar cane, wood production, and horticulture. The soil eDNA was comprised of a mix of plant species consistent with the land use of the catchments. Most of the eDNA pool was derived from native trees, accounting for 46.2 ± 6.5% of the total; while cultivated species associated with agricultural activities contributed to 1–24% of the total. From the cultivated species, highest contributions (>5%) were from Sorghum sp. used for grazing, banana (Musa ornata), melons (Cucumis melo), and Pinus radiata and Juniperus sp. grown for wood production. Interestingly, tropical wetlands on sites 15 km offshore had soil eDNA from agricultural activities of the mainland, highlighting the connectivity of these wetlands, probably during extensive floods. Overall, soil eDNA, more than isotopic tracers, showed promising results for tracing and monitoring potential pollutants in tropical floodplain wetlands that are highly connected and susceptible to environmental degradation.
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Moore, Cordelia H., Euan S. Harvey, and Kimberly P. Van Niel. "Spatial prediction of demersal fish distributions: enhancing our understanding of species–environment relationships." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 9 (August 18, 2009): 2068–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp205.
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Abstract Moore, C. H., Harvey, E. S., and Van Niel, K. P. 2009. Spatial prediction of demersal fish distributions: enhancing our understanding of species–environment relationships. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2068–2075. We used species distribution modelling to identify key environmental variables influencing the spatial distribution of demersal fish and to assess the potential of these species–environment relationships to predict fish distributions accurately. In the past, predictive modelling of fish distributions has been limited, because detailed habitat maps of deeper water (>10 m) have not been available. However, recent advances in mapping deeper marine environments using hydroacoustic surveys have redressed this limitation. At Cape Howe Marine National Park in southeastern Australia, previously modelled benthic habitats based on hydroacoustic and towed video data were used to investigate the spatial ecology of demersal fish. To establish the influence of environmental variables on the distributions of this important group of marine fish, classification trees (CTs) and generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed for four demersal fish species. Contrasting advantages were observed between the two approaches. CTs provided greater explained variation for three of the four species and revealed a better ability to model species distributions with complex environmental interactions. However, the predictive accuracy of the GAMs was greater for three of the four species. Both these modelling techniques provided a detailed understanding of demersal fish distributions and landscape linkages and an accurate method for predicting species distributions across unsampled locations where continuous spatial benthic data are available. Information of this nature will permit more-targeted fisheries management and more-effective planning and monitoring of marine protected areas.
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Johnstone, R. E., T. Kirby, and K. Sarti. "The breeding biology of the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Gould in south-western Australia. II. Breeding behaviour and diet." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 2 (2013): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130143.
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Little is known of the breeding behaviour of the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso (FRTBC), a large, iconic forest cockatoo, endemic to the south-west corner of Western Australia, currently listed as Vulnerable under the State Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act and under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. In this paper, we provide details of breeding behaviour of FRTBC based on observations throughout the year over 17 years, together with observations of diet and feeding behaviour over the same period. FRTBC are monogamous hollow-nesters. Breeding was recorded in all months, with peaks in autumn-winter (April– June) and spring (August–October), with few records in January and February. Breeding also varied between years, with little breeding in 1999, 2001 and 2008, but many observations in 2006 and 2009. Breeding occurred at times of fruiting of either of the principal feed trees, Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata or Marri Corymbia calophylla, so it does not depend solely on one or the other of these species. Courtship displays were noted at all times of the day, from before dawn at roost sites to dusk. In total, 205 breeding events were recorded, of which 69 (93%) of 72 nests had breeding confirmed on a second visit. Use of particular nest hollows varied considerably, with some used only once and some up to seven times. Only one egg is laid, which the female incubates for 29 to 31 days, before a nestling hatches weighing between 27 and 32 g. The female remains in the hollow during incubation and only leaves for a short period in the evening to be fed by the male, usually at dusk. The chicks are brooded for up to 10 days, after which the female leaves the nest between dawn and dusk. Pairs of birds appear to recognise each other by calls, not responding to calls by others in the area. Chicks only respond when the parent is heard. Chicks are fully feathered at 48 days. Fledgling success was estimated at 60%. Juveniles remain dependent on the adults 18 months to 2 years. Thirty-seven chicks were banded between 1997 and 2011. Juvenile-immature birds moved on average less than 3 km from their natal tree and older birds were observed moving up to 19 km. This suggests that FRTBC are generally sedentary. Immature birds took up to three times as long as their parents to open Jarrah or Marri nuts and eat the seeds. In recent years there has been an interesting change in foraging behaviour of birds in the northern Darling Range (adjacent to the Perth metropolitan area) with the FRTBC discovering and using a new food source, the introduced Cape Lilac Melia azedarach, and this species is of growing importance as food in the Perth region. In combination, the data on breeding biology and diet highlight the importance of identifying recruitment rates and food availability in managing populations of FRTBC.
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Collins, Luke, Adele Hunter, Sarah McColl-Gausden, Trent D. Penman, and Philip Zylstra. "The Effect of Antecedent Fire Severity on Reburn Severity and Fuel Structure in a Resprouting Eucalypt Forest in Victoria, Australia." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040450.
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Research highlights—Feedbacks between fire severity, vegetation structure and ecosystem flammability are understudied in highly fire-tolerant forests that are dominated by epicormic resprouters. We examined the relationships between the severity of two overlapping fires in a resprouting eucalypt forest and the subsequent effect of fire severity on fuel structure. We found that the likelihood of a canopy fire was the highest in areas that had previously been exposed to a high level of canopy scorch or consumption. Fuel structure was sensitive to the time since the previous canopy fire, but not the number of canopy fires. Background and Objectives—Feedbacks between fire and vegetation may constrain or amplify the effect of climate change on future wildfire behaviour. Such feedbacks have been poorly studied in forests dominated by highly fire-tolerant epicormic resprouters. Here, we conducted a case study based on two overlapping fires within a eucalypt forest that was dominated by epicormic resprouters to examine (1) whether past wildfire severity affects future wildfire severity, and (2) how combinations of understorey fire and canopy fire within reburnt areas affect fuel properties. Materials and Methods—The study focused on ≈77,000 ha of forest in south-eastern Australia that was burnt by a wildfire in 2007 and reburnt in 2013. The study system was dominated by eucalyptus trees that can resprout epicormically following fires that substantially scorch or consume foliage in the canopy layer. We used satellite-derived mapping to assess whether the severity of the 2013 fire was affected by the severity of the 2007 fire. Five levels of fire severity were considered (lowest to highest): unburnt, low canopy scorch, moderate canopy scorch, high canopy scorch and canopy consumption. Field surveys were then used to assess whether combinations of understorey fire (<80% canopy scorch) and canopy fire (>90% canopy consumption) recorded over the 2007 and 2013 fires caused differences in fuel structure. Results—Reburn severity was influenced by antecedent fire severity under severe fire weather, with the likelihood of canopy-consuming fire increasing with increasing antecedent fire severity up to those classes causing a high degree of canopy disturbance (i.e., high canopy scorch or canopy consumption). The increased occurrence of canopy-consuming fire largely came at the expense of the moderate and high canopy scorch classes, suggesting that there was a shift from crown scorch to crown consumption. Antecedent fire severity had little effect on the severity patterns of the 2013 fire under nonsevere fire weather. Areas affected by canopy fire in 2007 and/or 2013 had greater vertical connectivity of fuels than sites that were reburnt by understorey fires, though we found no evidence that repeated canopy fires were having compounding effects on fuel structure. Conclusions—Our case study suggests that exposure to canopy-defoliating fires has the potential to increase the severity of subsequent fires in resprouting eucalypt forests in the short term. We propose that the increased vertical connectivity of fuels caused by resprouting and seedling recruitment were responsible for the elevated fire severity. The effect of antecedent fire severity on reburn severity will likely be constrained by a range of factors, such as fire weather.
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Fyfe, Christopher B. "‘Men of The Trees’ in Western Australia." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 1 (1991): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002138x.
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Black, E. Couper. "Canoes and Canoe Trees of Australia.1." Mankind 3, no. 12 (February 10, 2009): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1947.tb00139.x.
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Gibbons, P., D. B. Lindenmayer, S. C. Barry, and M. T. Tanton. "Hollow formation in eucalypts from temperate forests in southeastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 3 (2000): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000217.
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We examined factors associated with the occurrence of tree hollows in four eucalypt species from temperate forest in southeastern New South Wales and East Gippsland. A total of 1 256 standing trees and 328 felled trees was examined. The proportion of trees containing hollows with small entrances (2-5 cm) was significantly negatively associated with dbh, while the proportion of trees containing hollows with medium (5-10 cm) and large (>10 cm) entrances was positively associated with dbh. There was a significant, but weak, relationship between hollow depth and minimum entrance width that was improved with the addition to the model of the variables branch diameter and branch health. Trees of all sizes and ages contained hollows, although larger and older trees had a higher probability of doing so. For two tree species (Brown Barrel or Cuttail Eucalyptus fastigata and Messmate E. obliqua), the probability of live trees containing hollows remained below 0.5 for stems less than 180 years of age. Un logged forest supported, on average, 22.0 hollowbearing trees per ha ? 18.5% of which were dead trees. For all values of dbh, trees were more likely to contain hollows if either dead or in poor physiological condition, indicating the potential for hollow development to be accelerated in eucalypts by killing or injuring suitably-sized trees.
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MENZEL, C. M., and D. R. SIMPSON. "NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON LYCHEE TREES IN SUBTROPICAL AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 275 (July 1990): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.275.72.
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Aldous, David E. "TREES OF THE HISTORIC BURNLEY GARDENS, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA." Arboricultural Journal 14, no. 1 (February 1990): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1990.9746827.
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Russell, J. S., D. M. Cameron, I. F. Whan, D. F. Beech, D. B. Prestwidge, and S. J. Rance. "Rainforest trees as a new crop for Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 60, no. 1-2 (August 1993): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90022-f.
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Doran-Browne, Natalie A., John Ive, Phillip Graham, and Richard J. Eckard. "Carbon-neutral wool farming in south-eastern Australia." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15541.
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Ruminant livestock production generates higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) compared with other types of farming. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce or offset those emissions where possible. Although mitigation options exist that reduce ruminant GHGE through the use of feed management, flock structure or breeding management, these options only reduce the existing emissions by up to 30% whereas planting trees and subsequent carbon sequestration in trees and soil has the potential for livestock emissions to be offset in their entirety. Trees can introduce additional co-benefits that may increase production such as reduced salinity and therefore increased pasture production, shelter for animals or reduced erosion. Trees will also use more water and compete with pastures for water and light. Therefore, careful planning is required to locate trees where the co-benefits can be maximised instead of any negative trade-offs. This study analysed the carbon balance of a wool case study farm, Talaheni, in south-eastern Australia to determine if the farm was carbon neutral. The Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory was used to calculate GHGE and carbon stocks, with national emissions factors used where available, and otherwise figures from the IPCC methodology being used. Sources of GHGE were from livestock, energy and fuel, and carbon stocks were present in the trees and soil. The results showed that from when the farm was purchased in 1980–2012 the farm had sequestered 11 times more carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) in trees and soil than was produced by livestock and energy. Between 1980 and 2012 a total of 31 100 t CO2e were sequestered with 19 300 and 11 800 t CO2e in trees and soil, respectively, whereas farm emissions totalled 2800 t CO2e. There was a sufficient increase in soil carbon stocks alone to offset all GHGE at the study site. This study demonstrated that there are substantial gains to be made in soil carbon stocks where initial soils are eroded and degraded and there is the opportunity to increase soil carbon either through planting trees or introducing perennial pastures to store more carbon under pastures. Further research would be beneficial on the carbon-neutral potential of farms in more fertile, high-rainfall areas. These areas typically have higher stocking rates than the present study and would require higher levels of carbon stocks for the farm to be carbon neutral.
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Mogoutnov, Alena, and Jackie Venning. "Remnant tree decline in agricultural regions of South Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 20, no. 4 (2014): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc140366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Agricultural landscapes in southern Australia were once dominated by temperate eucalypt woodlands of which only fragmented patches and scattered trees in paddocks remain. This study focuses on the decline of scattered trees in the Mount Lofty Ranges and South East agricultural regions of South Australia. A combination of digitized aerial photography and satellite imagery was used to extend a previous assessment of decline undertaken in the early 1980s and increase the period over which decline was assessed to 58–72 years. A total of 17 049 scattered trees were counted from the earliest time period assessed over 11 sites of which 6 185 trees were lost by 2008 — a 36 % decline. Recruitment of 2 179 trees during this period was evident. Imagery indicates that clearing for agricultural intensification is the primary cause of the decline. A range of management options and policy settings are required to reverse the decline notwithstanding the challenges of implementation at a landscape scale across privately owned land.
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Redman, S. "Multidisciplinary care in Australia." European Journal of Cancer 38, no. 11 (March 2002): S154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(02)80519-6.
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McGill, Margaret. "Diabetes care in Australia." Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 120 (October 2016): S3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8227(16)30879-8.
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Harris, Ross. "Terminal Care in Australia." Hospice Journal, The 3, no. 1 (April 15, 1987): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j011v03n01_07.
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Pollard, Brian. "Palliative Care in Australia." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 21, no. 1 (February 1993): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9302100123.
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McCracken, Ann, Catherine Heal, and Bruce Taylor. "Dementia care in Australia." American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 13, no. 1 (January 1998): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153331759801300107.
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Cleland, Heather. "BURN CARE IN AUSTRALIA." ANZ Journal of Surgery 76, no. 9 (September 2006): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2006.03911.x.
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Lowthian, Judy. "Emergency Care In Australia." Health Affairs 32, no. 10 (October 2013): 1856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2013.0802.
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Andersen, N. A. "Primary Care in Australia." International Journal of Health Services 16, no. 2 (April 1986): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3l1k-c30d-j5af-2ajn.
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The Australian health care delivery system is reviewed in this article, with special comment on the implications of the financial components of the system and government concerns regarding costs and over-servicing. General practitioners' perception of their role is not significantly different from the expectation of patients, yet the reality may not match the idealized view. There are problems related to availability and there are developments which seem to pose some threat to the continuing care of patients. New developments have occurred in the way in which practice is organized which give an emphasis to continual availability over 24 hour periods, and these developments pose a challenge to the way in which doctors have organized their practices. Population features-Aborigines, migrants, and the elderly-present significant problems that are not always well met, and the concept of total patient care thereby suffers. The general practitioner's apparent failure to fill the expected role in co-ordination of services is discussed, as is the need for general practitioners to become more actively involved in health education and promotion. The hope for the future lies in the Family Medicine Programme of The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, which represents a major attempt to provide appropriate vocational training for general practice.
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Spence, Nigel. "Kinship care in Australia." Child Abuse Review 13, no. 4 (July 2004): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.854.
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Harris, Ross D., and Lyn M. Finlay-Jones. "Terminal Care in Australia." Hospice Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1987): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0742-969x.1987.11882583.
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Keleher, Helen. "Community Care in Australia." Home Health Care Management & Practice 15, no. 5 (August 2003): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1084822303252394.
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Williams, Richard J., and Michael Douglas. "Windthrow in a tropical savanna in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000910x.
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ABSTRACTWindthrow was assessed following a convective storm in a stand of tropical savanna in Kakadu National Park, northern Australia. Over an area of 3 ha, 79 out of 810 trees (9.8%) were damaged; 27 of them were either uprooted or snapped off at the trunk. Logistic regression showed that both species and tree height were significant determinants of the probability of wind damage. Branch loss and either uprooting or trunk snapping was highest in the canopy sub-dominant Eucalyptus porrecta. Damage was lowest in the sub-dominant trees Erythrophleum chlorostachys, a species which is relatively resistant to termite damage, and Terminalia ferdinandiana, a deciduous species which is generally shorter than the main canopy dominants. Damage was intermediate in the two most common canopy dominants, Eucalyptus tetrodonta and E. miniata. Wind damage was greatest in trees taller than 9 m and relatively minor in trees below this height. Wind disturbs savanna trees in a manner opposite to that of fire, because wind damage is greatest in taller trees, whereas fire damage is greatest in smaller trees. This, coupled with significant within-patch variability in the extent of wind damage, may act to increase small-scale environmental heterogeneity in savannas.
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Beyer, Georgia L., Ross L. Goldingay, and David J. Sharpe. "The characteristics of squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) den trees in subtropical Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 56, no. 1 (2008): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo08053.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Effective management of tree-hollow-dependent wildlife requires a sound knowledge of the characteristics of the trees used for shelter or breeding. We used radio-tracking to identify the den trees of squirrel gliders (Petaurus norfolcensis) in south-east Queensland (Qld) and north-east New South Wales (NSW). Squirrel gliders used dead trees as well as 13 species of living tree for dens across the two locations. Dead trees accounted for a large percentage of dens (54% of 48 dens in Qld, and 50% of 18 dens in NSW) despite comprising only 3–10% of the forest (trees >20 cm diameter at breast height (dbh)) at each location. This preference is largely due to dead trees being more likely to contain hollows, accounting for 26–44% of available hollow-bearing trees. Mean den tree size (dbh) was 48.9 ± 2.4 cm in Qld and 62.8 ± 5.6 cm in NSW. Den entrance height averaged 6.8 ± 1.2 m in Qld and 11.9 ± 1.3 m in NSW. Fissures in the trunk and holes in branches were the most common of six hollow types used. At one location branch end hollows were ignored relative to their availability. Den entrances varied in size (2.5–12 cm wide) but most were ≤5 cm in diameter. Entrance size of hollows appears to be the hollow attribute of most importance to squirrel gliders. Monitoring of these den trees over several years revealed the collapse of three dead den trees at each location, which is equivalent to an annual loss of 3% of den trees. Further research is needed to determine whether this will lead to a future shortage of den trees.
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Bowern, Claire. "Historical linguistics in Australia: trees, networks and their implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1559 (December 12, 2010): 3845–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0013.
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This paper presents an overview of the current state of historical linguistics in Australian languages. Australian languages have been important in theoretical debates about the nature of language change and the possibilities for reconstruction and classification in areas of intensive diffusion. Here are summarized the most important outstanding questions for Australian linguistic prehistory; I also present a case study of the Karnic subgroup of Pama–Nyungan, which illustrates the problems for classification in Australian languages and potential approaches using phylogenetic methods.
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Jones, David. "‘Plant trees’: the foundations of Arbor Day in Australia." Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes 30, no. 1 (February 19, 2010): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14601170903010200.
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Lefroy, E. C., P. R. Dann, J. H. Wildin, R. N. Wesley-Smith, and A. A. McGowan. "Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia." Agroforestry Systems 20, no. 1-2 (November 1992): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00055307.
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Darbyshire, Rebecca, Leanne Webb, Ian Goodwin, and Snow Barlow. "Winter chilling trends for deciduous fruit trees in Australia." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 151, no. 8 (August 2011): 1074–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.03.010.
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Henderson, B. L., E. N. Bui, C. J. Moran, and D. A. P. Simon. "Australia-wide predictions of soil properties using decision trees." Geoderma 124, no. 3-4 (February 2005): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.06.007.
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