Статті в журналах: "Traffic safety"

1

Robertson, L. S. "Traffic Safety." Injury Prevention 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2004.000805.

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2

Mohan, Dinesh. "Traffic Safety." BMJ 330, no. 7487 (February 10, 2005): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.330.7487.367.

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3

Schnieder, Eckehard. "Control for Traffic Safety-Safety of Traffic Control." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 14 (August 2003): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)32388-1.

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4

Åberg, L. "Traffic rules and traffic safety." Safety Science 29, no. 3 (August 1998): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-7535(98)00023-x.

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5

Tazul Islam, Md, Laura Thue, and Jana Grekul. "Understanding Traffic Safety Culture: Implications for Increasing Traffic Safety." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2635, no. 1 (January 2017): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2635-10.

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Despite the success of various engineering, education, and enforcement measures, fatalities and injuries from traffic collisions remain one of the major global problems. It has been advocated that addressing this massive problem requires a fundamental transformation in the traffic safety culture of road users. Measuring and understanding traffic safety culture has gained growing attention in the field of traffic safety. This study, believed to be the first of its kind in Canada, aimed to ( a) measure traffic safety culture related to distracted driving, impaired driving, and speeding; ( b) investigate how perceptions of these major issues are associated with self-reported behavior and support for related enforcement and policy; and ( c) explore the effect of respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics on traffic safety culture. A telephone survey based on a stratified random sample of approximately 1,000 residents in the Edmonton region of Alberta, Canada, was conducted in 2014. Descriptive analysis, multivariate confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were performed. The results demonstrate statistically significant correlations among perceived threat to personal safety, acceptability of behaviors, self-reported behaviors, support for enforcement, and support for law and policy. Perceived threat to personal safety has a statistically significant influence on self-reported behavior, support for enforcement, and support for law and policy. Various sociodemographic characteristics have a significant effect on the perceived threat of traffic behaviors to personal safety. The results can be used to guide educational campaigns to transform traffic safety culture from one that is risk receptive to one that is protective.

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6

Sadauskas, Vigilijus, and Vigilijus Sadauskas. "TRAFFIC SAFETY STRATEGIES." TRANSPORT 18, no. 2 (April 30, 2003): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16483840.2003.10414070.

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Fast development of the number of vehicles is closely related not only to large benefit for the public but also to certain undesirable social and economic consequences. Firstly — large numbers of injured and killed people are involved into the accidents. The target to improve traffic safety situation in Lithuania can be reached only after the detailed evaluation of transport system, environment, traffic participants, road and vehicle. Taking into consideration the accident situation in Lithuania and its causes the followings priority trends are suggested: The improvement of the coordination of road traffic safety system, the training and education of road users, the explanation of the importance of traffic safety and its propagation, the improvement of traffic conditions. Recommendations and proposals for differentiated criterion of maximum speed limit selection taking into account different factors are provided in the work.

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7

Pearn, John. "Traffic‐safety blueprint." Medical Journal of Australia 150, no. 11 (June 1989): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136740.x.

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8

Purcell, Kristen, and J. Peter Rothe. "Beyond Traffic Safety." Contemporary Sociology 24, no. 6 (November 1995): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076729.

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9

Flaherty, Laurie. "ENA/National highway and traffic safety administration/subaru traffic safety project." International Journal of Trauma Nursing 1, no. 3 (July 1995): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1075-4210(05)80053-7.

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10

Rezapour Mashhadi, Mohammad Mahdi, Promothes Saha, and Khaled Ksaibati. "Impact of traffic Enforcement on Traffic Safety." International Journal of Police Science & Management 19, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461355717730836.

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Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) have a huge cost to society in terms of death, injury and property damage. The cost of fatal MVCs alone is estimated at US $44 billion per year. Among many confounding factors, traffic citations as an element that may reduce MVC frequency are not well understood, and most research carried out to date has evaluated the effects of the total number of citations on the number of MVCs. However, certain types of citations may be more likely to reduce the number of MVCs, whereas other types are not very effective. This research was set out to examine the impact of different types of traffic citations on MVCs on two hazardous main US highways in Wyoming US-30 and US-26. A negative binomial modeling technique was implemented by exploiting 4 years of crash and citations data to identify the causal impacts of traffic citations on crash frequency by incorporating traffic and geometric features. The modeling results showed that higher numbers of speeding and seat belt citations reduce the number of crashes significantly. These findings are the results of law enforcement efforts along the highways. Traffic count and the number of horizontal curves were found to significantly increase the number of MVCs.

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11

Oppe, S. "Macroscopic models for traffic and traffic safety." Accident Analysis & Prevention 21, no. 3 (June 1989): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(89)90013-4.

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12

Nuralievna, Usmanovа Mahira, and Rizaev Shuhratjon Shairovich. "Formation Of Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Traffic Safety." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 03, no. 04 (April 22, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume03issue04-05.

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The article presents the results of a sociological study reflecting the problems of individual safety in the road traffic system. The assessment of the road safety of socio-economic factors is given. A sociological model of accidents and the stability of drivers is proposed.

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13

Kweon, Young-Jun, and Kwang Sik Kim. "National Traffic Safety Index." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2137, no. 1 (January 2009): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2137-02.

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14

Guzek, Marek, Rafał S. Jurecki, and Wojciech Wach. "Vehicle and Traffic Safety." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134573.

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15

Litman, Todd. "Pricing for Traffic Safety." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2318, no. 1 (January 2012): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2318-03.

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16

Fleming, Bill. "Traffic Safety [Automotive Electronics]." IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine 6, no. 1 (March 2011): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2010.939900.

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17

Kubas, Andrew, and Kimberly Vachal. "Oil County Traffic Safety." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2465, no. 1 (January 2014): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2465-03.

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18

Hazinski, Mary Fran, та John A. Morris. "CHILDRENʼS TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM". Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 37, № 6 (грудень 1994): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199412000-00033.

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19

Hazinski, Mary Fran, Virginia A. Eddy, and John A. Morris. "Children's Traffic Safety Program." Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 39, no. 6 (December 1995): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199512000-00008.

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20

Sakhapov, Rustem, and Regina Nikolaeva. "Traffic safety system management." Transportation Research Procedia 36 (2018): 676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.126.

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21

HORN, Burkhard E., and A. HH JANSSON. "TRAFFIC SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT." IATSS Research 24, no. 1 (2000): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0386-1112(14)60014-5.

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22

Gupta, Ravi, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Aljohara S. Almeneessier, and Ahmed S. BaHammam. "Hypersomnolence and Traffic Safety." Sleep Medicine Clinics 12, no. 3 (September 2017): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.03.018.

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23

Haight, Frank A. "Accuracy in traffic safety." Accident Analysis & Prevention 26, no. 1 (February 1994): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(94)90078-7.

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24

Hansotia, Phiroze, and Steven K. Broste. "Epilepsy and Traffic Safety." Epilepsia 34, no. 5 (September 1993): 852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02102.x.

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25

Chu, Jiawen. "Analysis of the Impact of Road Traffic Safety Facilities on Traffic Safety." Journal of World Architecture 8, no. 2 (May 21, 2024): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jwa.v8i2.6973.

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Анотація:

The development of the national economy is closely tied to infrastructure construction. In recent years, China has seen a significant increase in the number and scale of road construction projects, aimed at facilitating the flow of goods and enabling convenient travel for the masses. However, this surge in road construction also raises concerns about road traffic safety. Road traffic safety facilities play a crucial role in warning and protecting against traffic accidents. To ensure their effective implementation, this paper analyzes the essence of road traffic facilities and their impact on traffic safety. By identifying challenges in the application of traffic safety facilities and adhering to safety facility application principles, suggestions are proposed to enhance traffic safety management.

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26

Kononenko, Alla, and Liudmyla Nahrebelna. "“INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC LIGHT” – IMPACT ON ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny 3, no. 271 (December 30, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2022-3-271-43-49.

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Road safety and measures to ensure it are a priority area of our state’s activity in view of the content of Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine, where a person, his life and health, safety are recognized as the highest social value in Ukraine. Reducing the number of accidents, reducing the severity of the consequences of traffic accidents, and especially reducing road accidents with fatalities to a minimum is the main task of specialists who are engaged in improving road safety. Traffic lights are one of the main components of road infrastructure, they are an optical signaling device designed to regulate traffic vehicles and pedestrians on roads and railway crossings. It is this device that regulates the movement of vehicles and pedestrians on the roadway and helps to avoid traffic accidents. Today, the traffic light has entered our lives so much that it is even difficult to imagine how it is possible to regulate traffic flows and ensure the safety of pedestrians on the roads without it. Adaptive or so-called “smart traffic lights” are considered the most modern type of traffic light regulation. Smart traffic lights are modern equipment that allows you to measure the intensity of traffic at the intersection and quickly, in real time, change regulation programs to reduce traffic jams. Artificial intelligence itself analyzes flow parameters, time and date, intensity to improve traffic. It is worth noting that despite the obvious advantages, smart traffic lights will not be able to completely solve the problem of traffic jams, but they will help to partially solve the problem of traffic accidents and support the ecological situation, since the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is reduced thanks to the smooth movement of traffic. Keywords: street and road network, traffic jam, smart traffic light, traffic flow.

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27

Hu, Zhenghua, Jibiao Zhou, and Enyou Zhang. "Improving Traffic Safety through Traffic Accident Risk Assessment." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 3748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15043748.

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The continuous development of sensors and the Internet of Things has produced a large amount of traffic data with location information. The improvement of traffic safety benefits from the availability of traffic accident data. Managers can patrol and control relevant areas in advance with limited police resources, according to the short-term traffic accident predictions. As a result, the possibility of accidents can be reduced, and the level of traffic safety can be improved. The traditional approach to accident prediction relies too much on the subjective experience of traffic managers. Inspired by the deep learning technology in the field of computer vision, this study first divides the road network into regular grids and takes the number of traffic accidents in each grid as the pixel value of an image. Then, a traffic accident prediction approach based on a bi-directional ConvLSTM U-Net with densely connected convolutions (BCDU-Net) is proposed. This method mines the regular information hidden in the accident data and introduces densely connected convolutions to further extract the deep spatial-temporal features contained in the traffic accident sequence. Thus, the issues of gradient disappearance and model over-fitting caused by the traditional model in model training can be avoided. Finally, the simulation experiment is carried out on the historical traffic accident data of Yinzhou District, Ningbo City. Results show that BCDU-Net has better accuracy and precision than other models in three data sets: motor vehicle accidents, non-motor vehicle accidents, and single-vehicle accidents. Therefore, the BCDU-Net is more suitable for traffic accident prediction and has good application prospects for improving road safety.

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28

Sukhov, Philipp, Vladimir Popov, and Viktor Filippov. "Traffic safety management based on integrated assessment of safety level." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823902003.

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The volumes of freight and passenger traffic on the railways of the Russian Federation are increasing every year. Along with the increase in the transportation work, the likelihood of occurrence of undesirable incidents in railway transport increases. The assessment of the level of comprehensive (integrated) safety is an important scientific and technical problem in the current conditions of the functioning of railway transport. The methods used to assess the level of safety do not always meet the requirements of complexity in view of comparison of various-scale violations of traffic safety (crash, accident, faulty operation). The paper proposes a mathematical method for assessing the level of integrated safety in railway transport and calculation of the safety index of train traffic. For the calculation, statistical data for a certain period are used. These data summarized in a specialized dictionary of traffic safety violations, the mathematical treatment of which provides information on the level of integrated safety in railway transport in the Russian Federation. The proposed index allows determining the effectiveness of management decisions in the field of train traffic safety, as well as assessing the effectiveness of implementing certain innovations in the field of traffic safety. It is possible to use data on integrated traffic safety to reduce insurance premiums for cargo insurance on railways.

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29

Mishra, Sushreeta, and Babak Mehran. "Traffic safety culture of drivers in Canada: Implications for new traffic law implementation to enhance traffic safety." IATSS Research 46, no. 1 (April 2022): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2021.12.003.

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30

Zoghi, Hassan, Mojtaba Hajali, and Meisam Dirin. "Evaluation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks on Safety Traffic." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 2 (2012): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.333.

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31

H, Patel Hanil, Vasava Vandana M, Parmarth Rajveer D, Zala Vanrajsinh R, Parmar Maulik, Abarar A. Khalak, and Mehul J. Patel. "Intelligent Transportation System: Enhancing Traffic Management and Road Safety." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 4, no. 9 (September 2023): 1185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.4.923.52847.

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32

Sucha, Matus, Lucie Viktorova, and Ralf Risser. "Attitudes Towards Traffic Safety Worldwide." Open Psychology Journal 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101609010035.

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Background: There is agreement that road user behaviour is the most important contributing factor for traffic accidents. It is therefore essential to understand better the causes of accidents and design remedies that can efficiently treat them. The fatality rate per 10,000 people is about 30 times higher in developing countries than in high-income countries These differences, beside other factors, can be explained in terms of different traffic safety cultures. Objective: The general mission of this work was to contribute to traffic safety by gaining an understanding of the differences in traffic culture in countries worldwide. Furthermore, we sought to explore and understand the needs and beliefs concerning traffic safety in different countries worldwide and the implications for the objective traffic safety situation (Traffic Safety Index – TSI) and for the stage of the economic development of the country (Gross Domestic Product – GDP). Methods: A simple questionnaire with three questions focused on beliefs and opinions about traffic safety was used. Altogether, 142 respondents from 36 countries filled in the questionnaire. The data was analysed using both statistical methods and qualitative analysis of the responses. Results: The results indicated major differences in the traffic safety cultures embraced by different countries. In general, two approaches to traffic safety culture can be identified. In the first case, traffic safety culture is viewed as an objective reality which the respondents conceive of as leading to greater safety. The second case involves the emphasis being placed particularly on the elimination of a threat to life and health. Conclusion: People from countries with a poorer traffic safety record tend to underline the importance of traffic safety. No evidence of a relationship between the economic performance of the country (GDP), the traffic safety culture standard, and the Traffic Safety Index was found. Finally, the implications of the results for practice are discussed with a view to the practical implementation of measures to improve traffic safety.

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33

KALMYKOVA, O. M., and N. A. PRONENKO. "MPROVING SAFETY AT NON-REGIONAL." World of transport and technological machines 73, no. 2 (2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33979/2073-7432-2021-73-2-72-80.

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The article presents the results of studies of the organization of traffic at the T-shaped intersection of regional highways: highway 60K-245 - highway 60K-12, connecting the village of Kamenolomni with the city of Novocherkassk, Rostov region. The research is based on the conducted field survey of traffic intensity. As a result, a conditional cartogram of the traffic intensity of vehicles was developed, an analysis of conflict points at the intersection was carried out, and traffic light graphs were calculated for the current traffic intensity of traffic flows.

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34

Ma, Ruoxin, Rui Xu, and Yutao Sun. "Wise rescue, safety accompanying." Frontiers in Computing and Intelligent Systems 2, no. 3 (February 13, 2023): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fcis.v2i3.5205.

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According to the survey data, the annual death toll due to traffic accidents in the world reaches 1.25 million, in China is as high as 104,000, ranking first in the world. In the death rate of traffic accidents, more than 60% are caused by early warning or rescue in time. At present, there are many problems in China's traffic accident emergency rescue, such as low efficiency, rescue in time. According to the demand of smart city construction, the traditional emergency rescue mode of traffic accident is facing transformation. The rapid popularity of tachograph in recent years can be seen that car owners' awareness of safe driving is strengthening. However, the functions of the traditional tachograph are mostly limited to being the evidence carrier of traffic disputes. The latest multifunctional recorder on the market also aims to improve user experience, increase intelligent voice, navigation and other functions, and has not been applied in traffic accident emergency rescue.

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35

Balgabekov, T. K., A. O. Aidarbek, A. N. Kongkybayeva, B. Q. Nurman, and A. R. Mukasheva. "ENSURING THE SAFETY OF ROAD ACCIDENTS." Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, no. 1 (53) (March 31, 2022): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2309-6977-2022-1-142-148.

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There is an analysis of the mechanism of accidents and it shows that improving road conditions and improving the speed and braking properties of the car, stability and controllability does not increase the active safety of road traffic. These measures only move the boundaries within which the driver can drive safely. The parameters of quality of car operation, which characterize the traffic safety, have been determined. The values of car operation quality parameters that correspond to different levels of traffic safety have been defined. In order that the proposed parameters of quality of car operation can be used to control the safety of traffic modes by drivers and traffic police, the computer must be used to calculate these parameters as a standard residual of the car. The studies carried out made it possible to single out three indicators of the quality of driving a car, which characterize the safety of the driving mode: maximum speed is the ratio of the average speed to the maximum, called the speed coefficient, the standart deviation of the vehicle's longitudinal acceleration from the average value, which is called acceleration noise in the theory of traffic flows. The above indicators of the quality of driving are measured from the moment of the start of the trip.

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36

Włodarek, Paweł, and Piotr Olszewski. "Traffic safety on cycle track crossings – traffic conflict technique." Journal of Transportation Safety & Security 12, no. 1 (June 8, 2019): 194–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19439962.2019.1622615.

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37

Pugachev, Igor, Yrii Kulikov, and Valentin Cheglov. "Features of traffic organization and traffic safety in cities." Transportation Research Procedia 50 (2020): 766–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.10.089.

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38

Brkic, Zeljko. "Endangering the road traffic safety by traffic police motorcyclists." Bezbednost, Beograd 59, no. 2 (2017): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost1702097b.

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39

Gajewski, Piotr, Jerzy Łopatka, and Piotr Łubkowski. "Performance Analysis of Public Safety Cognitive Radio MANET for Diversified Traffic." Sensors 22, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051927.

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This paper presents properties of a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) with dynamic spectrum management (DSM) and is devoted to the concept and implementation of the new traffic engine that is used in a High-Fidelity simulator of MANET with cognitive nodes for special applications. The communication traffic generated by each node is defined according to its role in the hierarchical structure of the operational scenario, determining its priorities, permission to use particular real time and non-real time services. The service usage is a source based model, defined in the user’s profile containing its statistical properties, describing periodicity, duration and randomness of traffic generation. The overall traffic generated by the node is a combination of traffics related to specific services. Their statistical parameters are based on real exercises results. The model was defined in the Matlab environment and next verified using the MAENA simulator for complex, operational scenarios. The achieved results show that use of both central and distributed DSM provides a better performance of the MANET network with complex traffic.

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40

Song, Young-hoon, In-chul Mun, Kil-soo Park, and Keum-sook Jeong. "Traffic Safety Policy for unification." Public Policy Research Institute, Korea University 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34266/jnks.2018.4.2.233.

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41

Miura, Toshiaki. "Visual Attention and Traffic Safety." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 82, no. 3 (1998): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.82.3_180.

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42

Shea, Andy, and Leonard Evans. "Traffic Safety and the Driver." Journal of the Operational Research Society 43, no. 7 (July 1992): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2583586.

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43

Brożyna, Ewa. "Human factor and traffic safety." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 18, no. 7-8 (August 31, 2017): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2017.029.

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Анотація:

This article deals with issues in the field of traffic engineering. According to its assumptions, traffic is a system consisting of three inseparable elements which are man, vehicle and road. In this article, the author focuses on the relationship between two of these elements: human as a road user and a path that should be a subordinate of the user’s capabilities and convenience. The first part of the article is an introduction to the topic of the article. There are presented the data on the amount of road traffic accidents caused by human factors and the categories of errors committed by drivers. In the further part there were analyzed the biological factors which have influence on driver’s actions such as sight, attention and reaction time with particular emphasis on the imperfections of those factors which should be taken into account when designing roads and organizing traffic because it lets to provide a higher level of road safety. The purpose of this article is to develop practical conclusions for road design and traffic management that will help to better adjust the road transport infrastructure to the capabilities and natural limitations of the human person. These conclusions are included in the summary.

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44

Waksman, Renata D., and Regina M. B. K. Pirito. "The pediatrician and traffic safety." Jornal de Pediatria 81, no. 8 (December 7, 2005): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.1406.

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45

&NA;. "Psychotropic Medications and Traffic Safety." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 12, no. 6 (December 1992): 384???385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199212000-00003.

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46

Panchenko, O. A., V. G. Antonov, I. O. Serdyuk, and A. V. Kabantseva. "Information support of traffic safety." Klinical Informatics and Telemedicine 14, no. 15 (December 20, 2019): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31071/kit2019.15.11.

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47

Verster, Joris, and Monique Mets. "Psychoactive Medication and Traffic Safety." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 3 (March 10, 2009): 1041–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031041.

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Zein, Sany R., Erica Geddes, Suzanne Hemsing, and Mavis Johnson. "Safety Benefits of Traffic Calming." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1578, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1578-01.

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This study was conducted to determine whether there are quantifiable collision-reduction benefits that result from traffic calming. Traffic calming is typically implemented to address speeding and external traffic concerns. It is intuitively recognized that successful traffic calming would therefore result in safety benefits. This research attempted to determine whether these safety benefits are measurable and significant. Four local traffic-calming projects in the Greater Vancouver area were reviewed as part of the research. All four of the projects achieved reductions in collision frequency, severity, and the annual collision claim costs. The magnitude of these benefits varied among the projects, with an average 40 percent reduction in collision frequency and 38 percent reduction in the annual claims costs. A total of 85 case studies from Europe, Australia, and North America were reviewed to determine the safety benefits of traffic calming as measured by other jurisdictions. The international case studies in which more than five precalming collisions per year occurred were analyzed separately. In this group of 15 studies, the decrease in collision frequency ranged from 8 percent to 95 percent. The implementation of traffic calming involves participation on the part of the general public, local municipalities, and emergency response organizations. The planning, engineering, and public consultation process are all a necessary part of the process to improving neighborhood livability. The results of this research provide evidence that the safety benefits of traffic calming are both quantifiable and significant.

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Bjerklie, J. R., and Leonard Evans. "Traffic Safety and the Driver." Contemporary Sociology 21, no. 3 (May 1992): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076302.

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FERRARA, SANTO DAVIDE. "Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety." Addiction 82, no. 8 (August 1987): 871–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb03907.x.

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