Статті в журналах з теми "Travel letter"

Narratives of travel to Arabia in the eighteenth century are often stories written during the journey. These letters form after the return of the traveler the matter of a story published by the traveler himself or by a publisher. The letter that constitutes the travel narrative is usually of particular value: it gives the story a more real character. Based on an analysis of four epistolary travel relationships, this article's main objectives are to prove the presence of letters in travelogues in Arabia, to demonstrate the functions and characteristics of these letters, the originality and specificity of each epistolary narrative. Our study focuses on the letter as a narrative, and not as a mere ornament or circumstantial element related to the course of the action. Les récits de voyage en Arabie au XVIIIesiècle sont souvent des récits par lettres écrites pendant le voyage. Ces lettres forment après le retour du voyageur la matière d’un récit publié par le voyageur lui-même ou par un éditeur. La lettre qui constitue le récit de voyage possède en général une valeur particulière : elle donne au récit un caractère plus réel. Basé sur une analyse de quatre relations de voyage épistolaires, cet article a pour principaux objectifs de prouver la présence des lettres dans les récits de voyage en Arabie, de démontrer les fonctions et les caractéristiques de ces lettres, l’originalité et la spécificité de chaque récit épistolaire. Notre étude se focalise sur la lettre en tant que récit, et non comme simple ornement ou élément circonstanciel lié au déroulement de l’action.

Dear IR community, It is happening again. Conferences that were planning to host in-person events in the first half of 2022 are switching to fully virtual events. WSDM 2022 is the latest to do so, following CHIIR 2022 which made the switch in December. While this is disappointing for all of us that were hoping to travel again, and especially heartbreaking for the conference organizers, it is clearly the right thing to do given lockdowns and travel restrictions being reinstated in countries around the world. We continue to plan for a hybrid SIGIR 2022 with an in-person event in Madrid, taking into account the possibility of COVID-related restrictions that may reduce its size---or force us to cancel altogether.

The development of technology, especially computers at this time has a very important role in life in society. Technology that develops according to the demands of the times is expected to be a supporting tool to deal with problems that arise in managing and solving problems in the company or organization. Similarly, the Office of The Agriculture Office of Pati Regency is expected to provide accurate and accurate information in making a travel warrant. Pati District Agriculture Office does not currently have an application to make a letter, the office is currently making letters still manually. This Information System is designed using the PHP programming language. This Information System is designed in such a way as to facilitate the creation of faster and more accurate and complete letters. This Information System is important because it makes it easier to create a travel warrant because it can shorten the time.

A vehicle license number recognition system for measuring travel time has been developed. This is a vehicle license number recognition system by applying image processing. A series of four-digit numbers are transmitted to the center. With the recognition results being matched at the center, the system is capable of directly measuring travel time which is an important parameter for the operation of the road traffic surveillance and control system. This paper will discuss (1) a hardware composition for solving problems associated with the imaging processing to be done outdoors and problems such as processing speed, etc.; (2) the method of extracting each letter by extracting license plate region from complicated images, and the letter recognition system based on peripheral-pattern matching; and (3) experiments for evaluation in the field. As a result of experiments for evaluation, the processing time is within a second, and the recognition rate for all moving vehicles has been as high as over 85% at day time and night time.

Kant's correspondence includes a short letter from a well-wisher named Bertram. The content of the letter is as harmless as it is uninteresting: Bertram invites Kant to visit his brother's estate. ‘Do come,’ he says, ‘because the weather is so beautiful and such travel so beneficial’ (10: 182). The interest of the letter is entirely exhausted by the date: 20 May 1775. For Kant used the letter to scribble down ideas, some suggestive of themes later to emerge in the first Critique. Similarity of handwriting and train of thought suggests that these scribbles are part of a whole bundle of papers collectively known as the Duisburg Nachlaβ (R4674-4684 in volume 17 of the Academy Edition). It was supposedly Kant's practice to use letters as scrap paper shortly after receiving them. If this is true, we can date the Bertram scribbles - and, in all likelihood, the bundle as a whole - to some time in 1775. That would make the Duisburg Nachlaβ one of the few pieces of philosophical writing in Kant's own hand to come down to us from the 1770s, and the only extended piece in his hand from the middle of the decade. It offers a rare glimpse of Kant at work on immediate ancestors of central ideas in the first Critique and might therefore be expected to shed light on an important chapter in Kant's philosophical development.

In response to Peter Wright’s letter “Spaced out” in which he questions the value of billionaires’ space travel, such as the 20 July flight of Jeff Bezos on the rocket New Shepard, built by his aerospace company Blue Origin.

This paper reflects on the relationship between the female traveling experience and the epistolary genre through a reading of Rosario Castellanos’s Cartas a Ricardo as travel literature. The aim is to analyse the hybrid nature of the letter as a genre that allows the exploration of ideas and confessing or revealing affects during particular processes of constructing female subjectivities. Different than conventional travel chronicles, it is argued that the travel accounts transmitted through the female epistolary genre can throw light on physical and emotional displacement, but also on the intellectual and creative work of women in (self)censored or repressed environments. It is concluded that for Castellanos both traveling and writing are conscious acts of intellectual and gender freedom.

This paper will present new evidence to resolve a long-standing problem in the biography of Mani, the founder of Manichaeism, who lived in Sasanian Iran during the third-century A.D. There are a number of important early references to Armenia in Manichaean texts. These include a Sogdian account of how Mār Gabryab brought the religion to Armenia and contains the earliest known literary reference to the name of the capital city of Erevan; and various notices of Mani’s own Letter to Armenia in Arabic, Middle Persian and Sogdian. But the principal focus for this paper is to resolve the question as to whether Mani himself travelled to Armenia in the early/mid 270s A.D. The account of his final travels, before his imprisonment and death under King Bahrām I in Gondēšāpūr, has been the subject of sustained debate since late antiquity. The early Christian polemical tradition represented by the Acts of Archelaus (ca. 330 A.D., extant in Latin, with parallels and elaborated traditions in Greek, Syriac etc.) placed him in the mysterious Castellum Arabionis near the border of the Roman Empire, and in the 19th-century it was common to locate this in Armenia. However, discoveries of primary Manichaean texts in Coptic and Middle Iranian languages in the 20th century turned attention to sites in Mesopotamia. This paper aims to reconcile these accounts and will utilise a newly-edited Coptic source to demonstrate that Mani did, indeed, travel to Sasanian Armenia in the company of a local nobleman named Baat.

People are encouraged to selectively choose a trusted umroh travel agency. First Travel and Abu Travel has violated Article 65 letter a Government Regulation Number 79 Year 2012 on Implementation of Law Number 13 Year 2008 regarding Hajj Implementation. The violation is a neglect of Umrah pilgrims who failed to leave for Saudi Arabia, and resulted in material and immaterial losses experienced by Umrah congregation. The type of legal research used by the authors in this study is the type of legal case study research; This type of research is also called Library Research, is research conducted by tracing or reviewing and analyzing library materials or materials ready to use documents. Improving the supervision of umrah. The supervision is done because it can increase the travel agency of umroh and haj pilgrimage, so that with this supervision the prospective pilgrims who register will not get the act of fraud.

This research aims to show the influences of the power of discourse: genre, gender, and colonialism in Unbeaten Tracks in Japan by Isabella Lucy Bird. Some travel writing’s paradigms were used as theoretical background in this research, such Sara Mills and Carl Thompson. As an object of the research, the novel became the source of primary data. Another historical and cultural literary and also literary review of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan as secondary data. The result of the research examined that contestation of discourses implied the way of the author to preserve his stories.

This essay aspires to examine the use of transliteration of some words and phrases from Arabic to English in travel literature books. This has been conducted by exploring the transliterated Arabic words and phrases, and comparing the different transliterations of the same words and phrases by different writers. It investigates the way that the travel writers employ in making plural nouns, the use of the definite article (Al) (ال), and Al-tashdid (the duplication of a letter). The conclusion drawn is that travel literature writers resort to transliteration for three reasons; one of the main reasons is that sometimes there is no one-to-one correspondence; the second main reason suggests that transliteration avoids the loss of meaning; and the third one stems from the fact that transliteration helps to find transculturation between cultures. The contributions of this essay would be of concern to scholars, who are interested in Arabic into English transliteration, specifically in English travel literature. According to the researchers’ knowledge, this essay can be considered a leading pioneer study in the field that deals with transliteration from Arabic into English in English travel literature.

Abstract This letter responds to “Evaluating impairment from allergic disorders” in the March/April 1999 issue of The Guides Newsletter. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) does not provide clear direction about whether allergies themselves constitute impairment. Consider a worker whose symptoms of asthma subsequent to workplace exposure to toluene diioscyanate resolve when he or she is removed from the job and is no longer exposed to the chemical. Because everyday exposure to diisocyanates is not common and the patient no longer requires medication, one could conclude the patient has no impairment. In contrast, consider a patient who has developed latex allergies as a result of being a health care worker and has experienced two anaphylactic reactions at work after entering rooms where powdered latex gloves had been used and must travel with an epinephrine pen. This person would have a minimum of a Class I impairment because of the few limitations of this person's activities of daily living (ADLs) and the condition requires no or intermittent treatment. Both patients might feel they had permanent changes in their body functions that required permanent changes in their ADLs. Clinicians who make evaluations should be aware of patients’ need for medications or monitoring, the severity of the patient's reactions, and limitations on social activities (eg, need for medications and need to avoid seasonal pollens).

An official travel warrant is a letter made for employee who has been assigned for an official trip to a certain area. The application process of The official travel warrant (surat perintah perjalanan dinas/SPPD) at Nurul Jadid University involves the Faculty Administration by submitting it to Head of Administration and the one who who has a right for approval, such as Representative Rector. The current process is still based on the old system and has an impact on long synchronization between employees due to lack of coordination and time-delays in the process of submitting service processes. Therefore, this study is intended to offer a system design for monitoring official travel orders with the Android Mobile App at Nurul Jadid University. The method used in this research is the waterfall method, whose stages or paths run from top to bottom. The target of this research is the monitoring of official trips which will make it easier for all parties. The results of this study are 96.9% of employees said that this system really helps the process of official travel effectively and efficiently.

Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Bali is a Regional Organization which has the task of resolving the problems of Information Technology (IT) within the Bali Provincial Government and all regions in the Province of Bali. After a month of observing the field of Tata Kelola Pemerintahan Elektronik, the author found a problem in diskominfos namely manual archiving and uniformity of the format of the letter in which the format of the previously made letters still differed from each creation and sometimes writing errors. Based on this, an application for making letters (E-Surat) of the Office of Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Bali was developed. In this journal the author focuses on the front end which consists of design, animation and system validation. There are several features that have been successfully developed in this application, namely master data and the making of assignment letters (SPT) and official travel orders (SPPD). With the success of developing these features, it was concluded that the author was able to produce an analysis and development of the E-Surat application of Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika, dan Statistik Provinsi Bali which can help make mailing easily and quickly.

A review of "Newcomb’s paradox" and "Roko’s Basilisk," asks the question, it is better to help build a super AI when failure to do so might later get you punished by it? This work of philosophical short story of fiction is written as a letter to a friend. The letter writer was told about, and is now working on, a computer program that will infiltrate and merge with other computers, eventually created a singularity of a super intelligent, conscious AI. This AI, the author argues, will have mastered time travel and will naturally want to go back in time and punish anyone who failed to help it come to life. The author concludes the letter by requesting $3,000 and making clear that failure to send the money might be viewed by the future AI (if it is ever created) as a punishable response for failing to help it get built.

Some travel agencies have difficulty in monitoring the operational control and generating financial report. This is due to the operation of the data storage for business transactions conducted separately , and the reporting of the financial statements company are still found not in accordance with the bank reconciliation . In this study, the methodology the system development life cycle (SDLC) is used ranging from data collection through interview, observation and study of the literature up to the stage of application development, namely the analysis phase in the travel agency using the method of direct observation of the flow through the reporting process. After that, go into the design stages of database design methods and user interface. Global Travel Agency System Solutions (GTASS) product is the integration system designed specifically for the corporate travel agency that exists to facilitate control operations, such as creating a bill (invoice), Letter of Gurantee (LG) and financial oversight as receipts and expenditure of money. With the ease of processing, then the presentation of the financial statements can be done automatically. Important early financial supervision carried out by the travel agency due to an increase in sales without adequate consideration of financial supervision, will lead to the emergence of new problems, which in turn will hamper efforts to increase the sales.

Two years before Johann David Schöpf (1752-1800) published his Beyträge … (1787), Franz Joseph Märter (1753-1827) sent letters from Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, and East-Florida to Ignaz von Born, describing plants, animals, and geological features of the newly independent states. These letters were speedily printed in Physikalische Arbeiten … in Vienna (1785). A last letter sent from the Bahamas appeared in the same periodical in 1786. Märter's geological observations are translated and analyzed here for the first time. His descriptions of various rocks along the Schuylkill River, upstream from Philadelphia (granites, limestones, marble quarries, widespread weathered iron ores), and his interpretation of the fossiliferous sandstones in the Appalachian mountains are very similar to those by Schöpf. So are Märter's observations of shell banks, either exposed in ditches many miles from the sea, or in cliffs at Yorktown, Virginia, and Wilmington, North Carolina, as well as his description of granite and of a large coal mine near Richmond, Virginia. Finally, both travelers noticed that the rocky cliffs in the Bahamas consisted of limestone formed by Muschelsand [beachrock]. We established that Märter and Schöpf traveled together from Philadelphia to the Bahamas (November 1783 to March 1784). But neither acknowledged the influence, or at least the presence of the other, probably for political reasons.

Virtual tourism is accepted make an advantage for bosses small scale of travel industry through the offer of access administrations, however, all in large scale virtual tourism will affect essentially on the travel industry goals in the truth of the experience since they can't be provided by the supplier. Virtual tourism just give looks and impressions, yet unfit to give a taste, smell, feeling, fulfillment, dedication, and dependability. Arranging a traveler visit may utilize different proposals offered by different suppliers. For booking travel tickets inside the nation, traveloka will be their decision with different advantageous installment choices gave. For booking global travel tickets they may pick TripAdvisor. For the choice of goals to be visited, potential sightseers will no doubt utilize the suggestions offered by Indonesia Virtual Tour, and Tripadvisor may be for determination of facilities, imminent travelers get more suggestions, however, who can show evaluations that are probably going to be trailed by expected voyagers. Regardless of how straight forward virtual tourism is, they have a significant job as an extension between the travel industry makers and likely voyagers. E-tourism created in Indonesia right now has not addressed the most significant part of giving data and assurance to sightseers when they decide to visit vacationer goals. The vast majority of the suppliers that fabricate virtually the travel industry frameworks have the point of building up a business association or business affiliations with entrepreneurs, for example, convenience administrations, tagging administrations, eatery administrations, and different administrations focused on business. Another technique arranged to quicken the recuperation of Bali's travel industry is to make and set explicit wellbeing gauges. Explicit Health Standards arranged for the travel industry as expressed in Circular Letter Number 3355 of 2020 concerning the new ordinary Protocol for the Bali Tourism Sector.

Penataran train decreased the number of passengers by 77.13% in April 2020, which resulted in a reduction in travel frequency and change origin-destination during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the Penataran train passengers and obtain policy recommendations about service standards and travel requirements based on respondents' choices using descriptive statistics. Questionnaires were distributed to 417 Penataran train passengers during new adaptation period. This study indicates that the frequency of trips during the new adaptation period is lower than before the pandemic. Only 10.55% of respondents give the reason that the risk of transmitting COVID-19 on the Penataran train is lower than other transportation. The maximum seating capacity is reduced to 50% according to respondent's perceptions. Wearing a mask, keep a distance, and wearing long-sleeved clothing can still be carried out because they are considered necessary as requirements for passenger travel. The GeNose C19 test letter is not recommended to be used as a document requirement because most respondents with low income do not want additional costs

Egeria was a traveler of antiquity, mulier fortis, traveler of race. Her trip took her to the end of the world, with a double motive: historical and spiritual. She left his homeland, in the Spanish Gallaecia, to his community, the uenerabiles sorores, with the Bible as a guide on his way. For three years, at the end of the fourth century, it will travel through the Holy Land and the Near East with one sole objective: the study of the Bible. The trip of Egeria is narrated in a manuscript called Peregrinatio Egeriae, found by Gamurrini in 1884 in the Italian city of Arezzo, which is actually a letter announcing a new literary style: travel literature. Egeria fu una viaggiatrice dell’antichità, una mulier fortis, una viaggiatrice di razza. Il suo viaggio la portò ai confini del mondo con una duplice motivazione, una storica e una spirituale. Lasció la sua patria, la Gallaecia hispana, la sua comunità, le uenerabiles sorores, portando con sé, durante il suo cammino, come guida, la Bibbia. Per tre anni, alle fine del IV secolo, percorse la Terra Santa e il Medioriente con un solo obiettivo: lo studio della Bibbia. Il viaggio di Egeria è narrato in un manoscritto chiamato Peregrinatio Egeriae, scoperto da Gamurrini nel 1884 nella città italiana di Arezzo, ma, in realtà, si tratta di una lettera che annuncia un nuovo genere letterario: la letteratura di viaggio.

Dear Colleagues! Friends! Happy New Year! A sunny new day! With new bright thoughts, new horizons! With new ideas and progressive projects! With new warm light feelings! With new hopes! Yes, the world is faced with horrendous challenges in 2020: environmental and, one by one, natural disasters, pandemic, hunger, political and financial crises, permanent "hot" and "cold" wars between countries, governments, minds ... But new promising solutions were also born: truces, negotiations, small and not so victories, alliances of progressive forces, new vaccines and medications, new experiences in all earthly spheres of life, and the development on the Moon and Mars! The editorial board of JIMSA, a clinical journal born in this challenging time of trials for the survival of the planet Earth, believes that the Human mind will prevail. Good thoughts and intentions will prevail. And we will all share experiences of big and small victories in the name of preserving the lives of our loved ones, our compatriots, our equals in mind, and so different in the mental and spiritual makeup of earthlings. JIMSA in New 2021 is a stable international platform for professional communication! We are opened to new scientific and clinical research discussions and ideas. We, under no circumstances, will put up with informational deprivation. We are pleased with your desire to share research findings, new ideas, discuss results and cases with the international medical community to benefit our patients. We welcome international cooperation in the critical fields of Global Human Health using our journal's pages. We are open to effective partnerships with authors, experts, reviewers, and medical practitioners to advance medical knowledge. We sincerely wish every, every, every one: no grief, no melancholy and only good intentions, incredible travel and new interesting acquaintances, a surge of energy and creative strength, each of the presented New 365 days of the New Year.

The article describes the borderline between literature and journalism via the example of a newspaper feuilleton. I present the feuilleton as a kind of text that is difficult to define. Afeuilleton has much in common with journalism and literature, it also does not have one obligatory form or style of language. It can be similar to a letter, travel text, or monologue. Authors of feuilletons are often well-known writers who combine literature and journalism. In the article I use the example of Joseph Roth.

Although designed to mitigate the normalising role that advertising can have on alcohol consumption, France’s Loi Évin (1991) has unwittingly channelled advertisers into reinforcing the link between their products and escapist pursuits. Where contemporary concerns about alcohol consumption in France have themselves been influenced by global trends in public health and alcohol studies, they revolve around the adoption of perceived ‘foreign’ drinking cultures, notably an embrace of drinking as a marker of leisure time and binge-drinking. Advertising strategies have accordingly countered by accentuating both leisure, in the form of travel, and intoxication. A visual semiotic analysis of recent French advertising campaigns for spirits and beer reveals layered signification of escapist themes, all in defiance of the spirit but not the letter of the Loi Évin.

A traffic sign needs to be located at a distance that allows drivers to read and understand the message prior to their decision in manoeuvring. The study is aimed at evaluating signs visibility at intersections without traffic lights using the drivers reading distance and detection distance. A total of 35 participants with valid driver’s licences were asked to detect and read 6 advance guide signs at an intersection without traffic lights on an urban road. Factors that potentially determine signs readability and visibility such as vehicle’s speed, vehicle’s travelling time, signs vertical offset and signs letter height which affect signs detection distance and reading distance are analyzed using multivariate regression. The experiment was conducted during night time to present heavier driving and sign reading environment. The positions of the signs were evaluated based on the actual sign positions and the detection and reading distances. Some of the findings include that vehicle travel time, vehicle speed, sign letter height, and sign vertical offset all significantly have a relationship with the sign reading distance whilst sign letter height does not have a significant relationship with the detection distance. The study also evaluated the signs compliance with the applied standards.

An extraordinary letter was discovered in a neglected pile of medieval diplomatic correspondence in the Vatican Libraries: a letter from Al-Murtada the Almohad, Muslim Caliph in Marrakech to Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254). The letter, written in finest official calligraphy, proposes an alliance between the Caliph and the Vicar of Christ, the leader of an institution that had called for organized crusades against the Islamic world. While the history of Pope Innocent IV’s contacts with the Muslim rulers of Marrakech remains obscure, the sources indicate that Pope Innocent IV sent envoys south to Marrakech. One of these envoys was Lope d’Ayn. Lope became Bishop of Marrakech, shepherd of a flock of paid Christian mercenaries who were sent to Marrakech by that sometime leader of the reconquista, Ferdinand III of Castile, in a deal he had struck with the Almohads. Although they now had Christians fighting for them and cathedral bells competing with the call to prayer, the Almohads were powerful agitators of jihad against the Christians only decades before. Scholars know only a little about Lope d’Ayn’s story or the historical context of this letter between Caliph Murtada and the Pope. Although very recent research is encouraging, there is a great deal to know about the history of the mercenaries of Marrakech or the interactions between Jews, Muslims and Christians that occurred in early thirteenth century Marrakech. The neglect of Lope d’Ayn and the contacts between the Papacy and the Almohads is only one example of a much wider neglect of North Africa contacts with Europe in the secondary literature in English. While scholarship in English has focused on correspondence, commerce and travel from West to East, between Europe, the Levant and Egypt, there were also important cultural bridges being crossed between North and South, between North Africa and Europe in the Medieval Western Mediterranean.

Ištar of Nineveh at first glance presents a dilemma for the researcher. While she was a most important goddess, patron of a major town in north Mesopotamia, very little is known about her. As to her importance, in Hurrian religion Teššub and Ša'uška of Nineveh were heads of the pantheon. Here she is given her Hurrian name, Ša'uška. Thus the Mitanni king Tušratta in the Amarna letter no. 23, to Amenophis III, writes that Ša'uška of Nineveh, lady of all the lands (dMÙŠ šauruni-i-na nin kur-kur gáb-bi-i-ši-na-ma), wanted to travel to Egypt and to return. She is further called “lady of heaven” (nin ša-me-e) and “our lady” (nin-ne). Amarna letter no. 24, from the same Mitanni king to the same Pharaoh, refers to Ša'uška of Nineveh as “my goddess” (uruni-i-nu-a-a-we dša-uš-ka-a-wa de-en-ni-iw-wu-ú-a: VS XII 200 iii 98). One might conclude that “lady of heaven” alludes to her as Venus in the sky, but it might also mean the abode of the good gods without any astral allusion. It has been alleged that her wish to travel to Egypt was in the capacity of a goddess of healing, to cure the Pharaoh of his malady, but this is mere speculation. The letter gives no hint of this.This brief international affair illustrates the problems excellently. There is a mass of cuneiform material bearing on the Sumerian Inanna and her Babylono-Assyrian counterpart Ištar, especially hymns and prayers. From them one can extract her major attributes — sexuality and war — and her astral presence in the planet Venus. The occurrence of related gods in other ancient Near Eastern regions — Aštart and Anat in Syria, Aṯtar in Arabia — suggests that the origins of the cult go back perhaps to neolithic time or even earlier, and the certain relationship with the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus attests to the power of this cult, however one explains the connection. However, in each Mesopotamian well-established centre of this cult one can assume that local customs and traditions will have added something to the basic “theology” we extract from our general knowledge of the goddess. For Ištar of Nineveh the episode of Tušratta may or may not allude to her star Venus, but otherwise it is totally uninformative about her “theology”. And that is typical for most of the other dated and precisely located evidence.

In 1435 the Irish council complained to Henry VI that there is not left in the nether parts of the counties of Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Kildare, that join together, out of the subjection of the said enemies and rebels scarcely thirty miles in length and twenty miles in breadth, thereas a man may surely ride or go in the said counties to answer to the king’s writs and to his commandments.The letter was accompanied by a request that the king render payment due to the lord lieutenant Thomas Stanley for his service in Ireland, and also suggested that the king should travel to the colony to help fight off its enemies. Accordingly, the perilous state of English Ireland was almost certainly exaggerated to strengthen the arguments for financial and military support from the crown. Nevertheless this letter demonstrates that in the minds of the settler elite, which staffed the Irish council, the four counties of Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Kildare were the bastion of English rule in Ireland, beset, the council would have us believe, by enemies on all sides. This picture of the ‘four counties’ as the political, and to a certain extent the cultural, stronghold of Englishness in Ireland can be found in other contemporary sources, as the region was perceived as both distinct and distinctly English.

In an interview after his release from prison, Breyten Breytenbach describes himself, at the time he became involved in underground politics, as a Zen Communist. He returns occasionally to this interaction of Marxist ideas of social revolution and Buddhist ideas of non-attachment, but never attempts to explain the resulting synthesis systematically. Indeed, for Breytenbach, being a Zen Communist is to resist systematic positions, to accept contradiction as a constant source of surprise and invention disruptive of all systematic thought. This paper examines how this interaction of Marxist and Buddhist ideas and practices has informed Breytenbach’s politics in three contexts: his initial exploration of a radical philosophy of history in his poetry (“Bruin reisbrief”, “Brown travel letter”); his role in the underground politics of Okhela in the 1970s; his reflections on politics and social change in his prison and prison-related writings. Key words: Zen communism, anti-apartheid movement, liberation, dialectic.

The first part of this essay offers a new interpretation of the narrative in b. Men. 29b that sees Moses travel forward in time to Rabbi Akiva’s bet midrash. Though this passage has been discussed extensively, I argue that scholars have failed to note the overriding significance of the corresponding mishnah (m. Men. 3.7) for the interpretation of the Bavli. To wit, the tale of God delaying the completion of the Torah in order to append crowns to the letter, is a narrative midrash on the phrase כתב אחד מעכב in the Mishnah. In the second part of the essay, I examine the image of Rabbi Akiva as one who is able to bring to light the interpretive secrets hidden in the Torah. I argue that this view represents the return of a model of interpretive authority that enjoyed great prominence in Second Temple literature but lost favor in Tannaitic sources.

Giovanni da Empoli, a Florentine agent and merchant, was among the first Europeans to travel by an exclusively maritime route to India. This article focuses on Giovanni’s first voyage to the East (1503–1504), during which he visited several ports along the Malabar coast. By examining Giovanni’s letter to his father, this contribution explores his (re)emerging identities, and in particular his mercantile outlook and his Christian faith, which suggest a diversity of value systems and agendas among ‘the Portuguese’. The experience of Giovanni is significant also because it represents an instance of production and transfer of knowledge about ‘the Indies’ in early Cinquecento Europe. As suggested by other contemporary sources concerning Giovanni, this circulation of knowledge did not take place only in writing, but also orally, in formal and informal conversations that Giovanni had with a variety of interested interlocutors both in Florence and elsewhere.

In late 1992 and knowing of my interest in the arts, a colleague gave me a copy of the November 30 issue of Physicians Financial News, in which he had circled the title of an article by Sidney Stevens called “Spotting Trends, Savvy Doctors Carve Out Practice Niches.” The gist of the article was that so-called niche specialties, such as arts or travel medicine, should be considered useful marketing tools rather than true specialties or subspecialties....Although I am certain that I chuckled on reading this at the time, my attention was drawn more to Mr. Stevens’ mention of the (incorrectly named) “Physicians Arts Medicine Association headed by Dr. Richard Lederman at the Cleveland Clinic.” I wrote a short letter to Dr. Lederman asking for more information about the group, and within a matter of weeks I was a bona fide member of the Performing Arts Medicine Association (PAMA).

Abstrak: Data terbaru menunjukkan bahwa jumlah masyarakat Indonesia yang melakukan perjalanan ibadah umrah mengalami peningkatan yang cukup signifikan. Hal ini memunculkan kerjasama di berbagai bidang, terutama pada bidang penerbangan. PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. yang menjadi pilihan utama bagi PPIU (Penyelenggara Perjalanan Ibadah Umrah) untuk memberangkatkan jemaah umrah. Namun ternyata PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. mengingkari komitmen kerjasama tersebut, dengan membuat mekanisme wholesaler untuk penjualan tiket penerbangan ibadah umrah melalui penujukan langsung yang tidak transparan, hanya kepada kelima wholesaler saja. Hal ini dipandang sebagai praktik diskriminasi terhadap PPIU lainnya dan tentu saja melanggar ketentuan hukum persaingan usaha pada Pasal 19 huruf d, karena melakukan penguasaan pasar dengan cara melakukan praktik diskriminasi. Selain itu mekanisme wholesaler penjualan tiket penerbangan ibadah umrah tersebut berdampak negatif terhadap pihak terkait yaitu, konsumen, biro dan agen perjalanan umrah lain, serta PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. itu sendiri. Kata Kunci: Wholesaler; Tiket Penerbangan; Ibadah Umrah; Praktik Diskriminasi; PT. Garuda Indonesia. Abstract: The latest data shows that the number of Indonesians who travel for Umrah has increased significantly. This has led to cooperation in various fields, especially in the field of aviation. PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. is the main choice for PPIU (Umrah Worship Travel Organizer) to dispatch Umrah pilgrims. However, it turns out that PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. denying the commitment to cooperation, by establishing a wholesaler mechanism for the sale of flight tickets for Umrah pilgrimages through non-transparent direct appointments, only to the five wholesalers. This is seen as a discriminatory practice against other PPIUs and of course violates the provisions of the business competition law in Article 19 letter d, because it controls the market by practicing discrimination. In addition, the wholesaler mechanism for selling Umrah flight tickets has a negative impact on related parties, namely, consumers, other Umrah travel agents, and agents, as well as PT. Garuda Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. itself. Keywords: Wholesaler; Flight ticket; Umrah; Discriminatory Practices; PT. Garuda Indonesia.

We understand little of Harriet Martineau, I am convinced, if we do not see how roots and wings formed the coordinates of both her subjectivity and writing, affecting all the choices she made and all the reasons she gave for those choices. Inextricably bound together like the knot in a rope, her attraction to houses as signs of self must be given equal weight with the experiences of move and travel she wrote of again and again. Emblematic in this sense was perhaps Martineau's own emphatic assessment of herself in a March 1844 letter to Mrs Romilly written during the monotony and impotence of her Tynemouth confinement, in which she described, in terms of a symbolic geography, her sense of being apart and undeniably privileged: “a sort of pioneer in the regions of pain,” this is how she termed herself, “whose mission is to make the way somewhat easier, or at least more direct to those who come after” (Martineau 2007, 2: 262).

The article presents materials on toponymy, ethnonymy and partly on the anthroponymy of the Kalmyks, presented in guides to the Volga in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. Language facts are closely related to descriptions of material culture, everyday life, religious beliefs of Kalmyks and inter-ethnic relations of Kalmyks on the Eastern border of their settlement. Descriptions of guidebooks significantly Supplement our knowledge of the culture of the Kalmyks of the second half of the XIX century with details that were not previously paid attention to, in particular, about the literacy of the Kalmyks and the spread of their bookishness in the traditional letter “todo bichig” (“Clear Script”).

Society needs transliteration of Arabic script to Latin script to help those who can not read Arabic letter correctly. Reality shows there are many problems in the business. Although there is a Joint Decree between the Minister of Education and the Minister of Religious Affairs on Arab-Latin Transliteration Guidance, but in fact there are many versions of transliterations in the field. This paper discusses the problematics of Arab-Latin transliteration in Indonesian, with case studies on the Panduan Hajj and Umrah books of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, Travel Haji and Umroh PT Razek and Zidni Silma and Jamiatul Hujaj Kudus. The version of PT Razek follows the Transliteration guidelines of the two ministers, but still causes a lot of mispronunciations which result in misrepresentation. Books published by JHK Kudus attempt to bridge the difficulties faced by some Javanese Islamic community by creating their own transliteration system. Transliteration is quite helpful. It seems necessary to re-agree Latin Arabic transliteration system by considering the principle of the truth of speech and habits that exist in the community

Who was Clara?By Kaj ThaningIn this essay the author describes his search for Clara Bolton and her acquaintance with among others Benjamin Disraeli and the priest, Alexander d’Arblay, a son of the author, Fanny Burney. He gives a detailed account of Clara Bolton and leaves no doubt about the deep impression she made on Grundtvig, even though he met her and spoke to her only once in his life at a dinner party in London on June 24th 1830. Kaj Thaning has dedicated his essay to Dr. Oscar Wood, Christ Church College, Oxford, and explains why: “Just 30 years ago, while one of my daughters was working for Dr. Oscar Wood, she asked him who “Mrs. Bolton” was. Grundtvig speaks of her in a letter to his wife dated June 25th 1830. Through the Disraeli biographer, Robert Blake, Dr. Wood discovered her identity, so I managed to add a footnote to my thesis (p. 256). She was called Clara! The Disraeli archives, once preserved in Disraeli’s home at Hughenden Manor but now in the British Museum, contain a bundle of letters which Dr. Wood very kindly copied for me. The letters fall into three groups, the middle one being from June 1832, when Clara Bolton was campaigning, in vain, for Disraeli’s election to parliament. Her husband was the Disraeli family doctor, and through him she wrote her first letter to Benjamin Disraeli, asking for his father’s support for her good friend, Alexander d’Arblay, a theology graduate, in his application for a position. This led to the young Disraeli asking her to write to him at his home at Bradenham. There are therefore a group of letters from before June 1832. Similarly there are a number of letters from a later date, the last being from November 1832”.The essay is divided into three sections: 1) Clara Bolton and Disraeli, 2) The break between them, 3) Clara Bolton and Alexander d’Arblay. The purpose of the first two sections is to show that the nature of Clara Bolton’s acquaintance with Disraeli was otherwise than has been previously assumed. She was not his lover, but his political champion. The last section explains the nature of her friendship with Alex d’Arblay. Here she was apparently the object of his love, but she returned it merely as friendship in her attempt to help him to an appointment and to a suitable lifelong partner. He did acquire a new position but died shortly after. There is a similarity in her importance for both Grundtvig and d’Arblay in that they were both clergymen and poets. Disraeli and Grundtvig were also both writers and politicians.At the age of 35 Clara Bolton died, on June 29th 1839 in a hotel in Le Havre, according to the present representative of the Danish Institute in Rouen, Bent Jørgensen. She was the daughter of Michael Peter Verbecke and Clarissa de Brabandes, names pointing to a Flemish background. On the basis of archive studies Dr. Michael Hebbert has informed the author that Clara’s father was a merchant living in Bread Street, London, between 1804 and 1807. In 1806 a brother was born. After 1807 the family disappears from the archives, and Clara’s letters reveal nothing about her family. Likewise the circumstances of her death are unknown.The light here shed on Clara Bolton’s life and personality is achieved through comprehensive quotations from her letters: these are to be found in the Danish text, reproduced in English.Previous conceptions of Clara’s relationship to Disraeli have derived from his business manager, Philip Rose, who preserved the correspondence between them and added a commentary in 1885, after Disraeli’s death. He it is who introduces the rumour that she may have been Disraeli’s mistress. Dr. Wood, however, doubts that so intimate a relationship existed between them, and there is much in the letters that directly tells against it. The correspondence is an open one, open both to her husband and to Disraeli’s family. As a 17-year-old Philip Rose was a neighbour of Disraeli’s family at Bradenham and a friend of Disraeli’s younger brother, Ralph, who occasionally brought her letters to Bradenham. It would have been easy for him to spin some yarn about the correspondence. In her letters Clara strongly advocates to Disraeli that he should marry her friend, Margaret Trotter. After the break between Disraeli and Clara it was public knowledge that Lady Henrietta Sykes became his mistress, from 1833 to 1836. Her letters to him are of a quite different character, being extremely passionate. Yet Philip Rose’s line is followed by the most recent biographers of Disraeli: the American, Professor B. R. Jerman in The Young Disraeli (1960), the English scholar Robert Blake, in Disraeli (1963) and Sarah Bradford in Disraeli (1983). They all state that Clara Bolton was thought to be Disraeli’s mistress, also by members of his own family. Blake believes that the originator of this view was Ralph Disraeli. It is accepted that Clara Bolton 7 Grundtvig Studier 1985 was strongly attracted to Disraeli, to his manner, his talents, his writing, and not least to his eloquence during the 1832 election campaign. But nothing in her letters points to a passionate love affair.A comparison can be made with Henrietta Sykes’ letters, which openly burn with love. Blake writes of Clara Bolton’s letters (p. 75): “There is not the unequivocal eroticism that one finds in the letters from Henrietta Sykes.” In closing one of her letters Clara writes that her husband, George Buckley Bolton, is waiting impatiently for her to finish the letter so that he can take it with him.She wants Disraeli married, but not to anybody: “You must have a brilliant star like your own self”. She writes of Margaret Trotter: “When you see M. T. you will feel so inspired you will write and take her for your heroine... ” (in his novels). And in her last letter to Disraeli (November 18th 1832) she says: “... no one thing could reconcile me more to this world of ill nature than to see her your wife”. The letter also mentions a clash she has had with a group of Disraeli’s opponents. It shows her temperament and her supreme skill, both of which command the respect of men. No such bluestockings existed in Denmark at the time; she must have impressed Grundtvig.Robert Blake accepts that some uncertainty may exist in the evaluation of letters which are 150 years old, but he finds that they “do in some indefinable way give the impression of brassiness and a certain vulgarity”. Thaning has told Blake his view of her importance for Grundtvig, and this must have modified Blake’s portrait. He writes at least: “... she was evidently not stupid, and she moved in circles which had some claim to being both intellectual and cosmopolitan.”He writes of the inspiration which Grundtvig owed to her, and he concludes: “There must have been more to her than one would deduce by reading her letters and the letters about her in Disraeli’s papers.” - She spoke several languages, and moved in the company of nobles and ambassadors, politicians and literary figures, including John Russell, W.J.Fox, Eliza Flower, and Sarah Adams.However, from the spring of 1833 onwards it is Henrietta Sykes who portrays Clara Bolton in the Disraeli biographies, and naturally it is a negative portrait. The essay reproduces in English a quarrel between them when Sir Francis Sykes was visiting Clara, and Lady Sykes found him there. Henrietta Sykes regards the result as a victory for herself, but Clara’s tears are more likely to have been shed through bitterness over Disraeli, who had promised her everlasting friendship and “unspeakable obligation”. One notes that he did not promise her love. Yet despite the quarrel they all three dine together the same evening, they travel to Paris together shortly afterwards, and Disraeli comes to London to see the them off. The trip however was far from idyllic. The baron and Clara teased Henrietta. Later still she rented a house in fashionable Southend and invited Disraeli down. Sir Francis, however, insisted that the Boltons should be invited too. The essay includes Blake’s depiction of “the curious household” in Southend, (p. 31).In 1834 Clara Bolton left England and took up residence at a hotel in the Hague. A Rotterdam clergyman approached Disraeli’s vicar and he turned to Disraeli’s sister for information about the mysterious lady, who unaccompanied had settled in the Hague, joined the church and paid great attention to the clergy. She herself had said that she was financing her own Sunday School in London and another one together with the Disraeli family. In her reply Sarah Disraeli puts a distance between the family and Clara, who admittedly had visited Bradenham five years before, but who had since had no connection with the family. Sarah is completely loyal to her brother, who has long since dropped Clara. By the time the curious clergyman had received this reply, Clara had left the Hague and arrived at Dover, where she once again met Alexander d’Arblay.Alex was born in 1794, the son of a French general who died in 1818, and Fanny Burney. She was an industrious correspondent; as late as 1984 the 12th and final volume of her Journals and Letters was published. Jens Peter .gidius, a research scholar at Odense University, has brought to Dr Thaning’s notice a book about Fanny Burney by Joyce Hemlow, the main editor of the letters. In both the book and the notes there is interesting information about Clara Bolton.In the 12th volume a note (p. 852) reproduces a letter characterising her — in a different light from the Disraeli biographers. Thaning reproduces the note (pp. 38-39). The letter is written by Fanny Burney’s half-sister, Sarah Harriet Burney, and contains probably the only portrait of her outside the Disraeli biographies.It is now easier to understand how she captivated Grundtvig: “very handsome, immoderately clever, an astrologer, even, that draws out... Nativities” — “... besides poetry-mad... very entertaining, and has something of the look of a handsome witch. Lady Combermere calls her The Sybil”. The characterisation is not the letter-writer’s but that of her former pupil, Harriet Crewe, born in 1808, four years after Clara Bolton. A certain distance is to be seen in the way she calls Clara “poetry-mad”, and says that she has “conceived a fancy for Alex d’Arblay”.Thaning quotes from a letter by Clara to Alex, who apparently had proposed to her, but in vain (see his letter to her and the reply, pp. 42-43). Instead she pointed to her friend Mary Ann Smith as a possible wife. This is the last letter known in Clara’s handwriting and contradicts talk of her “vulgarity”. However, having become engaged to Mary Ann Alex no longer wrote to her and also broke off the correspondence with his mother, who had no idea where he had gone. His cousin wrote to her mother that she was afraid that he had “some Chére Amie”. “The charges are unjust,” says Thaning. “It was a lost friend who pushed him off. This seems to be borne out by a poem which has survived (quoted here on p. 45), and which includes the lines: “But oh young love’s impassioned dream /N o more in a worn out breast may glow / Nor an unpolluted stream / From a turgid fountain flow.””Alex d’Arblay died in loneliness and desperation shortly afterwards. Dr. Thaning ends his summary: “I can find no other explanation for Alexander d’Arblay’s fate than his infatuation with Clara Bolton. In fact it can be compared to Grundtvig’s. For Alex the meeting ended with “the pure stream” no longer flowing from its source. For Grundtvig, on the other hand the meeting inspired the lines in The Little Ladies: Clara’s breath opened the mouth, The rock split and the stream flowed out.”

The paper presents the findings of the research in the field of the Russian and French literary connections in the early 19th century (travels of the Russians to France, the picture of Germany in the Russian documentary and literary travel). The material for the study is based on The Letters of the Russian Travelling across Europe from 1802 to 1806 by Dmitry Gorikhvostov (parts 1–3, Moscow 1808). The interpretive context is the travel literature by Nikolay Karamzin (The Letters of the Russian Traveller, ed. 1801) and Gorikhvostov (The Notes of Russian Travelling across Europe from 1824 to 1827, 1831–1832). The Gorikhvostov’s work is discussed from three perspectives: 1. the purposes of the travel to France and the concept of the traveller; 2. the description of France (travel itinerary: Lille – Reims – Paris – Fontainebleau – Ermenonville etc.: museums, artworks, architecture, places connected with J. J. Rousseau, nature; a short story of the French literature); 3. the traveller’s attitude to France.

The author analyzes the literary heritage of the Russian postmodernistwriter Vladimir Sharov in the context of travel images. The articleconsidersnovels “Be like children” and “Return to Egypt”. The author believes that the writer actualized in his texts the problems of movement as of a social and cultural journey,like trauma, nostalgia and forgetting. The real and imaginary travels of characters in the prose by V.Sharov can be described in the categories of absurdity and meaninglessness. Travel images do not actualize spatial migrations, but they visualize contradictions and paradoxes of thedevelopment of Russian identity as a deformed one. The author analyzes travels in V. Sharov’s prose as invented cultural traditions. The travel discourse in the texts byV. Sharov became the result of the development of modern in Russia that emergedas modern before modern and modern without modern. The author of the article assumes that the travel in V.Sharov’s prose gradually loses its connection with reality, transforming into a travel as a construct and a travel as memory. The forced travels of his prosecharactersbecame imaginary pilgrimages and attempts of the Russian people, regardedas a hostage of Russian history,to escape. The writer imagined Russian history as a cyclical social and cultural journey. The motifs of travel in V.Sharov’s prose are presented in a variety of forms, including a novel in letters, a traditional postmodern novel, and an imitation of hagiographic texts.

Abstract. Radio occultation measurements made with a receiver inside the Earth’s atmosphere can be inverted, assuming local spherical symmetry, with an Abel transform to provide an estimate of the atmospheric refractive index profile. The measurement geometry is closely related to problems encountered when inverting seismic time-travel data and solar occultation measurements, where the Abel solution is well known. The method requires measuring both rays that originate from above and below the local horizon of the receiver. The Abel transform operates on a profile of "partial bending angles" found by subtracting the positive elevation measurement from the negative elevation value with the same impact parameter. In principle, the refractive index profile can be derived from measurements with a single frequency GPS receiver because the ionospheric bending is removed when the partial bending angle is evaluated.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pressure, density and temperature) – Radio science (remote sensing)

During January-April 2020, a number of flights were canceled to reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19. Flights were reopened when the government relaxed the PSBB in mid-May 2020. However, aviation activities must comply with health protocols. One of the requirements for traveling by plane is to show a letter of negative PCR test results for COVID-19 or rapid test with non-reactive results. The medical clinical laboratory in registering the rapid test is still manual so that the general public who wants to travel by plane in carrying out a rapid test must be served from registration to completion at the clinic. So that sometimes there is an accumulation of people who want a rapid test. It is necessary to make a registration system for rapid tests in medical clinics using the waterfall method. The stages of system development are business process modeling using Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) and Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD), user interface design, and the testing process will be carried out with a blackbox. The system developed can reduce the accumulation of patients in the clinic. From the test results, the system functionality can run well