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1
Sherif Adham Mohamed. "Theoretical Drying Model of Water Vapor Pressure for Imbibed Porous Material with Sea Water subjected to Weather Conditions." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 87, no. 2 (September 26, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.87.2.127136.
Анотація:
The drying model of porous material has been studied and solved. The drying model solves the drying of porous material if the porous material is saturated or unsaturated with salt solution. Local thermodynamic equilibrium was not assumed in the mathematical model for describing the multi-phase flow in the unsaturated porous media using the energy and mass conservation equations to describe the heat and mass transfer during the drying. The vapor pressure inside porous material voids is built from the vapor mass transport through material thickness and from the void’s water content evaporation. The new equation in the model is water vapor pressure’s equation. The drying model included advection and capillary transport of the water in porous material pores, the gases transport by advection and diffusion and soluble salt transports by diffusion only. The environment of the boundary condition of the model is atmospheric condition in the day’s hours. The model consists of 5 equations for mass and heat transfer phenomenon. The model was solved by Matlab software. The case study of the model is concrete block.
2
Mouhammad, Saif A. "Transport Processes in Environments with Irregular Structure." Material Science Research India 8, no. 1 (June 25, 2011): 07–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/080102.
Анотація:
In this work we consider a principally new statistical approach to the theory of processes of transport in a two-phase condensed environment with randomly distributed non-uniform surface structure. Taking this approach as a base, we considered diffusion in a chaotic porous environment. Such a structure is described with the aid of a curvilinear orthogonal coordinates system natural for geometrical porous surface. The method of averaging the diffusion equation is developed. The equations for average diffused concentration in a porous surface of a solution of ionic components are obtained. These equations take into account the local characteristics of the structure of the environment. In general, this approach is applicable to other equations describing the transport of substance, charge and electromagnetic field in the environment with random interior.
3
Beškovnik, Bojan, and Patricija Bajec. "STRATEGIES AND APPROACH FOR SMART CITY–PORT ECOSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT SUPPORTED BY THE INTERNET OF THINGS." Transport 36, no. 5 (December 30, 2021): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2021.16194.
Анотація:
The article presents a new contribution to understanding and building novel phenomena of Smart City–Port (SCP) ecosystems and new approaches for the use of new technical and technological findings. The main aim is to elaborate specific strategies SCP ecosystem can secure in the future and an approach for synchronised SCP development for adaption to growing urbanization, mobility and business development, where all stakeholders would take an active role. Based on analysed literature 19 strategies for common smart development of cities and ports are highlighted. The relatively new phenomena of the Internet of Things (IoT) or Internet of Everything (IoE) can simplify their achievement in SCP ecosystem. Moreover, the proposed 3 level approach for technological development of sensing, monitoring and managing data for spatial, transport, environmental and social policy is used on 2 Northern Adriatic cities and ports. The research provides actual analyses of SCP development at Koper (Slovenia) and Rijeka (Croatia), where the development of ports was carried in a completely different way. The article thus proposes a 2 phase approach to the development of SCP and can be used more widely in building a symbiosis of cities and their ports. Firstly, the need to fulfil the strategy from the set of 19 SCP development strategies should be identified and secondly by using a 3 level approach, with existing technological support a SCP environment can be set.
4
Huang, Xiaoling, Yawei Wang, Xiamei Dai, Jack Xunjie Luo, and Jihong Chen. "EVALUATION OF PORT EFFICIENCY IN SHANGHAI PORT AND BUSAN PORT BASED ON THREE-STAGE DEA MODEL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS." Transport 35, no. 5 (November 20, 2019): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2019.11465.
Анотація:
The global green development has led many ports to impose measures to reduce emissions and improve port efficiency. As large-scale construction can do damage to the environment, it is not supported under the green strategy, which makes it more important to make full use of existing resources in the port competition. While, whether there is a relationship between emissions and port efficiency, and whether the relationship can reflect the problems in port management are vital factors need to be considered when making port development strategy. To solve the two problems, this paper takes the case of Shanghai Port and Busan Port, and uses the three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency of the two ports respectively. Pollutant emissions from the ports are selected as an environmental variable in the second stage to examine their effects on the redundancy of input variables. The results indicate that the efficiency of Shanghai Port is insufficient due to excessive scale and pollutant emissions. Based on the results, some suggestions are given to improve the drawbacks. Furthermore, the use of the three-stage DEA to study the annual change in performance of a single target in this paper is also a novelty.
5
Kempka, Thomas, Svenja Steding, and Michael Kühn. "Verification of TRANSPORT Simulation Environment coupling with PHREEQC for reactive transport modelling." Advances in Geosciences 58 (November 3, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-19-2022.
Анотація:
Abstract. Many types of geologic subsurface utilisation are associated with fluid and heat flow as well as simultaneously occurring chemical reactions. For that reason, reactive transport models are required to understand and reproduce the governing processes. In this regard, reactive transport codes must be highly flexible to cover a wide range of applications, while being applicable by users without extensive programming skills at the same time. In this context, we present an extension of the Open Source and Open Access TRANSPORT Simulation Environment, which has been coupled with the geochemical reaction module PHREEQC, and thus provides multiple new features that make it applicable to complex reactive transport problems in various geoscientific fields. Code readability is ensured by the applied high-level programming language Python which is relatively easy to learn compared to low-level programming languages such as C, C++ and FORTRAN. Thus, also users with limited software development knowledge can benefit from the presented simulation environment due to the low entry-level programming skill requirements. In the present study, common geochemical benchmarks are used to verify the numerical code implementation. Currently, the coupled simulator can be used to investigate 3D single-phase fluid and heat flow as well as multicomponent solute transport in porous media. In addition to that, a wide range of equilibrium and nonequilibrium reactions can be considered. Chemical feedback on fluid flow is provided by adapting porosity and permeability of the porous media as well as fluid properties. Thereby, users are in full control of the underlying functions in terms of fluid and rock equations of state, coupled geochemical modules used for reactive transport, dynamic boundary conditions and mass balance calculations. Both, the solution of the system of partial differential equations and the PHREEQC module, can be easily parallelised to increase computational efficiency. The benchmarks used in the present study include density-driven flow as well as advective, diffusive and dispersive reactive transport of solutes. Furthermore, porosity and permeability changes caused by kinetically controlled dissolution-precipitation reactions are considered to verify the main features of our reactive transport code. In future, the code implementation can be used to quantify processes encountered in different types of subsurface utilisation, such as water resource management as well as geothermal energy production, as well as geological energy, CO2 and nuclear waste storage.
6
Żukowska, Sandra. "Concept of Green Ports. Case study of the Seaport in Gdynia." Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG 23, no. 3 (2020): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543859xpkg.20.020.12788.
Анотація:
World transport faces a serious challenge, which involves the detrimental impact of its activity on the environment. Marine transport is a significant link in the worldwide transport system, which provides the free flow of diversified cargoes and offers competitive prices compared to other modes of transport for the carriage of goods. Seaports enabling waterborne transport have a major impact on the economic, social and natural environment. Port managing authorities show growing awareness of the negative influence of port units on the surrounding environment. Concurrently, environmentally friendly measures are implemented in line with the principles of sustainable development. The article aim is to present the characteristics of the green ports concept in response to ports struggle with environmental problems. The article presents port development background and the evolving approach to environmental issues. The seaport in Gdynia is an example of pursuing a sustainable development policy, and informally is well embedded in the concept of green ports.
7
Kouhail, Yasmine, Ishai Dror, and Brian Berkowitz. "Current knowledge on transport and reactivity of technology-critical elements (TCEs) in soil and aquifer environments." Environmental Chemistry 17, no. 2 (2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en19102.
Анотація:
Environmental contextTechnology-critical elements, widely used in modern industry, are found in the environment as a result of both anthropogenic usage and natural sources. This review describes current knowledge on the transport of technology-critical elements in sand, soils and aquifer environments. The chemical compositions of the soils and groundwaters influence the transport of technology-critical elements, and natural colloids increase their mobility. AbstractTechnology-critical elements (TCEs) are now present in soil and aquifer environments, as a result not only of the geogenic origin but also of the recent anthropogenic activities and release. TCEs can interact with all components of the soil and water, which include inorganic and organic ligands (natural organic matter), clays, mineral surfaces and microorganisms. The literature regarding the transport and fate of TCEs in subsurface porous media (e.g. soil and aquifers) is limited and highly diverse. This review offers a detailed analysis of the existing literature on the transport and fate of TCEs in porous media, and emphasises what is still needed to fully understand their behaviour in the environment. Different modes of TCE transport are presented. First, the mobility of TCEs following interaction with colloids (e.g. natural organic matter, clays) is described. For these cases, an increase in the ionic strength and pH of aqueous solutions shows stronger retention or sorption of TCEs on porous matrices. The transport of nanoparticles (NPs) that contain TCEs is presented as a second mode of mobility. The ionic strength of the solution is the key parameter that controls the transport of cerium nanoparticles in porous media; natural organic matter also increases the mobility of nanoparticles. The third part of this review describes sorption and dissolution processes during transport. Finally, results from the field experiments are reported, which show that rare earth elements and indium are transported in the presence of natural organic matter. We conclude this review with suggested directions for future research.
8
Keppert, Martin, Monika Čáchová, and Dana Koňáková. "Transport of Liquids in Porous Rocks." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.117.
Анотація:
The rate of transport of liquids in porous environment is crucial engineering problem. It has importance in many fields like chemical engineering, hydropedology, economic geology and also in building materials science. The intensity of a liquid transport in porous body can be analyzed be means of three concepts – sorptivity, permeability and diffusivity. The approaches applied in field of porous rocks are discussed. Water absorption coefficients of set of sedimentary rocks of wide porosity range were determined experimentally and the relationship between them and specific pore volume of rocks was found.
9
Tokarchuk, M. V. "Kinetic description of ion transport in the system "ionic solution – porous environment"." Mathematical Modeling and Computing 9, no. 3 (2022): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/mmc2022.03.719.
Анотація:
A kinetic approach based on a modified chain of BBGKI equations for nonequilibrium particle distribution functions was used to describe the ion transfer processes in the ionic solution – porous medium system. A generalized kinetic equation of the revised Enskog–Vlasov–Landau theory for the nonequilibrium ion distribution function in the model of charged solid spheres is obtained, taking into account attractive short-range interactions for the ionic solution – porous medium system.
10
Kubičár, Ľudovít, Ján Hudec, Danica Fidríková, Peter Dieška, and Martin Vitkovič. "Effects in Monitoring of the Thermal Moisture Regime of Cultural Objects Located in Different Climate Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 1126 (October 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1126.93.
Анотація:
Historical monuments are most often built from materials (plaster, walls, rocks, etc.), which have a porous structure. The porous structure is characterized by a set of parameters that control its response to environment. In such structures, depending on the environmental conditions, we encounter with processes like vapor diffusion, adsorption, pore surface diffusion, capillary transport, etc. The processes are accompanied with the transport of heat energy and moisture. When monitoring of thermal - moisture regime of such structures we can find a wide range of effects such as wetting, drying, freezing and thawing. We have monitored several cultural objects localized in different environments, namely the Duomo Cathedral in Florence, the tower of St. Martin in Bratislava and pillar of the St. James Church in Levoča. Building components of the mentioned objects are of different nature such as masonry composed of bricks and plaster, Gioia marble and sandstone. Moisture sensors were used to monitor the thermal – moisture regime based on the hot-ball method for measuring thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity is a function of the pore content. In the pores, depending on the thermodynamic conditions, air, vapor, water or ice can be found. Collected data are correlated with meteorological conditions.
11
Yang, Chenghao, Jiao Li, James Newkirk, Valerie Baish, Renzong Hu, Yu Chen, and Fanglin Chen. "Co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2in a solid oxide electrolysis cell with hierarchically structured porous electrodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 31 (2015): 15913–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta03264d.
Анотація:
A solid oxide electrolysis cell with novel asymmetric-porous structured electrodes has been fabricated by freeze-drying tape-casting and impregnation methods. The straight channel-like pores in the porous electrode facilitate mass transport while the nano- or sub-micron-sized catalysts promote the electrode electrochemical reactions.
12
Barić, Mate, Josip Orlović, Leonardo Šango, and Mateo Pedišić. "Energy Efficiency of Container Cargo Flow in Largest East Adriatic Ports." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 61, no. 1 (December 2021): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2021.61.03.
Анотація:
Modern cargo flow nowadays requires proper analysis in order to optimize the costs and environment impact. To properly assess the ports at eastern Adriatic region transport energy efficiency and emissions were analysed, including both sea and land transport. For the sea transport Otrant gate was chosen as an entry point in Adriatic Sea. The analysed ports are Trieste, Koper and Rijeka as well-established container terminals and ports of Zadar and Ploče as terminals which in future may provide significant service. For the land transport, using both truck and train, Budapest was chosen as a final destination due to its location further in land at similar distance from all selected ports. As a cargo unit one 10 tonne TEU unit was used. The purpose of this analysis was to determine required energy to transport that one unit and emissions which such transport produce, not a volume or speed of transport. All the calculations were made using EcoTransIT calculator. The results showed that north Adriatic ports have one of the best positions in terms of efficiency of land transport, however southern Croatian ports have to develop transport infrastructure, mainly railroad, to be considered as a notable stakeholder.
13
Cai, Ou Chen. "Influences of TiO2 Nanoparticles on the Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminant in Soil." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.55.
Анотація:
As nanotechnologies become more widely used, titania nanoparticles are being released to the subsurface environment via wastewater sludge applications. Titania nanoparticles are not only toxic to organisms in the environment, but recent studies revealed that they may also serve as carriers of hydrophobic organic contaminants and affect their fate and distribution in the subsurface environment. The mobility of titania nanoparticles varies depending on nanoparticle morphology characteristics, pH and the ionic strength of solutions, flow velocity, nanoparticle concentration, and the presence of surfactant or natural organic matter. Analogous to findings for natural and engineered carbonaceous nanoparticles, titania nanoparticles may enhance the transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants in porous media. However, to prove this hypothesis, further research is necessary. Thus experiments examining the impacts of titania nanoparticle on the hydrophobic organic matter transport in porous media were designed, which consist of three different sets of column experiments. These experimental sets will investigate the effects of the presence of titania nanoparticles, the size of nanoparticles and the organic carbon content in soil, respectively. Due to the estimation of the potential for the titania nanoparticles to facilitate organic contaminant transport, the experiment results are expected as: (a) the presence of titania nanoparticles will enhance the organic contaminant transport in porous media; (b) smaller nanoparticles will adsorb more organic contaminants and enhance their transport as the result of the increasing specific surface area; (c) soil containing higher organic matter content will compete for the adsorption of organic contaminants and retard their facilitated transport by titania nanoparticles.
14
Haidine, A., A. Ait-Allal, A. Aqqal, and A. Dahbi. "NETWORKING LAYER FOR THE EVOLUTION OF MARITIME PORTS INTO A SMART ENVIRONMENT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W5-2021 (December 23, 2021): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w5-2021-251-2021.
Анотація:
Abstract. The maritime transport is playing an increasing and critical role on the worldwide trade; because it guarantee the delivery of 80% of the goods worldwide. The maritime ports are the articulation of the maritime transports, and therefore are responsible of (long delay in the ports means high risks for goods deterioration, higher costs for the logistics companies, longer occupation of containers for containers management companies, etc. In recent years some publications are talking about smart ports. In this paper we take some of the most recent models of smart port, and propose some extensions by considering the recent recommendations from International Maritime Organization (IMO), which have been translated and issued legislation frameworks by the European Union, such as maritime environment monitoring, air pollution, etc. In the recent years, any “smart” environment is modeled through an Internet-of-Things (IoT) layered model. Thus, we discuss the model of smart port environment as IoT layered model, where the networking/communications layer plays the core role. Furthermore, we analyse the possible networking technologies which could support the different smart domains building the smart port environment. This is achieved by first defining the different sub-layers of the hierarchical communication layer, and then comparing different technologies for building the broadband mobile sub-layer.
15
Uyuşur, Burcu, Preston T. Snee, Chunyan Li, and Christophe J. G. Darnault. "Quantitative Imaging and In Situ Concentration Measurements of Quantum Dot Nanomaterials in Variably Saturated Porous Media." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8237029.
Анотація:
Knowledge of the fate and transport of nanoparticles in the subsurface environment is limited, as techniques to monitor and visualize the transport and distribution of nanoparticles in porous media and measure their in situ concentrations are lacking. To address these issues, we have developed a light transmission and fluorescence method to visualize and measure in situ concentrations of quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles in variably saturated environments. Calibration cells filled with sand as porous medium and various known water saturation levels and QD concentrations were prepared. By measuring the intensity of the light transmitted through porous media exposed to fluorescent light and by measuring the hue of the light emitted by the QDs under UV light exposure, we obtained simultaneously in situ measurements of water saturation and QD nanoparticle concentrations with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Water saturation was directly proportional to the light intensity. A linear relationship was observed between hue-intensity ratio values and QD concentrations for constant water saturation levels. The advantages and limitations of the light transmission and fluorescence method as well as its implications for visualizing and measuring in situ concentrations of QDs nanoparticles in the subsurface environment are discussed.
16
Gil-Lopez, Tomas, and Amparo Verdu-Vazquez. "Environmental Analysis of the Use of Liquefied Natural Gas in Maritime Transport within the Port Environment." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111989.
Анотація:
Sustainable transport is gaining increasing importance in the political agenda. All modes of transport are obliged to reduce their emissions by both national and international governmental bodies, this requirement being even more necessary in the case of ports due to their traffic density and proximity to the city. The objective of this research is to estimate the atmospheric emissions generated during the operational phases, which are carried out close to Spanish ports. Due to its geographical position, Spain benefits from the routes of the Atlantic corridor and Mediterranean corridor belonging to the principal European transport network. The method uses detailed information about ship movements and ship categories (ship type, engine type, fuel type, etc.). From an environmental point of view, the results show that engines powered by Liquefied Natural Gas, compared to traditional fuels, save between 28% in the case of freight ships and 31% for passenger ships in the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere (52 tons per journey). On the other hand, the saving in NOx emissions is reduced by 87%. In addition, SOx emissions are completely eliminated and PM emissions are reduced to negligible values.
17
Zhang, Ying, Chao Yu Zhang, Yu Fang Peng, and Jian Zhang. "Laboratory Simulation of Radon Migration in Porous Aquifer Medium." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 978–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.978.
Анотація:
In order to find out the migration rules of radon transport in porous aquifer medium,transport process of radon in natural groundwater environment was simulated by laboratory seepage sand box experiment.This paper made in-depth discussions on the migration rules of radon in groundwater and soil and revealed the behaviours of radon in the environment.The experimental results indicated that convection dominated on the movement of radon in porous aquifer medium.The lateral migration of radon was due to not only diffusion but also carrying of groundwater, adsorption of porous medium, decay and volatilization. The lateral migration played an important part in the movement of radon.The cluster theory and microbubble theory in the existing research results were not the the principal migration mechanism of radon transport in porous aquifer medium. Release and accumulation, volatilization, decay, adsorption and convection should be the result of different periods of peak during the process of radon movement. The findings provided the scientific evidence for quantitative study of migration behaviours of radon in the underground environment and further support for the theory that the application of radon in oil and gas exploration, detection of ground fissures, earthquake monitoring and prediction and so on.
18
Borisov, Mikhail. "TRANSPORT OF INDIA." Eastern Analytics, no. 1 (2021): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2021-01-033-050.
Анотація:
Transport of India is developing in the context of the country's rapid economic growth in the last decades. Progress in the transportation system is accompanied with structural changes, the most important of which is the steep increase in the share of road transport in freight and passenger transportation due to the decline in the share of rail transport. The predominance of road transport in the world's fourth economy with an enormous population has given rise to a threat of transport collapse and problems connected with the environment and occupation of land by new road construction. That's why rail transport which is more economical and has a greater capacity of its lines is entering a new stage in its development. Air transport which has been improved technically and lowered its tariffs is developing at the highest rate. Indian market of domestic air transportation is one of the world's biggest and most promising. The use of sea shipping, particularly coastal, capable of doing part of the freight transportation of overcrowded highways and railroads, is used insufficiently. Pipeline transport is not very important in freight transportation because the major part of natural gas and oil are imported by sea and the refineries are situated in sea ports.
19
Wang, Yisheng, Ran Zhou, Mengyang Wang, Xiaojun Li, and Lequn Zhu. "Study on the Sustainable Development Strategy of Container Rail-Water Intermodal Transport in Chinese Ports." E3S Web of Conferences 512 (2024): 03024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451203024.
Анотація:
The sustainable development of container rail-water intermodal transport in China faces a series of deep-seated constraints. In this paper, we quantitatively summarize the development status of container rail-water intermodal transportation in China’s ports. Next, the typical problems faced by the sustainable development of rail-water intermodal transport are analyzed from the bottom constraints and direct constraints. Finally, this paper proposes strategic ideas to promote sustainable development of rail-water intermodal transport, taking into account network layout, technical equipment, data exchange rules, and policy environment.
20
Liu, Xingyu, Yan Liang, Yongtao Peng, Tingting Meng, Liling Xu, and Pengcheng Dong. "Sensitivity of the Transport of Plastic Nanoparticles to Typical Phosphates Associated with Ionic Strength and Solution pH." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 9860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179860.
Анотація:
The influence of phosphates on the transport of plastic particles in porous media is environmentally relevant due to their ubiquitous coexistence in the subsurface environment. This study investigated the transport of plastic nanoparticles (PNPs) via column experiments, paired with Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek calculations and numerical simulations. The trends of PNP transport vary with increasing concentrations of NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4 due to the coupled effects of increased electrostatic repulsion, the competition for retention sites, and the compression of the double layer. Higher pH tends to increase PNP transport due to the enhanced deprotonation of surfaces. The release of retained PNPs under reduced IS and increased pH is limited because most of the PNPs were irreversibly captured in deep primary minima. The presence of physicochemical heterogeneities on solid surfaces can reduce PNP transport and increase the sensitivity of the transport to IS. Furthermore, variations in the hydrogen bonding when the two phosphates act as proton donors will result in different influences on PNP transport at the same IS. This study highlights the sensitivity of PNP transport to phosphates associated with the solution chemistries (e.g., IS and pH) and is helpful for better understanding the fate of PNPs and other colloidal contaminants in the subsurface environment.
21
Ryu, Han-Sun, Jinah Moon, Heejung Kim, and Jin-Yong Lee. "Modeling and Parametric Simulation of Microplastic Transport in Groundwater Environments." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 7189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167189.
Анотація:
Efforts to reduce the toxic effects of microplastics (MPs) on the environment have increased globally in recent years. However, the existing models used for the simulation of contaminant transport in groundwater are meant for dissolved substances, which is not suitable for studying MPs. Therefore, in this study, the transport of MPs in a saturated porous medium was modeled by establishing governing equations. Simulations were performed using the finite element method to examine the effects of the parameters of the governing equations on the transport of MPs. The results suggest that it is necessary to reduce the diffusivity of MPs and increase the water flow velocity, porosity, and first-order attachment coefficient to effectively contain this environmental hazard. From the simulation results, it can be derived that a combination of low diffusivity, fast water flow velocity, and high soil porosity may reduce the amount of MPs that are leaked into groundwater environments. The modeling and simulations performed in this study provide a clear understanding of the transport phenomena of MPs with applications in combating water pollution.
22
He, W., C. Beyer, J. H. Fleckenstein, E. Jang, O. Kolditz, D. Naumov, and T. Kalbacher. "A parallelization scheme to simulate reactive transport in the subsurface environment with OGS#IPhreeqc." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 3 (March 3, 2015): 2369–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-2369-2015.
Анотація:
Abstract. This technical paper presents an efficient and performance-oriented method to model reactive mass transport processes in environmental and geotechnical subsurface systems. The open source scientific software packages OpenGeoSys and IPhreeqc have been coupled, to combine their individual strengths and features to simulate thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical coupled processes in porous and fractured media with simultaneous consideration of aqueous geochemical reactions. Furthermore, a flexible parallelization scheme using MPI (Message Passing Interface) grouping techniques has been implemented, which allows an optimized allocation of computer resources for the node-wise calculation of chemical reactions on the one hand, and the underlying processes such as for groundwater flow or solute transport on the other hand. The coupling interface and parallelization scheme have been tested and verified in terms of precision and performance.
23
Kvitsinsky, V. A., S. I. Kryvosheev, and S. V. Marushchak. "THE USE OF A TREE-LIKE POROUS STRUCTURE MODEL FOR ESTIMATING OF THE IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF A CARBON RESIDUE PARTICLE." Journal of Coal Chemistry 6 (2020): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31081/1681-309x-2020-0-6-17-27.
Анотація:
A model of a tree-like porous structure has been used to calculate the thermal effects of chemical reactions of the molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide with an accessible particle surface of a carbon residue and to estimate heat balance with a gas environment. The effective reaction rate constant of the oxygen and carbon dioxide for the contour surface of the particle has been presented as the averaged value of the effective constants for the components of the surface of the carbon residue partricle: the inlets in the micro-, meso-, macropores; the density of outer surface; the areas of mineral impurities. The model takes into account: the volume fractions of micro-, meso-, macropores and mineral impurities in the carbon residue; the ratio of the length and radius of the pores; Knudsen diffusion in the pores; the density of branches on the surface of the transport pores; the reaction rate constant on dense carbon surface; limiting the reaction rate in the pores by the amount of chaotic flow of reagent molecules into the inlet. The external mass transfer of the carbon residue particle has been taken into account in the model of the surface layer. This factor depends on the particle diameter and the steady velocity in the gaseous environment. When calculating the heat balance of the particles, the thermal effect of chemical reactions of the oxygen and carbon dioxide with carbon, convective heat exchange with the gaseous environment and heat loss due to radiation have been taken into account. In the stationary model, the ignition temperature of carbon residue particles in a gaseous environment containing the oxygen and carbon dioxide as components have been calculated. It has been shown that the parameters of the porous structure significantly effect on the ignition temperature and the equilibrium temperature of the particle in the flue gases. The dependence of the ignition temperature of the particles on the value of the available surface of the carbon residue has been obtained.
24
Stopka, Ondrej, and Rudolf Kampf. "Determining the most suitable layout of space for the loading units’ handling in the maritime port." Transport 33, no. 1 (April 11, 2016): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1174882.
Анотація:
The main advantages of maritime transport are (1) lowest costs, (2) large-scale carriage capacity, (3) carriage of different goods over long distances and (4) the most acceptable mode of transport in the context of the environment. This mode of transport is considered more profitable and more cost-effective than all other transport modes. Modern maritime ports have become the essential nodal components of freight transport networks. This paper is focused on determining the most suitable layout of space for the loading units warehousing and handling in the maritime port using the particular method. In the paper, four types of layout and five criteria were taken into account. Layout of warehousing and handling space can affect the entire transport process and can have a great effect on the economics of enterprises.
25
Adler, Pierre. "Transport in Porous Media." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 65, no. 4 (April 1996): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199604)65:4<386::aid-jctb420>3.0.co;2-a.
26
Zaostrovskikh, Elena. "Global Trends in the Development of Maritime Transport in 2022." Regionalistica 10, no. 6 (2023): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2023.6.175.
Анотація:
The author’s attention is focused on the analysis of global trends in the development of shipbuilding, maritime transport, shipping, and seaports in 2022. It is indicated that the global trend continues to be set by the requirements of the International Maritime Organization aimed at reducing the harmful impact of shipping on the environment. Horizontal consolidation of transport companies allows shipowners to adapt to changing market conditions, and in shipbuilding, it enables shipbuilding groups to develop development strategies considering new environmental standards. There is a change in the geography of maritime transport, the strengthening role of Asian countries in global supply chains and the growing role of container ports in China. There is a decrease in the total volume of newbuilding orders and, at the same time, a possible shortage of shipbuilding capacity in the future. The construction of new ports in countries around the world is associated with the goal of reducing (eliminating) dependence on foreign ports and regional transshipment centers
27
Al-Fatlawi, Hayder Ali, and Hassan Jassim Motlak. "Smart ports: towards a high performance, increased productivity, and a better environment." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i2.pp1472-1482.
Анотація:
<span lang="EN-US">Ports are currently competing fiercely for capital and global investments in order to improve revenues, mostly by improving performance and lowering labor costs. Smart ports are a fantastic approach to realize these elements since they integrate information and communication technologies within smart applications, ultimately contributing to port management improvement. This leads to greater performance and lower operational expenses. As a result, several ports in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America have gone smart. However, there are a lot of critical factors to consider when automating port operations, such as greenhouse gas emissions, which have reached alarming proportions. The purpose of this study is to define the most essential tasks conducted by smart ports, such as the smart ship industry, smart gantry and quayside container cranes, transport automation, smart containers, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, it gives a model of the smart port concept and highlights the critical current technologies on which the ports are based. Each technology’s most significant contributions to its development are noted. This technology is compared to more traditional technologies. It is hoped that this effort would pique the curiosity of fresh researchers in this sector.</span>
28
Christowa, Czesława. "River transport in transport policy in Poland and European Union." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 120 (March 1, 2018): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4726.
Анотація:
Transport policy is one of the most important factors affecting transport systems in individual countries and in Europe as a whole. This article analyzes and evaluates the impact of the transport policy of Poland and that of the European Union on the development of river transport in Poland. The study focuses on the most important political and strategic documents in force in the European Union and in the Republic of Poland in 2001-2017, containing transport system concepts, including plans of long-term construction and modernization of transport infrastructure that partly involve river transport. It has been assumed that river transport should be a priority in the Polish transport system due to its technical, operational and environmental characteristics, safety, low external costs, increased competitiveness of sea ports and the socio-economic development of regions located along rivers. The European Union has been promoting the development of inland waterway, rail and intermodal modes of transport for years, aiming at the reduction of the share of road freight carriage that adversely affects the environment and intensifies congestions. EU transport policy makers have found it necesary to amend the proportions and to integrate sea, inland waterway and rail transport. The European Commission has recommended to develop river transport for its advantages, such as low environmental impact, safety and energy efficiency. The article analyzes and evaluates the conditions, in terms of institutions, legislation and infrastructure, for the development of inland shipping in Poland.
29
Risdanareni, Puput, Ditya Hafidz Rosyidi, Nindyawati Nindyawati, Nazriati Nazriati, Syahidah Fani Nastiti, Munifson Munifson, and M. M. A. B. Abdullah. "Transport Properties of Lightweight Concrete Incorporated with Expanded Clay Aggregate in Marine Environment." E3S Web of Conferences 445 (2023): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344501012.
Анотація:
Employing porous material such as expanded clay lightweight aggregate (EC LWA) as an internal curing agent in the production of mass concrete proof to mitigate early age cracks in resulting concrete. However, introducing EC LWA could increase the porosity of concrete, leading to concrete degradation due to water penetration. Thus, this research aims to investigate the suitable natural aggregate replacement rate with EC LWA in the production of concrete with acceptable mechanical and transport properties. Three replacement rates of 0, 50, and 100% were applied. The water-per-cement ratio of 0.6 was used to produce concrete. The workability of fresh concrete and the compressive strength were tested. The transport properties of concrete were assessed by monitoring the capillary water uptake of concrete. To mimic the marine environment, the concrete sample was immersed in sodium chloride and sodium sulphate for seven days. The result shows that the workability, bulk density, and compressive strength of concrete with 50% EC LWA have a similar value to the reference sample. Moreover, samples with 50% EC LWA also have a slower capillary rate in a sodium chloride environment than in fresh water.
30
Boyu, Liu, Olga Efimova, Maksim Vasiev, and Wang Qian. "Belt and Road Initiative for environmental economic development: A Case Study of cooperation between China and Russia in transport sector." BRICS Journal of Economics 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 299–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e91318.
Анотація:
The impact of climate change and COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy is indeed powerful; this determines particular relevance of low-carbon economy and environment-oriented development, drawing considerable public attention to these issues. China and Russia as the two largest neighboring countries have a centuries-old history of relationship and fruitful cooperation. Transport industry plays an essential role in promoting trade and economic development between the two countries and its expansion may also contribute to achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality goals. This paper aims to assess the prospects of cooperation between China and Russia in transport policy with regard to the environmental component through the study of the environment-oriented processes using the transregional theory, and Kuznetsov’ transregional model of interaction between Russia and China in the transport sector. The results of the present research show that China and Russia can be expected to further strengthen their cooperation in the field of transport infrastructure building and renovating roads railways, ports, and border crossings to expand traffic capacity and improve efficiency — all this with a focus on new green technologies.
31
Holben, William E., and Peggy H. Ostrom. "Monitoring Bacterial Transport by Stable Isotope Enrichment of Cells." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 4935–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.11.4935-4939.2000.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Understanding the transport and behavior of bacteria in the environment has broad implications in diverse areas, ranging from agriculture to groundwater quality, risk assessment, and bioremediation. The ability to reliably track and enumerate specific bacterial populations in the context of native communities and environments is key to developing this understanding. We report a novel bacterial tracking approach, based on altering the stable carbon isotope value (δ13C) of bacterial cells, which provides specific and sensitive detection and quantification of those cells in environmental samples. This approach was applied to the study of bacterial transport in saturated porous media. The transport of introduced organisms was indicated by mass spectrometric analysis of groundwater samples, where the presence of 13C-enriched bacteria resulted in increased δ13C values of the samples, allowing specific and sensitive detection and enumeration of the bacteria of interest. We demonstrate the ability to produce highly13C-enriched bacteria, present data indicating that results obtained with this approach accurately represent intact introduced bacteria, and include field data on the use of this stable isotope approach to monitor in situ bacterial transport. This detection strategy allows sensitive detection of an introduced, unmodified bacterial strain in the presence of the indigenous bacterial community, including itself in its unenriched form.
32
King, E. L., K. Tuncay, P. Ortoleva, and C. Meile. "In Silico Geobacter sulfurreducens Metabolism and Its Representation in Reactive Transport Models." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 1 (November 14, 2008): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01799-08.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Microbial activity governs elemental cycling and the transformation of many anthropogenic substances in aqueous environments. Through the development of a dynamic cell model of the well-characterized, versatile, and abundant Geobacter sulfurreducens, we showed that a kinetic representation of key components of cell metabolism matched microbial growth dynamics observed in chemostat experiments under various environmental conditions and led to results similar to those from a comprehensive flux balance model. Coupling the kinetic cell model to its environment by expressing substrate uptake rates depending on intra- and extracellular substrate concentrations, two-dimensional reactive transport simulations of an aquifer were performed. They illustrated that a proper representation of growth efficiency as a function of substrate availability is a determining factor for the spatial distribution of microbial populations in a porous medium. It was shown that simplified model representations of microbial dynamics in the subsurface that only depended on extracellular conditions could be derived by properly parameterizing emerging properties of the kinetic cell model.
33
Wei, Zhanxi, Yidan Zhu, Yuanyuan Wang, Zefeng Song, Yuanzhao Wu, Wenli Ma, Yongxia Hou, Wenqing Zhang, and Yuesuo Yang. "Influence of Soil Colloids on Ni Adsorption and Transport in the Saturated Porous Media: Effects of pH, Ionic Strength, and Humic Acid." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 6591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136591.
Анотація:
Natural colloids are widely distributed in soil and groundwater. Due to their specific characteristics, colloids can actively involve various transport contaminants, resulting in a complicated fate and the transport of heavy metals to the environment. This study investigated the effects of soil colloids on the adsorption and transport of Ni2+ in saturated porous media under different conditions, including pH, ion strength (IS), and humic acid (HA), because these indexes are non-negligible in the fates of various organic or inorganic matters in the subsurface environment. The results indicate that Ni2+ adsorption by soil colloids slightly increased from 17% to 25% with the increase of pH from 5.5 to 7.5 at the IS of 30 mmol·L−1, whilst it significantly reduced from 55% to 17% with the increase of IS from 0 to 30 mmol·L−1 at a pH of 5.5. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models can fit the adsorption isotherms of Ni2+ on soil colloids and quartz sand. According to the column experiment, the presence of soil colloids increased the initial penetration rate, but could not increase the final transport efficiency of Ni2+ in the effluent. The presence of soil colloids has weakened the effect of IS on Ni2+ transport in the sand column. Moreover, this experiment implies that HA remarkably decreased the Ni2+ transport efficiency from 71.3% to 58.0% in the presence of soil colloids and that there was no significant difference in the HA effect on the Ni2+ transport in the absence of soil colloids.
34
Giampaolo, Valeria, Daniela Calabrese, and Enzo Rizzo. "Transport Processes in Porous Media by Self-Potential Method." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3951486.
Анотація:
A controlled diffusion/infiltration column experimental activity was carried out with the aim of monitoring the leakage of a salty water plume by time-lapse self-potential (SP) measurements. In particular, three tracer tests with different NaCl concentrations (6.00, 1.00, and 0.25 g L−1) were performed and all the measured SP signals showed a sharp reduction corresponding to the arrival of saline front with negative electrical potential values (−78.99±3.24 mV, −54.52±2.28 mV, and −24.12±1.21 mV) which decrease with increasing volume of tracer introduced into the column. Then, measured self-potential values were converted into salt concentration ones by the Planck-Henderson equation and sand diffusion(D)and longitudinal dispersivity (αL) values were estimated by modelling the transport equations in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment. Finally, the results show that measured and estimated NaCl concentrations are well correlated.
35
Shtyka, Olga, Łukasz Przybysz, and Jerzy Sęk. "Transport of emulsions in granular porous media driven by capillary force." Acta Innovations, no. 26 (January 1, 2018): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32933/actainnovations.26.4.
Анотація:
The transport of liquids driven by capillary suction-pressure and balanced by both viscous drag force and gravity acceleration is known as spontaneous imbibition. The prediction of spontaneous imbibition in porous media is of importance due to its relevance as a fundamental phenomenon in numerous industrial technologies as well as in nature. A vast majority of the experimental results and mathematical models concerning the imbibition process of single-phase liquids are considered and analyzed in the literature. The present research focuses on two-phase liquids transport in porous medium driven by capillary force. The penetrating liquids were surfactant-stabilized emulsions with the different dispersed phase concentrations. The discussed issues are the influence of porous bed composition and inner phase concentration on the height of an emulsion penetration, which allows to predict the velocity of imbibition process. From a practical point of view, the experimental results give the possibility to evaluate: productivity of granular sorbents applied to recover the environment, efficiency of building materials wetting with multiphase liquids, process of oil-derived pollutants migration in porous media, e.g. soil and other rock structures, etc.
36
V. Naydenova, M., N. N. Bontsevich, and V. K. Sidelnikova. "Modern Concept of the Financial Strategy of Transport Industry." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19969.
Анотація:
The paper states theoretical and methodological issues of financial strategy’s formation of the enterprise under modern conditions of economic development. The key problems of the river ports development are determined. Among them - shortage of service equipment, logistic disparity of transport river networks, obsolete vessels. Ways of improving the financial condition of water transport and ports in Russia are suggested.The article specifies that the strategic management of the company's finances can rule over cash flows, capital and investments effectively. The starting point for formation of financial strategy of water transport enterprises should be diagnostics of financial activity and first of all, diagnostics of financial maintenance of the enterprise. A new methodical approach to the formation of the cash flow management strategy of water transport enterprises is proposed. It includes two main stages: a stage of a strategic analysis of the company's cash flows with use of organizational and information model and aanalysis of diagnostics of financial security of water transport enterprises. It is proved that financial strategy is the guiding vector of management of the enterprise and its industrial and economic activity in a modern, dynamic and competitive market environment.
37
Chen, Yuanyuan, Yiwei Chen, and Xuecheng Xu. "Thermal analysis on natural convection coupled with radiative heat transfer in a saturated porous cavity." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210309256c.
Анотація:
Porous foam is an ideal material for enhancing radiative heat transfer in numerous thermal equipment. The solid skeletons of porous foams can absorb/ release radiative energy and transfer convective energy with the surrounding fluid in the pores. In this paper, the conduction-convection-radiation coupling heat transfer in a porous cavity is investigated. A local thermal nonequilibrium model is used to represent the energy transport during the solid and fluid phases. The heat flux caused by thermal radiation is obtained by solving the radiation transfer equation. The thermal and fluid fields are studied to discern various parameters, including the Planck numbers Pl , the modified Rayleigh numbers Ra , and the interphase heat transfer coefficients H . Our study indicates the following: (1) the effect of radiation can be neglected when Pl > 20; (2) the modified Rayleigh numbers have little influence on the solid temperature when the radiative heat transfer is dominant and the convective heat transfer between the two phases is weak; and (3) the local thermal-equilibrium can be formed when H exhibits high values.
38
Ryabchuk, V., and G. Kalinina. "Competitiveness and Strategic Positioning of Seaports." Economic Herald of the Donbas, no. 1 (63) (2021): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2021-1(63)-90-94.
Анотація:
Thanks to the development of world trade, more than two-thirds of the world's total cargo depends on maritime transport. Maritime transport and ports play an important role in the sustainable development of the global economy. Currently, as international transshipment ports, ports are evolving from conventional retail terminals to containerized distribution logistics centers (hubs). Undoubtedly, the shipping and port industries are directly related to the global economy. The ports are the main carriers and information exchangers with the outer regions. In addition, the port economy has become an important lever for promoting regional economic development. In order to ensure a port's competitive position within a certain range, many port administrations and stakeholders have measured competition performance based on microeconomic concepts such as market shares and annual growth rates among competitors. However, in past years it can be seen that the growing attention to the social responsibility of the port, that is, the impact of port operations and activities on the environment, has often attracted public attention. The port is also facing great pressure on the results of its social responsibility. Such a satisfactory capacity or growth rate is insufficient to measure the competitive position of ports in today's environment. Ports or interested parties may have additional charges for environmental impacts, such as emissions, water pollution, noise, etc. to achieve sustainable port development. Ports with excellent environmental performance and high social reputation are likely to have a competitive advantage. There are various methods for determining their competitiveness, especially for container ports. As a rule, a lot of literature indicates that the key factors affecting the competitiveness of a port, such as port capacity, productivity, quality of service, accessibility of inland areas and reputation. However, there is also evidence that the public is increasingly focusing on environmental issues of the port, which leads to much more negative externalities for society. One of the major environmental impacts is exhaust gas emissions (air pollution), which are mainly caused by vehicles in the port industry. The development trends of the port and shipping industries are associated with the spread of globalization and containerization. Accordingly, the competitive environment is becoming increasingly tough for all participants in the maritime transport market. In such conditions, in order to be competitive, it is necessary to reduce negative externalities and pay more attention to environmental protection. Environmental issues directly affect both global economic growth and the competitiveness of ports.
39
Liu, Xian-Yong, Yan-Ping Liu, and Zeng-Wen Wu. "Optimization of a fractal electrode-level charge transport model." Thermal Science 25, no. 3 Part B (2021): 2213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200301108l.
Анотація:
A fractal electrode-level charge transport model is established to study the effect the porous electrodes on the properties of solid oxide fuel cells. A fractal variational principle is used to obtain an approximate solution of the overpotential distribution throughout electrode thickness. Optimal design of the electrode is discussed.
40
Isaacs, Mark A., Neil Robinson, Brunella Barbero, Lee J. Durndell, Jinesh C. Manayil, Christopher M. A. Parlett, Carmine D'Agostino, Karen Wilson, and Adam F. Lee. "Unravelling mass transport in hierarchically porous catalysts." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 19 (2019): 11814–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01867k.
41
Awad-Núñez, Samir, Nicoletta González-Cancelas, Francisco Soler-Flores, and Alberto Camarero-Orive. "HOW SHOULD THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE LOCATION OF DRY PORTS BE MEASURED? A PROPOSED METHODOLOGY USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS AND MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 3 (October 2, 2015): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1081618.
Анотація:
The global economic structure, with its decentralized production and the consequent increase in freight traffic all over the world, creates considerable problems and challenges for the freight transport sector. This situation has led shipping to become the most suitable and cheapest way to transport goods. Thus, ports are configured as nodes with critical importance in the logistics supply chain as a link between two transport systems, sea and land. Increase in activity at seaports is producing three undesirable effects: increasing road congestion, lack of open space in port installations and a significant environmental impact on seaports. These adverse effects can be mitigated by moving part of the activity inland. Implementation of dry ports is a possible solution and would also provide an opportunity to strengthen intermodal solutions as part of an integrated and more sustainable transport chain, acting as a link between road and railway networks. In this sense, implementation of dry ports allows the separation of the links of the transport chain, thus facilitating the shortest possible routes for the lowest capacity and most polluting means of transport. Thus, the decision of where to locate a dry port demands a thorough analysis of the whole logistics supply chain, with the objective of transferring the largest volume of goods possible from road to more energy efficient means of transport, like rail or short-sea shipping, that are less harmful to the environment. However, the decision of where to locate a dry port must also ensure the sustainability of the site. Thus, the main goal of this article is to research the variables influencing the sustainability of dry port location and how this sustainability can be evaluated. With this objective, in this paper we present a methodology for assessing the sustainability of locations by the use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) and Bayesian Networks (BNs). MCDA is used as a way to establish a scoring, whilst BNs were chosen to eliminate arbitrariness in setting the weightings using a technique that allows us to prioritize each variable according to the relationships established in the set of variables. In order to determine the relationships between all the variables involved in the decision, giving us the importance of each factor and variable, we built a K2 BN algorithm. To obtain the scores of each variable, we used a complete cartography analysed by ArcGIS. Recognising that setting the most appropriate location to place a dry port is a geographical multidisciplinary problem, with significant economic, social and environmental implications, we consider 41 variables (grouped into 17 factors) which respond to this need. As a case of study, the sustainability of all of the 10 existing dry ports in Spain has been evaluated. In this set of logistics platforms, we found that the most important variables for achieving sustainability are those related to environmental protection, so the sustainability of the locations requires a great respect for the natural environment and the urban environment in which they are framed.
42
Vukić, Luka, and Iven Kraemer. "Dependence of Transport and External Cost Variables on Transportation Route Length." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111270.
Анотація:
External transport costs are becoming an increasingly important factor in the choice of transport routes. According to sustainability principles, the first choice criterion should be the route with the least harmful impact on the environment and health. Sometimes the criteria for transportation costs are in conflict with environmental ones. There is a need to optimize them to maintain the trend of sustainable transport development. Cost and external cost behaviors of intermodal maritime–rail container transport from China over different European ports to central European destinations were examined. The aim was to determine the differences in dependency on transport route length of these two variables that are able to partly explain their different features. The complete functional dependency of external cost in maritime transport and transport cost in rail transport on route length is determined. External cost dependence on the transport route length in the railway segment was strong but incomplete. Maritime external cost share in the total external cost of combined transport was at least 83%. The weak negative dependence of maritime transport cost on route length probably reflects efforts to maintain the competitiveness of consolidated longer routes. This article contributes to the ongoing discussion of seaport competitiveness within Europe.
43
Namzhilova, Victoria. "Russian-Mongolian Trade and Economic Relations: Far Eastern Prospects." Regionalistica 8, no. 1 (2021): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/reg.2021.1.29.
Анотація:
The article examines the role of the Far East in modern Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations. Based on the data of customs statistics, the features of mutual trade of the Far Eastern subjects with Mongolia are determined. The factors determining the growing interest of Ulaanbaatar to Russian Far Eastern ports are identified. Author highlights the Mongolian projects of railways construction, potentially aimed at enhancing transport connectivity with Russian territories, especially in the context of mineral raw materials supply diversification. The «bottlenecks» of the transport and logistics environment in the region bordering on Mongolia – the Republic of Buryatia, are shown. The research findings are applicable to management practices, especially those concerning transport and logistics solutions to ensure Russian-Mongolian trade.
44
Gao, Y., S. Sujathan, and A. El-Zein. "An insight into laboratory column experiments for microplastic transport in soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1335, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1335/1/012038.
Анотація:
Abstract Plastic litter, most of which is landfilled or improperly disposed to aquatic and terrestrial environments, is a global environmental concern. Large-sized plastics can fragment into smaller pieces due to abrasion or weathering effects generating microplastics (MPs) which are tiny plastic debris smaller than 5 mm. In the aquatic environment, particularly oceans, MPs have been well documented in terms of their occurrence and toxicity. Soils have been shown to be an important sink of MPs, but the latter's fate and transport in the subsurface are not well understood. Laboratory studies have so far mostly employed rigid-wall columns to investigate MP transport through porous media, with a vast majority focusing on glass beads and predominantly sandy soils. Much less knowledge is available on MP transport in clay soils and minerals where transport mechanisms are much slower and the potential for chemical reactivity higher. There is hence a need for establishing experimental protocols for conducting such experiments. The paper presents preliminary results for an investigation assessing whether flexible wall permeameters (FWP) are suitable for the study of the transport of MPs in clayey soils. Key advantages of FWP are that they are widely available and commonly used and that they allow the control of effective stress in the sample. Two key questions addressed in this paper are whether the instruments themselves act as sink for MPs or as source of material that may interfere with the measurement of MPs in the effluent.
45
Nguyen Khoi, Dao, Pham Thi Loi, Hoang Trang Thu, and Nguyen Van Hong. "Map of shoreline environment for oil spill response in Can Gio district." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 3, no. 1 (April 23, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v3i1.721.
Анотація:
Ho Chi Minh City has the largest system of river ports and sea ports in Vietnam, approximately 41 operating ports with the largest cargo volume of import and export goods. Due to the high density of river and sea traffic, there are many potential risks of oil spills due to collisions and accidents of water transport vehicles. Therefore, mapping shoreline environment is essential for the oil spill preparedness and response to identify highly contaminated areas and sensitive areas that need to be prioritized for timely prevention and protection. The objective of the study is to establish map of shoreline environment for the oil spill preparedness and response in Can Gio District based on the ESI guideline of NOAA (2002). The map consisted of three components: (1) shoreline classifications, (2) biological resources, and (3) human resources. The research result shows that Can Gio District is a highly sensitive area with oil spills due to the appearance of the mangrove ecosystem and this area grows salt water and brackish water aquaculture such as clam, oyster, cage fish, lipopenaeus (white shrimp), and tourist attractions like beaches, ecotourism destinations. In general, Can Gio is identified as a high sensitive region that needs timely measures to mitigate impacts of oil spill on natural environment and local socio-economy.
46
Sepe, M., J. Lopata, S. Madkour, B. Mayerhoefer, A. Ciesielski, G. Silianovska-Petreska, N. Nestle, and S. Shimpalee. "Multiscale three-dimensional modeling of two-phase transport inside porous transport layers." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 59 (March 2024): 1143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.070.
47
Ungureanu, Andreea Maria, Cristian Vasile Doicin, Costel Stanca, and Aurel Mihail Titu. "The Role of an Integrated Quality Management System in Improving Performance in the Port Organization." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2023-0115.
Анотація:
Abstract The scientific paper aims to present the performance evaluation methods in ports and port organizations and the contributions that an integrated quality management system can bring. Water transport is the most reliable mode of transport, both in terms of transport capacity and in terms of consumption and environmental aspects, compared to other modes of transport. But it cannot function at an optimal level without complex and permanent on-shore management. The port organizations have an important contribution in the global performance of the port and thus in the economy of a country that is open to the sea. By approaching an integrated quality management system, port organizations can achieve the expected performance in a planned and systemic way in terms of quality, environment, logistics supply chain security, etc. The paper analyzes the performance assess in ports and port organizations, the most common applied regulations and management systems in port organizations and the advantages an integrated quality management system brings in increasing organizational performance by preventing losses and improving processes using known methodologies globally promoted such as Lean. It also highlights the relationship of mutual dependence that the port performance and the port organizations performance have on each other.
48
Chugunov, Vladimir, and Sergei Fomin. "Effect of adsorption, radioactive decay and fractal structure of matrix on solute transport in fracture." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2172 (May 11, 2020): 20190283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0283.
Анотація:
Reservoir contamination by various contaminants including radioactive elements is an actual environmental problem for all developed countries. Analysis of mass transport in a complex environment shows that the conventional diffusion equation based on Fick's Law fails to model the anomalous character of the diffusive mass transport observed in the field and laboratory experiments. These complex processes can be modelled by non-local advection–diffusion equations with temporal and spatial fractional derivatives. In the present paper, fractional differential equations are used for modelling the transport of radioactive materials in a fracture surrounded by the porous matrix of fractal structure. A new form of fractional differential equation for modelling migration of the radioactive contaminant in the fracture is derived and justified. Solutions of particular boundary value problems for this equation were found by application of the Laplace transform. Through the use of fractional derivatives, the model accounts for contaminant exchange between fracture and surrounding porous matrix of fractal geometry. For the case of an arbitrary time-dependent source of radioactive contamination located at the inlet of the fracture, the exact solutions for solute concentration in the fracture and surrounding porous medium are obtained. Using the concept of a short memory, an approximate solution of the problem of radioactive contaminant transport along the fracture surrounded by the fractal type porous medium is also obtained and compared with the exact solution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Advanced materials modelling via fractional calculus: challenges and perspectives’.
49
Li, Zheng-Biao, and Jun Liu. "Variational formulations for soliton equations arising in water transport in porous soils." Thermal Science 17, no. 5 (2013): 1483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1305483l.
50
Winter, Lea R., and Menachem Elimelech. "(Invited) Electrified Membranes for Transformation of Nitrate in Wastewaters." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 40 (July 7, 2022): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01401798mtgabs.
Анотація:
The release of nitrate to the environment from wastewater effluent and agricultural runoff contributes to groundwater contamination, harmful algal blooms, and disruption of biogeochemical nitrogen flows. Typical treatment methods are based on nitrate separation, which produces waste streams that are often discharged to the environment. Alternatively, nitrate conversion via electrochemical reduction eliminates the production of concentrated waste streams while avoiding the addition of reductant or hole scavenger chemicals to accomplish the reaction. However, major challenges for nitrate removal from water via electrochemical conversion involve reducing the use of expensive precious metal electrocatalysts while also improving the reaction activity and selectivity, catalyst stability, and mass transport of nitrate to electrocatalyst active sites. The use of electrochemical membranes as multifunctional porous flow-through electrodes could potentially address these challenges based on improved mass transport and altered kinetics under flow conditions within membrane pores. Conductive membranes were fabricated using polymers combined with carbonaceous materials such as reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes. The rGO was functionalized with non-precious transition metal oxynitride electrocatalysts, where these catalysts showed higher nitrate conversion activity compared to the unsupported transition metal nitrides. The influence of catalyst materials, membrane fabrication process, and filtration conditions on nitrate reduction activity and selectivity were evaluated. In addition to the environmental impacts of closing the nitrogen loop by converting nitrate into innocuous N2, selective nitrate reduction to ammonia provides opportunities for recovery as fertilizer or carbon-free renewable energy storage. The prospects for reactive nitrogen recovery based on nitrate electrochemical conversion to ammonia were analyzed for various potential source waters.