Дисертації з теми "Travail – Physiologie"
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Louguet, Philippe. "Caféine, décalage horaire et travail posté." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2P036.
Повний текст джерелаZattara-Hartmann, Marie-Caroline. "Etude du travail musculaire en hypoxemie aigue ou chronique : contribution a l'analyse correlative des evenements metaboliques, physiologiques et electromyographiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX20662.
Повний текст джерелаLecœur, Guillaume. "De la gestion des maux au "travail des mots" : contribution à une sociologie historique d'un répertoire sémantique des maux du travail (XVIIème siècle à nos jours)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1184.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, following a period during which suffering occupied a predominant space as a category shaping French public debate, new words have begun to move to the fore when it comes to denouncing workplace ills. Fatigue, stress, burn out, and phsycho-social risks are examples of new categories used today to name worker-experienced harm. While public debate over worker suffering is regularly revisited, the question of the origin of this new repertoire of concepts is problematic. Do these words really reflect the social conditions in which people work? What is at stake discursively and epistemologically when these concepts are used ? To answer these questions, this thesis endeavors to analyze the genealogy of the semantic repertoire of workplace suffering, by bringing particular focus upon the social trajectories of the people who promoted some of its different constituent concepts. By identifying some of the different possible historical and epistemological causes of this repertoire, this thesis offers new methodological and theoretical tools to stabilize and harmonize our commun thinking about work. In this way, it also helps shed light upon the conditions under which a peculiarly sociological approach to work, along with a more general social-science approach, have been able to emerge
Wilhelm, Catherine. "La détection des troubles de la vigilance en médecine du travail : à propos d'une enquête à la Cellulose du Pin." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23010.
Повний текст джерелаLecoeur, Guillaume. "De la gestion des maux au "travail des mots" : contribution à une sociologie historique d'un répertoire sémantique des maux du travail (XVIIème siècle à nos jours)." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1184/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, following a period during which suffering occupied a predominant space as a category shaping French public debate, new words have begun to move to the fore when it comes to denouncing workplace ills. Fatigue, stress, burn out, and phsycho-social risks are examples of new categories used today to name worker-experienced harm. While public debate over worker suffering is regularly revisited, the question of the origin of this new repertoire of concepts is problematic. Do these words really reflect the social conditions in which people work? What is at stake discursively and epistemologically when these concepts are used ? To answer these questions, this thesis endeavors to analyze the genealogy of the semantic repertoire of workplace suffering, by bringing particular focus upon the social trajectories of the people who promoted some of its different constituent concepts. By identifying some of the different possible historical and epistemological causes of this repertoire, this thesis offers new methodological and theoretical tools to stabilize and harmonize our commun thinking about work. In this way, it also helps shed light upon the conditions under which a peculiarly sociological approach to work, along with a more general social-science approach, have been able to emerge
Vouriot, Alexandre Perrin Philippe. "Identification de facteurs posturaux individuels et environnementaux à l'origine de troubles de l'équilibre chez l'homme au travail." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2005_0023_VOURIOT.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDipoppa, Mario. "The role of correlations and oscillations as a unified mechanism controlling persistent neural activity and working memory." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066182.
Повний текст джерелаBoerlin, Martin. "Probabilistic inference and working memory in networks of spiking neurons." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066008.
Повний текст джерелаStrock, Anthony. "Mémoire de travail dans les réseaux de neurones récurrents aléatoires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0195.
Повний текст джерелаWorking memory can be defined as the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information of any kind.For example, imagine that you are asked to mentally add a series of numbers.In order to accomplish this task, you need to keep track of the partial sum that needs to be updated every time a new number is given.The working memory is precisely what would make it possible to maintain (i.e. temporarily store) the partial sum and to update it (i.e. manipulate).In this thesis, we propose to explore the neuronal implementations of this working memory using a limited number of hypotheses.To do this, we place ourselves in the general context of recurrent neural networks and we propose to use in particular the reservoir computing paradigm.This type of very simple model nevertheless makes it possible to produce dynamics that learning can take advantage of to solve a given task.In this job, the task to be performed is a gated working memory task.The model receives as input a signal which controls the update of the memory.When the door is closed, the model should maintain its current memory state, while when open, it should update it based on an input.In our approach, this additional input is present at all times, even when there is no update to do.In other words, we require our model to be an open system, i.e. a system which is always disturbed by its inputs but which must nevertheless learn to keep a stable memory.In the first part of this work, we present the architecture of the model and its properties, then we show its robustness through a parameter sensitivity study.This shows that the model is extremely robust for a wide range of parameters.More or less, any random population of neurons can be used to perform gating.Furthermore, after learning, we highlight an interesting property of the model, namely that information can be maintained in a fully distributed manner, i.e. without being correlated to any of the neurons but only to the dynamics of the group.More precisely, working memory is not correlated with the sustained activity of neurons, which has nevertheless been observed for a long time in the literature and recently questioned experimentally.This model confirms these results at the theoretical level.In the second part of this work, we show how these models obtained by learning can be extended in order to manipulate the information which is in the latent space.We therefore propose to consider conceptors which can be conceptualized as a set of synaptic weights which constrain the dynamics of the reservoir and direct it towards particular subspaces; for example subspaces corresponding to the maintenance of a particular value.More generally, we show that these conceptors can not only maintain information, they can also maintain functions.In the case of mental arithmetic mentioned previously, these conceptors then make it possible to remember and apply the operation to be carried out on the various inputs given to the system.These conceptors therefore make it possible to instantiate a procedural working memory in addition to the declarative working memory.We conclude this work by putting this theoretical model into perspective with respect to biology and neurosciences
Durrive, Barthélemy. "Usage et fonctionnement d’un corps sans mode d'emploi. Que se joue-t-il entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur du corps dans la constitution d’une "physiologie du travail" (de l’Âge classique à la Belle Époque) ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN080.
Повний текст джерелаThe phrase “work physiology” (referring to professional work) appeared during the International Hygiene and Demography Congresses between 1900 and 1904. It was first used to call for a brand new research program applying the methods and results of experimental physiology to the study of the body at work in several definite occupations. Creating its first official state-funded laboratory in 1913, this “professional work physiology” tried to launch – by means of well publicized case studies and declarations – a large-scale scientific enterprise for the scientific analysis of human work. The self-proclaimed aim was to rationalize legislation regarding fatigue, settle arguments (between employers and employees) on scientific grounds, and most of all optimize the organization of work. This specific kind of “work physiology” developed t first without the knowledge of Taylor’s research, but as soon as the beginning of the 1910’s, “work physiologists” started announcing that their own studies tended to improve taylorism – as they confirmed its principles while adapting its applications to the specificities of the living organism.This thesis takes the “1900 period” as a starting point in order to show how the scientific debates resulting in the formation of “work physiology” actually have roots in distant history – for the working body has been an object for scientific study since at least the late 17th century. Our hypothesis is as follows: the formation of a “work physiology” raises an important epistemological issue, namely that experts in the organic functioning suddenly analyze the way workers are using their own bodies. Thus, while changing their object, scientists claim that it is possible to evaluate and optimize this use of one’s body from a purely physiological standpoint. This thesis tries to shed light on the source and the evolution of this peculiar idea, throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th century. Focusing on a few famous cases studies in the scientific analysis of human work, we try to show how the modeling practices tend to mix statements about what happens inside the body with what is at stake outside the body, in the real-world work situation.While the facts analyzed here are historical in nature, the question asked to carry out the analysis is philosophical in nature: what can we learn from the motives developed by and the difficulties encountered by these physiologists of a new kind, regarding the claim to dictate a “correct use” of the body solely based on physiological knowledge ? The issue that this dissertation tries to raise boils down to this question: can one assign something like an instruction manual to the living body? – a question fully renewed in the fifties and sixties by the newly formed ergonomics
Potvin, Olivier. "Effets des lésions dorsale et ventrale de l'hippocampe et des dommages collatéraux au subiculum dans des tâches de mémoires de travail spatiale chez le rat." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/43449.
Повний текст джерелаRecently, evidences from anatomical and behavioral studies have suggested that the dorsal portion of the hippocampus assume spatial memory function where as the ventral portion of the hippocampus is involved in fear and anxiety-related behaviors. This experiment was aimed at testing this hypothesis. Two groups of rats, one with dorsal hippocampal lesions and one with ventral hippocampal lesions were compared to sham-operated controls in two spatial working memory tasks: the standard version of the radial arm maze and the nonmatching-to-place task in the T-maze. Performance of dorsal hippocampal lesioned rats was impaired in both tasks whereas ventral hippocampal lesions did not affect learning in either task. Further histological analyses showed that damage to th e nearby dorsal subiculum combined with the lesions to the dorsal hippocampus accounts for the deficit in the nonmatching-to-sample task.
Bollon, Thierry. "Essai de modélisation du fonctionnement cognitif de l'opérateur : le cas des machines-outils conventionnelle et à commande numérique." Université Pierre Mendès France (Grenoble ; 1990-2015), 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE29020.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is an approach of the cognitive funcioning of operators working on machine-tools and in particular on lathes. As theoretical frame we take the information processing pattern. In our experiments we compare the behaviour of novice and expert subjects working wether on manual or computer drived machines. We also present an experimentation in which the novices working help that allow them to give answers equivalent to those of experts. The overall results are interpreted using an adaptation of rasmussen model. This fonctionnal model is completed by adjonction of a long term memory and a working memory. In our interpretation, the rule-based behaviour level intefrates the schematas as knowledge representation format. Experience is defined as the ability to evocate and transform plans stored in long terme memory. Our results allow us to state that experts have a cognitive functioning mainly centered on rule based behaviours. Novices process situation onformations by setting up the level of knowledge based behaviours, conducing to a higher processing load and more mistakes. This adaptation of rasmussen model allow us to describe more complex process of bottom-up and up-bottom planifications than those proposed by this author
Dubois, Romain. "Effets de la charge de travail sur la performance et les caractéristiques physiologiques de rugbymen professionnels. Etude longitudinale." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3029/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis was to quantify the workload (WL) and its evolution over the course of a competitive season, as its influence on performance, physical abilities, injury risk, biochemical and psychological characteristics of professional Rugby union (RU) players. Firstly, we were interested in the quantification of metabolic demands during elite RU games. The main results showed that metabolic power approach represents an interesting alternative to traditional approach to quantify the high-intensity running efforts during RU games. Secondly, preliminary study (study 2) allow to quantify changes in WL (GPS & RPE), physical abilities and biochemical characteristics, throughout a season in back players. Another experimental (studies 3 & 4) protocol allow to complete the results of the 2nd study by integrating the analysis of the changes in psychological characteristics, in injury rates and in game performance. The studies 2, 3 and 4 showed that WL was significantly (p < 0.05) higher during the first part of the season. These studies also demonstrated that competitive WL and the number of severe impacts (>8G) are the main WL parameters that most influence the physiological adaptations in elite RU players. These parameters affect the psychological characteristics, markers of muscle damages (CK) et the number of offensive duels won during the games. These studies also showed that a high volume combined to low-intensity of training contribute to decrease neuromuscular performance (CMJ, DJ tests). Finally, the combination of training including contacts and accumulation of competitive WL may contribute to the appearance of overreaching states (or non-functional overreaching), illustrating by significant decrease in T/C and IGF-1/C ratios
Moco-Daijardin, Audrey. "Quand l'automédication devient une conduite dopante chez les travailleurs." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR2027.
Повний текст джерелаThe work of our research is based on an understanding of the link between selfmedication and doping behaviour. Indeed, we understand that the process of choice in terms of treatment to treat diseases and take care of one's health can be transformed in order to improve or preserve the performance of individuals in the workplace. Our research focuses on the contextual factors of working conditions, the individual factors that influence the health of individuals at work, how they practice self-medication and how all of these factors can influence people's consumption behaviours at work. We know that doping behaviour is specified in the objective to be achieved and the obstacle faced by the individual (Laure, 2000). Indeed, we can note on one hand that there are several types of consumer behaviors and that they are not all addictive. On the other hand, that self-medication is a common and daily consumption practice that occurs according to the context in which people evolve. Indeed, it is observable in many environments, such as : sports, studies, the world of work. The goal of this practice can vary, ranging from pain management to maintaining performance levels at work, reducing stress, fatigue, etc. Among other things, the practice of self-medication is put in place to manage recognized, identified and considered benign health problems. By using the consumption of products independently. In the case of work situations, we assumed that when people face barriers to work, in that sense, when individuals are faced with a work situation, which temporarily blocks their own well-being. Self-medication is then diverted into a doping behavior, which allows them to manage the obstacle by consuming products. We also assumed that doping behaviour could be a regulator of the working situation and the environment facing the individual. To verify our assumptions, through this research, we have tried to answer this question: how can selfmedication be diverted for doping purposes? To study this more closely, we built a methodology based on two tools. First, 17 interviews with workers, to identify and evaluate the elements and mechanisms derived from working conditions and consumption behaviours, which may explain the consumption behaviour at work and, moreover, the doping. Our results allowed us to see that the self-diagnosis phase play an important role in the consumption behaviour of individuals. These initial results helped us create an online questionnaire to which 219 participants responded. For this second tool, we used network analysis, using JASP 10.02 software to help us visualize and understand the link between self-medication and doping behaviour. The results of our research indicate that contextual and individual factors have an impact on the psychological state of individuals at work, leading them to develop consumption at work. We have also seen that the practice of self-medication also contributes to the establishment of consumer behaviour at work
Demers, Marie-Eve. "Étude de la mémoire de travail chez les enfants de trois à sept ans et de ses liens potentiels avec la vitesse de traitement de l'information et les habiletés cognitives." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/44572.
Повний текст джерелаGreneche, Jérôme Tassi Patricia. "Effets de perturbations respiratoires au cours du sommeil sur la vigilance et la mémoire à court terme pendant 24 heures de veille prolongée exemple du syndrome d'apnées et hypoapnées obstructives du sommeil (SAHOS) et efficacité d'un traitement ventilatoire /." Strasbourg : Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1146/01/GRENECHE_Jerome_2008r.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 25 p.
Charroud, Céline. "Biomarqueurs d'imagerie fonctionnelle de la mémoire de travail au cours du vieillissement cérébral normal." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS006/document.
Повний текст джерелаNormal brain aging is characterized by a progressive decline in information processing ability in particular in the system of working memory. Therefore, it is essential to examine neural substrates underlying the working memory system which can be assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The aim of our work is to explore, in a large cohort of healthy elderly individuals, reorganizations in the networks in relation to (i) increase task load during a DIR (delayed item recognition) task, (ii) age during increase DIR task load and (iii) the performance in the DIR task during a resting state. Three hundred and eighty elderly participants (82 years, 56% women) from the Three-City cohort in Montpellier have been selected to perform an fMRI exam including a DIR task and a resting state. DIR task consisted of three phases: (i) stimulation – presentation of one, three or six letters - (ii) retention - blank screen to hold the stimulus items in mind - and (iii) probe - after the presentation of a target letter, the participant indicates whether or not this probe matched a letter in the study array. In the first work, using a covariance analysis, we observed, when the difficulty of the DIR task increases, simultaneously increased activation in salience and central executive networks during three phases separately of the DIR task and decreased activation in DMN during stimulation phase and in limbic regions and deep grey nuclei during retention phase. It may be hypothesized that salience and central executive networks interact in a complex way with DMN and limbic regions and deep grey nuclei. In the second work, age effects on load-dependent increases activations of the task were explored. Reduced activation in the left parietal lobe was identified in very old individuals compared to young old individuals during the stimulation phase suggesting an involvement of posterior–anterior shift with increasing age. In the third work, networks implicated in working memory (central executive, salience and the default mode networks) were highlighted by independent component analysis during the resting state. Our findings have confirmed that the functional connectivity and performance are related by: (i) a decreased in the both salience and the default mode networks and (ii) an increased in the central executive network. We can suggest that the decreased functional connectivity within the salience and the default mode networks could be due attentional and memory processes alterations and/or altered motivation. The increased functional connectivity within the central executive network could be related to compensatory mechanisms meanwhile elders would perform more poorly. All of these studies indicate that brain reorganizations of neural networks (salience, central executive and default mode) underlying working memory in normal brain aging
Greneche, Jérôme. "Effet de perturbations respiratoires au cours du sommeil sur la vigilance et la mémoire à court terme pendant 24 heures de veille prolongée : exemple du syndrome d'apnées et hypopnées obstructives du sommeil (SAHOS) et efficacité d'un traitement ventilatoire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/GRENECHE_Jerome_2008.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAubry, Anaël. "Compréhension du phénomène de surmenage fonctionnel induit par le travail en endurance : implications pour l’entraînement et la performance." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4104/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this work is to examine whether performance supercompensation during taper is maximized in endurance athletes after experiencing overreaching during an overload training period. This first study showed that 1) greater gains in performance and V˙O2max can be achieved when higher training load is prescribed before the taper but not in the presence of functional overreaching (F-OR); 2) peak performance is not delayed during taper when heavy training loads are completed immediately prior; and 3) F-OR provides higher risk for training maladaptation, including increased infection risks. The second study confirms sleep disturbances and increased illness in endurance athletes who present with symptoms of F-OR during periods of high volume training. The third study shows a lower cardiac output and systolic blood pressure with greater arteriovenous O2 difference were reported in F-OR subjects at all exercising intensities, while no significant change was observed in the control and acute fatigue (AF) groups. A concomitant decrease in epinephrine excretion was reported only in the F-OR group. All values returned to baseline at Post. Following an overload endurance training program leading to F-OR, the cardiac response to exhaustive exercise is transiently impaired, possibly due to reduced epinephrine excretion. This finding is likely to explain the complex process of underperformance syndrome experienced by F-OR endurance athletes during heavy load programs
Frémondière, Pierre. "L'évolution de l'accouchement dans la lignée humaine. Estimation de la contrainte fœto-pelvienne par deux méthodes complémentaires : la simulation numérique de l'accouchement et l'analyse discriminante des modalités d'accouchement au sein d'un échantillon obstétrical." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5013.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this thesis is to estimate delivery outcomes for extinct hominids. We therefore use two complementary methods : numerical simulation of childbirth and discriminant analysis of delivery outcomes from an obstetrical sample. First, we use kriging to construct meshes of pelves and neonatal skulls. Fossil hominid specimens included in the study are Australopithecines, early Homo (EH) and middle to early Pleistocene Homo (MEPH). We estimate fetal cranial dimensions with chimpanzee or human cranial growth curve that we reversly use and apply on juveniles skull measurements. “Virtual” dyads are formed from pelves and neonatal skulls. Then, we simulate childbirth of these « virtual » dyads. Different levels of laxity of the sacro-iliac junction and different positions of the fetal head are considered. Finally, we use an obstetrical sample: delivery outcome is noted, CT-scans are used to obtain maternal pelvic measurements and diameters of the fetal head were also measured after delivery. A discriminant analysis is performed using this obstetrical sample to separate delivery outcomes thanks to fetal-pelvic measurements. Fossil dyads were subsequently added in the discriminant analysis to assess delivery outcomes to which they belong. Results suggest small fetal-pelvic constraint for Austalopithecines. This constraint is moderate for EH. Fetal-pelvic constraint is more important for MEPH. We suggest that rotational birth appears with EH. The curved trajectory of the fetal head appears with MEPH. Emergence of rotational birth and curved trajectory of fetal head are probably explained by two major increases in brain size during late and middle Pleistocene
Baudin, Florent. "Ventilation mécanique dans les pathologies obstructives de l'enfant : physiopathologie des interventions ventilatoires et non ventilatoires." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1056/document.
Повний текст джерелаObstructive lung disease in children (asthma and bronchiolitis) are one of the main causes of admission to pediatric intensive care units. For several years, progress has been made to reduce the invasiveness of care resulting in a decrease in associated morbidity. The main objective of the thesis was to propose new ventilatory and non-ventilatory strategies based on physiopathology to optimize the care of such children.In children with severe bronchiolitis we evaluated the impact of prone position associated with non-invasive ventilation. The prone position decreases significantly the inspiratory work of breathing and improves the neuromechanical efficiency of the diaphragm. We also evaluated the effect of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) that is a proportional ventilatory mode based on the electrical activity of the diaphragm. We demonstrated that NAVA improved the patient-ventilator interactions and decrease the work of breathing in comparison with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). We also evaluated the feasibility of high flow nasal cannula as a respiratory support in children with severe asthma attack. These strategies need now to be validated on clinical outcomes and are the subject of two ongoing multicenter randomized trials
Airagnes, Guillaume. "Vie professionnelle et conduites addictives (alcool, tabac, cannabis, mésusage en benzodiazépines) dans la cohorte Constances." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV042.
Повний текст джерелаThe overall objective was to explore the links between addictive behaviours (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, benzodiazepines) and different aspects of occupational life (i.e. job stress, emotional demand, job loss) using data from the CONSTANCES research infrastructure.This general objective has been operationalized into five distinct objectives:(1) Estimate the prevalence of substance use in the general population according to socio-demographic and clinical factors,(2) Examine the longitudinal associations between job stress and benzodiazepine long-term use,(3) Examine the cross-sectional associations between emotional job demand and alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use,(4) Examine the cross-sectional associations between emotional job demand and benzodiazepine long-term use,(5) Examine the longitudinal associations between alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and job loss.1. The prevalence of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use in the general population have been estimated. The prevalence of benzodiazepine long-term use in 2015 was of 2.8 % (CI 95 % : 2.3-3.4) in men and 3.8 % (CI 95 % : 3.3-4.5) in women (n=9 535).2. There were dose-dependent relationships between job stress, as measured by the effort-reward imbalance, and the risk of benzodiazepine long-term use over a two-year follow-up (n=31 077), with an OR = 2.18 (CI 95 % : 1.50-3.16) for the most stressed compared to the least stressed subjects, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors, alcohol and tobacco smoking use, depression and self-rated health status.3. There were significant associations between emotional job demand, measured by the stressful exposure to the public in the workplace, and alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use, after adjusting for socio-demographic factors (n=23 641). Regarding alcohol use, emotional job demand was associated in men with an increased risk of heavy episodic drinking more than once a month(OR = 1.29 (CI 95 % : 1.10-1.51), and in women with an increased risk of high or very high weekly consumption (OR = 1.59 (CI 95 % : 1.12-2.25) as well as with alcohol use disorder(OR = 2.30 (CI 95 % : 1.54-3.44).4. There were dose-dependent relationships between emotional job demand and benzodiazepine long-term use, adjusting for age, education level and social deprivation index (n=33 195). ORs were 2.3 (CI 95 % : 1.5-3.6) in men and 2.5 (CI 95 % : 1.8-3.4) in women for individuals exposed to the highest emotional demand compared to the lowest. These associations remained significant even without other factors of vulnerability to benzodiazepine use.5. Alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use were independently and dose-dependently associated with the risk of job loss at one-year, adjusting for age, gender, depression and self-rated health status (n=18 879). The risk of job loss associated with problematic use or alcohol dependence was 1.92 (CI 95 % : 1.34-2.75) compared to low-risk use. This risk was 1.78 (95% CI : 1.26-2.54) for heavy smokers compared to non-smokers and 2.68 (CI 95 % : 2.10-3.42) for cannabis users at least once a month compared to non-users.These findings could help public health and occupational health decision-makers to develop information and prevention strategies aiming at reducing the burden of substance use, particularly in the workplace. Because of the complexity of the interrelationships between addictive behaviours and occupational life, this field of the epidemiologic research should continue to be developed in order to meet the major public health challenges posed by both addictive behaviours and exposure to occupational risks
Pérusse-Lachance, Émilie. "Le travail mental exigeant : caractérisation des effets biologiques et comportementaux." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29390/29390.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCardiovascular diseases, as well as obesity and its associated co-morbidities, are the leading causes of death in the world and a major economic burden. Accordingly, it is essential to find ways to slow their progression. This thesis aims to describe the biological and behavioural impact of mental work in healthy men and women. First, this work demonstrates that mental work increases blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in young adults through a reduction in cardiac parasympathetic modulation. This result is observed in men and women when the objective and subjective mental work intensity is similar between both sexes. The second study shows that this effect seems to be acute and of short duration as HR, BP and heart rate variability return to baseline levels at the end of a mental work condition in healthy males. Finally, results from this thesis showed that women tend to eat more after mental work while men have the opposite behaviour. However, physical activity has the same effect on men and women, suggesting a decrease in food intake relative to expenditure. The appetite sensations’ markers are not different between sexes when submitted to different stimuli such as mental work and physical activity.
Ansiau, David. "Effets modérateurs des expériences cognitives et non-cognitives de travail sur le vieillissement cognitif." Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20084.
Повний текст джерелаThe work deals with the moderator effects of cognitive and non-cognitive job experiences on cognitive ageing. It includes 4 empirical studies from which 3 are based on data coming from the VISAT study (n=3237 ; ageing, health and work). The first two investigate the effects of cognitive stimulation at work or test the maintenance hypothesis (cognitive experiences). The other two are about the short -and long- term effects of shift work, sleep troubles and other work conditions on cognitive efficiency. Several results show that some job experiences may either impair the cognitive functioning in the long term (shift work) or moderate the ageing effects (cognitive stimulation at work). The discussion emphasizes the need of improving working conditions as a way of contributing to successful ageing
Gaoua, Nadia. "Étude de l’effet de l’exposition à un environnement chaud sur les fonctions cognitives chez l’homme." Paris 8, 2012. http://octaviana.fr/document/178307572#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of exposure to a hot environment on cognitive performance. Methods: A series of four experiments were performed in an environmental chamber under both hot (HOT: 50°C, 30% RH) and control (CON: 24°C, 30% RH) conditions, with varied exposure times ranging from 15 minutes to 4h30min. Under different levels of thermal strain, subjects performed both simple and complex computerised cognitive tasks. Central (Tcore) and skin (Tskin) temperatures were continuously recorded. Subjective measures of thermal comfort and thermal sensation were also registered. During the forth study EEG was registered over the frontal lobe. Results: Hyperthermia had no impact upon reaction time and accuracy of responses of simple tasks, however, impulsivity increased during tasks that required sustaining attention over prolonged periods of time. Significant increases in Tcore beyond 38. 7oC were associated with impaired complex cognitive task performance. In addition, rapid and substantial variations in Tskin (≈3oC in 15min of exposure to HOT), independent of any change in Tcore, had a similar detrimental effect upon complex cognitive tasks. The elevation in theta and alpha power showed a higher cognitive load in HOT during simple tasks but not during the complex tasks. Discussion & conclusion: The results suggest that these reductions in complex cognitive performance with heat exposure originate from an additional cognitive load imposed by the thermal strain associated to the increase in Tcore or the alliesthesial Tskin variations; with both these factors acting as competing variables to the limited cognitive processes. EEG recordings confirm that attempts to reallocate additional cognitive resources to perform complex tasks are unavailable given the load imposed by passive hyperthermia
Harish, Omri. "Network mechanisms of working memory : from persistent dynamics to chaos." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T073/document.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the most fundamental brain capabilities, that is vital for any high level cognitive function, is to store task-relevant information for short periods of time; this capability is known as working memory (WM). In recent decades there is accumulating evidence of taskrelevant activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of primates during delay periods of delayedresponse tasks, thus implying that PFC is able to maintain sensory information and so function as a WM module. For retrieval of sensory information from network activity after the sensory stimulus is no longer present it is imperative that the state of the network at the time of retrieval be correlated with its state at the time of stimulus offset. One extreme, prominent in computational models of WM, is the co-existence of multiple attractors. In this approach the network dynamics has a multitude of possible steady states, which correspond to different memory states, and a stimulus can force the network to shift to one such steady state. Alternatively, even in the absence of multiple attractors, if the dynamics of the network is chaotic then information about past events can be extracted from the state of the network, provided that the typical time scale of the autocorrelation (AC) of neuronal dynamics is large enough. In the first part of this thesis I study an attractor-based model of memory of a spatial location to investigate the role of non-linearities of neuronal f-I curves in WM mechanisms. I provide an analytic theory and simulation results showing that these nonlinearities, rather than synaptic or neuronal time constants, can be the basis of WM network mechanisms. In the second part I explore factors controlling the time scale of neuronal ACs in a large balanced network displaying chaotic dynamics. I develop a mean-field (MF) theory describing the ACs in terms of several order parameters. Then, I show that apart from the proximity to the transition-to-chaos point, which can increase the width of the AC curve, the existence of connectivity motifs can cause long-time correlations in the state of the network
Leal, Ferreira Leda. "Les travailleurs postés et leur sommeil : une étude dans l'industrie brésilienne." Paris 13, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA131025.
Повний текст джерелаGilbert-Ouimet, Mahée. "Effets d'une exposition cumulée au déséquilibre efforts-reconnaissance au travail sur la tension artérielle : une étude prospective chez 1 612 hommes et femmes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26929/26929.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSasseville, Alexandre. "Faciliter l'adaptation au travail de nuit : l'utilisation des courtes longueurs d'onde sur l'horloge biologique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29700/29700.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаParent, Mark, and Mark Parent. "Diagnosticité des mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33770.
Повний текст джерелаLa charge mentale est un concept très utile dans les domaines dont l’objet d’étude et d’analyse est le travail et la performance humaine. Typiquement, la charge mentale est mesurée à l’aide des mesures subjectives (c.-à-d. des questionnaires) ou par des mesures comportementales (c.-à-d. les actions des individus). La charge mentale peut également être mesurée à l’aide de l’activité physiologique périphérique (p.ex. l’activité cardiaque). Il est cependant difficile de déterminer la source de la charge mentale à l’aide des mesures physiologiques périphérique. En effet, les sous-dimensions de la charge mentale, comme l’exigence, l’effort, le stress et la fatigue, provoquent souvent des manifestations physiologiques similaires. En plus de cette problématique, les mesures physiologiques de la charge mentale sont trop souvent étudiées dans des contextes de laboratoire et trop rarement étudiées dans des milieux de travail réels. Il est donc crucial d’investiguer leur potentiel dans des contextes réels. Cette thèse vise donc à investiguer le potentiel diagnostique (le potentiel à déterminer la source) des mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale. Pour y arriver, une méthode combinant l’approches cognitive traditionnelle et l’apprentissage automatique est utilisée. La thèse rapporte les résultats de deux expériences : une première menée en contexte de laboratoire et une seconde menée dans une simulation de commandement et contrôle reproduisant un milieu de travail réel. Les résultats montrent que les mesures physiologiques périphériques peuvent prédire, avec une bonne précision, la sousdimension qui est à l’origine de la charge mentale en contexte de tâche simple. Bien que moins précise, il reste possible de faire cette prédiction dans des contextes de tâche réelle. Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse apporte plusieurs contributions essentielles afin de rendre possible les mesures physiologiques périphériques de la charge mentale dans les milieux de travail réels.
Mental workload stands out as a key concept as soon as human work and human performance is discussed. Mental workload is often measured using subjective questionnaires or behavioral cues. Peripheral physiological measures (e.g. heart rate) can also be used to measure workload. However, it is particularly difficult to determine the source of workload using peripheral physiological measures. Sub-divisions of mental workload, such as task load, mental effort, stress and fatigue, often trigger similar physiological reactions, blurring the diagnostic potential of physiological measures. Furthermore, physiological measures are too often investigated in laboratory settings, making it hazardous to determine their performance in real world settings. This thesis aims at investigating the diagnostic potential of peripheral physiological measures. A mixed methodology, combining traditional cognitive approach as well as machine learning techniques, is used. This thesis presents results of both a laboratory setting experimental as well as an ecological command and control simulation. Results show that peripheral measures can be used to predict, with high accuracy, the source of workload in laboratory settings. While not as accurate, results also show that it is possible to perform a diagnostic measure of workload in an ecological work simulation. This thesis contribute to improve the potential of peripheral physiological measures in real work settings.
Mental workload stands out as a key concept as soon as human work and human performance is discussed. Mental workload is often measured using subjective questionnaires or behavioral cues. Peripheral physiological measures (e.g. heart rate) can also be used to measure workload. However, it is particularly difficult to determine the source of workload using peripheral physiological measures. Sub-divisions of mental workload, such as task load, mental effort, stress and fatigue, often trigger similar physiological reactions, blurring the diagnostic potential of physiological measures. Furthermore, physiological measures are too often investigated in laboratory settings, making it hazardous to determine their performance in real world settings. This thesis aims at investigating the diagnostic potential of peripheral physiological measures. A mixed methodology, combining traditional cognitive approach as well as machine learning techniques, is used. This thesis presents results of both a laboratory setting experimental as well as an ecological command and control simulation. Results show that peripheral measures can be used to predict, with high accuracy, the source of workload in laboratory settings. While not as accurate, results also show that it is possible to perform a diagnostic measure of workload in an ecological work simulation. This thesis contribute to improve the potential of peripheral physiological measures in real work settings.
Chaput, Jean-Philippe. "Obésité et modernité : l'émergence de nouveaux stimuli nous amène-t-elle à redéfinir la notion de sédentarité?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25425/25425.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDupont, Mariève. "Étude des comportements alimentaires consécutifs à un travail intellectuel exigeant selon une perspective d’autorégulation du comportement humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26194.
Повний текст джерелаKnowledge-based work (KBW) has been recently identified as a potential factor that might induce overeating, especially for women, which may contribute to the epidemic obesity. However, the reasons underlying this association are partially known. This master’s thesis further investigates the results of a randomized controlled study on KBW. Based on self-regulation theory, the objective is to explore the relationships between mental effort, psychological characteristics and food intake in order to explain overeating. The results show that motivation variables and restraint variables are not significant factors mediating the relationship between KBW and food intake. Nevertheless, the controlled form of motivation is associated to eating behaviour traits related to overeating. Additional studies are needed to understand the complex interactions between psychological characteristics, KBW and ad libitum food intake.
Marquié, Jean-Claude. "Vieillissement cognitif, expérience, et contraintes de l'environnement. Perspectives théoriques et ergonomiques." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30235.
Повний текст джерелаMauvieux, Benoit. "Effets d’un entrainement physique et sportif régulier, chronique ou temporaire, sur les rythmes biologiques du travailleur de nuit." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2063.
Повний текст джерелаMalard, Lucile. "Evolution des facteurs psychosociaux au travail et de la santé mentale en période de crise économique dans les populations au travail en France et en Europe." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS036V.
Повний текст джерелаSince 2008, the developed countries have had to face a severe economic crisis which could have affected psychosocial working conditions and mental health. The aim of this thesis was to assess the changes in psychosocial work factors and in mental health in the working populations in Europe and in France in times of the 2008 economic crisis, and to study whether these changes were different according to various subgroups of population.Data from European periodical cross-sectional surveys in 30 European countries in 2005 and 2010 (73496 employees) and a national prospective French survey in 2006 and 2010 (5600 workers) were used.Psychosocial work factors displayed mixed changes among European employees between 2005 and 2010, with both deteriorations and improvements, and worsened in France between 2006 and 2010, especially among women. Workers in the countries highly hit by the crisis, younger workers, low-skilled workers and public sector workers were more likely to be affected by these negative changes. No change in mental disorders was found in the French working population. Nevertheless, behaviours and indicators of mental health (alcohol use, smoking, sleep problems and self-reported health) worsened between 2006 and 2010, in particular among younger workers and workers with permanent contract.Prevention policies could be useful to reduce the deterioration of psychosocial working conditions and mental health especially among some subgroups of population most affected by this deterioration
Drouin-Maziade, Christine. "Influence des processus motivationnels sur la mémoire de travail chez les enfants TDA/H avec ou sans anxiété comorbide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26618/26618.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBenoit, Dana. "Older and younger drivers' perceived workload when driving with adaptive equipment = La charge de travail perçu par des conducteur jeunes et âgés : lors de la conduite automobile avec des aides techniques." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101706.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis comprises two studies comparing older and younger drivers' perceived workload when driving with adaptive devices. First, workload ratings in normal driving were compared to ratings while driving using hand-controls to activate the vehicle's pedals. Significant increases in workload were observed for younger and older drivers. The second study evaluated the effect of driver-training on workload, comparing ratings prior to and following three hours of training. Although training was effective in reducing workload, seniors' scores did not return to baseline levels as did the younger drivers', and gender differences were observed. Clinically, the studies support the need for training. Age and gender may impact training-response.
Martinez, Jean-Luc. "Etude des principales réactions biologiques chez des adolescentes pratiquant une semaine de course et de nage : travail réalisé dans le cadre d'un projet d'action éducative mené sur les rives de la Dordogne." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M041.
Повний текст джерелаPaumès, Cau-Bareille Dominique. "Effets modulateurs de l'expérience professionnelle sur l'expression du vieillissement dans des tâches cognitives." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30066.
Повний текст джерелаDominguez, Hélène. "Croissance et flux métaboliques de Corynebacterium glutamicum sur divers sucres : interactions entre transporteurs PTS et voies métaboliques : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0051.
Повний текст джерелаBalaguier, Romain. "D'une analyse ergonomique en situation réelle de travail à la mise en place d'un programme d'activités physiques adaptées pour la prévention des troubles musculosquelettiques de salariés viticoles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS005.
Повний текст джерелаWork related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) affecting the low back do represent one of the most pressing health problems and a major issue among workers in Europe including vineyard workers. It is noteworthy that the negative effects at the individual, employer and societal levels make the prevention of WMSDs affecting the low back a priority target in the viticulture sector. Within this context, the aim of this PhD thesis was to build an effective action to prevent WMSD symptoms of the low back among vineyard-workers.A field ergonomic work exposure analysis was first conducted (i) to question the location and severity of WMSD symptoms and (ii) to objectively quantify the kinematics during pruning activity. Of note, this winter activity was chosen because it represents six months of the annual physical workload. To reach this first sub-objective, two complementary studies were conducted (Studies I and II). In Study I, self-reported musculoskeletal pain ratings confirmed the existing literature that the low back was the most painful anatomical region among vineyard-workers. In addition, two-dimensional video-recordings of pruning activity revealed that vineyard-workers frequently adopt trunk forward bending postures considered as ‘extreme’. In Study II, the use of wireless tri-dimensional inertial sensors further demonstrated that pruning activity was also associated with trunk postures combining forward bending and rotation. On the whole, these two field studies indicated that vineyard-workers adopted trunk postures known to increase the risk of WMSD symptoms over the low back during the performance of pruning activity.Based on these findings, a workplace supervised APA program was subsequently conceived, implemented and evaluated to specifically prevent WDMS symptoms of the low back among vineyard-workers. The APA program was supplementary to classical ergonomic interventions. To achieve this second objective, two complementary studies (Studies III and IV) were conducted in which volunteer vineyard-workers were invited to follow supervised warm-ups and training APA sessions targeting trunk muscle endurance and flexibility, known to decrease in case of WMSD symptoms over the low back. Results of Study III showed the effectiveness of this workplace supervised APA program to increase trunk muscle endurance and flexibility and to decrease pressure pain sensitivity over the low back, hence demonstrating the positive effects of APA on pain mechanisms. Results of Study IV further provided a comprehensive view on how and to what extent the context of the implementation of the APA program and the collaboration between stakeholders were decisive to reach a high compliance rate and were likely to increase the program’s effectiveness.As a whole, this PhD thesis demonstrated that, based on an ergonomic work exposure field analysis, a supervised workplace APA program can help to prevent WMSD symptoms of the low back among vineyard workers. Interestingly, even though the question of sustainability still remains to be assessed, these promising results have convinced other wine-producing companies to integrate this APA program as one component of their health policies already including ergonomic approaches
Martin, Jeanne Sophie. "Relation entre le chronotype, le sommeil, la fatique et l'exposition à la lumière chez les jeunes adultes travailleurs aux études." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30045/30045.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this master thesis was to evaluate the relationship between chronotype, exposure to light, work-related fatigue and sleep problems in 97 young adults aged 19-21 years who combine their studies with participation in paid work. The research question is based on the fact that several students combine school and work and that many of them report cutting on sleep in order to complete their daily tasks and activities efficiently. Also, the transition to adulthood brings significant changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms. Although sleep needs reportedly remain unchanged throughout adolescence, the onset of puberty is characterized by a propensity to delay wake times and bed times. These changes are caused by biological and social processes and can lead to the build-up of a sleep debt and, consequently, sleepiness and fatigue. One may thus advance that an intensification of school and work activities for this population may increase this sleep debt and concomitant symptoms of sleep deprivation. In this study, the chronotype (or "circadian preference") is evaluated as a factor that can influence sleep problems of student workers. Several publications have highlighted that students who have evening chronotype (or having a later circadian preference) have more problems related to sleep and daytime functioning than other students. It is therefore relevant to assess chronotype in student workers for its potential protective or deleterious effect on sleep and fatigue. The level of environmental light exposure was also evaluated, since light is the most important exogenous synchronizer of the circadian system. In summary, the results of this study underline that young adults are likely to exhibit a significant sleep debt when they work while studying. Furthermore, the results indicate that student workers with an evening chronotype is associated with lower sleep quality, higher level of work-related chronic fatigue and distinct patterns of light exposure such as lower light exposure during the morning and the afternoon.
Saint, Blanquat Paul de. "Les comportements orientés vers un but : implication de l'hippocampe et du cortex préfrontal chez le rat." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10129/document.
Повний текст джерелаGoal-directed behaviors are complex and involve a variety of cognitive processes. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in behavioral planning. More over, cells in the rat mPFC show specific firing modulations at location with a high motivational value. Such neuronal activity could be essential for the setting up installation of a goal-directed behavior. Further more, navigating to a spatial goal requires the building of a stable presentation of the environment which is hippocampus-dependent. So far however, only few studies have addressed the respective role of these two structures, and their interaction, during the acquisition and the consolidation of a goal directed-behavior. The work conducted during my PhD thesis aimed at studying the role of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in this process. In a first study,we showed the existence of a prospective coding by mPFC neurons when the rat performs a working memory task. Neuronal activity signals both, the temporal sequence of the behavior, and the prediction of reward. These neurons would play a role inexecutive functions. In a second study, we focused on cerebral structures involved in the updating of the value of a goal as well as in its long-term retention. Our results showed that the inactivation of the intermediate hippocampus causes deficit in the short-term processing of a change in the goal value. On the other hand, the inactivation of the mPFC prevents long-term consolidation of this change. Integrity of this two structures would therefore be essential to perform an on-line updating of the goal value and for its long-term consolidation. Their interaction would be necessary to rapidly adapt, and in a lasting manner, the behavioral strategy of the animal when it faces an environmental change
Yan, Xue. "Rôle de la (p)ppGpp synthétase RelA dans l’adaptation aux contraintes environnementales et la virulence chez Enterococcus faecalis : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux ]." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2018.
Повний текст джерелаBacteria have developed very powerful adaptive mechanisms to cope with the fluctuations of the physicochemical conditions of the natural environment. The alarmones (p)ppGpp [guanosine (penta-) tetra-phosphate] were initially described in bacteria for their role in the response to amino acids starvation (ie, stringent response). In Gram positive bacteria, the synthesis and degradation of (p)ppGpp is dependent on a bifunctional enzyme, RelA, but may also imply alternative synthetases (eg. RelQ). We created and analyzed in Enterococcus faecalis V583 the deletion mutants ∆relA, ∆relQ, ∆relA-∆relQ, as well as a mutant producing a RelA protein truncated from its 241 C-term amino acids (named ∆relAsp). We showed that RelA is the main enzyme responsible for the accumulation of (p)ppGpp in E. Faecalis. Compared to the wild type strain V583, the two relA mutants revealed more resistant to various stresses (bile salts, ethanol, acidity), but displayed contrasting phenotypes to other stresses. In particular, the ∆relAsp revealed highly resistant towards a lethal oxidative stress. The virulence of the mutants was assayed towards the animal virulence model Galleria mellonella, showing an increased virulence of the ∆relAsp mutant, and an attenuated phenotype for the double ∆relA-∆relQ mutant. Aiming at better understanding the role of relA in the development of these phenotypes, we analyzed the genes and proteins expressions in the relA mutants by using transcriptomic and proteomic global approaches, and performed a transcriptomic analysis in the V583 strain subjected to an oxidative stress
Bastille-Denis, Emmanuelle. "La nature et le rôle des variables psychologiques comme facteurs de maintien du trouble lié à l'horaire de travail." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26289.
Повний текст джерелаLebon, Florent. "Efficience du travail mental sur le développement et le recouvrement des capacités motrices : force musculaire et imagerie motrice." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00570124.
Повний текст джерелаVaconsin, Myriam. "Mobilier ergonomique et contraintes biomécaniques subies par le système musculo-squelettique en posture assise." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2596/.
Повний текст джерелаIt has been shown that the biomechanical stress sustained by the musculo-skeletal system depends on the characteristics of the seated posture and that the workstation (table and chair) is likely to influence the posture. The objective of this thesis was to assess the effect of the workstation parameters on the biomechanical stress sustained by the musculo-skeletal system while seated. To this aim, surface EMG of the main postural muscles and angular position of the osteo-articular chain were recorded under different conditions of height and slope of the seat and table top. The first series of experiments, which investigated the effect of table top height and slope, revealed that a backward slope of the table top induced a weaker flexion of the head and a greater activity of deltoideus pars clavicularis. It also showed that a higher table top was associated with a decrease of head flexion and a greater activity of trapezius pars descendens. The second series of experiments, which was devoted to seat height and slope, showed that a sloping seat induced a lower flexion of thigh, but required a more significant activity of the lower limbs extensor muscles (soleus, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis). The third series of experiments, which focused on table top and seat slope, did not show any significant interaction between these two parameters. Based on these results, it was assumed that sloping surfaces, which are a main feature of ergonomic furniture, favours a more erect posture of the spine, but entails additional loading on the lower (sloping table top) and upper (sloping seat) limbs. As a consequence, their systematic use could not be recommended. In addition, the high inter-individual variability of the results within each experimental condition, suggests that posture is not only a matter of workstation parameters
Muller, Catherine. "Modulation pharmacologique de l'expression de la P-glycoprotéine : contribution au développement d'une nouvelle stratégie de réversion du phénotype de résistance pléiotropique : [thèse en partie soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30216.
Повний текст джерелаFaget-Agius, Catherine. "Etude des bases neurales structurales et fonctionnelles des troubles cognitifs et de la qualité de vie dans la schizophrénie par imagerie cérébrale multimodale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5050/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe conducted a multimodal neuroimaging approach combining the study of working memory activation with fMRI, the study of microstructural abnormalities associated with impaired QoL using MTI and the study of the functional brain substrate of QoL using SPECT. We aimed to characterize structural and functional neural basis of cognitive impairment and QoL in schizophrenia. We secondarily aimed to test the predictive value of cognitive impairment and QOL for the evolution and functioning in schizophrenia.First, we explored brain activation during a working memory task between patients with short disease duration and patients with long disease duration. We found a functional reorganization in patients with long schizophrenia duration having brain hyperactivations relative to short schizophrenia duration patients. Secondly, we investigated and compared microstructural abnormalities in patients with preserved Qol and impaired QoL. We showed that patients with impaired QoL had more microstructural changes in brain regions affected by the disease process of schizophrenia.Finally, we studied the neural substrate of QoL in schizophrenia. We reported that brain regions involved in cognitions, emotional information processing and social cognition underlie the different QoL dimensions in schizophrenia. On the one hand, our findings suggest that a functional reorganization in the working memory neural network plays a compensatory role in the schizophrenia course. On the other hand, our results suggest that QoL could be the early expression of brain abnormalities induced by the disease process of schizophrenia
Dubousset, Lucie. "Effet d'une restriction en sulfate couplée ou non à une limitation en nitrate sur l'efficience de mobilisation du S et du N foliaire chez le colza d'hiver (Brassica napus L. ) : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CAEN2074.
Повний текст джерелаThe survey of the physiological and agronomic impacts of a mineral sulphur (S) limitation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ) – an oleagenous very demanding in S but characterized by a weak S use efficiency (SUE) – is of particular interest in the current context of S impoverishment in soils associated with the decrease of atmospheric deposits. Thus, the goals were targeted to (1) determine the stages of development the most sensitive to the S limitation, (2) identify the processes of S and N mobilization/allocation (via 15N/34S labellings) and (3) evaluate the effects of the N availability on these processes. An allometric relationship similar to N with shoot biomass could not be established for S. Whatever the availability in N, a sequestration of sulphate in leaves of plants well supplied with S was revealed in greenhouse and in field experiments. In case of S limitation, the sulfate stored in leaves would be efficiently remobilized towards growing tissues via the induction of tonoplastic transporters (BnSultr4;1 and BnSultr4;2) involved in its efflux. A S restriction at the stage C2 (bolting) affects the N use efficiency. The grain filling and the oil quality depend on the S availability between C2 and D2 (visible buds). Overall results show that the weak SUE in oilseed rape is related to a weak mobilization of sulphate in leaves and that an adapted S fertilization covering the requirements until the beginning of flowering would allow improving the SUE while maintaining seed yield and quality