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1
Cable, John. Control, technology and the social efficiency of traditional production: A bargaining model of the capital-labourrelationship. Coventry: University of Warwick,Department of Economics, 1987.
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Perry, Roland N., David J. Hunt, and Sergei A. Subbotin, eds. Techniques for work with plant and soil nematodes. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786391759.0000.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This book is extensively illustrated, and addresses both fundamental traditional techniques and new methodologies. The chapters aim to provide an introduction to basic techniques for laboratory and field work with plant-parasitic and free-living soil-dwelling nematodes. The coverage highlights areas that have expanded and/or become more widespread over recent years, such as techniques used in diagnostic laboratories, including computerized methods to count and identify nematodes, and the use of entomopathogenic nematodes as environmentally acceptable control systems for some insect pests. The use of molecular techniques is relevant to many areas of work on nematodes and basic information on current molecular methodologies and their various applications is included.
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Bolt, Paul J., and Sharyl N. Cross. Emerging Non-traditional Security Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719519.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter 5 focuses on three emerging non-traditional security challenges identified as critical concerns or “main threats” for both Russia and China: color revolutions, cyber and information security, and terrorism and violent extremism. There is a high degree of coincidence between Russian and Chinese perspectives on these issues, recognizing the vulnerabilities that each presents for state security. Russia and China oppose color revolutions, strongly argue that authoritarian regimes have full international legitimacy, and resist attempts to undermine sovereignty in promoting democratization or regime transition. China and Russia attempt to influence international standards on freedom of expression in cyberspace by urging greater UN control over the Internet and engaging in censorship to protect state stability over free expression. While Russia, China, and the West struggle against terrorists who use violence to reshape the international order, China and Russia define terrorism more broadly to include all who might threaten to undermine the current government.
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Modir, Shahla J., and Joel Morris. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Acupuncture Approach to Addiction. Edited by Shahla J. Modir and George E. Muñoz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190275334.003.0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The first half of this chapter paints a broad overview of TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) with a focus on addiction. The second half details the Western studies, which address specific addictive substances. A glimpse of TCM’s history in the context of the medical models is discussed. The Western medical model is compared to and differentiated from TCM. Yin-yang and 5-element theory are detailed. The Zang Fu patterns are examined along with the principles of treatment and recognition of patterns. The 3 treasures (jing, qi, and shen) are discussed. Acupuncture was serendipitously found to be an addiction treatment with EA (electro acupuncture) and auricular points in 1972, which suggested a neuroendocrinological basis. Animal studies pointed toward involvement of different neurotransmitters in the basic mechanism of acupuncture, which are: the dopamine, GABAeric, and serotonergic systems. Most of the quality Western studies use the NADA (National Acupuncture Detoxification Association) protocols, which use 5 auricular points: shen men, kidney, liver, and lung. This protocol treats opiates, cocaine, nicotine, and AUDs. Regarding opiate detoxification, addicts assigned to the treatment groups were more consistent and more frequently attended treatment. Regarding alcohol, female participants (N = 185) who received acupuncture reported a decrease in cravings, depression, and anxiety with an increase in problem solving, when compared to controls (N = 101). There is less evidence that acupuncture is helpful for cocaine and nicotine. Acupuncture appears most helpful as an adjunct therapy, which keeps people more engaged in therapy longer, resulting in better outcomes.
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Hofmann, Christian, and Laurence van Lent. Organizational Design and Control Choices. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Building on new insights from organizational economics, management accounting researchers have highlighted how incentive contracts and performance measure choices complement structural arrangements in firms. We discuss how “slow-moving” elements in organizational design, such as the allocation of decision rights to local managers and interdependencies between different parts of the production function, affect the working of incentives and performance measures. We pay attention to the empirical challenges that researchers face in this area and argues that mixed-method approaches in which economic models are combined with empirical evidence can help to build a body of evidence that is robust and admits cross-study accumulation of knowledge. Finally, we illustrate how recent economic models that incorporate other-regarding preferences can help to bridge the gap between economics-based research in management accounting and more traditional approaches that rely on the behavioral sciences.
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McDaniel, June. Hinduism. Edited by John Corrigan. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195170214.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emotion is viewed in both positive and negative ways in the Hindu religious and philosophical traditions. In those traditions that are more ascetic and emphasize mental control, emotions are distractions which need to be stilled. In those traditions that emphasize love of a deity, emotions are valuable—but they must be directed and transformed. However, in order to study emotion in the Hindu tradition, we must first look at the meaning of the term “Hinduism.” There are at least six major types of Hinduism: Hindu folk religion, Vedic religion, Vedantic Hinduism, yogic Hinduism, dharmic Hinduism, and bhakti or devotional Hinduism. All of these involve emotion in various ways, but two traditions—those of Bengali Vaishnavism and raja yoga—have written about emotion in greatest depth. This article examines what the term “emotion” means in India, and then describes the beliefs about emotion in Vaishnavism and Yoga in greater detail. In discussing the nature of emotion, it considers bhava and rasa. Finally, the article discusses the literature on emotion in Hindu tradition, focusing on religious poetry.
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Friberg, Christina M. The Making of Mississippian Tradition. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401612.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this volume, Christina Friberg investigates the influence of Cahokia, the largest city of North America’s Mississippian culture between AD 1050 and 1350, on smaller communities throughout the midcontinent. Using evidence from recent excavations at the Audrey-North site in the Lower Illinois River Valley, Friberg examines the cultural give-and-take Audrey inhabitants experienced between new Cahokian customs and old Woodland ways of life. Comparing the architecture, pottery, and lithics uncovered here with data from thirty-five other sites across five different regions, Friberg reveals how the social, economic, and political influence of Cahokia shaped the ways Audrey inhabitants negotiated identities and made new traditions. Friberg’s broad interregional analysis also provides evidence that these diverse groups of people were engaged in a network of interaction and exchange outside Cahokia’s control. The Making of Mississippian Tradition offers a fascinating glimpse into the dynamics of cultural exchange in precolonial settlements, and its detailed reconstruction of Audrey society offers a new, more nuanced interpretation of how and why Mississippian lifeways developed.
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Conly, Sarah. Paternalism, Food, and Personal Freedom. Edited by Anne Barnhill, Mark Budolfson, and Tyler Doggett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199372263.013.7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores the supposed difference between health regulations that are generally accepted (e.g., inspections for salmonella) and ones that are found excessively paternalistic (portion size controls), and it argues that the two are basically the same: in each case government tries to protect people from choices that do not advance their ends. Coercion is not bad when it keeps people from making choices that would promote obesity and heart disease, since most people value health more than they value the availability of large portions of junk food. Paternalists recognize that people also value things other than health, such as social outings involving food and celebrations of culture that feature traditional meals. The chapter argues that eating habits have always evolved, however, and an evolution that reflects healthier options in particular is no more destructive of shared social gatherings or cultural traditions than any other change.
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Rathmell, Anna. Consent. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In contemporary medicine, the traditional paternalistic model of healthcare has largely been replaced with a model which focuses on patient autonomy and the right of patients to have as much control as possible over decisions relating to their medical care. In English law, this has led to the concept of informed consent and the right of patients to withdraw their consent at any time, even if they have previously given consent or signed a consent form.
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Thomas, Donna-Ann. Local Anesthetics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Local anesthetics, if utilized properly, can be a powerful tool in perioperative pain control. They are good adjuvants to traditional modes of anesthesia and analgesia while offering unique qualities of their own. Understanding the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of local anesthetics allows for utilization in the perioperative period that significantly improves patient pain control as well as the patient’s surgical experience. This chapter explores the mechanisms of action, the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics, the pharmacokinetics, and the clinical uses and toxicities for common local anesthetics, especially as these pertain to spinal surgery. In addition, detailed descriptions are given of common local anesthetics, along with dosing guidelines, contraindications, and side-effect profiles.
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Krasnow, Donna H., and M. Virginia Wilmerding. Motor Learning and Control for Dance. Human Kinetics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718212749.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As dance training evolves and becomes more complex, knowledge of motor behavior is foundational in helping dancers learn and master new skills and become more efficient in integrating the skills. Motor Learning and Control for Dance is the first resource to address motor learning theory from a dance perspective. Educators and students preparing to teach will learn practical ways to connect the science behind dance to pedagogy in order to prepare dancers for performance. Dancers interested in performance from the recreational to professional levels will learn ways to enhance their technical and artistic progress. In language accessible even to those with no science background, Motor Learning and Control for Dance showcases principles and practices for students, artists, and teachers. The text offers a perspective on movement education not found in traditional dance training while adding to a palette of tools and strategies for improving dance instruction and performance. Aspiring dancers and instructors will explore how to develop motor skills, how to control movement on all levels, and—most important—how motor skills are best taught and learned. The authors, noted experts on motor learning and motor control in the dance world, explore these features that appeal to students and instructors alike: • Dance-specific photos, examples, and figures illustrate how to solve common problems various dance genres. • The 16 chapters prepare dance educators to teach dancers of all ages and abilities and support the development of dance artists and students in training and performance. • An extensive bibliography of sports and dance science literature allows teachers and performers to do their own research. • A list of key terms is at the beginning of each chapter with an accompanying glossary at the back of the book. Part I presents an overview of motor behavior, covering motor development from birth to early adulthood. It provides the essential information for teaching posture control and balance, the locomotor skills underlying a range of complex dance skills, and the ballistic skills that are difficult to teach and learn, such as grand battement and movements in street dance. Part II explores motor control and how movement is planned, initiated, and executed. Readers will learn how the nervous system organizes the coordination of movement, the effects of anxiety and states of arousal on dance performance, how to integrate the senses into movement, and how speed and accuracy interact. Part III investigates methods of motor learning for dancers of all ages. Readers will explore how to implement a variety of instructional strategies, determine the best approaches for learning dance skills, and motivate and inspire dancers. This section also discusses how various methods of practice can help or hinder dancers, strategies for improving the recall of dance skills and sequences, and how to embrace somatic practice and its contribution to understanding imagery and motor learning. Motor Learning and Control for Dance addresses many related topics that are important to the discipline, such as imagery and improvisation. This book will help performers and teachers blend science with pedagogy to meet the challenge of artistry and technique in preparing for dance performaance.
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Guidance for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Indigenous Populations in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122778.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tuberculosis continues to represent a severe public health problem in the Region of the Americas, even more so in the case of indigenous peoples, whose TB incidence is much higher than that of the general population. To achieve tuberculosis control in these communities, it is necessary to respond to communities’ diverse needs from an intercultural perspective that allows the application of a holistic approach—from a standpoint of equality and mutual respect—and considers the value of their cultural practices. In the Region of the Americas, although there has been progress toward recognizing the need for an intercultural approach to health services, obstacles rooted in discrimination, racism, and the exclusion of indigenous peoples and other ethnic groups persist. To respond to this situation, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) prepared this guidance which––based on an intercultural approach in accordance with the priority lines of the current PAHO Policy on Ethnicity and Health and its practical development in the Region’s indigenous populations––represent a support tool for implementing the End TB Strategy. This publication integrates PAHO’s accumulated experience and best practices developed by its Member States in recent years, including discussions and experiences shared in regional meetings on the issue, and emphasizes innovation and social inclusion. This requires an urgent shift away from traditional paradigms, taking specific actions that gradually reduce TB incidence and moving toward effective multisectoral actions that have proven effective in quickly containing the epidemic. This publication integrates PAHO’s accumulated experience and best practices developed by its Member States in recent years, including discussions and experiences shared in regional meetings on the issue, and emphasizes innovation and social inclusion. This requires an urgent shift away from traditional paradigms, taking specific actions that gradually reduce TB incidence and moving toward effective multisectoral actions that have proven effective in quickly containing the epidemic.
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Talen, Emily. Neighborhood. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190907495.001.0001.
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This book is written in support of those who believe that neighborhoods should be genuinely relevant in our lives, not as casual descriptors of geographic location but as places that provide an essential context for daily life. “Neighborhood” in its traditional sense—as a localized, place-based, delimited urban area that has some level of personal influence—seems a vanished part of the urban experience. This book explores whether 21st-century neighborhoods can once again provide a sense of caring and local participation and not devolve into enclaves seeking social insularity and separation. That the localized, diverse neighborhood has often failed to materialize requires thorough exploration. While many factors leading to the decline of the traditional neighborhood—e-commerce, suburban exclusivity, internet-based social contact—seem to be beyond anyone’s control, other factors seem more a product of neglect and confusion about neighborhood definition and its place in American society. Debates about the neighborhood have involved questions about social mix, serviceability, self-containment, centeredness, and connectivity within and without. This book works through these debates and proposes their resolution. The historical and global record shows that there are durable, time-tested regularities about neighborhoods. Many places outside of the West were built with neighborhood structure in evidence—long before professionalized, Western urban planning came on the scene. This book explores the compelling case that the American neighborhood can be connected to these traditions, anchored in human nature and regularities of form, and reinstated as something relevant and empowering in 21st-century urban experience.
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Babar, Zahra. Working for the Neighbours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190608873.003.0002.
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The forces and factors driving regional migration have become more complex over time, and traditional explanations for the motivations, attraction, and selection of migrants are no longer sufficient in the study of migration to the Persian Gulf. Qatar, which in the last decade has emerged as one of the Middle East’s fastest-growing economies, provides a sound case study for discussing some of the emerging dynamics of regional labor migration. This chapter examines Arab-origin migration to Qatar, reviewing how the state has negotiated the entry and control of “alien” Arabs. The chapter examines the evolution and transformation of migration patterns to the Gulf Cooperation Council, and assesses policies adopted by the states to better manage their regional labor markets and control the flow of foreigners. Particular attention is given to scrutinizing how and why Qatar has become more selective and politicized in negotiating labor migration, and how this has impacted the Arab expatriate population.
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Baldwin, Robert, and Martin Cave. Taming the Corporation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836186.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Virtually all enterprises are regulated in a host of ways and regulation is crucial not merely to economic success but to protecting consumer, worker, environmental, and an array of other interests. Regulation, though, is often seen negatively: as a tiresome interference with entrepreneurial activity. This negative vision is unhelpful in addressing business and other needs for productive forms of regulation. Taming the Corporation offers an alternative, positive, vision of regulation. It stresses the role of good regulation in allowing businesses to flourish, serve markets effectively, and respect broader interests. This paves the way for more productive regulatory designs. It looks at the characteristics of good regulation and provides businesses, consumers, and citizens with the arguments that they need when they push for regulatory controls that serve their needs. Understandings of regulation are also served by looking at the potentially positive roles of control strategies ranging from ‘command laws’ to ‘nudges’. The book, in addition, provides a more detailed examination of three key regulatory challenges in the modern world: regulating for sustainability; addressing global warming; and controlling digital platforms. Taming the Corporation offers a new vision of regulation—as a positive way to steer corporate power in productive and useful directions. It turns the traditional regulation discussion on its head. Regulatory theories are discussed but the book also uses numerous case examples to illustrate and address real life challenges.
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Winkler, Emily A. Redeeming the English Past. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812388.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The parallels and patterns within each invasion narrative suggest that their shared aim of redeeming England’s history of invasion is the most significant factor in their revised views of eleventh-century England. This goal supersedes conflict between English and Norman loyalties, as well as traditional modes of explanation by Providence and collective sin. This chapter explores the most significant ways in which twelfth-century narratives transformed the English from victims to victors. The four historians redistributed responsibility for conquest and rebellion to emphasize reasons for the English king’s actions, and the gravity of treachery against the king. The historians rewrote the past to give the English proportionally more control over their fate. The changes indicate sympathy for and confidence in the English, and a shared conviction that although the English are not culpable for a king’s unjust actions, they owe loyalty to their rightful king regardless of his origin.
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Gelman, Andrew, and Deborah Nolan. Directed projects in a mathematical statistics course. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785699.003.0020.
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In this chapter we present a model for using case studies for the core of an undergraduate theoretical statistics course. These case studies have more depth than most examples found in typical mathematical statistics texts. Each case study provides a real-world question to be addressed as well as background information on the question, data to address the problem, and suggestions for investigating the problem. An important goal is to encourage and develop statistical thinking. This chapter provides both a sample case study on quality control and analysis of variance and a directed project on experimental design that includes a discussion of how we have changed the class to fit these activities into the course. In essence, the case studies become the centerpiece of the course, and as a result, the curriculum, lectures, and assignments are significantly different from a traditional mathematical statistics course.
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Apollon, Daniel, and Claire Bélisle. The Digital Fate of the Critical Apparatus. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038402.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the different characteristics of critical edition. It illustrates a global view of the processes and key components of digital critical edition with examples of problems and concrete solutions. The chapter aims to describe how “traditional” components of critical edition—the critical apparatus, the page layout, indexes, and different types of reference systems—can be combined, through digital technology, with tools for analysis and dynamic organization under the reader's control. Through examples of online productions, the chapter shows how the historical modes and conventions are reformulated in a digital environment and how digitally specific modalities can renew critical edition projects.
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Friedrich, Alexander, Petra Gehring, Christoph Hubig, Andreas Kaminski, and Alfred Nordmann, eds. Steuern und Regeln. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296548.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the traditional philosophy of technology, the two main modus operandi found in conventional technology are categorised and described under the terms ‘control’ and ‘regulation’ as a way of differentiating between them. This occurs for two reasons: on the one hand, in order to specify the difference between the forms of technology that have been developed by since the Neolithic revolution and the ‘accidental’ technology (as discussed by Ortega y Gasset) of higher species or prehistoric man, and on the other to reveal the relationship between technology and (natural) science more precisely. In the meantime, however, modern technologies and new epistemic practices are challenging historical descriptions of the nature of technoscience and the dichotomy between ‘control’ and ‘regulation’ respectively. Bearing in mind the so-called new emerging sciences and technologies (NEST) and other developments in IT, cognitive technology, nanotechnology and biotechnology, this volume examines who or what can be conceptualised as the subject of processes of control and regulation. In terms of large-scale systems and the organisation of large social structures, methods of control are becoming increasingly problematic because digital information technologies especially are creating new, diverse ways of manipulating and regulating processes or conditions, for example monitoring, big data and profiling, while the counteractive consequences of the same development, for example the ever-increasing amount of data, acceleration, automatisation and the logic of sociotechnical infrastructures, are increasingly throwing the possibility of coordinated control into doubt.
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Holmes, Sean P. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037481.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This epilogue traces the collapse of the old theatrical economy after the onset of the Great Depression and assesses its impact on the men and women of the American stage. Highlighting the huge decline in employment opportunities in a perennially overcrowded labor market in the wake of the Great Crash, it argues that the brand of occupational unionism that had underpinned the activities of the Actors' Equity Association (AEA) in the 1920s ceased to meet the needs of the theatrical rank and file. In the highly politicized environment of the 1930s, traditional patterns of deference within the acting community broke down, and a new generation of actors, largely unschooled in the genteel tradition in American culture, began to question the wisdom of building an occupational identity around the twin ideals of workplace discipline and respectability. In 1935 a group of militants set out to seize control of the AEA and to guide it in a more radical direction. Though their insurgency failed, it had profound implications for actors' unionism in the American theater industry. It prompted a reorientation of the AEA toward the bread-and-butter needs of its constituents and a frank acknowledgment on the part of its leaders that actors are workers as well as artists—and that the first role is indivisible from the second.
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Fogelin, Robert J. Richard Popkin on Hume and Pyrrhonism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190673505.003.0016.
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Popkin says that Hume’s theory provides the proper mixture of dogmatism and skepticism in a manner that Popkin deems even stronger than that found in traditional Pyrrhonism. Hume does not find the Pyrrhonist method of seeking quietude—counterbalancing opposing beliefs—always under our rational control. For Hume, Popkin says, radical skepticism is a threat—protected by the inherent inability of the human mind to sustain abstruse reasoning. No threat of general skepticism, which “leads to madness,” according to Popkin, emerges as long as Philo restricts himself to empirical challenges to Cleanthes. Having Philo employ general Pyrrhonian modes—infinite regress, for example—raises the specter of general skepticism that troubled Hume in the Treatise.
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Lineham, Peter J. Christian Minorities. Edited by Joel D. S. Rasmussen, Judith Wolfe, and Johannes Zachhuber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718406.013.11.
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The flourishing of Christian minorities was a consequence of the lessening of state control of religion, but the theological themes in these movements reflect the key debates of the century. Denominational tensions produced schisms, and the democratization of Bible use produced sharp differences over how to interpret it. Ancient heresies on Christology, and Trinitarianism, gained new support while views of the afterlife and of eschatology were a basis of sectarian division. New revelations were provided by some leaders, and more intimate community was a key theological and practical aspiration. As mainstream theologies accommodated with scientific medicine, traditional aspirations for healing were clothed with new theological values. Indigenous forms of Christianity shaped their own theological discourse.
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Ing, Michael. The Vulnerability of Integrity in Early Confucian Thought. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190679118.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Vulnerability of Integrity in Early Confucian Thought is about the necessity, and even value, of vulnerability in human experience. In this book, Michael Ing brings early Chinese texts into dialogue with questions about the ways in which meaningful things are vulnerable to powers beyond our control; and more specifically, how relationships with meaningful others might compel tragic actions.Vulnerability is often understood as an undesirable state; and as such, invulnerability is preferred over vulnerability. While recognizing the need for adopting strategies of reducing vulnerability in various situations, The Vulnerability of Integrity demonstrates that vulnerability is far more enduring in human experience, and that it enables values such as morality, trust, and maturity. Vulnerability also highlights the need for care (care for oneself and for others). The possibility of tragic loss stresses the difficulty of offering and receiving care; and thereby fosters compassion for others as we strive to care for each other.This book is structured to explore the plurality of Confucian thought as it relates to the vulnerability of integrity. The first two chapters describe traditional and contemporary views that argue for the invulnerability of integrity in early Confucian thought. The remaining five chapters investigate alternative views. In particular these later chapters give attention to neglected voices in the tradition, which argue that our concern for others can, and even should, lead to us compromise our integrity. In these cases we are compelled to do something transgressive for the sake of others; and in these situations our integrity is jeopardized in the transgressive act.
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Shepherd, Joshua. The Shape of Agency. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866411.001.0001.
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In this book Shepherd offers a perspective on the shape of agency by offering interlinked explanations of the basic building blocks of agency, as well as its exemplary instances. In the book’s first part, he offers accounts of phenomena that have long troubled philosophers of action: control over behavior, non-deviant causation, and intentional action. These accounts build on earlier work in the causalist tradition and undermine the claims of many that causalism cannot offer a satisfying account of non-deviant causation, and therefore intentional action. In the book’s second part, he turns to modes of agentive excellence—ways that agents display quality of form. He offers a novel account of skill, including an account of the ways that agents display more or less skill. He discusses the role of knowledge in skill and concludes that while knowledge is often important, it is inessential. This leads to a discussion of knowledge of action—of the way that knowledge of action and knowledge of how to act informs action execution. Shepherd argues that knowledgeable action includes a unique epistemic underpinning. For in knowledgeable action, the agent has authoritative knowledge of what she is doing and how she is doing it when and because she is poised to control her action by way of practical reasoning.
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Kirchman, David L. The ecology of viruses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In addition to grazing, another form of top-down control of microbes is lysis by viruses. Every organism in the biosphere is probably infected by at least one virus, but the most common viruses are thought to be those that infect bacteria. Viruses come in many varieties, but the simplest is a form of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. The form of nucleic acid can be virtually any type of RNA or DNA, single or double stranded. Few viruses in nature can be identified by traditional methods because their hosts cannot be grown in the laboratory. Direct count methods have found that viruses are very abundant, being about ten-fold more abundant than bacteria, but the ratio of viruses to bacteria varies greatly. Viruses are thought to account for about 50% of bacterial mortality but the percentage varies from zero to 100%, depending on the environment and time. In addition to viruses of bacteria and cyanobacteria, microbial ecologists have examined viruses of algae and the possibility that viral lysis ends phytoplankton blooms. Viruses infecting fungi do not appear to lyse their host and are transmitted from one fungus to another without being released into the external environment. While viral lysis and grazing are both top-down controls on microbial growth, they differ in several crucial respects. Unlike grazers, which often completely oxidize prey organic material to carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients, viral lysis releases the organic material from hosts more or less without modification. Perhaps even more important, viruses may facilitate the exchange of genetic material from one host to another. Metagenomic approaches have been used to explore viral diversity and the dynamics of virus communities in natural environments.
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Ferreira, Iago Oliveira, and Marcus Aurélio de Freitas Barros. Um novo paradigma para o controle das políticas públicas prestacionais: Tutela estrutural em foco. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-172-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book addresses the judicial review on social public policies, intending to propose a new approach to its exercise in Brazil, based on the standards and instruments consolidated in the structural remedies practice. The review approach championed by Brazilian courts creates illegitimate, anti-isonomic and ineffective decisions, which derives from the reliance on a traditional form of adjudication, bipolar and adversarial, that is inadequate to the polycentric and distributive features of the conflicts involving the delivery of public services by the government. Inspired on pioneering experiences in both foreign and domestic jurisdictions, the work outlines a theory of structural remedies applied to public policy issues that seeks to address the shortcomings of the mainstream approach, resulting in a paradigmatic shift in three main aspects of adjudication, regarding legal reasoning (distributive and dialogical), remedial practice (experimentalist, prospective and consensual) and the characteristics of the adjudication process (flexible and cooperative). Besides sustaining the merits of the described methodological shift, the author’s efforts are also aimed at formulating interpretative constructions to allow for its implementation in the Brazilian legal system. By exploring practical solutions towards a more legitimate and effective judicial review, and arranging them in a coherent theoretical framework, the book contributes to the academic debate and also gives valuable input to the public law practitioners entrusted with the duty to oversee the public administration activities in Brazil.
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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chronic kidney disease is associated with the inability to control normal mineral homeostasis, resulting in abnormalities in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and vitamin D metabolism. These disturbances lead to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, skeletal abnormalities, vascular calcifications, and other systemic manifestations. Traditionally, mineral and bone abnormalities seen in chronic kidney disease were included in the term ‘renal osteodystrophy’. More recently, the term chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder was introduced to define the biochemical abnormalities of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, FGF23, calcium, or vitamin D metabolism, abnormalities in bone remodelling and mineralization, and vascular or other soft tissue calcifications.
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Thomason, Krista K. Ajax Reconsidered. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190843274.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ajax sees no problem with the idea of becoming a murderer, but the shame of looking like a madman drives him to suicide. Ajax is one illustration of a common phenomenon: people either prefer being violent to feeling shame, or their feelings of shame are alleviated by acts of aggression. This chapter argues that neither the traditional view nor the naturalistic view can explain why people prefer violence to shame. A close examination of the connection between violence and shame will reveal important features of the experience of shame more generally. Two features of shame are present in the cases where shame and violence are linked: (a) people feel shame about some aspect of their identities that they do not control, and (b) that aspect of their identities makes them self-conscious about how they come across to others.
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Raitz, Karl. Making Bourbon. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kentucky distillers have produced bourbon and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. Part I of this book examines the complexities associated with nineteenth-century distilling’s evolution from an artisanal craft practiced by farmers and millers to a large-scale mechanized industry that adopted increasingly refined production techniques. The change from waterpower to steam engines permitted the relocation of distilleries away from traditional sites along creeks or at large springs. Commercial-scale distilling was accompanied by increasing government taxes and oversight controls. Mechanized distilleries readily expanded production and increased their demand for labor, grains, cooperage, copper stills, and other metal fixtures. Improved transportation—turnpikes, steamboats, trains, and dams and locks—allowed distillers to extend their reach for grains and equipment while distributing their product to national and international markets. Industrial production produced large amounts of spent grains, or slop, which had to be disposed of by feeding it to livestock or dumping it in sinkholes and creeks. Industrialization also increased the risk of fire, explosions, personal injury, and livestock diseases. Overproduction during the last third of the nineteenth century, among other problems, forced many distilleries to stop production or close. The temperance movement eventually led to Prohibition, which was in effect nationwide from 1920 to 1933. A small number of distillers survived that period by making medicinal whiskey. Part II consists of two case studies that provide detailed information on the general process of mechanization and industrialization: the Henry McKenna Distillery in Nelson County, and James Stone’s Elkhorn Distillery in Scott County. Part III examines the process of claiming product identity through naming, copyright law, and the acknowledgment that tradition and heritage can be employed by contemporary distillers to market their whiskey. Distillers venerate the “old,” and reconstructing the past as a marketing strategy has demonstrated that the industry’s heritage resides on the landscape—much of it established in the nineteenth century in the form of historic buildings, traditional routes, distillery towns, and other features that can be conserved through historic preservation and utilized by contemporary whiskey makers.
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Wagenaar, Hendrik, Helga Amesberger, and Sietske Altink. The national governance of prostitution: political rationality and the politics of discourse. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447324249.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter depicts policy formulation as an ‘organised anarchy’ of agenda setting and political decision-making that expresses itself in an ongoing tension between institutionalised political rationality and public discourse. The emergence of policy agendas and the introduction of legislation are associated less with a particular identifiable phase of the policy process than with the contingent interactions of policy networks and institutions. This unruly process is strongly influenced by discourse, in both countries the worldwide neo-abolitionist discourse. In the Netherlands national policy swung from the halting legislative decision to decriminalize brothels, back to a national policy of control and containment. Austria’s policy was traditionally aimed at the control of a stigmatised activity, through measures such as compulsory STD checks, unfavorable fiscal measures, and immigration laws that prevent sex workers to have full access to the labour market. In both countries we observed that at the national level the sex trade is shaped as much, or perhaps even more, by laws that are tangential to prostitution (immigration, tax, social security and labour law) as by laws that are specifically directed at it.
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Reinisch, August. Human Rights Extraterritoriality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825210.003.0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In an increasingly interdependent and transnational world, the community interest of protecting human rights has led to the need to address human rights violations by private parties abroad through a range of state measures. The chapter seeks to analyze how states have resorted to extraterritorial measures when trying to control companies that may infringe the human rights entitlements of individuals or groups. At the same time, it seeks to move beyond the descriptive to a normative debate about the lawfulness and legitimacy of such attempts. It finally develops an argument for a rethinking of the traditional jurisdictional principles, toward a community obligation-driven, substantive justification for the exercise of jurisdiction. The exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction often leads to friction because it may infringe upon the territorial jurisdiction of another state. Where a state exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction over companies operating abroad, such jurisdiction appears justified as the enforcement of community values.
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Weidmann, Nils B., and Espen Geelmuyden Rød. The Internet and Political Protest in Autocracies. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190918309.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the aftermath of recent popular uprisings in dictatorships, many observers argued that information and communication technologies, notably the Internet, played a key role in the mobilization of political protest. This book unpacks when and under which circumstances Internet technology can benefit opposition activists aiming to mobilize protests, and when the technology plays into the hands of autocratic governments. Since autocratic governments enjoy a high degree of control over the introduction and expansion of Internet technology and over digital communication ows, the book argues that it should help them keep levels of protest low in the long-term. However, once protest has started, short-term government intervention becomes more difficult, which is why Internet technology can catalyze ongoing episodes of unrest. The book presents detailed empirical analyses of the relationship between the use of Internet technology and protest in autocracies. By leveraging new sub-national data on political protest and Internet penetration, these analysis cover more than sixty autocratic countries at the level of cities. The results show that higher levels of Internet penetration in cities reduce the overall occurrence of protest in dictatorships, but once protest has started, the Internet contributes to the continuation of protest in the same city as well as its diffusion to other locations. By examining the use of the Internet by governments in relation to other means of autocratic repression, the book also demonstrates the technological modernization of autocratic politics, where digital repression via the Internet partly substitutes traditional forms of political control.
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Stanley, Brian. Missionary Societies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198702245.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While some of the global reach of Dissenting traditions is due to the vagaries of migration from Britain in the early modern period, much of it is also the result of the deliberate propagation of the faith in which the Missionary Societies, formed between the French Revolution and the early nineteenth century, were key. Older scholarship tended to celebrate evangelical Dissent as being central to this movement. More recent exploration has shown that unlike earlier Pietist and Anglican missionary activity, the Baptist Missionary Society (1792) and London Missionary Society (1795) had a global reach, rather than being limited to strong national/colonial networks. Given the independence from state control of these new societies, they were also entirely reliant on philanthropic giving to finance their activities.
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Popple, Simon, Andrew Prescott, and Daniel Mutibwa, eds. Communities, Archives and New Collaborative Practices. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341895.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Community archives are often viewed as repositories of knowledge and experience that are nevertheless somehow remote from the taxpayers who often fund them. However, the idea of an archive has more recently been popularized by digital resources that allow access to established archives and also permit users to create archives of their own. This book examines the changing relationship between citizens and their notions of archives. The growing number of archives, and the evolving practices associated with collecting and curating, mean that we are now in the process of remaking the very idea of the archive. Communities have been at the heart of this exciting work and their experiences are both central to our understanding of this new terrain and in challenging the traditional histories behind the control of knowledge and power. Using a wide range of case studies, this edited collection shows how community engagement and co-creation is challenging and extending the notion of the archive.
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Magalhães, Rodrigo. Designing Organization Design. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867333.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a topic, organization design is poorly understood. While it is featured in most management textbooks as a chapter dedicated to organizational structures, it is unclear whether organization design is a one-off event or an ongoing process. Thus, it has traditionally been understood to be the same as an organizational configuration, with neat lines of communication and distribution of responsibilities, following pre-set typologies. However, what can be said to constitute organizational structure in this first half of the 21st century? The extraordinary growth of digital communications, the decreasing relevance of hierarchical bureaucracies, and the general demise of command-and-control have all but decimated the traditional notion of organizational structure. In this book it is argued that organization design needs a theoretical revamping. Using a mix of design and social sciences theories and concepts, the new approach is divided into three parts: design logics, design processes, and design leadership. A generic definition of organization design logics is offered, as a set of beliefs shared by managers and entrepreneurs in given sectors of the economy about the way organizations should be designed. Five logics and three types of designing processes are put forward. Logics: (1) the identity logic, (2) the normative logic, (3) the service logic, (4) the logic of effectual reasoning, (5) the logic of interactive structure. Processes: (1) intended design, (2) emergent design, (3) perceived design. For the leadership part, a model of leaderful organization design(ing) is proposed, with the following distinguishing features: (a) practice-based, (b) guided by values of democratic participation, (c) places meaning-making and meaning-taking at the centre of organizational life, (d) driven by design logics, which can be adopted and adapted to suit different internal and external environments.
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Anderson, E. N. Ecologies of the Heart. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090109.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is much we can learn about conservation from native peoples, says Gene Anderson. While the advanced nations of the West have failed to control overfishing, deforestation, soil erosion, pollution, and a host of other environmental problems, many traditional peoples manage their natural resources quite successfully. And if some traditional peoples mismanage the environment--the irrational value some place on rhino horn, for instance, has left this species endangered--the fact remains that most have found ways to introduce sound ecological management into their daily lives. Why have they succeeded while we have failed? In Ecologies of the Heart, Gene Anderson reveals how religion and other folk beliefs help pre-industrial peoples control and protect their resources. Equally important, he offers much insight into why our own environmental policies have failed and what we can do to better manage our resources. A cultural ecologist, Gene Anderson has spent his life exploring the ways in which different groups of people manage the environment, and he has lived for years in fishing communities in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Tahiti, and British Columbia--as well as in a Mayan farmtown in south Mexico--where he has studied fisheries, farming, and forest management. He has concluded that all traditional societies that have managed resources well over time have done so in part through religion--by the use of emotionally powerful cultural symbols that reinforce particular resource management strategies. Moreover, he argues that these religious beliefs, while seeming unscientific, if not irrational, at first glance, are actually based on long observation of nature. To illustrate this insight, he includes many fascinating portraits of native life. He offers, for instance, an intriguing discussion of the Chinese belief system known as Feng-Shui (wind and water) and tells of meeting villagers in remote areas of Hong Kong's New Territories who assert that dragons live in the mountains, and that to disturb them by cutting too sharply into the rock surface would cause floods and landslides (which in fact it does). He describes the Tlingit Indians of the Pacific Northwest, who, before they strip bark from the great cedar trees, make elaborate apologies to spirits they believe live inside the trees, assuring the spirits that they take only what is necessary. And we read of the Maya of southern Mexico, who speak of the lords of the Forest and the Animals, who punish those who take more from the land or the rivers than they need. These beliefs work in part because they are based on long observation of nature, but also, and equally important, because they are incorporated into a larger cosmology, so that people have a strong emotional investment in them. And conversely, Anderson argues that our environmental programs often fail because we have not found a way to engage our emotions in conservation practices. Folk beliefs are often dismissed as irrational superstitions. Yet as Anderson shows, these beliefs do more to protect the environment than modern science does in the West. Full of insights, Ecologies of the Heart mixes anthropology with ecology and psychology, traditional myth and folklore with informed discussions of conservation efforts in industrial society, to reveal a strikingly new approach to our current environmental crises.
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Ochoa Espejo, Paulina. On Borders. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190074197.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When are borders justified? Who has a right to control them? Where should they be drawn? People today think of borders as an island’s shores. Just as beaches delimit a castaway’s realm, so borders define the edge of a territory occupied by a unified people, to whom the land legitimately belongs. Hence a territory is legitimate only if it belongs to a people unified by civic identity. Sadly, this Desert Island Model of territorial politics forces us to choose. If a country seeks to have a legitimate territory, it can either have democratic legitimacy or inclusion of different civic identities—but not both. The resulting politics creates mass xenophobia, migrant bashing, hoarding of natural resources, and border walls. On Borders presents an alternative model. Drawing on an intellectual tradition concerned with how land and climate shape institutions, this book argues that we should not see territories as pieces of property owned by identity groups. Instead, we should see them as watersheds: as interconnected systems where institutions, people, the biota, and the land together create overlapping civic duties and relations, what the book calls place-specific duties. This Watershed Model argues that borders are justified when they allow us to fulfill those duties; that border-control rights spring from internationally agreed conventions—not from internal legitimacy, that borders should be governed cooperatively by the neighboring states and the states system, and that border redrawing should be done with environmental conservation in mind. The book explores how this model undoes the exclusionary politics of desert islands.
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Lumb, Andrew B., and Natalie Drury. Respiratory physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Moving away from the structure of traditional texts, this chapter follows the journey of oxygen molecules as they move from inspired air to their point of use in mitochondria, with some digressions along the way to cover other relevant aspects of respiratory physiology. The chapter encompasses all the key aspects of respiratory physiology and also highlights physiological alterations that occur under both general and regional anaesthesia, moving the physiological principles discussed into daily anaesthetic practice. The chapter explores relevant anatomy of the airways, lungs, and pleura. The histology and function of the airway lining and alveoli are described, so illustrating the importance of pulmonary defence mechanisms for protecting the internal milieu of the body from this large and fragile interface with the outside world. Key principles and concepts including resistance, compliance, and diffusion are all discussed in their clinical context. Concepts relating to the mechanics of breathing and the control of airway diameter are considered along with lung volumes and their measurement. Both the central and peripheral mechanisms involved in the control of breathing are discussed with particular attention to the impact of anaesthesia. The relationship between ventilation and perfusion and the carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide are all discussed in detail. The principles behind key respiratory measurements such as dead space, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, and shunt are all described. Overall the chapter provides a comprehensive review of respiratory physiology as well as including additional aspects of variation that occur under anaesthesia.
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Wilcox, Pamela, and Kristin Swartz. Social Spatial Influences. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter reviews the more macrospatial tradition of community- or neighborhood-based theory and research, as this line of inquiry is a vital part of contemporary environmental criminology’s intellectual ancestry. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 2.2 discusses the relationship between neighborhood social disorganization and crime according to early Chicago school scholars. Section 2.3 highlights the role of neighborhood-based systemic control on community rates of crime, while Section 2.4 discusses the influence of community-based collective efficacy. Section 2.5 considers the influences of ecologically rooted cognitive landscapes, street culture, and legal cynicism. Finally, Section 2.6 discusses the various ways in which neighborhoods provide “crime opportunity contexts”—and it is in this section that the overlap and compatibility between community-focused criminology and contemporary environmental criminology is most explicit.
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Duffy, Brooke Erin. Inviting Audiences In. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037962.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the shifting dynamics of the magazine producer–consumer relationship within two different industrial contexts. First, it considers how media producers are making their offerings for audiences more interactive by integrating commentary, advice, photos, and more. It situates this trend in historical perspective by recalling women's magazines' tradition of “inviting readers in.” Second, it looks at an external force encroaching on magazine production: the rise of fashion blogging. It also describes the labor politics of user-generated content and goes on to discuss how various industry insiders conceptualize fashion blogging, along with industrial and organizational trends that seem to respond to this cultural movement. The chapter shows that media producers are “inviting audiences in” to numerous spaces that they have carved out within magazine-branded properties. Community chat rooms, virtual programs, and user-generated contests engage interactive consumers while supplanting the work of professional content producers. Although editors of women's magazines maintain control over these initiatives, they have unequivocally less power over fashion bloggers.
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Contois, Emily J. H. Diners, Dudes, and Diets. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469660745.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The phrase "dude food" likely brings to mind a range of images: burgers stacked impossibly high with an assortment of toppings that were themselves once considered a meal; crazed sports fans demolishing plates of radioactively hot wings; barbecued or bacon-wrapped . . . anything. But there is much more to the phenomenon of dude food than what’s on the plate. Emily J. H. Contois’s provocative book begins with the dude himself—a man who retains a degree of masculine privilege but doesn’t meet traditional standards of economic and social success or manly self-control. In the Great Recession’s aftermath, dude masculinity collided with food producers and marketers desperate to find new customers. The result was a wave of new diet sodas and yogurts marketed with dude-friendly stereotypes, a transformation of food media, and weight loss programs just for guys. In a work brimming with fresh insights about contemporary American food media and culture, Contois shows how the gendered world of food production and consumption has influenced the way we eat and how food itself is central to the contest over our identities.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. How the Mind Comes into Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For more than 2000 years Greek philosophers have thought about the puzzling introspectively assessed dichotomy between our physical bodies and our seemingly non-physical minds. How is it that we can think highly abstract thoughts, seemingly fully detached from actual, physical reality? Despite the obvious interactions between mind and body (we get tired, we are hungry, we stay up late despite being tired, etc.), until today it remains puzzling how our mind controls our body, and vice versa, how our body shapes our mind. Despite a big movement towards embodied cognitive science over the last 20 years or so, introductory books with a functional and computational perspective on how human thought and language capabilities may actually have come about – and are coming about over and over again – are missing. This book fills that gap. Starting with a historical background on traditional cognitive science and resulting fundamental challenges that have not been resolved, embodied cognitive science is introduced and its implications for how human minds have come and continue to come into being are detailed. In particular, the book shows that evolution has produced biological bodies that provide “morphologically intelligent” structures, which foster the development of suitable behavioral and cognitive capabilities. While these capabilities can be modified and optimized given positive and negative reward as feedback, to reach abstract cognitive capabilities, evolution has furthermore produced particular anticipatory control-oriented mechanisms, which cause the development of particular types of predictive encodings, modularizations, and abstractions. Coupled with an embodied motivational system, versatile, goal-directed, self-motivated behavior, learning becomes possible. These lines of thought are introduced and detailed from interdisciplinary, evolutionary, ontogenetic, reinforcement learning, and anticipatory predictive encoding perspectives in the first part of the book. A short excursus then provides an introduction to neuroscience, including general knowledge about brain anatomy, and basic neural and brain functionality, as well as the main research methodologies. With reference to this knowledge, the subsequent chapters then focus on how the human brain manages to develop abstract thought and language. Sensory systems, motor systems, and their predictive, control-oriented interactions are detailed from a functional and computational perspective. Bayesian information processing is introduced along these lines as are generative models. Moreover, it is shown how particular modularizations can develop. When control and attention come into play, these structures develop also dependent on the available motor capabilities. Vice versa, the development of more versatile motor capabilities depends on structural development. Event-oriented abstractions enable conceptualizations and behavioral compositions, paving the path towards abstract thought and language. Also evolutionary drives towards social interactions play a crucial role. Based on the developing sensorimotor- and socially-grounded structures, the human mind becomes language ready. The development of language in each human child then further facilitates the self-motivated generation of abstract, compositional, highly flexible thought about the present, past, and future, as well as about others. In conclusion, the book gives an overview over how the human mind comes into being – sketching out a developmental pathway towards the mastery of abstract and reflective thought, while detailing the critical body and neural functionalities, and computational mechanisms, which enable this development.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Analysis of Short-term Selection Experiments: 1. Least-squares Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines short-term (a few generations) selection response in the mean of a trait. Traditionally, such experiments are analyzed using least-squares (LS) approaches. While ordinary LS (OLS) is often used, genetic drift causes the residual to be both correlated and heteroscedastic, resulting in the sampling variances given by OLS being too small. This chapter details the appropriate general LS (GLS) approaches to properly account for this residual error structure. It also reviews some of the common features observed in short-term selection experiments and examines experimental designs, such as the use of a control population versus a divergence-selection approach. It concludes by discussing another linear model used mainly by plant breeders, generation-means analysis (GMA), wherein remnant seed for several generations of response are crossed and then grown in a common garden. Such an analysis can provide insight into the genetic nature of any response.
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Pugh, Martin. Britain and its Empire. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Traditionally, fascism in Britain has been seen in fairly narrow terms as a phenomenon of the 1930s associated with Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists (BUF). This approach to the subject made it easy to account for the fortunes of fascism as a movement essentially marginal to British society and thus of limited significance. The Union Movement that Mosley founded in 1948 campaigned for imperial control of Africa, a united Europe, and an end to coloured immigration. But this did not amount to a full fascist programme; the movement found itself caught halfway between the conventional parties and the racist fringe. More extreme elements soon spawned a range of new groups including the National Party, the National Workers Movement, and Chesterton's League of Empire Loyalists, which proved to be influential as a training ground for a new generation of leaders of the far right.
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Capmany, José, and Daniel Pérez. Programmable Integrated Photonics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844402.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Programmable Integrated Photonics (PIP) is a new paradigm that aims at designing common integrated optical hardware configurations, which by suitable programming can implement a variety of functionalities that, in turn, can be exploited as basic operations in many application fields. Programmability enables by means of external control signals both chip reconfiguration for multifunction operation as well as chip stabilization against non-ideal operation due to fluctuations in environmental conditions and fabrication errors. Programming also allows activating parts of the chip, which are not essential for the implementation of a given functionality but can be of help in reducing noise levels through the diversion of undesired reflections. After some years where the Application Specific Photonic Integrated Circuit (ASPIC) paradigm has completely dominated the field of integrated optics, there is an increasing interest in PIP justified by the surge of a number of emerging applications that are and will be calling for true flexibility, reconfigurability as well as low-cost, compact and low-power consuming devices. This book aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this emergent field covering aspects that range from the basic aspects of technologies and building photonic component blocks to the design alternatives and principles of complex programmable photonics circuits, their limiting factors, techniques for characterization and performance monitoring/control and their salient applications both in the classical as well as in the quantum information fields. The book concentrates and focuses mainly on the distinctive features of programmable photonics as compared to more traditional ASPIC approaches.
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Glatz, Claudia. The Hittite State and Empire from Archaeological Evidence. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article shows how the material culture can sometimes be an even clearer lens through which scholars may view the Hittite imperial organization and modes of engagement. The evidence for the selective adoption of north-central Anatolian ceramic traditions in neighboring regions, changes and continuity in local settlement systems, the direction and intensity of Hittite administrative efforts, and the dialogue of territorial hegemony carried out via landscape monuments suggest that empire, rather than a monolithic entity, is best conceptualized as a complex web of interactions. Imperial–local relationships were less clear cut and in favor of all-encompassing central control than one might infer from the Hittite documents. Instead, we gain the impression of an ongoing process or negotiation of empire that is carried out on a range of different cultural, political, and social levels, and which is neither complete nor uncontested in its closest periphery and throughout its existence.
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Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler. Feminist Remappings in Times of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722618.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whatever stories we tell about the feminist past will shape our visions for its future. Hence, my explorations attempt to caution us not to situate a feminist remapping of the field of biblical studies within the context of neoliberalism. It is important to note that gender studies arrived on the scene at the same time as neoliberal economic globalization and its academic discourses gained ground around the world. Thus, the history of gender studies is not just a story important for feminism in the West, but rather a story of global dimensions. Today, kyriarchal neoliberal publishing structures not only rob wo/men of our intellectual traditions through misrepresentation, silencing, and exclusion, but much more through the reifying and stealing of our intellectual power. They do so through the control of print and other media. Hence, any remapping of the field must pay attention to this neoliberal capitalist cooptation of feminist work.
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Wiers, Reinout W., Matt Field, and Alan W. Stacy. Passion’s Slave? Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381678.013.009.
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This chapter reviews the literature on cognitive processes in substance use disorders from a dual-process perspective. In dual-process models, behavior is viewed as the joint outcome of “impulsive” and “reflective” processes. Reflective processes rely on a single limited capacity mechanism and can be depleted, resulting in a stronger influence of impulsive processes. Recent studies confirmed this, both for state variables (e.g., reduced moderation of impulses after acute alcohol) and for trait variables (stronger prediction of addictive and related behaviors by impulsive processes in individuals with relatively weak executive control processes). In addiction, the balance between impulsive and reflective processes can become (further) disturbed as a result of the effects of the psychoactive substances on the cognitive processes involved. This is related to the notion of reduced “willpower,” traditionally at the heart of definitions of addiction. A model on the cognitive processes involved in addiction is presented, along with implications for interventions.
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Raitz, Karl. Bourbon's Backroads. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178424.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Part I of this book is a geographic history of Kentucky’s distilling industry, focusing on the nineteenth century. Kentucky distillers have produced alcohol spirits, bourbon, and rye whiskeys for more than two centuries. This part examines the change from craft distilling practiced by farmers and millers to large-scale industrial distilling using mechanized processes and refined production techniques. Some distillers relocated their works away from traditional sites along creeks to rail-side sites, whether in the countryside or in towns. The changeover to commercial-scale distilling was accompanied by increasing government taxation and oversight controls. Mechanized distilleries readily expanded production and increased their demand for labor, grains, cooperage, and copper stills. Improved transportation allowed distillers to obtain grains and equipment from more distant sources, while also allowing them to distribute their products to national and international markets. A by-product of industrial production was spent grains, or slop,which was disposed of primarily by feeding it to livestock. The nineteenth-century temperance movement eventually led to national Prohibition, which was in effect from 1920 to 1933. A small number of distillers survived by making medicinal whiskey. Part II consists of three chapters that outline the concentration of industrial distilling in the Inner and Outer Bluegrass regions as well as in Ohio Valley cities.
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Miller, Leta E. Coming to Grips with History (1984–1991). University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038532.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter explores Kernis's life in the period 1984–1991—a period of wandering physically, emotionally, and artistically. He lived in Europe, various parts of the United States, and Canada. He experienced periods of intense loneliness but also the pleasure of a significant romantic attachment. And, after freeing himself musically from strict self-imposed controls, he confronted head-on the challenges of history, coming to grips with the forms and modes of expression pioneered by his predecessors while adapting these traditions to his personal language. His success in confronting these personal and professional challenges manifested itself in commissions for his first symphony (the Symphony in Waves, 1989) and his first string quartet (musica celestis, 1990) and in the establishment of important associations that would serve him well far into the future with the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Lark Quartet, and pianist Evelyne Luest, who would become his wife in 1996.