Статті в журналах: "Traffic engineering Research Australia"

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Nguyen-Phuoc, Duy Q., Graham Currie, Chris De Gruyter, and William Young. "Net Impacts of Streetcar Operations on Traffic Congestion in Melbourne, Australia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2648, no. 1 (January 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2648-01.

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Public transit is widely recognized to reduce urban traffic congestion, as it encourages automobile travelers off the road. However, streetcars have been criticized for causing traffic congestion because large trams must operate in mixed traffic on narrow, congested streets. At the same time, streetcars reduce congestion by encouraging automobile drivers to use trams. So what is the net effect of streetcars on congestion? This paper presents a new method for assessing the net traffic congestion effects associated with streetcar operations in Melbourne, Australia, which has the largest streetcar network in the world. Impacts were determined with the use of a traffic network model to compare congestion with trams and without trams. The positive impacts of trams were estimated by using mode shift from tram to automobile when tram services were removed. Negative impacts were explored by considering streetcar traffic operations, the impact of curbside tram stops, and the effect of exclusive priority tram lanes on traffic flow. Findings show that the streetcar network in inner Melbourne results in a net congestion benefit to traffic; a 3.4% decrease in vehicle time traveled and total delay on the road network was established. The streetcar network also contributes to reducing the number of moderately congested links by 16%. Areas for future research are suggested, such as exploring the spatial distribution of the mode shift to automobile and the long-term effect of trams on traffic.

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Zein, Sany R., Erica Geddes, Suzanne Hemsing, and Mavis Johnson. "Safety Benefits of Traffic Calming." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1578, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1578-01.

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This study was conducted to determine whether there are quantifiable collision-reduction benefits that result from traffic calming. Traffic calming is typically implemented to address speeding and external traffic concerns. It is intuitively recognized that successful traffic calming would therefore result in safety benefits. This research attempted to determine whether these safety benefits are measurable and significant. Four local traffic-calming projects in the Greater Vancouver area were reviewed as part of the research. All four of the projects achieved reductions in collision frequency, severity, and the annual collision claim costs. The magnitude of these benefits varied among the projects, with an average 40 percent reduction in collision frequency and 38 percent reduction in the annual claims costs. A total of 85 case studies from Europe, Australia, and North America were reviewed to determine the safety benefits of traffic calming as measured by other jurisdictions. The international case studies in which more than five precalming collisions per year occurred were analyzed separately. In this group of 15 studies, the decrease in collision frequency ranged from 8 percent to 95 percent. The implementation of traffic calming involves participation on the part of the general public, local municipalities, and emergency response organizations. The planning, engineering, and public consultation process are all a necessary part of the process to improving neighborhood livability. The results of this research provide evidence that the safety benefits of traffic calming are both quantifiable and significant.

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Debnath, Ashim Kumar, Ross Blackman, Narelle Haworth, and Yusuf Adinegoro. "Influence of Remotely Operated Stop–Slow Controls on Driver Behavior in Work Zones." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2615, no. 1 (January 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2615-03.

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Remotely operated devices for traffic control—portable traffic lights and automated flagger assistance devices—are used to improve flagger safety in a one-lane-each-way work zone with lane closure. Previous research has measured the effectiveness of these devices as driver compliance rates and driver understanding of the devices, but the effects of these devices on driver behavior have not yet been examined comprehensively. Therefore, the influence of remotely operated stop–slow traffic control devices on driver behavior was examined. Video-recorded traffic movements from a rural work zone in the Queensland state of Australia provided driver speeds, deceleration profiles, stopping behavior, and compliance rates for a set of remotely operated devices new to Australia: static red–amber–green lights, static red–amber lights, static red–amber arrow lights, and mechanical stop–slow signs. Pneumatic tube traffic counters were used to collect driver speeds before and after the devices, and an on-road driver survey was conducted to elicit driver understanding of the devices. Results indicated that drivers had difficulty understanding the new devices, particularly the amber light and amber arrow options (which confused drivers about their meaning—to stop or to go). The new remotely operated devices resulted in higher approach speeds, greater variability in approach speeds, and faster deceleration rates than the flagger method. The good compliance rates observed with the remotely operated devices imply that the devices could improve flagger safety by reducing flagger exposure to traffic; however, the negative effects on driver behavior might indicate an increased risk of rear-end crashes in the advance warning area.

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Mansson, Joakim Trygg, Margareta Lutzhoft, and Ben Brooks. "Joint Activity in the Maritime Traffic System: Perceptions of Ship Masters, Maritime Pilots, Tug Masters, and Vessel Traffic Service Operators." Journal of Navigation 70, no. 3 (December 13, 2016): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463316000758.

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Teamwork in the maritime traffic system has been identified as an area of concern, and reports suggest there is room for improvement. Such improvements should be based on an understanding of how everyday activities are performed. This study was therefore aimed at gaining an insight into the everyday activity of navigating and manoeuvring ships in port waters. To get such an insight, the perceptions of ship masters, maritime pilots, tug masters and Vessel Traffic Service operators active in Australia were probed through qualitative research interviews. A conceptual framework based on Clark's work on joint activity was used to guide the study. Results indicate that in order to get the job done, these maritime professionals employ tools and procedures beyond those intended to be used, vary their level of participation, assume roles which differ from those prescribed, sometimes base their assumptions and expectations on poor quality evidence, and occasionally avoid communication. While such adaptations may be necessary to get the job done, they also reduce the participants’ ability to establish common ground – which is essential for coordination.

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Oh, Taeho, Yanping Xu, Zhibin Li, and Inhi Kim. "Driving Risk Analysis Based on Driving Experience at Hook-Turn Intersection Using the Emerging Virtual Reality Technology." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (August 19, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8929826.

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The hook turn, which is rarely seen outside of Melbourne, Australia, reduces congestion in narrow road spaces shared with trams. Australia allows people from 44 nations to convert their home country driver’s license to an Australian driver’s license without a driving test. Visitors who have never heard of the hook-turn experience difficulty driving following the new traffic rule. From this aspect, investigating how inexperienced drivers encounter the hook-turn intersection is valuable for safety reasons. A driving simulator including virtual reality technology is developed to evaluate the level of safety of human driving behavior. The simulator in this research was developed by integrating Vissim and Unity3D embedded head-mounted display and driving devices to ensure a better driving experience. This research presented the development of a robust virtual reality driving simulator. It investigated how nonexperienced drivers respond to a completely new road condition. The results were compared with microsimulation outcomes (here, Vissim). The results showed that a human-driven car had a higher collision risk than a computer-driven car. The trajectories of the driver type were statistically different (t = 6.03, p 0.01, in the case of time-to collision ≤1.5 between experienced and computerized drivers). Participant responses to a postexperiment survey found that the simulator was realistic (4.31 out of 5.00), which could help beginner drivers (4.00 out of 5.00). Therefore, the simulator can be utilized for safety-related research as well as drivers’ training.

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Liu, Yuchen, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, and Aloke Phatak. "Evaluating the Accuracy of Bluetooth-Based Travel Time on Arterial Roads: A Case Study of Perth, Western Australia." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9541234.

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Bluetooth (BT) time-stamped media access control (MAC) address data have been used for traffic studies worldwide. Although Bluetooth (BT) technology has been widely recognised as an effective, low-cost traffic data source in freeway traffic contexts, it is still unclear whether BT technology can provide accurate travel time (TT) information in complex urban traffic environments. Therefore, this empirical study aims to systematically evaluate the accuracy of BT travel time estimates in urban arterial contexts. There are two major hurdles to deriving accurate TT information for arterial roads: the multiple detection problem and noise in BT estimates. To date, they have not been fully investigated, nor have well-accepted solutions been found. Using approximately two million records of BT time-stamped MAC address data from twenty weekdays, this study uses five different BT TT-matching methods to investigate and quantify the impact of multiple detection problems and the noise in BT TT estimates on the accuracy of average BT travel times. Our work shows that accurate Bluetooth-based travel time information on signalised arterial roads can be derived if an appropriate matching method can be selected to smooth out the remaining noise in the filtered travel time estimates. Overall, average-to-average and last-to-last matching methods are best for long (>1 km) and short (≤1 km) signalised arterial road segments, respectively. Furthermore, our results show that the differences between BT and ground truth average TTs or speeds are systematic, and adding a calibration is a pragmatic method to correct inaccurate BT average TTs or speeds. The results of this research can help researchers and road operators to better understand BT technology for TT analysis and consequently to optimise the deployment location and configuration of BT MAC address scanners.

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Choi, Seongjin, Hwasoo Yeo, and Jiwon Kim. "Network-Wide Vehicle Trajectory Prediction in Urban Traffic Networks using Deep Learning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 45 (September 7, 2018): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794735.

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This paper proposes a deep learning approach to learning and predicting network-wide vehicle movement patterns in urban networks. Inspired by recent success in predicting sequence data using recurrent neural networks (RNN), specifically in language modeling that predicts the next words in a sentence given previous words, this research aims to apply RNN to predict the next locations in a vehicle’s trajectory, given previous locations, by viewing a vehicle trajectory as a sentence and a set of locations in a network as vocabulary in human language. To extract a finite set of “locations,” this study partitions the network into “cells,” which represent subregions, and expresses each vehicle trajectory as a sequence of cells. Using large amounts of Bluetooth vehicle trajectory data collected in Brisbane, Australia, this study trains an RNN model to predict cell sequences. It tests the model’s performance by computing the probability of correctly predicting the next [Formula: see text] consecutive cells. Compared with a base-case model that relies on a simple transition matrix, the proposed RNN model shows substantially better prediction results. Network-level aggregate measures such as total cell visit count and intercell flow are also tested, and the RNN model is observed to be capable of replicating real-world traffic patterns.

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Black, J. A., S. E. Samuels, U. Vandebona, E. Masters, J. C. Trinder, B. Morrison, and R. Tudge. "Road Traffic Noise Prediction Using Object-Oriented and Geographic Information System Technologies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1601, no. 1 (January 1997): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1601-12.

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It is now some 4 years since the New South Wales Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) interim noise policy was released. The document sets out RTA policies on traffic noise along with guidelines relating to assessment and control. It is perhaps the most extensive document on the topic ever produced by an Australian road authority. The underlying philosophy of the policy is the importance of noise as an issue that must be addressed in all aspects of RTA road planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation programs. Some recent advances in the traffic noise arena are considered. A spatial decision support system is then outlined for road planning that has been developed as part of an Australian Research Council industry collaborative research grant involving RTA and the University of New South Wales. This is built on object-oriented programming and geographic information system technologies and involves a library containing models in eight domains amounting to 33,000 lines of code. The noise estimation procedure included in this system is described together with how it has been adapted and implemented in an object-oriented way. Speculation is made on how the prototype may be integrated into the emerging corporate responsibilities of RTA in the area of communication and consultation.

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Vandebona, U., and P. K. Upadhyay. "Simulation Modeling of Route Guidance Concept." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1573, no. 1 (January 1997): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1573-07.

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The methodology of a simulation model developed at the University of New South Wales, Australia, for the evaluation of performance of Dynamic Route Guidance Systems (DRGS) is described. The microscopic simulation model adopts the event update simulation method and allows assessment of route guidance performance under different scenarios such as varying levels of participation in guidance technologies and different intensities of travel demand. This research is important for marketing, costing, and introducing route guidance and can assist planners in identifying suitable networks and traffic conditions for such systems. The example application investigates selected operating scenarios of intersection delay conditions under different compositions of participation rates in route guidance. Preliminary investigations indicate that the effectiveness of route guidance is related to the level of intersection delays. An interesting outcome of this application is the identification that in networks with intersection delays which vary with time, those motorists without guidance assistance strive to make better forecasts of travel time in order to assist their route selection. At low levels of intersection delays, some motorists appear to make more than one nonoptimal route selection.

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Louise Bentzen, Billie, Janet M. Barlow, and Douglas Gubbé. "Locator Tones for Pedestrian Signals." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1705, no. 1 (January 2000): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1705-07.

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The two primary problems experienced by visually impaired persons at pedestrian-actuated intersections are determining whether there is a pushbutton and locating the push button. Many countries use accessible pedestrian signals much more widely than has been done in the United States, and a number of these—including Australia, Hong Kong, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, and Austria—routinely require the use of a locator tone. Typically emanating from the push-button housing, a pushbutton locator tone indicates to pedestrians that they are expected to push a button to request a pedestrian phase. It enables visually impaired pedestrians to locate the push button quickly and efficiently. Research was undertaken to determine the effect of locator tone repetition rate on efficiency of pedestrians’ location of the push-button pole. Repetition rates of 1.0 and 1.5 Hz resulted in equal pole location speed, faster than that for the 0.5 Hz repetition rate, and were preferred over the 0.5 Hz repetition rate. Locator tones 2 dB above ambient sound resulted in faster pole location than did tones 5 dB and 10 dB above ambient sound. Push-button locator tones should have a standardized repetition rate between 1.0 Hz and 1.2 Hz so that it may be ensured that visually impaired pedestrians can efficiently locate push buttons. Locator tones need be no more than 5 dB louder than ambient traffic sound.

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Glannopoulos, G. A., and Muhammad A. S. Mustafa. "Saturation Flow and Capacity of Shared Lanes: Comparative Evaluation of Estimation Methods." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1555, no. 1 (January 1996): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155500107.

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The operation of shared lanes, especially in the case of permitted phasing control, is still considered a complicated task and one for which many procedures and methods have been introduced. Dealt with here is the complexity when left- or right-turn movements or both are made during the unsaturated part of the opposing traffic flow. Three main methods used for estimating the shared lane's saturation flow rate and capacity values—that used in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) and the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB) and the Canadian methods—were analyzed and evaluated. The methodology for the comparative evaluation was based on two main approaches. In the first approach, example 1 of Chapter 9 of the HCM was used as a case study in which left through and left through right shared lanes exist in permitted phase control. In this case several computer runs were performed using the programs SIDRA and SINTRAL to estimate saturation flow and capacity values of the shared lanes opposed by different traffic volumes of the conflicting movements. Results of this approach showed that the 1985 HCM and ARRB methods are fairly close in estimating saturation flow and capacity, whereas the Canadian method gave considerably different results. Analysis showed that the sensitivity of the Canadian method to estimate saturation flow rates of the shared lane in cases of different levels of opposing traffic was an average of 10 times higher than the average of the two other methods, which were very close in their estimation of levels of opposing traffic volumes. In the second approach, field measurements of saturation flow rate values of shared lanes at different locations and operational conditions were compared with the values estimated by the three methods under the same conditions. Results, based on field observations, revealed that the Canadian method estimates of saturation flow were always lower than the measured values. At low saturation flow values, HCM estimates were slightly higher than the observed values; however, at higher saturation flow rate values. HCM estimates closely matched the observed ones. The ARRB method estimates were quite close to the observed saturation flow values under all of the different conditions considered in the field observation task.

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Giacomini, Anna, and Klaus Thoeni. "Full-scale experimental testing of dump-point safety berms in surface mining." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 52, no. 11 (November 2015): 1791–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0455.

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Waste rock (muck) piles are used as energy absorption barriers in many surface mining applications, such as berms at dumping points and at the crest of slopes, and in windrows as traffic separators or edge barriers on haul roads. The height of safety berms and windrows is currently designed using rules of thumb, such as height equal to half the maximum wheel diameter. However, over the last few decades, the dimensions of haul trucks have increased, and it is unclear if such rules of thumb are still applicable. This study, funded by the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP), was carried out with the objective of improving the current knowledge on design and construction of dump-point safety berms in mining environments. Through full-scale experimental investigations on the dynamic impact of haul trucks on dump-point safety berms, significant data on berm design, construction materials, as well as principal berm characteristics were collected for the first time. The experimental findings suggested that the current rule of thumb might only be suitable for dump points where trucks travel at velocities lower than 10 km/h. The studies also showed that safety berms should be built using fresh, blocky, nonslaking waste rock materials and well maintained over their lifespan.

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van Wijk, Ian, David J. Williams, and Mehdi Serati. "Use of Gravel Loss Prediction Models in the Design and Management of Unsealed Road Pavements." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 12 (September 15, 2019): 737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119854081.

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Many countries have large unsealed road networks which are essential for business efficiency, social connectedness, and community safety. These roads are maintained at considerable cost mainly through blading and re-gravelling. The latter is a major component of the maintenance and is determined by gravel loss. Gravel loss prediction models can be used to assess the effect of different wearing courses, which provides useful input into the design and management of unsealed roads. This paper reviews the origins, input parameters, and output of four available gravel loss prediction models, namely, the Transport and Road Research, HDM-4, Australian, and South African models. It was found that the predictive accuracy of the models is in general low and they predict very different gravel loss results. There is also a lack of integration between the design and maintenance, leading to the wearing course properties recommended for design not being directly linked to gravel loss. These findings led to further analysis of the models and the development of re-gravelling frequencies based on traffic, climate (annual rainfall), and material property (plastic factor), which can be used in the selection of the appropriate wearing course material and in the determination of re-gravelling budgets. This presents a simplified approach to the use of existing gravel loss prediction models in the design and management of unsealed roads which mitigates some of the shortcomings in the use of uncalibrated models.

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Tullberg, J. N., D. F. Yule, and D. McGarry. "Controlled traffic farming—From research to adoption in Australia." Soil and Tillage Research 97, no. 2 (December 2007): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2007.09.007.

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Polus, Abishai, and Sitvanit Shmueli. "Analysis and Evaluation of the Capacity of Roundabouts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1572, no. 1 (January 1997): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1572-12.

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Roundabouts are replacing conventional unsignalized intersections in many parts of the world and could become more widespread in the United States, although there are some limitations as well as clear advantages. Models for entry capacity into the rotary were developed. Entry capacity depends on the geometric characteristics of the roundabout, particularly the diameter of the outside circle of the intersection. The geometric characteristics determine the speed of vehicles around the central island and, therefore, have an impact on the gap-acceptance process and consequently the capacity. Traffic conditions that impede entry capacity involve the flow around the roundabout. Flow and geometric data from six small to medium-sized roundabouts were analyzed. Individual and aggregated entry-capacity models were calibrated by using the diameter and circulating flows as explanatory variables. Very good fits to the data were obtained; the results also fit models developed in other countries. The Australian model resulted in slightly higher entry capacities for moderate to low circulating flows and lower entry capacities for high circulating flows. Very close proximity to the German model was obtained, although it does not depend on the geometric characteristics of the circle. The roundabout provides an advantage over a conventional unsignalized intersection. A faithful concurrence between the model developed and the latest Highway Capacity Manual model for right-turn capacity at an unsignalized intersection is obtained if the circulating flow is replaced by the conflicting flow. The advantage of entry capacities of the roundabout over the calculated capacities of the Highway Capacity Manual left-turn model is shown. Further research is proposed to study the effect on entry capacity of two circulating lanes rather than one and the effect of the increase in circulating flows on the gap-acceptance process, particularly the reduction in critical gap at high flows.

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Chamen, Tim. "Controlled Traffic Farming – From Worldwide Research To Adoption In Europe And Its Future Prospects." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ata-2015-0014.

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Abstract Controlled traffic farming is a machinery management system that confines all field vehicles to the least possible area of permanent traffic lanes. It has developed in response to research evidence of widespread soil damage from compaction due to field traffic. The history of research on soil compaction is explored and found to be a relatively new phenomenon. Controlled traffic farming as a topic for research did not appear until the 1980s although its principles and benefits were well established before then. Research expanded over the next decades but changed subtly to more reviews on the topic as well as emphasis on environmental deliverables and some economics studies. Few if any researchers attempted to develop on-farm systems using existing machinery until the mid 1990s when a small and dedicated team in Australia encouraged farmers to experiment. This quickly led to rapid expansion across the continent to its present day c. 13% of the cropped area. Despite changes to extension services in northern Europe at around the turn of the century and a move to subsidiarity, this did not alter the model of controlled traffic adoption. This followed a similar pattern to that in Australia involving individuals rather than organizations.

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Yang, Xiao Long, Ping Li, Tao Lv, and Xue Hua Liao. "Traffic Accident Reconstruction Technology Research." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.946.

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Based on the virtual simulation theory, we used three-dimensional modeling software to build modeling road facilities (vehicles, trees, street lights, etc.) for simulating the accident environment, and by using OpenGL technology, achieved reading, displaying and controlling the three-dimensional models. This dynamically realized the three-dimensional animated simulation of vehicle movement. Simultaneously we have calculated in progress the simulation of vehicle crash with the basic theory of automobile collision, vehicle collision model and the law of conservation of energy and momentum. Finally, we constructed a flexible platform for the simulation experiment. The platform is enabling to add and update road, trees, street lamps and house on the simulation environment dynamically, and has ability to analysis the traffic accident. This could give an assistant to the handling traffic accidents.

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Qi, Yanmin, Zuduo Zheng, and Dongyao Jia. "Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Relationship between Rainfall and Traffic Flow: A Case Study of Brisbane, Australia." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2020): 5596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145596.

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The impact of inclement weather on traffic flow has been extensively studied in the literature. However, little research has unveiled how local weather conditions affect real-time traffic flows both spatially and temporally. By analysing the real-time traffic flow data of Traffic Signal Controllers (TSCs) and weather information in Brisbane, Australia, this paper aims to explore weather’s impact on traffic flow, more specifically, rainfall’s impact on traffic flow. A suite of analytic methods has been applied, including the space-time cube, time-series clustering, and regression models at three different levels (i.e., comprehensive, location-specific, and aggregate). Our results reveal that rainfall would induce a change of the traffic flow temporally (on weekdays, Saturday, and Sunday and at various periods on each day) and spatially (in the transportation network). Particularly, our results consistently show that the traffic flow would increase on wet days, especially on weekdays, and that the urban inner space, such as the central business district (CBD), is more likely to be impacted by inclement weather compared with other suburbs. Such results could be used by traffic operators to better manage traffic in response to rainfall. The findings could also help transport planners and policy analysts to identify the key transport corridors that are most susceptible to traffic shifts in different weather conditions and establish more weather-resilient transport infrastructures accordingly.

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Walker, David G. "Nuclear Research in Australia." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 27, no. 6 (1985): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.27.514.

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WANG, Dianhai, Hongsheng QI, and Cheng XU. "Reviewing Traffic Reliability Research." Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 10, no. 5 (October 2010): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-6672(09)60060-x.

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Černiauskaite, Laura, Igoris Podagelis, and Kazys Sakalauskas. "RESEARCH INTO SAFE TRAFFIC OF LITHUANIAN RAILWAY LINES." TRANSPORT 20, no. 4 (August 30, 2005): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9638013.

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The European Union directions pay a specific focus on traffic safety. Safety of railway transport traffic is among priority fields which has a direct effect on the quality of life of the population. It is most convenient to consider the number of breaks and accidents per year as the indicator of traffic safety. Reasons of traffic accidents can be very different. Most accidents occur due to poor technical condition of rolling‐stock and infrastructure, the human factor and the deficient organization of traffic. Stock Company “Lithuanian railways” can not assure safe traffic yet. The number of traffic incidents decreased in a few preserves only. Considering that, it is necessary to prepare a strategy for traffic safety and the program for its implementation. In 2002 specialists started preparing a study for safe traffic. The study is important for the preparation and implementation of the mentioned program. First results obtained from the research have already approved the importance of the influence of infrastructure, rolling‐stock and a human factor on traffic safety. The research carried out indicates positive changes in the situation of traffic safety of Lithuanian railways.

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Chand, Sai, Emily Moylan, S. Travis Waller, and Vinayak Dixit. "Analysis of Vehicle Breakdown Frequency: A Case Study of New South Wales, Australia." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 8244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198244.

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Traffic incidents such as crashes, vehicle breakdowns, and hazards impact traffic speeds and induce congestion. Recognizing the factors that influence the frequency of these traffic incidents is helpful in proposing countermeasures. There have been several studies on evaluating crash frequencies. However, research on other incident types is sparse. The main objective of this research is to identify critical variables that affect the number of reported vehicle breakdowns. A traffic incident dataset covering 4.5 years (January 2012 to June 2016) in the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) was arranged in a panel data format, consisting of monthly reported vehicle breakdowns in 28 SA4s (Statistical Area Level 4) in NSW. The impact of different independent variables on the number of breakdowns reported in each month–SA4 observation is captured using a random-effect negative binomial regression model. The results indicate that increases in population density, the number of registered vehicles, the number of public holidays, average temperature, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and percentage of white-collared jobs in an area increase the number of breakdowns. On the other hand, an increase in the percentage of unrestricted driving licenses and families with children, number of school holidays, and average rainfall decrease the breakdown frequency. The insights offered in this study contribute to a complete picture of the relevant factors that can be used by transport authorities, vehicle manufacturers, sellers, roadside assistance companies, and mechanics to better manage the impact of vehicle breakdowns.

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Xu, Mei Hua, Yi Da Liu, and Chen Jun Xia. "Research on Traffic Sign Detection Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 3304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.3304.

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As an important part of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), the traffic sign detection has been paid more and more attention. This paper studied and implemented a valid algorithm of traffic sign detection. Using K-means clustering algorithm to complete the image separation and extraction of prohibition signs from the RGB color image, and then matching them with templates to realize the detection of traffic signs by SIFT algorithm. Series of experiments for traffic sign detection have been carried out to prove the validity and correctness of the algorithm on the basis of the road images in front of the vehicle collected by CCD camera.

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O’Hern, Steve, Nora Estgfaeller, Amanda Stephens, and Sergio Useche. "Bicycle Rider Behavior and Crash Involvement in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052378.

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This research investigated how behaviours and attitudes of bicycle riders influence crash frequency and severity. The study recruited 1102 Australian bicycle riders for an online survey. The survey comprised questions on demographics, frequency of riding and the number and severity of traffic crashes during the last five years. The survey included the Cycling Behaviour Questionnaire and the Cyclist Risk Perception and Regulation Scale. Overall, there were low levels of errors and violations reported by participants indicating that these behaviours were on average never or rarely exhibited while riding a bicycle. Conversely, participants reported high levels of engagement in positive behaviours and reported high levels of traffic rule knowledge and risk perception. Higher rates of violations and errors were associated with increased crash likelihood, while higher rates of positive behaviours were associated with reduced rates of crash involvement in a period of 5 years. The findings highlight the relationship between errors, total crashes and crash severity Further promotion of positive behaviours amongst riders may also help to reduce the risk of crashes.

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25

Nguyen, V. Ngoc. "Evaluation of SCATSIM–RTA Adaptive Traffic Network Simulation Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1566, no. 1 (January 1996): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196156600102.

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The traffic network simulation model, SCATSIM, was developed by the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales, Australia, as an aid to the development and improvement of the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System (SCATS). It is capable of simulating traffic under different control techniques (such as fixed-time and SCATS adaptive control). Other traffic control systems, with known control algorithms, can also be simulated by SCATSIM. This paper is aimed at evaluating SCATSIM performance against a well-accepted analytical model, TRANSYT. Test runs demonstrate that SCATSIM is capable of simulating comprehensive traffic conditions derived from real world situations. It indicates that SCATSIM can simulate (a) traffic delay, vehicle stops, and fuel consumption within 11 percent of those predicted by TRANSYT; and (b) vehicle pollution emission (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen) within 5 percent of what is derived from TRANSYT results.

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26

Siska, Deassy, Herman Fithra, Nova Purnama Lisa, Bustami, Sofyan, Nandi Haerudin, and Muhammad Farid. "Seismic Vulnerability Mapping of the Lhokseumawe Region to Support the Spatial Plan of Lhokseumawe City." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 3153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.9153.

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Microtremor is a weak vibration on the surface of the earth that takes place continuously due to sources of vibration such as earthquakes, human activities, industry and traffic (Daryono, 2009). Microtremor data measured obtained 3 signals whose components are vertical (Up and Down), horizontal (North-South), and horizontal (East-West) components. After the signal is obtained it can then be analyzed using the HVSR method and the dominant frequency and amplification values are obtained. The HVSR method compares the spectrum ratio of the horizontal component microtremor signal to its vertical component (Nakamura, 1989). Lhokseumawe City is administratively included in the Province of Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). In 2004 there was an earthquake of magnitude 9.2 on the Richter Scale in the southern waters of the city of Banda Aceh, which caused a devastating Tsunami. In this event many people lost about 250 thousand lives and lost property that is not small in number (Logan, 2014) Due to the active regional tectonic pattern, the NAD region is a disaster-prone region. The tectonic area of NAD is strongly influenced by the subduction area between the Indian-Australian oceanic plate (Indian Australian Plate) against the European-Asian continental plate (Eurasian plate). The tectonic pattern greatly influences the geological conditions in the waters of the study area. The purpose of this research is to provide preliminary knowledge in the use of microtremors for mapping seismic microzonation. This microzonation mapping is needed for earthquake disaster mitigation purposes, microtremor data analysis can provide information on the value of a place that is very important for earthquake resistant building planning. Building structures that have the same value as the land value will experience resonance in the event of an earthquake. Then the last is the Seismic Vulnerability Index Mapping which is useful for predicting unconsolidated sediment zones at the ground surface when an earthquake occurs, so that further studies for earthquake prone areas can be carried out. The stages of the research method carried out are measuring field data which is divided into several measurement points in each district in the city of Lhokseumawe. At each measurement point, a three-component seismometer is installed to obtain the results of the soil’s vulnerability in the area. Each measurement data is observed for 30 minutes at each point. The results of this study are the existence of areas that are very susceptible to seismic namely Ujung blang and Banda Sakti villages with seismic vulnerability index values (Kg) ranging from 0 cm/s2 -30542.32 cm/s2 The highest value is located at Ujong Blang villages which is 10397.1 cm/s2 This is closely related to the total amount of damage to buildings in Lhokseumawe City due to the 2004 earthquake.

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27

Holloway, R. E., and A. R. Dexter. "Traffic intensity of arable land on the Eyre peninsula of South Australia." Journal of Terramechanics 27, no. 3 (January 1990): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4898(90)90015-e.

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28

Heiets, Iryna, Richard C. K. Yeun, Wim J. C. Verhagen, and Jiezhuoma La. "Analysis of Bilateral Air Services Agreement Liberalization in Australia." Aerospace 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9070371.

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This paper examines an assessment of the level of air transport services liberalization in Australia in order to generate recommendations on what key market access features of Air Services Agreements should be revised to reflect the changes in air transport characteristics, including the increase in air cargo traffic during the COVID-19 period. The different variants of the key market access features of ASA, levels of air transport liberalization and the extent of air transport service liberalization between Australia and 104 partner countries were analysed using descriptive study, comparison analysis and the ALI index. The ALI index is calculated for four different weighting schemes. Passenger capacity in 41 bilateral agreements contain restrictions of frequency, capacity and aircraft type. The analysis of cooperative arrangements indicated that Australia has a single aviation market only with New Zealand. The cargo capacity analysis identified different types of capacity restrictions based on weekly cargo service, volume, destinations, designated airline and aircraft types. In conclusion, cargo capacity analysis illustrates that the level of liberalization is high, but the air services agreements between Australia and other countries in the first and second cargo capacity groups should be revised to reflect the increase in air cargo traffic during COVID-19.

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29

Zhang, He Quan. "Research and Improvement of the Keep-Right-Except-to-Pass Rule." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.459.

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In order to deal with the impact on traffic flow of the rule, we compare the influence factors of traffic flow (passing, etc.) into viscous resistance of fluid mechanics, and establish a traffic model based on fluid mechanics. First, in heavy and light traffic, we respectively use this model to simulate the actual segment of the road and find that when the traffic is heavy, the rule hinder the further increase in traffic. For this reason, we make further improvements to the model to obtain a fluid traffic model based on no passing and find that the improved model makes traffic flow increase significantly. Then, the improved model is applied to the light traffic, we find there are no significant changes in traffic flow .In this regard we propose a new rule: when the traffic is light, passing is allowed, but when the traffic is heavy, passing is not allowed.

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30

Zhou, Jin He, and Guo Min Xia. "Experimental Research on Diffserv-Aware MPLS Traffic Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 1858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.1858.

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Diffserv-aware and Traffic Engineering combine the advantages of MPLS, Traffic Engineering (TE) and Differentiated Services (Diffserv, DS) to provide high performance and Quality of Service(QoS) in networks. We have designed three scenarios on Juniper Networks platforms to analyze the packet loss rate and delay for video, voice and data. The results show that MPLS DS-TE can improve the QoS for differentiated service effectively. The research has practical value for the development of DS-TE based on MPLS.

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31

Qi, Jun Xiong. "Research on the Vehicles Queuing Based on Traffic Accidents." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.464.

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In order to study the vehicles queuing under traffic accidents, we put the traffic wave analogy into fluid wave, and build traffic wave model, getting the relationship equation: vehicles queue length and the actual capacity of cross-section, accidents duration, section of the upstream traffic. According to analyzing the equation, we get: the maximum queue length increase with upstream traffic as category Index, however, inversely proportional to the actual capacity, and it is positively correlated with the duration of the accident.

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32

Li, Bing, and Jia Xin Liu. "Research on Preventive Management of Freeway Traffic Accident." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.763.

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With the rapid development of the freeway, preventive work of freeway traffic faces larger and larger test. This paper adopts 1561 cases of traffic accidents in the Jiliao-freeway in past 5 years to find out the factors that affect safety. The study found out some factors which cause freeway traffic accidents, they are time, weather, the number of patrol vehicles and monitoring, age and attribution of the accident driver. The paper studies the management problems and puts forward on the countermeasures and suggestions, especially the problem of freeway traffic police burnout. This problem which involves in freeway traffic accident prevention will reach a new level and lay the foundation for the future research work.

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33

Xia, Bin, Cheng Zhang, and Fan Yu Kong. "A Research of the Green Traffic Planning Strategies in Liangjiang New Area." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2860.

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Traditional traffic planning theory cannot satisfy the developing requirements of high efficiency, justice, safety, environmental-friendly and low consumption any more in a future city. The successful experience from domestic and international urban transmit development indicates that the fundamental solution to solving urban traffic problem is developing the Green Traffic with sustainable features. As the only inland national-level opening new area, Liangjiang New Area undertakes a new historic mission. Based on many advanced experience of developing the Green Traffic in some domestic and international cities, this article will explain the Green Traffic Theory in depth through the integration of urban traffic and land utilization, the greening of urban integration traffic system, the greening of traffic environment and the greening of urban traffic management. And also, it will discuss the solutions of developing the Green Traffic Planning and provide some assumptions for the Green Traffic Panning in Liangjing New Area.

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34

Wang, Wei. "Research on Traffic Volume of Urban River-Crossing Channel." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4430.

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Traffic volume forecast of urban river-crossing channel is the basis and premise of construction of urban river-crossing channel. By analyzing characteristics of traffic volume of urban river-crossing, a method of traffic volume forecast of urban river-crossing channel was put forward. Firstly, components of traffic volume of urban river-crossing channel were analyzed. Secondly, the OD matrix was divided into urban internal transportation and interurban transportation. Two different forecast methods were adopted, and results of the two parts calculated by different methods were added to work out the total traffic volume of urban river-crossing channel. Thirdly, the total traffic volume was allocated to several river-crossing channels by calculation, and the traffic volume of each river-crossing channel was gained. The method proposed in this paper was proved to be effective by the example calculation of river-crossing channel of Fu Ma Yangtze River Bridge in Wan Zhou district of Chong Qing.

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35

Pisano, Paul A., and Lynette C. Goodwin. "Research Needs for Weather-Responsive Traffic Management." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1867, no. 1 (January 2004): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1867-15.

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36

Chen, Ming Qiang, and Jun Hong Feng. "Research of Air Traffic Flow Forecasts Based on BP Neural Network." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2912.

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Air traffic is increasing worldwide at a steady annual rate, and airport congestion is already a major issue for air traffic controllers. The traditional method of traffic flow prediction is difficult to adapt to complex air traffic conditions. Due to its self-learning, self-organizing, self-adaptive and anti-jamming capability, the neural network can predict more effectively the air traffic flow than the traditional methods can. A good method for training is an important problem in the prediction of air traffic flow with neural network. This paper will try to find a new model to solve the traffic flow prediction problem by back propagation neural network.

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37

Zhang, Yi, and Chang Hua Li. "Research on Measure of Disorder in Traffic Flow Using 2D Entropy." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 2510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.2510.

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The effective measure of the disorder in a traffic flow has a great significance to improve the traffic condition and reduce the negative impact on environment caused by traffic jams. Since the traffic one-dimension entropy cannot reflect the spatial distribution characteristics, this paper proposed and defined traffic two-dimension entropy that reflected the statistical information of vehicle types and spatial distribution. In order to reflect the actual condition of a road, the weight of space around a vehicle was used in the simulation. The simulation results showed that: traffic two-dimension entropy to quantify and describe the disorder in traffic flow is reasonable and effective.

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38

Luo, Yong, and Xiu Chun Guo. "Model Research on the Evaluation of Traffic Sustainable Development." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.805.

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By research, we can realize definitely the relationship between the urban transportation system mode and containable development; meanwhile, it suggests the evaluation methods evaluation contents and guideline of Large-sized and middle-sized civic traffic problems. According to the civic traffic containable development basic theory, the major action factors of the civic traffic containable development and the establishment of the civic traffic containable development evaluation guideline system. Afterwards, this paper takes main factors and weight to use the found evaluation system.

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39

Wang, Liang, Yu Jie Wang, and Ling Yu Wang. "Simulation Research of Flow and Speed on Urban Expressway Interchange Entrance." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.796.

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The urban expressway overpass entrance is an important node of the urban road system. Traffic jams often happen at entrance. The characteristics of urban expressway entrance and the advantages of the microscopic traffic simulation were combined to analyze capacity of entrance. VISSIM simulation software was used and the validity of the simulation model was verified. The influence of the main road traffic flow and the desired speed of entrance to flow and speed of the urban expressway entrance were analyzed through simulation experiment. On the whole, traffic capacity of urban expressway entrance reduces with the increase of traffic flow on the main road. The higher the desired speed is, the faster traffic capacity reduces. The increase of speed and control of main road traffic flow is of great significance for improving the capacity and service level of expressway.

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40

Lv, Fei, and Xiao Chen Qi. "The Urban Planning Strategies Research of Decreasing Traffic Carbon Emissions." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2402.

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This paper firstly analyzes the present situation of carbon emissions and points out the proportion of traffic carbon emissions will be larger, then presents the urban planning strategies of reducing traffic carbon emissions.The macroscopic level should build compact city layout, efficient traffic conversion and perfect network structure; The medium level should implement the traffic organization of bus priority and suitable mixed land for walking;The microscopic level should organize TOD community for transit orient.

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41

Mahbub, Parvez, Ashantha Goonetilleke, Godwin A. Ayoko, Prasanna Egodawatta, and Tan Yigitcanlar. "Analysis of build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics on urban roads in gold coast, Australia." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (May 1, 2011): 2077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.151.

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Urban water quality can be significantly impaired by the build-up of pollutants such as heavy metals and volatile organics on urban road surfaces due to vehicular traffic. Any control strategy for the mitigation of traffic related build-up of heavy metals and volatile organic pollutants should be based on the knowledge of their build-up processes. In the study discussed in this paper, the outcomes of a detailed experimental investigation into build-up processes of heavy metals and volatile organics are presented. It was found that traffic parameters such as average daily traffic, volume over capacity ratio and surface texture depth had similar strong correlations with the build-up of heavy metals and volatile organics. Multicriteria decision analyses revealed that that the 1–74 μm particulate fraction of total suspended solids (TSS) could be regarded as a surrogate indicator for particulate heavy metals in build-up and this same fraction of total organic carbon could be regarded as a surrogate indicator for particulate volatile organics build-up. In terms of pollutants affinity, TSS was found to be the predominant parameter for particulate heavy metals build-up and total dissolved solids was found to be the predominant parameter for the potential dissolved particulate fraction in heavy metals buildup. It was also found that land use did not play a significant role in the build-up of traffic generated heavy metals and volatile organics.

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42

Akyildiz, Ian F., Ahyoung Lee, Pu Wang, Min Luo, and Wu Chou. "Research challenges for traffic engineering in software defined networks." IEEE Network 30, no. 3 (May 2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2016.7474344.

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43

Sun, Carlos, Wilfred Recker, Stephen Ritchie, Brian Gallagher, Eric Shen, and John Thai. "OAK-TREE: One-of-a-Kind Traffic Research and Education Experiment." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1603, no. 1 (January 1997): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1603-14.

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The creation and progress of OAK-TREE (One-of-a-Kind Traffic Research and Education Experiment) are chronicled. OAK-TREE is a traffic educational laboratory experiment that was developed and conducted at the University of California at Irvine (UCI) during the spring quarter of 1996. This project involved a cooperative effort between the academic community and public-sector transportation operating agencies in developing a comprehensive field and laboratory educational experience for undergraduate students in transportation engineering. The agencies involved in this effort were the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of California at Irvine, the Advanced Traffic Surveillance and Control Center of the city of Los Angeles, the Transportation Management Center of the city of Anaheim, and the Irvine Traffic Research and Control Center of the city of Irvine. These agencies were instrumental in creating an innovative laboratory experience for academic training in the use of state-of-the-practice resources and methods for traffic engineering. The results were the development of a state-of-the-art traffic-control educational laboratory at UCI and the genesis of a unique traffic-control course that fulfilled the requirements of both fundamental academic education and rigorous professional training.

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44

Aftabuzzaman, Md, Graham Currie, and Majid Sarvi. "Modeling the Spatial Impacts of Public Transport on Traffic Congestion Relief in Melbourne, Australia." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2144, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2144-01.

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45

Liu, Ping Zeng, Yu Chao Chang, Zhen Min Deng, Yun Fan Zhang, and Li Wang. "Research on Tourist City Traffic Signal Intelligent Control Method." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1383.

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A traffic lights control method was proposed based on the phase interrupt control strategy. The algorithm refers to computer interrupt event handling method and determines whether to extend passage time according to the phase green light time when the interrupt is triggered by traffic flow. Based on vehicle traffic ability function and average vehicle delay function, the method was optimized. And simulation study was carried out on a planar orthogonal crossroads in Taian city of Shandong province in china. Simulation results confirmed that the effectiveness of the method and the average vehicle delay time was reduced 24.9%. This indicates that the method can effectively improve transport efficiency, which has a very important significance for tourism city to relieve the traffic pressure.

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46

Smith, I. W. "Fuel and energy research in Australia." Fuel 65, no. 5 (May 1986): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(86)90377-7.

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47

Wang, Wan-Xiang, Rui-Jun Guo, and Jing Yu. "Research on road traffic congestion index based on comprehensive parameters: Taking Dalian city as an example." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 6 (June 2018): 168781401878148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018781482.

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Traffic congestion index reflects the state of traffic flow. The detection and analysis on traffic congestion index can be used to estimate the operation status of roads, to plan and organize road traffic for traffic managers, and to make the reasonable decisions of travelers to travel. The traffic conditions of several evaluation indexes were analyzed. Based on the theory of fuzzy mathematics, some membership functions of the evaluating indexes were designed. Three calculation methods of traffic congestion index were proposed. Their calculation results were compared mutually. The conclusion revealed that using saturation calculated by the corresponding service level of traffic congestion index not well reflect the traffic situation, what’s more, travel speed is used to calculate the congestion index of the first method. Using comprehensive parameters can calculate the congestion index of the third method. Both them are roughly similar and in line with the actual traffic phenomenon.

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48

Wang, Wei, and Bao Fu Wang. "Research on Mountain Highway Traffic Volume Transferred by Ports." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4381.

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With the expansion of port handling capacity and economic benefit, large mountains highway traffic volume are aggregated to and transported by ports, and large increment of traffic volume of mountains highways connected with the port occurred. Based on studying characteristics of port transportation and mountainous highway traffic network, mountains highway traffic volume transferred by ports is analysed, and corresponding analysis model of passenger and goods volume of entering and leaving port is put forward. Firstly, choosing ports which mainly effect mountains highway volume; secondly, conllecting and studying category of goods, characteristic of passenger, throughput of passenger and goods, and development program of these ports in past years; thirdly, investigating goods category, throughput, space, and some other useful data of these ports at the present. Characteristics of waterway goods transportation is studied and spatial distribution of passenger, goods volume between different ports is estimated, and mountain highway traffic volume transferred by ports is forecasted. The method proposed in this paper is applied successfully in practical engineerings, and provides reference for engineering research.

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49

Trahair, Nicholas. "Structural steel research in Australia." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 23, no. 1-3 (January 1992): iii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0143-974x(92)90033-b.

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50

Green, Martin A. "Solar cell research and development in Australia." Solar Cells 26, no. 1-2 (February 1989): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(89)90062-8.

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