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1
Schneider, K., W. Hölz, R. Wollbeck, and S. Ripperger. "Membranes and modules for transmembrane distillation." Journal of Membrane Science 39, no. 1 (October 1988): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(00)80992-8.
2
Wu, Zhiqiang, and Fei Guo. "Finned Tubular Air Gap Membrane Distillation." Membranes 13, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13050498.
Анотація:
Finned tubular air gap membrane distillation is a new membrane distillation method, and its functional performance, characterization parameters, finned tube structures, and other studies have clear academic and practical application value. Therefore, the tubular air gap membrane distillation experiment modules composed of PTFE membrane and finned tubes were constructed in this work, and three representative air gap structures, including tapered finned tube, flat finned tube, and expanded finned tube, were designed. Membrane distillation experiments were carried out in the form of water cooling and air cooling, and the influences of air gap structures, temperature, concentration, and flow rate on the transmembrane flux were analyzed. The good water-treatment ability of the finned tubular air gap membrane distillation model and the applicability of air cooling for the finned tubular air gap membrane distillation structure were verified. The membrane distillation test results show that with the tapered finned tubular air gap structure, the finned tubular air gap membrane distillation has the best performance. The maximum transmembrane flux of the finned tubular air gap membrane distillation could reach 16.3 kg/m2/h. Strengthening the convection heat transfer between air and fin tube could increase the transmembrane flux and improve the efficiency coefficient. The efficiency coefficient (σ) could reach 0.19 under the condition of air cooling. Compared with the conventional air gap membrane distillation configuration, air cooling configuration for air gap membrane distillation is an effective way to simplify the system design and offers a potential way for the practical applications of membrane distillation on an industrial scale.
3
Zhang, Yaoling, and Fei Guo. "Breaking the Saturated Vapor Layer with a Thin Porous Membrane." Membranes 12, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121231.
Анотація:
The main idea of membrane distillation is to use a porous hydrophobic membrane as a barrier that isolates vapor from aqueous solutions. It is similar to the evaporation process from a free water surface but introduces solid–liquid interfaces and solid–vapor interfaces to a liquid–vapor interface. The transmembrane mass flux of a membrane-distillation process is affected by the membrane’s intrinsic properties and the temperature gradient across the membrane. It is interesting and important to know whether the evaporation process of membrane distillation is faster or slower than that of a free-surface evaporation under the same conditions and know the capacity of the transmembrane mass flux of a membrane-distillation process. In this work, a set of proof-of-principle experiments with various water surface/membrane interfacial conditions is performed. The effect and mechanism of membrane-induced evaporation are investigated. Moreover, a practical engineering model is proposed based on mathematical fitting and audacious simplification, which reflects the capacity of transmembrane flux.
4
Zhang, Yaoling, Xingsen Mu, Jiaqi Sun, and Fei Guo. "Optimizing Membrane Distillation Performance through Flow Channel Modification with Baffles: Experimental and Computational Study." Separations 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2023): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10090485.
Анотація:
It has been identified that temperature polarization and concentration polarization are typical near-surface phenomena limiting the performance of membrane distillation. The module design should allow for effective flow, reducing the polarization effects near the membrane surfaces and avoiding high hydrostatic pressure drops across and along the membrane surfaces. A potential route to enhancing the membrane distillation performance is geometry modification on the flow channel by employing baffles as vortex generators, reducing the polarization effects. In this work, various baffles with different structures were fabricated by 3D printing and attached to the feed flow channel shell in an air gap membrane distillation module. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the modified flow channels were systematically investigated via computational fluid dynamics simulations with various conditions. The membrane distillation tests show that adding the baffles to the feed channel can effectively increase the transmembrane flux. The transmembrane flux with rectangular baffles and shield-shaped baffles increases by 21.8% and 28.1% at the feed temperature of 70 °C. Moreover, the shield-shaped baffles in the flow channel not only enhance the transmembrane flux but also maintain a low-pressure drop, making it even more significant.
5
Hardikar, Mukta, Itzel Marquez, and Andrea Achilli. "Emerging investigator series: membrane distillation and high salinity: analysis and implications." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 6 (2020): 1538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew01055f.
6
Xiang, Jun, Sitong Wang, Nailin Chen, Xintao Wen, Guiying Tian, Lei Zhang, Penggao Cheng, Jianping Zhang, and Na Tang. "Study on Low Thermal-Conductivity of PVDF@SiAG/PET Membranes for Direct Contact Membrane Distillation Application." Membranes 13, no. 9 (August 31, 2023): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13090773.
Анотація:
In order to enhance the separation performance and reduce the heat loss of transmembrane for membrane distillation, the thermal efficiency and hydrophobicity of the membrane distillation need to be simultaneously enhanced. In this work, a polyvinylidene difluoride/polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PVDF/PET) hydrophobic/hydrophilic membrane has been prepared by non-solvent phase induction method. Nanosized silica aerogel (SiAG) with high porosity has been added to the composite membranes. The modifying effects and operating conditions on permeate flux and thermal efficiency in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) are investigated. Furthermore, the latent heat of vaporization and the heat transfer across the membranes have been compared for SiAG addition, which indicates that the composite PVDF@SiAG/PET membranes demonstrate a great potential for distillation-separation application due to their high heat efficiency.
7
Ma, Qingfen, Liang Tong, Chengpeng Wang, Guangfu Cao, Hui Lu, Jingru Li, Xuejin Liu, Xin Feng, and Zhongye Wu. "Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Vacuum-Enhanced Direct Membrane Distillation Driven by a Low-Grade Heat Source." Membranes 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12090842.
Анотація:
Vacuum-enhanced direct contact membrane distillation (VEDCMD) has been proven experimentally to improve the permeate flux, compared with direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). However, the theoretical mechanism for its transmembrane transfer process has not been revealed sufficiently. In this paper, with full consideration of the different driving forces of diffusion and Poiseuille flow under the vacuum enhancing condition, a theoretical transmembrane model for mass and heat transfer in VEDCMD is proposed. The CFD model and experimental platform are established to verify the theoretical model. The simulated results agree with the experimental data well, and nearly 200% improvement of the permeate flux is obtained when the permeate pressure drops to 30 kPa. The flow fields of the flow along the membrane surface are obtained and analyzed, with good consistency in the variation of the permeate flux. Since all the parameters of the proposed model are independent of the operating condition, the model is much easier for use and has better adaptability to fluctuating operating conditions.
8
Tewodros, Bitaw Nigatu, Dae Ryook Yang, and Kiho Park. "Design Parameters of a Direct Contact Membrane Distillation and a Case Study of Its Applicability to Low-Grade Waste Energy." Membranes 12, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12121279.
Анотація:
In the design of membrane distillation systems, the effect of different heat transfer coefficient models on the transmembrane flux seems to have been overlooked thus far. Interestingly, the range of discrepancy in the results of the transmembrane flux is wide, especially in the laminar flow region, where MD is often operated. This can be inferred by studying the design and parameters of the direct contact membrane distillation system. In this study, the physical and physiochemical properties that affect the design of MD are comprehensively reviewed, and based on the reviewed parameters, an MD design algorithm is developed. In addition, a cost analysis of the designed MD process for low-grade-energy fluids is conducted. As a result, a total unit product cost of USD 1.59/m3, 2.69/m3, and 15.36/m3 are obtained for the feed velocities of 0.25, 1 and 2.5 m/s, respectively. Among the design parameters, the membrane thickness and velocity are found to be the most influential.
9
Alessandro, Francesca, Francesca Macedonio, and Enrico Drioli. "Plasmonic Phenomena in Membrane Distillation." Membranes 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030254.
Анотація:
Water scarcity raises important concerns with respect to human sustainability and the preservation of important ecosystem functions. To satisfy water requirements, seawater desalination represents one of the most sustainable solutions. In recent decades, membrane distillation has emerged as a promising thermal desalination process that may help to overcome the drawbacks of traditional desalination processes. Nevertheless, in membrane distillation, the temperature at the feed membrane interface is significantly lower than that of the bulk feed water, due to the latent heat flux associated with water evaporation. This phenomenon, known as temperature polarization, in membrane distillation is a crucial issue that could be responsible for a decay of about 50% in the initial transmembrane water flux. The use of plasmonic nanostructures, acting as thermal hotspots in the conventional membranes, may improve the performance of membrane distillation units by reducing or eliminating the temperature polarization problem. Furthermore, an efficient conversion of light into heat offers new opportunities for the use of solar energy in membrane distillation. This work summarizes recent developments in the field of plasmonic-enhanced solar evaporation with a particular focus on solar-driven membrane distillation applications and its potential prospects.
10
Garcia Alvarez, Mar, Vida Sang Sefidi, Marine Beguin, Alexandre Collet, Raul Bahamonde Soria, and Patricia Luis. "Osmotic Membrane Distillation Crystallization of NaHCO3." Energies 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072682.
Анотація:
A new crystallization process for sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was studied, proposing the use of osmotic membrane distillation crystallization. Crystallization takes place due to the saturation of the feed solution after water evaporation on the feed side, permeating through the membrane pores to the osmotic side. The process operational parameters, i.e., feed and osmotic velocities, feed concentration, and temperature were studied to determine the optimal operating conditions. Regarding the feed and osmotic velocities, values of 0.038 and 0.0101 m/s, respectively, showed the highest transmembrane flux, i.e., 4.4 × 10−8 m3/m2·s. Moreover, study of the temperature variation illustrated that higher temperatures have a positive effect on the size and purity of the obtained crystals. The purity of the crystals obtained varied from 96.4 to 100% In addition, the flux changed from 2 × 10−8 to 7 × 10−8 m3/m2·s with an increase in temperature from 15 to 40 °C. However, due to heat exchange between the feed and the osmotic solutions, the energy loss in osmotic membrane distillation crystallization is higher at higher temperatures.
11
Elmaghraoui, Donia, Imen Ben Amara, and Sihem Jaziri. "Nickel Chalcogenide Nanoparticles-Assisted Photothermal Solar Driven Membrane Distillation (PSDMD)." Membranes 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2023): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020195.
Анотація:
Developing photothermal solar driven membrane distillation (PSDMD) is of great importance in providing fresh water for remote off-grid regions. The production of freshwater through the PSDMD is driven by the temperature difference between feed and distillate sides created via the addition of efficient photothermal nanostructures. Here we proposed nickel sulfides and nickel tellurium nanoparticles (NPs) to be loaded into the polymeric membrane to enhance its performance. Ag and CuSe NPs are also considered for comparison as they are previously used for membrane distillation (MD). Our theoretical approach showed that all of the considered NPs increased the temperature of the PVDF membrane by around a few degrees. NiS and NiTe2 NPs are the most efficient solar light-to-heat converters compared to NiTe and NiS2 NPs due to their efficient absorption over the visible range. PVDF membrane loaded with 25% of NiCs NPs and a porosity of 32% produced a transmembrane vapor flux between 22 and 27 L/m2h under a 10-times-amplified sun intensity. Under the same conditions, the PVDF membrane loaded with CuSe and Ag NPs produced 15 and 18 L/m2h of vapor flux, respectively. The implantation of NPs through the membrane not only increased its surface temperature but also possessed a high porosity which provided a higher distillation and energy efficiency that reached 58% with NiS NPs. Finally, great agreement between our theoretical model and experimental measurement is obtained.
12
Criscuoli, Alessandra, Alfredo Capuano, Michele Andreucci, and Enrico Drioli. "Low-Temperature Direct Contact Membrane Distillation for the Treatment of Aqueous Solutions Containing Urea." Membranes 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10080176.
Анотація:
Research activities on the application of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) for processing at low temperature (up to 50 °C) solutions containing urea were presented and discussed. Feeds were urine (also in mixture) and human plasma ultrafiltrate. Moreover, as a case study, the performance of membrane modules of different sizes and features was investigated for reaching the productivities needed in the treatment of the human plasma ultrafiltrate. In particular, two modules were equipped with the same type of capillaries, but differed in terms of membrane area, while the third module contained a different type of membranes and presented a membrane area in between those of the two previous modules. The three modules were compared, at a parity of operating temperatures and streams velocity, in terms of transmembrane flux, permeate production and size, underlining the directions to follow for a real implementation of the technique.
13
Fawzy, Mohamed K., Felipe Varela-Corredor, and Serena Bandini. "On the Morphological Characterization Procedures of Multilayer Hydrophobic Ceramic Membranes for Membrane Distillation Operations." Membranes 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9100125.
Анотація:
The paper introduces some aspects of the characterization of hydrophobized multilayer ceramic membranes intended for use in membrane distillation (MD) operations. Four-layer hydrophobic carbon-based titania membranes, manufactured by the Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems (IKTS, Hermsdorf, Germany), were tested according to the gas permeation technique. Gas permeance data were elaborated following the premises of the dusty gas model, to calculate the average pore size and the porosity-tortuosity ratio of each layer. Membrane testing was the opportunity to discuss which characterization method is more appropriate to obtain the membrane parameters necessary for the simulation of membranes in MD processes. In the case of multilayer membranes, the calculation of the morphological parameters should be performed for each layer. The “layer-by-layer gas permeation” method, previously introduced by other authors and completed in this work, is more appropriate for obtaining representative parameters of the membrane. Conversely, the calculation of morphological parameters, averaged over the entire membrane, might lead to heavy underestimations of the total membrane resistance and then to a heavy error on the transmembrane flux simulation.
14
Wu, Ho Yan, Rong Wang, and Robert W. Field. "Direct contact membrane distillation: An experimental and analytical investigation of the effect of membrane thickness upon transmembrane flux." Journal of Membrane Science 470 (November 2014): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.002.
15
Matsuura, Takeshi. "Opinions on the Development of Ultrahigh Permeation Membranes." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 28, no. 1 (March 28, 2024): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v28n1.287.
Анотація:
In this work, recent progresses made in the development of membranes with ultrahigh permeation rate for reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD) are briefly summarized and the future prospect of those membranes is discussed. In fabrication of ultrahigh permeation RO membranes, carbon nanotube, aquaporin, graphene and fluorous oligoamide nanorings were used and in all of them several orders of magnitude higher fluxes than the conventional commercial membranes were achieved. Ultrahigh MD membranes were fabricated mostly from carbonaceous materials also with several orders of magnitude higher fluxes than conventional commercial membranes, except for those made of ultrathin polymeric material, which demonstrated a high flux at a low transmembrane temperature difference. Despite these remarkable achievements, it was concluded that many challenges would be encountered to produce a sufficient amount of water by the so-called membrane chips.
16
Li, Hongshen, Hongrui Liu, Yufang Li, Jilin Nan, Chen Shi, and Shizhong Li. "Combined Vapor Permeation and Continuous Solid-State Distillation for Energy-Efficient Bioethanol Production." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082266.
Анотація:
Extracting ethanol by steam directly from fermented solid-state bagasse is an emerging technology of energy-efficient bioethanol production. With continuous solid-state distillation (CSSD) approach, the vapor with more than 25 wt% ethanol flows out of the column. Conventionally, the vapor was concentrated to azeotrope by rectification column, which contributes most of the energy consumption in ethanol production. As an alternative, a process integrating CSSD and vapor permeation (VP) membrane separation was tested. In light of existing industrial application of NaA zeolite hydrophilic membrane for dehydration, the prospect of replacing rectification operation with hydrophobic membrane for ethanol enriching was mainly analyzed in this paper. The separation performance of a commercial PDMS/PVDF membrane in a wide range of ethanol–water-vapor binary mixture was evaluated in the experiment. The correlation of the separation factor and permeate flux at different transmembrane driving force was measured. The mass and energy flow sheet of proposed VP case and rectification case were estimated respectively with process simulation software based on experimental data. Techno-economic analysis on both cases was performed. The results demonstrated that the additional VP membrane cost was higher than the rectification column, but a lower utilities cost was required for VP. The discount payback period of supplementary cost for VP case was determined as 1.81 years compared with the membrane service lifetime of 3 years, indicating that the hybrid CSSD-VP process was more cost effective and energy efficient.
17
Ve, Quoc Linh, Minh Cuong Do, Thanh Cuong Nguyen, Quoc Huy Nguyen, Quang Lich Nguyen, Minh Tuan Hoang, and Farzaneh Mahmoudi. "Mass Transfer Mechanism Within Commercial PTFE Membranes In Spacer-Filled Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v11i1.3623.
Анотація:
The mass transfer mechanism within commercial PTFE membrane with various nominal pore sizes in spacer-filled direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was determined. Mass fluxes and membrane permeability (MP) values for each commercial PTFE membrane were experimentally measured. The MP values increased insignificantly with 2.3% and 4% when the inlet temperature at feed side rose from 400C to 500C in different membrane pore sizes. All investigated mass transfer models except from Dusty Gas model were good enough to simulate the mass transfer inside smaller membrane pore sizes (0.22 µm, and 0.45 µm). Compared to combined diffusion model, the predicted mass fluxes using the overall mass transfer model including the contribution of Poiseuille flow obtained better agreement with experimental results for larger membrane pore size (1 µm). The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values for combined diffusion model were up to 16.5% compared with the Ding et al. model or Schofield et al. model (under 3%). Regarding the root mean square error (RMSE), the combined diffusion model obtains larger values than the mass transfer model considering the Poiseuille flow contribution. Consequently, the contribution of Poiseuille flow in mass transfer mechanism within smaller PTFE membrane pores (0.22 µm, and 0.45 µm) could be ignored, however, the contribution of Poiseuille flow to the overall mass transfer should be included in case of larger membrane pores (1 µm), or the case of applied transmembrane hydrostatic pressure.
18
Miesenböck, G., and J. E. Rothman. "The capacity to retrieve escaped ER proteins extends to the trans-most cisterna of the Golgi stack." Journal of Cell Biology 129, no. 2 (April 15, 1995): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.129.2.309.
Анотація:
To explore how far into the Golgi stack the capacity to retrieve KDEL proteins extends, we have introduced an exogenous probe (the peptide YHPNSTCSEKDEL) into the TGN of living cells. For this purpose, a CHO cell line expressing a c-myc-tagged version of the transmembrane protein TGN38--which cycles between the TGN and the cell surface--was generated. The cells internalized peptides that were disulfide bonded to anti-myc antibodies and accumulated the peptide-antibody complexes in the TGN. Peptides released from these complexes underwent retrograde transport to the ER, as evidenced by the transfer of N-linked carbohydrate to their acceptor site. The KDEL-tagged glycopeptides (approximately 10% of the endocytosed load) behaved like endogenous ER residents: they stayed intracellular, and their oligosaccharide side chains remained sensitive to endoglycosidase H. An option thus exists to extract ER residents even at the most distant pole of the Golgi stack, suggesting that sorting of resident from exported ER proteins may occur in a multistage process akin to fractional distillation.
19
Tan, Jun Ying, Wei Lun Ang, and Abdul Wahab Mohammad. "Hydrophobic Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane Modified with Silica Nanoparticles and Silane for Succinic Acid Purification Using Osmotic Distillation Process." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 33, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-33(1)-10.
Анотація:
Recently, osmotic distillation (OD) has emerged as an alternative process for the concentration and purification of heat sensitive components. However, OD performance was severely affected by membrane fouling and wetting, which could be minimized through membrane surface roughness creation and surface energy modification. This study incorporated silica nanoparticles and coated tridecafluro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-1-triethoxysilane at various concentration onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane to improve its hydrophobicity, limiting the contact between foulants in feed solution and membrane surfaces. Generally, the addition of silica reduced the water contact angle (WCA) of the membrane, but the inclusion of silane had increased it. These membranes were then tested through OD with 1 wt% succinic acid feed solution and 50 wt% calcium chloride stripping solution. PVDF membranes that have been modified with 1 wt% silica nanoparticles and coated with 1:50 volume ratio silane solution achieved a transmembrane flux of 0.6019 kg/m<sup>2</sup>⋅h, the highest flux among silanated membrane. This was due to the larger pore size retained after silanization. A rejection rate of 95.66% and above were achieved by the membranes fabricated in this study. Overall, PVDF membrane modified with silica and silane had been successfully utilized in OD process and shown potential as a concentration and purification process.
20
Tomczak, Wirginia, and Marek Gryta. "Clarification of 1,3-Propanediol Fermentation Broths by Using a Ceramic Fine UF Membrane." Membranes 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10110319.
Анотація:
This work examined the use of a ceramic fine ultrafiltration (UF) membrane for the pre-treatment of 1,3-propanodiol (1,3-PD) fermentation broths. It has been demonstrated that the membrane used provides obtaining a high-quality, sterile permeate, which can be sequentially separated by other processes such as nanofiltration (NF) and membrane distillation (MD). Special attention was paid to the impact of the operational parameters on the membrane performance. The series of UF experiments under transmembrane pressure (TMP) from 0.1 to 0.4 MPa and feed flow rate (Q) from 200 to 400 dm3/h were performed. Moreover, the impact of the feed pH, in the range from 5 to 10, on the flux was investigated. It has been demonstrated that for fine UF, increasing the TMP is beneficial, and TMP equal to 0.4 MPa and Q of 400 dm3/h ensure the highest flux and its long-term stability. It has been shown that in terms of process efficiency, the most favorable pH of the broths is equal to 9.4. An effective and simple method of membrane cleaning was presented. Finally, the resistance-in-series model was applied to describe resistances that cause flux decline. Results obtained in this study can assist in improving the cost-effectiveness of the UF process of 1,3-PD fermentation broths.
21
Haddad, Maryam, Laurent Bazinet, and Benoit Barbeau. "Towards Water, Sodium Chloride and Natural Organic Matter Recovery from Ion Exchange Spent Brine." Membranes 11, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040262.
Анотація:
Despite the tremendous success of the application of anion exchange resins (IX) in natural organic matter (NOM) removal over conventional removal methods, the considerable amount of brine spent during its regeneration cycle makes its sustainability questionable. This polluting saline stream can be challenging to manage and costly to discharge. Alternatively, and with the recent shift in perception of resource recovery, the produced spent brine can no longer be seen as a polluting waste but as an unconventional source of water, minerals and nutrients. In this research, for the first time, we evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated monovalent selective electrodialysis (MSED) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system in IX spent brine desalination and resource recovery. Of particular interest were the effects of operating time on the characteristics of the monovalent permselective ion exchange membranes, the impact of the DCMD stack configuration on minimizing heat loss to the ambient environment and the efficacy of the recovered NaCl in the regenerating cycle of the exhausted IXs. Our findings demonstrated that although the recovered NaCl from the stand-alone MSED can restore nearly 60% ion exchange capacity of the exhausted IXs, coupling MSED with DCMD led to minimizing the consumption of fresh NaCl (in the IX regeneration cycle) significantly, the potential application of NOM in agriculture and diminishing the risk of the IX spent brine disposal. In addition, the initial characteristics of the ion permselective membranes were maintained after 24 h of MSED and the transmembrane flux was increased when the feed/hot compartment (in the DCMD stack) was encapsulated on two outer ends with coolant/permeate compartments as a result of less heat loss to the ambient environment.
22
Nagaraj, Naveen, Balaji Shivaji Patil, and Prashant Maharudrappa Biradar. "Osmotic Membrane Distillation - A Brief Review." International Journal of Food Engineering 2, no. 2 (July 12, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1556-3758.1095.
Анотація:
In recent years, osmotic membrane distillation is gaining importance as an attractive/ complementary athermal membrane process. Osmotic membrane distillation is having potential to concentrate the biomolecules/liquids to a very high level under mild operating condition, without product damage. Further, this process can be employed as a pre-concentration step to reduce water load significantly on subsequent processing steps. The present review exclusively deals with process features, theoretical aspects involving water transport mechanism, influence of various process conditions on transmembrane flux along with recent application of osmotic membrane distillation process. Also, suggestions for future work and possible process integration of osmotic membrane distillation with other processes are also discussed.
23
Dotremont, C., B. Kregersman, R. Sih, K. C. Lai, K. Koh, and H. Seah. "Seawater desalination with memstill technology - a sustainable solution for the industry." Water Practice and Technology 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2010.026.
Анотація:
Membrane Distillation may be applied over several different configurations to carry out seawater desalination. Using a microporous non-selective hydrophobic membrane, a finite air gap, and a cool surface in a particular arrangement, heat transfer may be employed to drive the transport of only water vapour across the membrane. Several limitations in conventional Membrane Distillation platforms dramatically reduce the viability of this water purification technology, namely low transmembrane fluxes, high thermal energy requirements, and low freshwater recovery rates. Keppel Seghers, through the logical application of system integration expertise, has succeeded in systematically removing these limitations during the development of Memstill technology. Memstill technology is a proprietary application of Membrane Distillation in an ideal counter-current flow configuration which allows for highly efficient recovery of heat within the desalination process. The recovery of heat within the Memstill process allows desalination to be driven with a minimal heat input. As such, Memstill desalination may be conducted using waste heat sources that would otherwise be rejected to the atmosphere. In addition, the efficient recovery of heat from the outlet stream of Memstill implies that it may be discharged at significantly lower temperatures than conventional thermal Membrane Distillation platforms. Keppel Seghers has conducted three previous pilot trials of Memstill technology, and is prepared to design, build, own and operate a Memstill demonstration plant with a freshwater production capacity of about 100 m3/day on a petroleum refinery in Singapore. This work will be carried out with the support of PUB.
24
Hou, Youmin, Prexa Shah, Vassilios Constantoudis, Evangelos Gogolides, Michael Kappl, and Hans-Jürgen Butt. "A super liquid-repellent hierarchical porous membrane for enhanced membrane distillation." Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (October 28, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42204-7.
Анотація:
AbstractMembrane distillation (MD) is an emerging desalination technology that exploits phase change to separate water vapor from saline based on low-grade energy. As MD membranes come into contact with saline for days or weeks during desalination, membrane pores have to be sufficiently small (typically <0.2 µm) to avoid saline wetting into the membrane. However, in order to achieve high distillation flux, the pore size should be large enough to maximize transmembrane vapor transfer. These conflicting requirements of pore geometry pose a challenge to membrane design and currently hinder broader applications of MD. To address this fundamental challenge, we developed a super liquid-repellent membrane with hierarchical porous structures by coating a polysiloxane nanofilament network on a commercial micro-porous polyethersulfone membrane matrix. The fluorine-free nanofilament coating effectively prevents membrane wetting under high hydrostatic pressure (>11.5 bar) without compromising vapor transport. With large inner micro-porous structures, the nanofilament-coated membrane improves the distillation flux by up to 60% over the widely used commercially available membranes, while showing excellent salt rejection and operating stability. Our approach will allow the fabrication of high-performance composite membranes with multi-scale porous structures that have wide-ranging applications beyond desalination, such as in cleaning wastewater.
25
Matsuura, T., C. Feng, K. C. Khulbe, D. Rana, G. Singh, R. Gopal, S. Kaur, S. Ramakrishna, and S. Tabe. "Development of Novel Membranes Based on Electro–spun Nanofibers and Their Application in Liquid Filtration, Membrane Distillation and Membrane Adsorption." Journal of Applied Membrane Science & Technology 11, no. 1 (November 22, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/amst.v11i1.75.
Анотація:
Electro–spinning is known as a simple and versatile method to produce nonwoven membranes made out of nanofibers. A wide range of polymers and blends can be used to yield nanofibers. Commonly used membrane polymers such as cellulose acetate (CA), polysulfone (PSU) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) have been successfully electro–spun to form nonwoven nanofiber membranes for water filtration. Investigations have revealed that electro–spun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) possess high–flux rates and low transmembrane pressure. These characteristics are due to its (1) high porosity, (2) interconnected open pore structure and (3) tailorable membrane thickness. Although electro–spun membranes have been extensively studied for decades and successfully commercialized as air filtration membrane, they have not been applied for water treatment. The nanofiber membranes were used recently at the Industrial Membrane Research Laboratory of the University of Ottawa with the collaboration of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Initiative of the National University of Singapore for the following investigations.Removal of latex particles from water: PVDF nanofiber membranes were subjected to filtration of latex particles (0.1 to 10 μm) at the feed pressure of 0.6 bar gauge [1, 2].Seawater desalination by membrane distillation: PVDF nanofiber membranes were subjected to desalination of aqueous NaCl solutions by air gap membrane distillation [3, 4].Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) removal by carbonized polyacrylnitrile (PAN) nanofiber membranes [5, 6].
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Qtaishat, Mohammed Rasool, Mohammed Obaid, Takeshi Matsuura, Areej Al-Samhouri, Jung-Gil Lee, Sofiane Soukane, and Noreddine Ghaffour. "Desalination at ambient temperature and pressure by a novel class of biporous anisotropic membrane." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (August 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17876-8.
Анотація:
AbstractRecent scientific advances have made headway in addressing pertinient issues in climate change and the sustainability of our natural environment. This study makes use of a novel approach to desalination that is environment friendly, naturally sustainable and energy efficient, meaning that it is also cost efficient. Evaporation is a key phenomenon in the natural environment and used in many industrial applications including desalination. For a liquid droplet, the vapor pressure changes due to the curved liquid–vapor interface at the droplet surface. The vapor pressure at a convex surface in a pore is, therefore, higher than that at a flat surface due to the capillary effect, and this effect is enhanced as the pore radius decreases. This concept inspired us to design a novel biporous anisotropic membrane for membrane distillation (MD), which enables to desalinate water at ambient temperature and pressure by applying only a small transmembrane temperature gradient. The novel membrane is described as a super-hydrophobic nano-porous/micro-porous composite membrane. A laboratory-made membrane with specifications determined by the theoretical model was prepared for model validation and tested for desalination at different feed inlet temperatures by direct contact MD. A water vapor flux as high as 39.94 ± 8.3 L m−2 h−1 was achieved by the novel membrane at low feed temperature (25 °C, permeate temperature = 20 °C), while the commercial PTFE membrane, which is widely used in MD research, had zero flux under the same operating conditions. As well, the fluxes of the fabricated membrane were much higher than the commercial membrane at various inlet feed temperatures.