Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Trasition"

Made available in DSpace on 2008-05-13T13:16:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-05-24<br>This dissertation evaluates macroeconomic management in Brazil from 1994 to the present, with particular focus on exchange rate policy. It points out that while Brazil's Real Plan succeeded in halting the hyperinflation that had reached more than 2000 percent in 1993, it also caused significant real appreciation of the exchange rate situation that was only made worse by the extremely high interest rates and ensuing bout of severe financial crises in the intemational arena. By the end of 1998, the accumulation of internai and externai imbalances led the authorities to drop foreign exchange controls and allow the currency to float. In spite of some initial scepticism, the flexible rate regime cum inflation target proved to work well. Inflation was kept under control; the current account position improved significantly, real interest rates fell and GDP growth resumed. Thus, while great challenges still lie ahead, the recent successes bestow some optimism on the well functioning of this exchange rate regime. The Brazilian case suggests that successful transition from one foreign exchange system to another, particularly during financial crisis, does not depend only on one variable be it fiscal or monetary. In reality, it depends on whole set of co-ordinated policies aimed at resuming price stability with as little exchange rate and output volatility as possible.

A la pression atmospherique, les decharges electriques controlees par barriere dielectrique sont normalement des decharges filamentaires. Recemment, une decharge luminescente constituee d'un seul canal de decharge couvrant uniformement toute la surface des electrodes a ete obtenue a la pression atmospherique dans l'helium. Ce nouveau regime de decharge est tres interessant pour le traitement de surface des polymeres car il est susceptible d'induire des transformations de surface beaucoup plus homogenes et controlees qu'une decharge filamentaire. L'objectif de cette these etait double : d'une part definir les mecanismes de transition entre les regimes filamentaire et luminescent des decharges controlees par barriere dielectrique, et d'autre part contribuer a une meilleure determination des especes actives de la decharge agissant sur la surface. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, le gaz et la surface ont ete etudies simultanement. Deux polymeres ont ete envisages, le polypropylene pour augmenter l'energie de surface et le polyethylene terephtalate pour ameliorer l'adhesion. L'etude a commence dans l'helium, ou les regimes filamentaire et luminescent ainsi que la transition entre ces deux decharges ont ete consideres. Ensuite, les conclusions ont ete etendues a l'azote, ce qui a permis d'obtenir une decharge luminescente dans ce gaz. A partir de la mesure du courant, des spectres d'emission et de photographies a court temps de pause de la decharge, il a ete montre que le regime depend de la densite d'electrons germes dans le gaz lors de l'amorcage et que le mecanisme a l'origine de l'auto-entretien du regime luminescent a la pression atmospherique est l'emission d'electrons secondaires a la cathode. Les decharges controlees par barriere dielectrique etant impulsionnelles, l'effet memoire d'une decharge a l'autre defini leurs regimes. La forme du champ electrique et la densite de metastables controlent la densite d'electrons germes : le champ piege des electrons dans le gaz d'une decharge a la suivante, et les metastables, via l'effet penning, creent des electrons entre 2 decharges. Cette etude a aussi fait ressortir l'importance de l'endroit dans l'espace gazeux ou sont creees les especes actives de la decharge. Cet effet est exacerbe a la pression atmospherique du fait que les libres parcours moyens sont de quelques microns. L'importance des ions n + 2 de faible energie pour le traitement de la surface des polymeres a aussi ete mise en evidence a partir des resultats d'analyse esca de la surface couplee a la spectroscopie d'emission du gaz.

TEIXEIRA, Rivania Maria do Nascimento. Leis de escala em mapeamentos discretos. 2016. 85 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.<br>Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-07-18T18:20:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_rmnteixeira.pdf: 5826571 bytes, checksum: 6cde4ae78436e469a71b8b9608331776 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-07-18T18:22:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_rmnteixeira.pdf: 5826571 bytes, checksum: 6cde4ae78436e469a71b8b9608331776 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T18:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_tese_rmnteixeira.pdf: 5826571 bytes, checksum: 6cde4ae78436e469a71b8b9608331776 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016<br>In this work we are going to investigate the scale formalism in discret mappings. In 1D mappings, we explore the asymptotic decays to the steady state with focus in three types of bifurcation: transcriptical, pitchfork and period-doubling. We identify this behavior through a well defined generalized homogeneous function with critical exponents. Next to the bifurcation point, the decay to the fix point occurs by an exponential function, which is given by a power law that is independent of the non-linearity mapping. The numerical results obtained agree with the analytical results. We also apply the scale formalism in conservatives and dissipatives bidimensional mappings. In the conservative case, our goal was analyze the behavior of the chaotics orbits next to the phase transition from the integrable to the non-integrable. Next to that transition, we describe the dynamical system using a generalized homogeneous function for which we found a power law that describe the behavior of the criticality. Through a phenomenological discussion, we found critical exponents in agree with the analytical description. In the dissipative case, our main goal was to investigate the influence of a dissipative term in the dynamics, causing a phase transition - suppression of unlimited difusion of the action variable. Following a phenomenological approach with an analytical description, we were able to determine the critical exponents using a generalized homogeneous function.<br>Neste trabalho investigamos algumas aplicações do formalismo de escala em mapeamentos discretos. Exploramos os decaimentos assintóticos ao estado estacionário com foco em três tipos de bifurcações em mapeamentos unidimensionais: bifurcação transcrítica, bifurcação supercrítica de forquilha e bifurcação de duplicação de período. Caracterizamos este comportamento através de uma função homogênea generalizada com expoentes críticos bem definidos. Próximo ao ponto de bifurcação o decaimento ao ponto fixo ocorre através de uma função exponencial cujo o tempo de relaxação é caracterizado por uma lei de potência que independe da não linearidade do mapa. Os resultados obtidos numericamente harmonizam com os resultados analíticos. Aplicamos também o formalismo de escala em mapeamentos bidimensionais conservativos e dissipativos. No caso conservativo, nosso objetivo foi analisar o comportamento de órbitas caóticas próximas à transição de fase de integrável para não integrável. Próximo à esta transição, descrevemos o sistema dinâmico utilizando uma função homogênea generalizada para a qual encontramos um lei de escala que descreve o comportamento da ação quadrática média próximo à transição. Através de uma discussão fenomenológica, encontramos expoentes críticos que corroboram com a descrição analítica. No caso dissipativo, nosso principal objetivo foi investigar a influência na dinâmica ao ser introduzido um termo dissipativo, causando a supressão da difusão ilimitada da variável ação quadrática média. Seguimos uma descrição fenomenológica acompanhada de uma descrição analítica e assim, determinamos os expoentes críticos usando uma função homogênea generalizada.

La present tesi doctoral té el seu germen en una preocupació que s’emmarca dins les falles de governança del sistema món capitalista, això és, de l'estructura institucional del metabolisme social global, i en el context de la crisi ambiental planetària. En particular, l'anàlisi s'origina com a conseqüència de la constatació de les “externalitats” que presenta el model energètic, en el context d'un marc normatiu internacional, que, aparentment, pretén respondre de manera efectiva a la crisi ambiental. Amb l'objecte de comprendre aquesta paradoxa, aquest treball pretén proporcionar una explicació crítica d’aquesta estructura, prenent com a referència la justícia energètica. A aquest afecte, he considerat rellevant diagnosticar quines són les arrels de les falles del sistema, amb l'objecte de dissenyar alternatives a la retòrica hegemònica que ens ha portat a l'actual escenari de degradació ambiental. Per a això, utilitzo la transició energètica com a punt de suport per explorar alguns dels aspectes fonamentals de la fractura de la governança global en el context de la crisi ambiental i, en particular, la limitació del llenguatge dels drets, així com la necessitat latent d'introduir una narrativa de canvi profund, basada en la justícia ambiental,  que presento com a marc normatiu alternatiu. Així, partint de la idea que la crisi ambiental es pot interpretar a partir del relat de l’Antropocè, la qual cosa suposa un qüestionament dels pressupòsits utòpics de la visió hegemònica del Dret públic, i tan mateix com del model patriarcal i colonial propi de l'economia-món capitalista, actualment legitimada a través del concepte fonamental de desenvolupament sostenible. Amb això, pretenc avançar en la construcció d’una nova governança global responsable, precautòria, solidària, cooperativa i sostenible.<br>La presente tesis doctoral tiene su germen en una preocupación que se enmarca dentro de los fallos de gobernanza del sistema-mundo capitalista, esto es, la de la estructura institucional del metabolismo social global, en el contexto de la crisis ambiental planetaria. En particular, el análisis se origina como consecuencia de la constatación de las “externalidades” que presenta el modelo energético, en el contexto de un marco normativo internacional, que, aparentemente, pretende responder de manera efectiva a la crisis ambiental. Con el objeto de comprender esta paradoja, este trabajo pretende proporcionar un discurso crítico de dicha estructura, tomando como referencia la justicia energética. Para ello, he considerado relevante diagnosticar cuáles son las raíces del fallo del sistema, con el objeto de diseñar alternativas a la retórica hegemónica que nos ha llevado al actual escenario de degradación ambiental. Para lo cual, utilizo la transición energética como punto de apoyo para explorar algunos de los aspectos fundamentales de la fractura de la gobernanza global en el contexto de la crisis ambiental, en particular, la limitación del lenguaje de los derechos, así como la necesidad latente de introducir una narrativa de cambio profundo, basada en la justicia ambiental, misma que presento como marco normativo alternativo. Así, parto de la idea de que la crisis ambiental se puede interpretar a partir del relato del Antropoceno, lo que supone un cuestionamiento de los presupuestos utópicos de la visión hegemónica del Derecho público, lo que invita al cuestionamiento del modelo patriarcal y colonial propio de la economía-mundo capitalista, actualmente legitimada a través del concepto fundamental de desarrollo sostenible. Con ello, pretendo avanzar en la construcción de nueva gobernanza global responsable, precautoria, solidaria, cooperativa y sostenible.<br>This doctoral thesis stems from a concern within the governance failures from the capitalist world system, this is, from the institutional structure of the global social metabolism in the context of a planetary environmental crisis. In particular, this analysis arises as a consequence of the confirmation of the externalities associated to the energy model, within the international regulatory framework, which seeks to respond to the environmental crisis effectively. In order to understand this paradox, this work is aimed to provide a critical discourse of the previously mentioned structure taking energy justice as a reference point.  To that end, I considered it important to diagnose the roots of the system failure in order to devise alternatives to the hegemonic rhetoric that has led to the current scenario of environmental degradation. For this, based on energy transition, I explore some of the basic factors for global governance fracture in the context of the environmental crisis. Specifically, the restrictiveness of the language of rights and the need to introduce a narrative of profound change based on environmental justice, which I present as an alternative regulatory framework. Therefore, I assume that the environmental crisis can be interpreted from the Anthropocene perspective, calling into question the utopian presuppositions of the hegemonic vision of Public Law, and also inviting us to question the patriarchal and colonial model of the capitalist world-economy, which is currently legitimized by the fundamental concept of sustainable development. Consequently, I intend to move forward in the construction of a new, responsible, precautious, supportive, cooperative and sustainable global governance.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>歐洲研究所<br>92<br>Title of Thesis：Electoral Transition and its impact on the party system in Italy Total Pages：142 Key Word：Party, Party System, Electoral System, Christian Democracy, Italian Communist Party, Northern League, proportional representation, Italy. Name of Institute：Graduate Institute of European Studies, Tamkang University Graduate Date：June, 2004 Degree Conferred：Master Name of Student：Ya-Huei, Lee Advisor：Dr. Kuo, Chiu-Ching （李雅惠） （郭秋慶 博士） Abstract： After World War Ⅱ, deeply under the influence of four factors-Religion, Class, Ideology and Territory, Italian party system belong to extreme and polarized pluralism. Until the early nineties, the traditional parties had declined, and the new parties had raised. Especially, the electoral reform of 1993 impacted on party system, and it made Italian party system still changing. Meanwhile discussing the progress of electoral transition and its impact on the party system in Italy, it is possible that the result of study can offer another way to Taiwan. By the major approach of historical analysis, it helps to explore the outline of development of Italian parties and party system. The auxiliary approach of deduction and induction methods makes this describes and research how new electoral system after 1992 impact on party system. This thesis is divided into five chapters and the structure is as follows： Chapter 1 is introduction；Chapter 2 describes the origin and background of Italian politic parties and party system；Chapter 3 explores the development of Italian reform of electoral system, and how the new electoral system have effects on three national elections in 1994, 1996, 2001；Chapter 4 is analysis the changes of Italian party system, compare the differences between old and new party system. Then it is found that Italian politics is from to. Finally it is compared the electoral systems of Britain, France and German and has anther direction to Italy. Chapter 5 is a conclusion of all chapters and analysis the future reform of electoral system on Taiwan!

The analysis described herein applies density functional theory to the activation and scission of the small multiply bonded molecules dinitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide using transition metal catalysts. Starting from the Laplaza-Cummins 3-coordinate molybdenum amide complex MoL3 (L = N(tBu)Ar ) we have applied electronic structure methods in combination with the ONIOM approach to complete a comprehensive study of the effect of ligand bulk on theactivation of dinitrogen. Our results show that not only is there expected destabilisation of the intermediate on the pathway, due to direct steric interactions of the bulky groups, but also there is significant electronic destabilisation as the size of the ligand increases. This latter destabilisation is due to the inability of the molecule to accommodate a rotated amide group bound to the molybdenum once the amide reaches a certain size. Interestingly the Laplaza-Cummins catalyst is experimentally inactive towards carbon dioxide despite binding and cleaving one C-S bond in the similar CS2 molecule. We have used density functional theory (DFT) to show that, at first glance, the reaction of 3 L3Mo + CO2 should proceed smoothly to give L3Mo-O + L3Mo-CO-MoL3. However, initial coordination of the CO2 molecule to L3Mo does not take place because of the bending of CO2, the energy required to cross from the doublet to the quartet state, and the lower metal-CO2 binding energy compared to metal-CS2. From this analysis we predicted that replacement of the central metal with a d2 transition metal would provide improved binding. Our calculations in this regard suggest that the tantalum analogue, TaL3, will successfully bind to CO2 in a mononuclear η2 arrangement and, importantly, will strongly activate one C-O bond to a point where spontaneously C-O cleave occurs. This strongly exothermic reaction takes into consideration formation transition barriers, spin crossings, ligand bulk and even the DFT functional choice. The product from this reaction, CO, is known to react with a similar 3-coordinate Ta(silox)3 (silox = OSi(tBu)3) complex, initially forming a ketenylidene (silox)3Ta-CCO, followed by a dicarbide (silox)3Ta-CC-(silox)3 structure. We again applied DFT methods to this reaction revealing an intricate mechanism whereby the previously unknown intermediate [(silox)3Ta-CO]2 was identified. The mechanism has been extended to consider the effect of altering both the metal species and the ligand environment. Specifically we predict that introducing electron-rich metals to the left of Ta on the periodic table to create mixed metal dinuclear intermediates shows great promise, as does the ligand environment of the Cummins-style 3-coordinate amide structure. Finally our interest in CO2 reactions lead to the exciting oxygen-atom transfer from carbon dioxide to a Fischer Carbene at (PNP)Ir reaction by the Grubbs group. We have confirmed the mechanism for the important CO2 reaction and have successfully rationalised the selective cleavage of the CS and CN bonds in OCS and PhNCO. The formation of the iridium-supported carbene itself has also been investigated and a fascinating autocatalytic mechanism has been discovered which nicely fits the observed experimental behaviour. This formation analysis has also been extended to consider the reactions with other linear and cyclic ethers that are known to form either carbenes or vinyl ether adducts. We have successfully rationalised the factors dictating reaction direction where both ether structural arrangement and (PNP) ligand environment contribute to the formation reaction outcomes.