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1
Vivoli, Arianna. "Trade shocks and economic development Three essays on the effects of international trade shocks on labour market outcomes and firm performances." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/350519.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis analyses the impact of three different trade shocks on labour market outcomes and firms’ performance. The first chapter evaluates the impact of an increase in import competition on employment, gender employment gap and structural transformation in Ethiopia over the 1994-2013 period. In the second chapter, the objective is to investigate the changes in the Egyptian trade policies on wages and job stability, with a panel dataset covering a 20 years period (1998-2018); the last chapter examines the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic on firms with different modes of internationalization, in terms of changes in sales and in business strategies. By exploiting three different very rich micro-level datasets, we study trade shocks under three different perspectives: a worker-level perspective, a firm-level perspective and a local labour market perspective. What emerges is that the impact of trade shocks is ultimately an empirical question, and that the direction of results greatly depends on the economic context under analysis. When trade liberalization is implemented in countries whose structural transformation process is still at an early stage, as in the Ethiopian case, this can harm rather than benefit their economies. On the other hand, the evidence in the third chapter suggests that being interconnected in the international market can help firms mitigating the shock, not only when the shock is domestic or idiosyncratic, but also, as in the case of Covid-19, when the it affects the whole global economy.
2
Dahan, Victor Barbosa. "Does trade credit respond to negative shocks to customer firms?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/22980.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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We investigate how the provision of trade credit by suppliers reacts when their customer firms suffer an adverse shock. We exploit an exogenous adverse shock to firms in the Brazilian food industry caused by the public announcement of a fraud investigation named Operation Weak Flesh. Using a within-firm differences-in-differences identification strategy, we found that customers suffered a negative impact of around 20 to 30% in their accounts payable, while suppliers reduced their credit provision by around 5 to 6%. The evidence suggests that suppliers would rather shield themselves against increased risks in the supply chain than try to save their customers and their relationship with them.
3
Lombardo, Giovanni. "Monopolistics distortion and the real effects of monetary shocks." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323504.
Повний текст джерела
4
OLIVEIRA, SARA BROLHATO DE. "FIRM DYNAMICS IN BRAZIL: TRADE SHOCKS, RESOURCE MISALLOCATION AND LIFE CYCLE GROWTH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36197@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
BOLSA NOTA 10
Esta tese contém três ensaios sobre dinâmica de firmas. O primeiro ensaio avalia os efeitos de choques de oferta e demanda sobre a dinâmica de firmas e seleção no Brasil. Exploramos o fato de que o crescimento recente da China não apenas aumentou o nível de competição via importações, mas também aumentou a demanda por exportações de bens primários, um fator especialmente relevante para países em desenvolvimento. Nossos resultados mostram que firmas afetadas pelo aumento de competição proveniente de importações chinesas apresentam um aumento na probabilidade de sair do mercado, enquanto firmas em indústrias beneficiadas pela demanda por exportações para a China têm uma menor probabilidade de saída. Em ambos os casos, esses efeitos estão concentrados em firmas com um menor número de trabalhadores. O segundo ensaio descreve a relação entre a má alocação de energia e a má alocação de recursos no setor de manufaturas brasileiro, e quantifica em que medida distorções que afetam o uso eficiente de energia resultam em perdas de produto agregado. Nós encontramos que as duas medidas de má alocação são positivamente relacionadas nos setores, sugerindo que a energia é um importante componente da eficiência alocativa de recursos. Nós mostramos que a realocação de recursos entre firmas de um mesmo setor levaria a ganhos agregados significativos. Entretanto, distorções de capital são responsáveis pela maior parte dos ganhos potenciais pela realocação de recursos. O terceiro ensaio compara a dinâmica do ciclo de vida em manufaturas e serviços e encontra que o crescimento ao longo do ciclo de vida é menor para firmas do setor de serviços, mesmo controlando pelo seu tamanho inicial. Nós mostramos que esse menor crescimento ocorre devido ao padrão de seleção e à fraca relação existente entre produtividade e tamanho das firmas em serviços. Finalmente, nós investigamos o papel de duas possíveis explicações para os resultados encontrados: distorções relacionadas ao ciclo de vida e custos de monitoramento.
This thesis consists of three essays on firm dynamics. The first essay evaluates the effects of supply and demand shocks on firm dynamics and selection in Brazil. We explore the fact that China’s recent growth has led not only to an increase in import competition, but also to higher export demand for commodities, which is especially relevant in developing countries. We find that firms facing greater competition from Chinese imports suffer from an increase in exit probability, while firms in industries benefiting from increased export demand have lower probability of exit. In both cases, these effects are concentrated among smaller firms. In the second article, we describe the relationship between energy misallocation and resource misallocation across manufacturing industries in Brazil, and quantify the extent to which distortions affecting energy use result in output losses at the aggregate level. We find that these two measures of misallocation are positively related across industries, which suggests that energy is an important component of resource allocation efficiency. We show that reallocating resources between firms would result in substantial aggregate output gains. However, capital distortions account for most of the potential gains in manufacturing from reallocating resources between firms. The third essay compares firm life cycle dynamics in manufacturing and services, and finds that life-cycle growth is slower for service firms, even when controlling for initial size. We show that this result arises because of the selection pattern and weaker relationship between productivity and size in service industries. Finally, we assess the role of two potential explanations for these results: age-related distortions and monitoring costs.
5
Ahmed, Saira. "Essays in trade, taxation and external shocks in a small open economy." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2010. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/52/1/Saira_Ahmed_phdthesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper aims to looks at the impact of food and financial crisis in Pakistan. We use a linked computable general equilibrium and microsimulation model to study the decline in exports, rise in import price of food and increase in remittances during the crises period. Our results reveal that the decline in exports was particularly harsh for the high income earners however led to an increased availability of food supply domestically which ultimately increased food consumption. On the contrary, import price of food led to a general increase in prices across the board, which drastically deteriorated the
consumption and nutritional status of the poor. The persistent increase in remittances during the times of high food inflation provided some relief with poverty increasing less than half of what it would have been otherwise. The
paper also discusses the policy response required in order to cushion the impact of future crises.
6
Tsheko, B. O. "Analysing the impact of international trade policy shocks on the economy of Botswana." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493364.
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7
Liu, Xinman. "Trade linkages and growth in South Africa: an SVAR analysis." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31614.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates the vulnerability of South Africa to the shocks that originate from its major trading partners over time using a structural vector autoregressive framework. We examine the impact of shocks emanating from the EU, the US, China, Japan, India and Brazil on South Africa’s output growth through both direct and indirect trade linkages, by considering the changing trade patterns from 1996 to 2017. The results suggest that the South African economy has become more integrated with emerging economies. Furthermore, China has increased its impact on the output growth of the other sample economies through trade linkages, which implies that developments in China are of increasing importance to other economies. The US and the EU are still dominated in propagating shocks despite their declining impact on the output growth of other economies in this sample.
8
Mendis, Chandima. "Monetary consequences of terms of trade shocks and capital flows in small open economics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365576.
Повний текст джерела
9
Hove, Seedwell. "Essays on monetary policy, institutions and terms of trade shocks in emerging market economies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11544.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis focuses on two important features of emerging market economies: institutional weaknesses and the exposure to commodity terms of trade shocks and how they shape the macroeconomic dynamics and the conduct of monetary policy. These issues are discussed in three essays. The first essay empirically evaluates the role of institutional structures in inflation targeting in emerging market economies (EMEs). The second essay theoretically investigates the appropriate monetary policy responses to commodity terms of trade shocks using a multi-sector New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Finally, the third essay empirically analyses the responses of different monetary policy regimes to commodity terms of trade shocks in emerging market economies.
10
De, Waal Annari, and Waal Annari De. "The impact of global economic shocks on South Africa amid time-varying trade linkages." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40261.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trade of South Africa with the rest of the world has changed substantially since the mid-1990s.
The United States (US), which used to be the main trading partner of South Africa, is now only
the third largest trading partner of the country. South African trade with Germany, Japan and
the United Kingdom (UK) are also lower. The key reason is the emergence of China in the
world economy. South Africa did not trade with China before 1993, but from 2009 China
became the main trading partner of the country. Globalisation and China’s emergence have
influenced the trade linkages of many other countries in the world. To incorporate the changes
in global trade linkages, the foreign variables of all the models in the study are compiled with
trade-weighted three-year moving average data.
The foremost objective of the thesis is to determine how the changes in trade linkages affect the
transmission of economic shocks originating in the rest of the world on South Africa. The global
vector autoregression (GVAR) approach is used since one of its advantages is the incorporation
of global trade linkages, which facilitates the analysis of the transmission of shocks from one
country to another.
As a GVAR model combines many individual country models, the study first estimates such a
country-specific model for South Africa to determine whether it displays the expected impact of domestic shocks on the economy. This type of model is known as a vector error correction
model (VECM) with domestic variables and weakly exogenous (X) foreign (*) variables, denoted
by VECX*. The results from the VECX* for South Africa are in line with expectations, showing
the effective transmission of monetary policy.
The study then examines the impact of international shocks on the South African economy with
a GVAR model. The GVAR, which incorporates country-specific VECX* models for 33
countries, is solved for all 33 countries using global trade weight matrices at different dates. The
results indicate that over time South Africa is much more vulnerable to GDP shocks to the
Chinese economy, and less vulnerable to GDP shocks to the US economy. These trends are
however not confined to South Africa, and as such highlights the increased risk to the South
African economy and many other economies, should China experience slower GDP growth.
Finally, the thesis determines whether the forecasting performance of GVAR models is superior
to that of a country-specific VECX* model. The study compares the out-of-sample forecasts of
two key South African variables (real GDP and inflation) for five types of models: a VECX*, a
customised small GVAR for South Africa, the more general 33-country GVAR, simple
autoregressive models and random walk models. Better forecasts of both the GVAR models
compared to the VECX* model at forecast horizons of more than four quarters show that,
despite the complicated nature of the GVAR model with the inclusion of many countries and
global trade linkages, the additional information is useful for forecasting domestic variablesThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Economics
unrestricted
11
DE, SANTIS ROBERTA, and SANTIS Roberta DE. "Trade as international transmission mechanism of shocks: The case of Central Eastern European Countries." Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/916890.
Повний текст джерела
12
Soedomo, Sudarsono. "Effects of monetary shocks on the dynamics of stumpage price and timber harvest /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3099639.
Повний текст джерела
13
Lee, Byung Rhae. "Monetary policy and the effects of oil price shocks on the Japanese economy /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924898.
Повний текст джерела
14
Pinat, Magali. "Global linkages, trade network and development." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E031/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse doctorale étudie l’impact des effets de réseau sur le commerce et la finance internationale. Le premier chapitre évalue le rôle que joue la centralité des partenaires commerciaux dans la diffusion des connaissances et conclut que l’importation de biens provenant de partenaires situés au cœur du réseau est génératrice de croissance économique. Le deuxième chapitre étudie le rôle des communautés de commerce dans la vitesse d’adoption de nouvelles technologies et établit que la diffusion des idées est encouragée au sein des pays appartenant à la même communauté. Le troisième chapitre souligne le rôle que jouent les partenaires financiers dans le choix d’investir dans une nouvelle destination et montre que les pays sont plus susceptibles d’investir dans un nouveau pays si un de leurs partenaires actuels y a déjà investi. Le quatrième chapitre évalue l’impact de l’importation des produits à risque et estime qu’une augmentation d’un pourcent des importations de produits fragiles provenant d’un pays touché par une catastrophe naturelle est associée à une réduction de 0,7 pourcent des exportations nationalesThis doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of networks effects on international trade and finance. The first chapter estimates the role a trade partners’ centrality plays in the diffusion of knowledge and finds that importing from countries at the core of the network leads to a significant increase in economic growth. The second chapter investigates the role of clusters in the speed of technology adoption and concludes that the diffusion of ideas is fostered among countries belonging to the same cluster. The third chapter emphasizes the role of current partners in choosing a destination for new investments and finds that countries are more likely to invest in a new destination if one of their existing partners have already made some investments in the location. The fourth chapter evaluates the impact of importing risky products on the economy and finds that the elasticity of a country’s exports with respect to its import share of fragile products from a partner impacted by a natural disaster is -0.7 percent
15
Bourgeon, Pauline. "Essays on the impact of shocks on international flows and productivity." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse aborde différentes thématiques dans le champ de l’économie internationale et de la macroéconomie. Les travaux de recherche développés dans cette thèse étudient l’impact des chocs de différentes natures sur les flux de migrations internationales, de commerce international et sur la croissance de la productivité. Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’évolution des flux migratoires en réaction à des chocs conjoncturels. L’estimation du modèle à partir des données nous permet de conclure qu’à la fois les chocs structurels et les chocs conjoncturels influent les flux de migration. Une augmentation de 10% du salaire du pays de destination conduirait à une augmentation du flux migratoire vers ce pays de destination de près de 8%, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Le second chapitre étudie dans quelles mesures les chocs financiers affectent le niveau des exportations des entreprises, avec un focus particulier sur les entreprises qui exportent vers des destinations lointaines. Nous trouvons que les entreprises qui font face à des frictions financières exportent entre 4% et 10% de moins que celles qui ne sont pas soumises à ces frictions. Nos résultats montrent également que parmi les exportateurs en difficulté financière, ceux qui exportent vers des destinations lointaines réduisent encore davantage leurs exportations. Dans le chapitre trois, nous étudions comment les frictions financières peuvent conduire à des distorsions dans l’allocation des ressources. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans les pays développés financièrement, les capitaux ne permettent pas forcément une amélioration de l’allocation efficace du travail entre les firmesThis thesis covers various issues in international economics and macroeconomics.It studies the role of several types of shocks on international migration, firms’ export strategies and sectoral productivity growth. The three chapters exploit different sources of data and use recent econometrics approaches to deal with these issues.Chapter one contributes to the literature on international migration by looking at the role of short-run fluctuations as determinants of the location choice of the migrants. We find evidence that business cycles and employment rates at destination affect the intensity of gross bilateral flows.Chapter two investigates how financial frictions impact firms’ foreign sales, especially for firms that export to long distance export markets. We find that firmsfacing financial frictions export from 4 to 10% less than the ones without anyfinancial constraints. Our results also suggest that amongst exporters facing financial difficulties, those who export to faraway destinations reduce their exportsales more.Chapter three investigates how financial frictions affect the efficiency with which labor allocates across firms within a sector. Results suggest that an increase intangibility decreases the productivity growth rate of an industry located in highly financially developed country and this lower productivity growth rate is largely explained by the reallocation of labour across firms within the sector
16
Boman, Viktor. "The impact from oil price shocks on the Trade Balance : The case of the two Nordic brothers." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates the relationship between oil price shocks on two measures of oil importers and exporter´s trade balances, namely the Merchandise Trade balance and Non-oil trade balance. The paper also aims to analyse whether oil price fluctuation tend to explain a smaller or larger part of the variability on the Trade and Non-oil trade balance. The short-run dynamics running from the oil price to overall and non-oil trade balance are investigated using a Impulse Response function, Granger causality test and Forecast error variance decomposition test(FEVD) with quarterly data spanning between Q1 1995 to Q4 2018. Two Nordic countries distinguishable in their terms of oil characteristic are regarded in this analysis. Sweden as an oil importer and Norway as oil exporter. Furthermore, a subperiod estimation are performed by splitting the time series into two subperiod, and thereby be able to perform a FEVD test to see whether the share of oil regarding its influence on the trade balance are decreasing over time.
17
Park, Jung Wook. "Oil price shocks and stock market behavior empirical evidence for the U.S. and European Countries /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4886.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 28, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
18
Batiste, Jorge Chami. "Foreign indebtedness and macroeconomic external adjustment : Brazil's industrial strategy and policy responses to external shocks in the 1970s and 1980s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276742.
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19
Munoz-Giro, Juan Enrique. "A general equilibrium analysis of temporary terms-of-trade shocks in a developing economy : coffee in Costa Rica /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487843688960815.
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20
Kraybill, David S. "A computable general equilibrium analysis of regional impacts of macro-shocks in the 1980S." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study is assess the domestic regional impacts of changes in federal fiscal policies and the nation's trade deficit. An attempt is made to fill a gap in the literature of regional economics by providing an explanation of how economic changes at national and international levels are transmitted to regions, and by providing general-equilibrium estimates of the effects of these changes. The level of regional economic activity is assumed to be linked to the federal budget through federal purchases of goods and services, through intergovernmental transfers, and through net transfers to households. Domestic regions are linked to the balance of trade through shifts in exports and imports and through shifts in net income transfers from abroad.
An interregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is constructed and calibrated for Virginia and the rest of the United States (ROUS). Scenarios approximating federal fiscal policies and the trade deficit during the period 1981-85 are introduced, and the model is solved to obtain a new equilibrium. As a result of these shocks, it is concluded: (a) that the magnitude of sectoral effects differed in Virginia versus ROUS, (b) that in contrast to non-rural sectors, rural sectors in Virginia experienced slower growth in value added, (c) that investment in Virginia and in ROUS increased in response to the net inflow of savings from abroad, but the increase was mitigated by the rise in federal spending, and (d) that a tariff increase on the output of the apparel and textile industry would increase output in that industry in Virginia but would decrease it in other industries if the economy were fully employed.Ph. D.
21
Siddig, Khalid Hassan Ali. "Macroeconomy and agriculture in Sudan analysis of trade policies, external shocks, and economic bans in a computable general equilibrium approach." Weikersheim Margraf, 2009. http://d-nb.info/997918276/04.
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22
Naqvi, Asjad, and Irene Monasterolo. "Natural Disasters, Cascading Losses, and Economic Complexity: A Multi-layer Behavioral Network Approach." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6914/1/WP_24.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Assessing the short-term socio-economic impacts of climate-led disasters on food trade networks requires new bottom-up models and vulnerability metrics rooted in complexity theory. Indeed, such shocks could generate cascading socio-economic losses across the networks layers where emerging agents¿ responses could trigger tipping points. We contribute to address this research gap by developing a multi-layer behavioral network methodology composed of multiple spatially-explicit layers populated by heterogeneous interacting agents. Then, by introducing a new multi-layer risk measure called vulnerability rank, or VRank, we quantify the stress in the aftermath of a
shock. Our approach allows us to analyze both the supply- and the demand-side dimensions of the shock by quantifying short-term behavioral responses, the transmission channels across the layers, the conditions for reaching tipping points, and the feedback on macroeconomic indicators. By simulating a stylized two-layer supply-side production and demand-side household network model we find that, (i) socio-economic vulnerability to climate-led disasters is cyclical, (ii) the distribution of shocks depends critically on the network structure, and on the speed of supply-side and demand-side responses. Our results suggest that such a multi-layer framework could provide a comprehensive picture of how climate-led shocks cascade and how indirect losses can be measured. This is crucial to inform effective post-disaster policies aimed to build food trade network resilience to climate-led shocks, in particular in more agriculture-dependent bread-basket regions.Series: Ecological Economic Papers
23
Jansson, Tor Walter Kristian. "The finance-growth nexus in Britain, 1850-1913." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/279082.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis argues that the financial sector played a positive, but limited role in British economic growth from 1850 to 1913. It examines empirically the role played by different types of financial institutions: commercial banks, stock markets and merchant banks. To this end, the thesis uses recently developed time series and dynamic panel methods for the econometric analysis, alongside new data on different parts of the financial system. The results suggest that at a national level, the growth of commercial banks had a limited impact on British economic development over the long run, and stock markets had no impact. However, changes in bank lending influenced economic growth to a significant extent in the short term. Growing conservatism in bank lending practices did not significantly increase credit constraints, as had been previously suspected. Findings from new geographically disaggregated data indicate that the spread of bank offices improved the economic performance of English and Welsh counties. Increased concentration of the banking industry did not hinder economic growth, a result that challenges widespread suggestions in the relevant literature. Moreover, the development of provincial stock exchanges – exchanges outside London - did not influence county-level economic growth, contrary to the view that they were important for the expansion of local industry. Finally, this thesis is the first to assess econometrically the role of merchant banks. It demonstrates that their trade financing activities were beneficial not only for the growth of British international trade, but also for that of the domestic economy.
24
Brunelin, Stéphanie. "Essays on food security in sub-Saharan Africa : The role of food prices and climate shocks." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La crise alimentaire de 2008 a suscité un regain d'intérêt pour les questions agricoles et de sécurité alimentaire dans les pays en développement. Partant du constat que près de 27% de la population d'Afrique Sub-saharienne souffre de malnutrition, cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des causes complexes de l'insécurité alimentaire. Le premier chapitre étudie les mécanismes de transmission des variations du prix mondial du riz aux prix domestiques dans trois pays ouest-africain: le Sénégal, le Tchad et le Mali. Les résultats indiquent que le prix du riz importé à Dakar et le prix du riz local à Bamako répondent de façon asymétrique aux variations du prix mondial. Le chapitre 2 teste la présence d'obstacles aux échanges agricoles entre pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre. Il ressort de l'analyse que le passage des frontières est coûteux. Toutefois, le coût associé au passage de la frontière est plus faible entre pays membre d'une même union économique et monétaire. Le chapitre 3 a pour objectif le renforcement des systèmes d'alertes précoces des crises alimentaires existants au Sahel. Il montre qu'il est possible d'anticiper les crises de prix avec six mois d'avance en analysant les mouvements passés des prix des céréales. Enfin, le chapitre 4 s'intéresse à la vulnérabilité des ménages face aux chocs pluviométriques. Il révèle que les ménages ruraux au Burkina Faso n'ont pas la capacité d'assurer ou d'absorber ces chocs climatiques.
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Estrades, Carmen. "Une analyse de l'impact de chocs extérieurs et de réformes de politique commerciale sur la pauvreté et l’inégalité en Uruguay." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40029/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer différents chocs extérieurs et des réformes de politique commerciale sur une petite économie ouverte comme l'Uruguay, en mettant l’accent sur la compréhension des canaux de transmission des chocs vers la répartition des revenus et la pauvreté. Plus précisément, j'évalue deux chocs externes –la récente crise financière et une augmentation des prix alimentaires et pétroliers- et une réforme de politique commerciale: la négociation d'un accord de libre-échange entre le Mercosur et l'Union Européenne. Pour ce faire, j’applique différents modèles d'équilibre général (EGC): deux modèles statiques uni-pays et un modèle global dynamique, MIRAGE-HH, qui comprend une désagrégation des ménages. Les modèles EGC sont combinées avec des techniques de microsimulation: microsimulation non-paramétrique et méthode «micro-accounting». Comme les chocs extérieurs peuvent avoir un impact négatif sur la pauvreté en Uruguay, j’évalue aussi les options politiques visant à atténuer cet impact négatif. Les résultats montrent que les canaux de transmission des réformes de politique commerciale et des chocs extérieurs sont divers et complexes et ils peuvent avoir des effets opposés sur la pauvreté. Ils mettent également en évidence le fait que l'impact sur les différents groupes de population n'est pas uniforme. Dans certains cas, les chocs positifs sur l'économie peuvent encore nuire à des groupes de population. Dans la plupart des cas, les groupes affectés négativement sont les populations déjà vulnérables ayant peu de ressources pour faire face à ces chocs. Pour cette raison, il est important d'évaluer aussi des réponses politiques pour éviter cet impact négatif sur les pauvresThe aim of this dissertation is to evaluate different external shocks and trade policies on a small open economy such as Uruguay, making an emphasis in understanding the channels of transmission of the shocks to income distribution and poverty in the country. Specifically, I evaluate two external shocks –the recent financial crisis and an increase in food and oil prices- and one trade policy –the negotiation of a free trade agreement between MERCOSUR (conformed by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) and the European Union. For doing so, I apply different general equilibrium models: two different static single country models and one global dynamic model, MIRAGE-HH, which includes household disaggregation. The CGE models are combined with microsimulation techniques: non-parametric microsimulations and micro-accounting methods. Results show that the channels of transmission of trade policies and external shocks are diverse and complex and they may have opposite effects on welfare and poverty. They also highlight the fact that the impact on different population groups is not even. In some cases, positive shocks on the economy may still harm population groups. In most cases,iiithey are the already vulnerable population who count with fewer resources to counteract negative shocks. For this reason, it is important to also evaluate policy responses to prevent this negative impact on the poor
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Bianca, Ana Lúcia de Souza Leão. "Macroeconomia da composição do comércio exterior." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/15980.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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The global financial crisis occurred in 2008, it is widely discussed within the idiosyncrasies caused by external shocks, including the liquidity shocks and terms of trade. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of the composition of Brazilian foreign trade and its effects on the domestic macro economy through a DSGE model for Brazil. For this, it sought to calibrate this model and analyze the impact of liquidity shocks and terms of trade in the main macroeconomic variables. The model results suggest that financial crises can generate substantial effects on emerging economies such as in Brazil, and the dynamics of these effects will it also depend on the composition of the trade balance of the country.
A crise financeira mundial, ocorrida em 2008, é amplamente discutida no âmbito das idiossincrasias causadas por choques externos, dentre eles os choques de liquidez e dos termos de troca. No presente trabalho, analisamos as particularidades da composição do comércio exterior brasileiro e seus efeitos sobre a macroeconomia doméstica, através de um modelo DSGE para o Brasil. Para tanto, buscou-se calibrar este modelo e analisar os impactos dos choques de liquidez e dos termos de troca nas principais variáveis macroeconômicas. Os resultados do modelo sugerem que crises financeiras podem gerar efeitos substanciais em economias emergentes, como no caso brasileiro, e a dinâmica desses efeitos dependerá também da composição da balança comercial do país.
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Andersson, Karl-Johan, Simon Alm, and Jörgen Andersson. "Branding At Trade Shows : How subcontractors use trade shows to strengthen their brand." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-683.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Branding is a way for companies to differentiate their products and services from its competitors in the fierce competition in business today. This phenomena has up until recently mostly been used in the B2C context, but the importance of branding in the B2B context has been more and more acknowledged. Trade shows are a good way to find customers, and to display and sell products, but can it also be used to strengthen the brand of the exhibiting company? According to Nordiska Undersökningsgruppen (2001) 79 % of the participating companies in B2B trade shows claims to have strengthened their brand through the trade show. As few companies take part in organized research about their trade show performance, we were curious about how such a vast majority of companies knew that their trade show participation actually strengthens their brands.
Purpose: The purpose of our thesis is to explore how trade shows are used by subcontractors to strengthen their brand names, and how these companies measure brand strength.
Method: A case study has been conducted, examining four subcontractors participating at the Elmia Subcontractor trade show. In order to collect our primary data, we used questionnaires both prior to and after the trade show as well as face-to-face interaction during the trade show. We also chose to use the TSI model (Jansson, 2003) to examine what could be done in the different stages of the trade show process in order to maximize the com-panies’ results from it.
Conclusions: The conclusion of this thesis is that the brand image and thereby the strength of the brand of the trade show participating company is mainly a result of the face-to-face meeting. Since we have established that the view on branding in the investigated companies differ from the theoretical view in large, we believe that the relevance of the investigation mentioned in the background can be questioned. The companies lack procedures for measuring their brand strength.
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Lezis, Israelsson Jennifer. "Trade shows - A place for women?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32922.
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Lezis, Israelsson Jennifer. "Sexism and gender equality at trade shows." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33071.
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Schweder, André Henrique, and Arthur Leonardo Maas. "The Allocation of Resources at Trade Shows." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33465.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Motivated by the lack of models that can bring a general preparation formula for developing competitive intelligence in Trade Show, the authors researched in a theoretical database to develop a model that can bring a general vision for a company that wants to start to organize the personnel to gather competitive intelligence in trade show events. Furthermore, was discovered that not many firms do actually realize the opportunities they have to acquire competitive intelligence in trade shows, that way the model was developed to facilitate the process. The discovering of the research pointed Socialization as well as relationship building and strengthening were the main channels to acquire information. In addition, Trade Shows create a rich environment where most of the stakeholders are present and also willing to share knowledge and information, creating an even more favorable place to develop this kind of intelligence. The model presented takes in consideration the company’s stakeholder, and how to allocate personnel in booths and in extensive research around the area, it also classifies the visitors and attendees in different groups, facilitating the organizing process to understand and explore more easily and efficiently the Trade Show. The models also suggest approaches to each group in order to don’t invest resources in an ineffective way.
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Wakeford, Jeremy J. "Socioeconomic implications of global oil depletion for South Africa : vulnerabilities, impacts and transition to sustainability." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71729.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Oil is the quintessential resource in the modern industrial economy. It accounts for a third of world primary energy, fuels 95% of global transport systems, sustains a highly mechanised agribusiness and food distribution industry, and provides the feedstock for a staggering array of petrochemical products. Historically, global economic growth has been closely coupled with consumption of energy in general and oil in particular. Yet oil is a finite resource subject to depletion, which has profound implications for the long-term sustainability of industrial civilisation. This dissertation addresses a serious dearth of attention given to this vital subject within South African energy, economic and policy discourses. The overarching aims are to understand the implications of global oil depletion for socioeconomic welfare in South Africa and to propose viable strategies and policies for mitigating and adapting to potential negative impacts. A comparative evaluation of three fields of study found that neoclassical economics is limited by its monistic and reductionist approach and its failure to adequately incorporate energy into its key theoretical models, whereas ecological economics and the socioecological systems approach together provide an appropriate, holistic lens for analysing the role of energy in socioeconomic systems. In this view, energy is the master resource: it is a pre-requisite for economic activity and societal complexity. A review of the literature on global oil depletion finds that a peak and decline in world oil production appears imminent, while world oil exports most likely peaked in 2005. Moreover, the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) for global oil production is on a declining trend. The world oil peak thus marks the end of the era of cheap and abundant oil. Increasing oil scarcity will likely be reflected in oil prices following a rising trend with heightened volatility. While there are many potential substitutes for oil, all have significant limitations, most have lower EROI than oil, and it may take decades to scale them up sufficiently. Many aspects of the South African socioeconomic system are either directly or indirectly dependent on petroleum fuels, while structural features of the economy and society render them vulnerable to external shocks. Historical evidence and empirical models suggest that oil price and supply shocks will have debilitating socioeconomic impacts. Under business-as-usual policies and behaviours, future oil scarcity will likely lead at best to a gradual contraction in the economy with rising unemployment and inflation, and at worst to systemic collapse of interconnected critical infrastructure systems. A comprehensive range of mitigation measures are proposed, including accelerated investments in renewable energy and electrified mass transport, agro-ecological farming, greening the economy, monetary system reform, and rationing schemes to protect the most vulnerable members of society. Together these measures can build resilience to shocks and gradually decouple economic activity from petroleum consumption. A successful societal transition from a fossil fuel based industrial regime to a sustainable socioeconomic regime requires purposive government intervention, the promotion of sustainability-oriented innovations in technology and institutions, and the political will to surmount obstacles such as powerful vested interests and socio-technical lock-in.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Olie is die kern-hulpmiddel in die moderne bedryfsgerigte ekonomie. Dit is verantwoordelik vir ’n derde van die wêreld se primêre energie, verskaf die aandrywing vir 95% van alle vervoerstelsels, onderhou ’n hoogs gemeganiseerde landboubedryf en voedselverspreidingsnywerheid, en voorsien die voerstof vir ’n verstommende reeks petrochemiese produkte. Histories beskou, is globale ekonomiese groei ten nouste gekoppel aan die verbruik van energie oor die algemeen en aan olie in die besonder. Tog is olie ’n beperkte hulpbron wat onderworpe is aan uitputting en lediging, en dit hou gevolglik onmeetlike implikasies vir die algemene langtermyn volhoubaarheid van nywerhede in. Dié verhandeling neem die ernstige gebrek aan aandag binne Suid-Afrikaanse diskoerse oor energie, ekonomie en beleidsrigtings wat betref hierdie lewensbelangrike onderwerp, in oënskou. Die oorkoepelende doelwitte is om die implikasies van globale olie-uitputting op sosio-ekonomiese welvaart in Suid-Afrika te begryp, en om lewensvatbare strategieë en beleidsrigtings voor te stel waarvolgens potensiële negatiewe invloede getemper en by aangepas kan word. ’n Vergelykende evaluering van drie studieterreine het bevind neoklassieke ekonomie is beperk weens sy monistiese en verlagingsbenadering en sy mislukking om energie doelmatig in te sluit by sy sleutel teoretiese modelle, terwyl die benaderings van die ekologiese ekonomie en die sosio-ekologiese stelsels saam ’n toepaslike holistiese lens bied vir die analisering van die rol van energie in sosio-ekonomiese stelsels. In dié opsig is energie die meester-hulpmiddel: dit is ’n voorvereiste vir ekonomiese bedrywigheid en gemeenskapsverbondenheid. ’n Oorsig van die literatuur oor globale olie-lediging toon dat ’n toppunt en daling in wêreldolieproduksie onvermydelik blyk te wees – globale olie-uitvoer het na alle waarskynlikheid sy toppunt in 2005 bereik. Voorts toon die energie-opbrengs op (energie) investering, ofte wel EROI, ten opsigte van wêreldolieproduksie ’n dalende tendens. Die wêreldolie-toppunt dui dus op die einde van die era van goedkoop en oorvloedige olie. Toenemende olieskaarste sal waarskynlik blyk uit oliepryse wat ’n stygende tendens volg gepaard met verskerpte veranderlikheid. Hoewel daar talle potensiële plaasvervangers vir olie bestaan, het almal beduidende beperkinge, die meeste se EROI is laer as olie s’n en dit kan dekades duur alvorens hulle genoegsaam opgegradeer sal kan word. Vele aspekte van die Suid-Afrikaanse sosio-ekonomiese stelsel is of direk of indirek afhanklik van petroleum-brandstowwe, terwyl strukturele kenmerke van die ekonomie en samelewing hulle kwesbaar vir eksterne skokke laat. Lesse uit die verlede en empiriese modelle dui daarop dat die olieprys en skokke rondom die voorsiening daarvan verlammende sosio-ekonomiese impakte en invloede tot gevolg sal hê. Onder ’n sake-soos-gewoonlik-beleid en optrede, sal toekomstige olieskaarste, optimisties beskou, waarskynlik aanleiding gee tot geleidelike inkrimping van die ekonomie met gepaardgaande stygende werkloosheid en inflasie – pessimisties beskou, kan dit die sistematiese ineenstorting van kritiesbelangrike en onderling verbonde infrastruktuurstelsels beteken. ’n Omvattende reeks verligtingsmaatreëls word voorgestel, insluitende versnelde investering in hernubare energie en geëlektrifiseerde massavervoer, agro-ekologiese landbou, vergroening van die ekonomie, monetêre stelselhervorming en rantsoeneringskemas om die mees kwesbare lede van die samelewing te beskerm. Saam kan dié maatreëls veerkragtigheid vestig teen skokke en ekonomiese bedrywigheid geleidelik van petroleumverbruik losmaak. ’n Geslaagde samelewingsoorgang van ’n fossielbrandstof-gebaseerde nywerheidsbestel na ’n volhoubare sosio-ekonomiese bestel vereis doelmatige regeringsintervensie, die bevordering van volhoubaar-georiënteerde innovasies in
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Watson, James L. "Evaluating the effectiveness of group leader trade shows /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12088.
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Aspers, Patrik, and A. Darr. "Trade shows and the creation of market and industry." Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-64736.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study addresses the question of the constitution of markets in advanced societies.Specifically, the article studies the role of the traveling trade show in creatingthe real time computing market, which is part of the US electronics sector, duringthe mid-1990’s. Real time computing products assist the transfer, storage and processingof digital signals in real time and support many of the internet applicationswe use today.By applying ethnographic methods,we explore the general question ofhow economic actors cope with uncertainty in the phase of market-making and atthe cutting edge of technology. The paper makes two contributions to the existingliterature. First, it shows that the attempt to organize a trade show in real timecomputing was triggered by the uncertainty experienced by sellers regarding theidentity of prospective buyers and about the exact use to which they would put theemergent technology which is offered for sale. Secondly, we trace the history of anemergent market.We claim that trade shows for innovative products are importantvenues at which markets coalesce.The identification and ordering of market actors,the institutionalization of a distinct business culture and the social networks developedamong market actors and across the subsidiary markets provided the basicsocial infrastructure for what later became known as the real time computingindustry.M2007-0244:1-PK
European Research Council ERC-2010- StG 263699-CEV
VR 2009–1958
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Solman, Linnea. "More Effective Trade Shows – What Visitors Are Attracted By." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how investments in trade shows can be made more effective. The method was a descriptive study builds on primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were collected in an anonymous survey where 204 respondents were asked about their experience of trade shows and what attracts them. The secondary sources were collected from previous research collected from scientific articles. The theory indicated that more effective investments in trade shows could be made upon what the visitor requires and attracts of. The implication of the paper was that inspiration is the primary factor to visit trade shows and that a spectacular stand and dedicated and inviting people in the stand are the factors that attract the visitors. Therefor exhibitors ought to prioritise their resources to improve these factors. Plans and targets are important tools to following up the outputs from trade shows. It is also about making a consideration of focus between visitors that already have interest and the visitors that just looking. The exhibitors have to think about if they value profits in short or/and in long run. The consideration is also about how they handling giveaways and gift in the most effective way. Another significant factor is to develop the company´s Internet approach in a strategic way pre- and post-show. Above all, that the exhibitor chooses trade shows within their industry.
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Drotsky, Gert Antonie Petrus. "The role of the sales process at trade shows." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60534.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Business-to-business (B2B) marketing is one of the most underestimated and under-researched fields in marketing. Due to the unique characteristics of B2B markets, the emphasis has always been on one-on-one communication between the seller and the buyer. This means that in the communication mix, elements such as personal selling and trade shows play an important role in the selling and marketing of a business product and the accompanying services.
There is an indication that there will be a growth in the trade-show industry, as well as in B2B marketing. There is also an element of uncertainty on the role of personal selling, and more specifically, the sales process at trade shows. Previous studies focused on the general activities at trade shows; but none focused on the sales process that is interlinked with trade shows. Therefore, an explorative study was done to determine the role of the sales process at trade shows; so as to guide exhibitors on what to do when exhibiting.
A number of studies (Godar & O`Conner, 2007; Gopalakrishna & Lilian, 1992 and Sharland & Balogh, 1996) pointed to the role that trade shows plays in the buying task and buying stages of attendees at trade shows. In these studies the findings indicated that trade shows do not play such an important role throughout the whole of the buying process of attendees. However, studies by Bresler (2009) and Keswell (2010) pointed to the importance of trade shows in South Africa. Smith, Gopalakrishna and Smith (1999) indicated that trade shows play a major role in attendees moving through the buying process and therefore relates to the faster completion of the sales process resulting in better personal selling efficiency. This study contributes to the before mentioned studies by indicating specific actions in the selling process this can help exhibitors to improve the buying process. The findings of this study can assist the trade show industry to provide guidelines for exhibitors. A multi-stage sample plan was followed; and a self-administered questionnaire was used to gather the data for the study from exhibitors at trade shows. To establish the factors of the stages of the sales process at trade shows, a Principal factor analysis with Varimax rotation that is explorative in nature was done. A further investigation was done for the sales process on the differences regarding (a) salespeople versus non-salespeople; (b) the type of trade show and (c) the business operations of exhibitors were assessed by means of an ANOVA, t-test, and MANOVA.
The findings depict the various factors that make up the different stages of the sales process during the pre- and at-show stage of a trade show. Firstly, the business actions of exhibitors were investigated that included a number of elements such as: trade-show marketing; written objectives; trade-show evaluation and plan, staff improvement, new product and non-financial success to name a few. Thereafter, the stages of sales process at trade shows were investigated. The first stage dealt with pre-show marketing activities used to attract attendees to the trade show indicated two factors: direct communication and promotional elements. The second stage on the at-show marketing activities used to attract attendees to the business exhibit stand at the trade show comprised two factors: trade-show sponsorship and promotional tools. The third stage deals with the sales presentation at a trade show; and it had four factors that were identified, namely: presentation methods; presentation actions; approach method and questions approach. The fourth stage dealt with objections experienced; and two factors were indentified: manifested objections, and latent objections. The fifth stage deals with dealing with objections; the factors identified included standard-objection solutions and product-objection solutions. The last stage dealt with the closing methods; and two factors were identified: typical closing and product closing.
Differences were identified between sales and non-sales persons for "presentation methods", "presentation actions" and "question approach". All of these factors deal with actions during the sales presentation. Non-sales exhibit staff in many cases does not have the experience that sales persons of the business have, especially on how to communicate during the sales presentation. Sales staff will also be more aware of the different sales methods and how to use these methods in different sales situations. From the findings what is of concern is that both sales and non-sales staff indicate that they do not really make use of closing methods to close the sale.
Regarding the type of trade shows (international, national or regional) there were no differences for pre-show marketing activities, at-show marketing activities, the sales presentation and closing method used for the stages of the sales process there were no differences. These findings are very interesting; since for elements, such as the marketing activities before and at the trade show, one would assume that different approaches would be applied. International trade shows would, for example, rely more on electronic and mass-promotional mix elements; since it is not possible for their sales staff to visit all the possible prospects.
Concerning the business operations (sales of goods or service industry/professionals or construction/manufacturing or other) of exhibitors and how they implement the stages of the sales process there were no significant differences evident. That means that the operations of a business have no impact on the sales process at trade shows.
The findings of this study also provides an encouraging outcome for trade show role players in that there are not major differences for sales versus non-sales persons, type of trade show or business operations of the exhibitors. This provides an opportunity for general sales guidelines to be developed to improve the effectiveness of the sales process. Furthermore, the training of exhibit staff can be done more effectively and efficiently since there are no specialised requirements. Trade show organisers will benefit since material developed can be standardised for all types of trade shows.
This study provides an interesting starting point for future research to combine the findings of this study with other studies that focus on the procurement needs of attendees of trade shows, such as Brelser (2009) and Smith et al. (1999). One of the main contributions of this study is that it provides a comprehensive sales process for trade shows with insights into the various sub-stages. Finally, in Chapter 7 a comprehensive figure illustrates the interconnectedness between the various stages of the sale process with trade show activities and the attendees' decision-making buying process. With this holistic overview conceptualisation is provided on how the sales process can be integrated into the buying process and stages of a trade show. The identification of the different actions can be an invaluable tool for researchers that want to expand on/or link the sales process and buying process at trade shows.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Marketing Management
PhD
Unrestricted
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Viaro, Arthur Augusto. "The impact of trade shock exposure on child labor and schooling in Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-26092017-101518/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Child labor is still a relevant problem in developing countries and understanding the way that households respond in terms of children\'s time allocation to labor market incentives has relevant policy implications. In this paper, I explore a plausibly exogenous trade-induced labor market shock to assess how changes in returns to work affect children\'s time allocation in Brazil. To provide a good proxy for distinctly exogenous changes to the returns to adult labor as well as returns to the child labor I propose a strategy that distinguish between employment shocks that differentially affect adults and children. The results suggest an asymmetric impact on household decisions about children\'s time allocation that depend upon the source of the shock. First, larger import competition shocks concentrated on adult workers decrease the share of children that attend school, while an adverse shock concentrated on child workers has a positive effect on schooling, but the estimates are not statistically significant. On the other hand, both shocks decrease the share of working children. However, shocks on adults increase idleness, while shocks on children increase full-time schooling. I provide evidence that poverty and employment composition pattern are two possible mechanisms behind the results. I also find that adverse shocks on children have positive effects on math scores in a standardized national exam (Saeb) and stronger effects for children living in rural areas.Trabalho infantil ainda é um problema relevante nos países em desenvolvimento e entender o modo como as famílias respondem a incentivos no mercado de trabalho decidindo como alocar o tempo das crianças tem importantes implicações em termos de política. Neste trabalho, eu exploro um choque plausivelmente exógeno sobre o mercado de trabalho causado pelo comércio internacional para avaliar como mudanças no retorno do trabalho afetam a alocação de tempo das crianças no Brasil. Para medir mudanças exógenas sobre os retornos do trabalho adulto e infantil, eu proponho uma estratégia que distingue entre choques no emprego que afetam diferentemente adultos e crianças. Os resultados sugerem um efeito assimétrico sobre as decisões das famílias com relação à alocação de tempo das crianças a depender da fonte do choque. Primeiramente, choques de importação sobre os trabalhadores adultos diminuem a proporção de crianças na escola, enquanto choques adversos sobre as crianças que trabalham têm um efeito positivo sobre a escolaridade, mas as estimativas não são estatisticamente significantes. Por outro lado, ambos os choques diminuem a proporção de crianças trabalhando. Entretanto, choques sobre os adultos aumentam a ociosidade, enquanto choques sobre as crianças aumentam a dedicação exclusiva aos estudos. Eu forneço evidências de que a pobreza e a composição do emprego são dois possíveis mecanismos por trás dos resultados. Eu encontro ainda que choques adversos nas crianças possuem efeitos positivos sobre a proficiência em matemática no exame nacional de avaliação do ensino básico (Saeb) e que os efeitos são mais fortes em crianças que moram nas áreas rurais
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Gottlieb, Udo R. "Trade show effectiveness and outcomes : a visitor's perspective /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19099.pdf.
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Sigge, Helena, and Sissy Viklund. "Trade shows from a SME perspective : an opportunity for internationalization?" Thesis, University of Kalmar, Baltic Business School, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-1730.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When SMEs have decided to internationalize their business, several different ways can be chosen to enable that process. In this research, trade shows exemplify an aid for internationalization at the same time as trade shows are portrayed as a good networking tool. Motives for participating in trade shows tend to vary; some companies see trade shows as an opportunity to launch new products and conduct sales whereas others consider trade shows as a good occasion to find new customers at the same time as they can maintain current customer relationships. Trade shows are furthermore a great opening to establish new business contacts, which consequently can provide an inroad into foreign markets. The aim with this dissertation is to analyze how SMEs use trade shows as a trigger or first step to internationalize and to investigate which role networking plays in a trade show context. Furthermore the aim of the study is to examine how SMEs’ networks affect their internationalization process. This research was carried out by conducting multiple-case studies of six companies from the region of Kalmar, Sweden. The results gained by the case studies confirmed that trade shows play an important role for SMEs when aiming to internationalize and expand the business network. Further, the case studies indicated that network connections are crucial for enabling the internationalization of SMEs.
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Da, Silva Talita, and Ana Friberg. "Importance of Trade Shows for International Expansion - A Network Approach." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33405.
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Johansson, Daniel, and Nicklas Bengtsson. "The silence at trade shows: : A case study at Hannover Messe." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Marketing and Logistics, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis studies the non-verbal communication such as the body language in the context of a trade show. The non-verbal communication is one of the primary conveyors of messages and trade shows are one of the major channels were firms attract new customers. However the combination of trade shows and non-verbal communication is overlooked. The method consists of interviews with visitors and observations of the booths and the visitors. The setting was chosen as the annual Hannover Messe were five booths of Swedish firms were studied. The result indicates that firms can further improve their body language. Suggested improvements involve to not having the sales representative work in the booth. This is remarked as a taboo by authors within the area; still this action commonly occurs. The booth design plays a prominent role in the visitor interactions so does the staffing. The way to approach a visitor is not differing much between the booths in the study however there are three possible ways to physically approach visitors as a sales representative. The best way has not been established and the visitor interviews gave a mixed result regarding this matter. Although the best way is not found all observed booths missed out on dialogs with prospective customers much due to that full attention was not directed towards the visitors. The authors want to emphasis on the adaptation towards visitor as an important pawn in the exhibiting, some sales representatives automatically does this.
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Gosztonyi, András. "Industrial trade shows, their role and spatial dimension in industrial restructuring." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq21878.pdf.
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Victor, Mofjell. "How could universities use trade shows better? : Exhibit marketing for universities." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33030.
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Victor, Mofjell. "Factors for universities to consider for trade shows : Exhibit marketing for universities." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-33031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates factors universities should consider when attending trade shows. The findings are based both on earlier studies, but also a research on this subject. The purpose of this study is to examine important aspects of exhibit marketing for universities which subsequently could be improved to improve the performance at a trade show. The findings of this study are that the booth staff, the layout of the booth, pre-show communication with the desired audience, among others, are important factors for universities to consider when attending trade show.
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Blythe, J. W. D. "Exhibitions as communication : a study of the role and effectiveness of trade shows." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2002. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/exhibitions-as-communication(cb254eec-9bc9-45ed-8b63-c2cf189be52d).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This overview relates to a research programme conducted over some eight years. The research concerns exhibitions and trade fairs, and examines the communications issues thereof from both the exhibitors' viewpoint and the visitors' viewpoint. The research was conducted from an interpretive viewpoint, using interviews and questionnaire surveys, and has both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The results of the research were mapped against models of communication and against traditional marketing models to assess the extent to which exhibitors are being realistic in their approach to exhibiting, given the characteristics and behaviour of visitors. This does not, of course, provide a definitive answer as to the effectiveness or potential effectiveness of exhibitions as communications tools. What it does show is that exhibitors are, in many cases, setting inappropriate objectives and harbouring unrealistic expectations. The conclusion of the research outlines a model of how exhibitions work as a communications device, and provides evidence that miscommunication is occurring between exhibitors and visitors due to a failure on the part of exhibitors to understand how exhibitions can be used to best effect. The model is almost certainly relevant to other areas of marketing communication, and offers a new way of understanding the communications process, particularly in business-to business contexts. The overall finding of the research is that the majority of exhibitors are almost certainly harbouring unrealistic expectations, in particular regarding selling objectives, and that exhibitors do not always evaluate their activities as effectively as they might (particularly SMEs). These unrealistic expectations of what exhibitions can do for them are likely to lead many of them to the conclusion that exhibitions are ineffective. From the visitor research it appears that exhibitions could be extremely effective in terms of communication objectives, but probably less so in terms of selling objectives: the overwhelming conclusion is that most exhibitors are directing their efforts in the wrong direction, and should (instead of concentrating on sales) be concentrating on other elements of the marketing mix.
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Solman, Linnea. "Making Investments in Trade Shows Effective : - How can they be made more effective?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32963.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how investments in trade shows can be made more effective. The method was a descriptive study build on primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were collected in an anonymous survey where 204 respondents were asked about their experience of trade shows and what attracts them. The secondary sources were collected from previous research collected from scientific articles. The theory indicated that more effective investments in trade shows could be made upon what the visitor requires and attracts of. The implication of the paper was that inspiration is the primary factor to visit trade shows and that a spectacular stand and dedicated and inviting people in the stand are the factors that attract the visitors. Therefor exhibitors ought to prioritise their resources to improve these factors. Another significant factor is to develop the company´s Internet approach in a strategic way pre- and post-show. Above all, that the exhibitor chooses trade shows within their industry.
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Meddah, Hayette. "On the choice of exchange rate regimes : the case of primary commodity exporting countries." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO22019.
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La première partie de la thèse se compose d'une recherche empirique visant à examiner si les producteurs de produits primaires s'adaptent mieux après un choc d'offre sous un régime de taux de change flottant. À l'aide d'un modèle VAR, j'ai trouvé que les régimes de taux de change flexible n'effectuent pas mieux à isoler l'économie des chocs externes. Par conséquent, la deuxième partie de la thèse vise à établir ou non si les régimes de taux de change fournissent certains avantages pour les pays exportateurs de produits primaires tels que le fait d'attirer les investissements directs a l'étranger. À l'aide de différentes estimations économétriques, les résultats montrent que les régimes de taux de change influencent les investissements directs à l'étranger et en particulier, les régimes de change fixes plutôt que les régimes plus flexiblesThe first part of dissertation consists of an empirical research aiming at investigating whether primary commodity producers perform better after a real shock with floating exchange rate regimes. Using a VAR model I found that flexible exchange rate regimes do not perform better at insulating the output from external shocks. Therefore, the second part of the dissertation aims at establishing whether or not exchange rate regimes provide certain benefit for those countries such as attracting foreign direct investments. Using panel data estimation techniques, I found that exchange rate regimes matters in attracting FDI and in particular fixed regimes rather than flexible regimes
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Zouri, Stéphane. "La Communauté économique des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest est-elle une zone monétaire optimale ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse de Doctorat étudie de manière empirique l’optimalité monétaire dans la CEDEAO. Elle est subdivisée en 4 chapitres et s’inscrit dans une démarche dynamique de la théorie des Zones Monétaires Optimales (ZMO). Le chapitre 1 montre que la théorie traditionnelle des ZMO ne permet pas de porter un jugement crédible et tranché sur la capacité des États ouest africains à former un espace monétaire optimal. En outre, il souligne l’ambiguïté des résultats obtenus dans les précédents travaux empiriques. Toutefois, ces travaux datent et la majorité d’entre eux sont statiques et omettent les changements structurels susceptibles d’intervenir dans la zone. Le chapitre 2 analyse le degré d’asymétrie des chocs au sein de la CEDEAO. Nous montrons que les économies de la région sont marquées par des degrés d’asymétries relativement élevés. Toutefois, nous soulignons la nécessité d’une analyse dynamique des chocs car une union monétaire qui est considérée dès le départ comme coûteuse peut au fil du temps devenir bénéfique. Le chapitre 3 identifie les déterminants de la synchronisation des cycles économiques dans la CEDEAO. Nous montrons que le commerce bilatéral et l’intégration financière sont des déterminants de la synchronisation des cycles économiques dans la région. De plus, nous montrons que la monnaie unique augmente la synchronisation des cycles économiques via les échanges bilatéraux. Le chapitre 4 analyse les mécanismes de lissage des revenus et de la consommation au sein de la CEDEAO. Nous montrons que l’aide publique au développement et l’épargne brute permettent de lisser les chocs asymétriques entre les pays de la CEDEAO. En outre, nous montrons que même si le degré de partage des risques a augmenté au fil du temps, il reste faible. Ainsi, la création d’un fonds budgétaire pourrait fournir un outil supplémentaire pour atténuer les chocs asymétriques dans la régionThis Ph.D. dissertation empirically investigates the optimality of a single currency in ECOWAS. It is subdivided into 4 chapters and is part of a dynamic approach to the theory of Optimum Currency Area (OCA). Chapter 1 shows that the traditional theory of OCA has not made it possible to make a credible and decisive judgement on the ability of West African states to form an OCA. In addition, it highlights the ambiguity of the results obtained in previous empirical works. However, these works are dated and the majority of them are static and omit the structural changes likely to occur in the area. Chapter 2 analyzes the degree of asymmetry of shocks within ECOWAS. We show that the economies of the region are marked by relatively high degrees of asymmetry. However, we stress the need to take into account the dynamic aspect of shocks, since a monetary union considered from the outset as costly can over time become beneficial. Chapter 3 identifies the determinants of synchronization of business cycles in ECOWAS. We show that bilateral trade and financial integration are determinants of the synchronization of business cycles in the region. In addition, we show that single currency increases the synchronization of business cycles through bilateral trade. Chapter 4 explores income and consumption smoothing patterns among ECOWAS. We show that official development assistance and gross savings smooth out asymmetric shocks between ECOWAS countries. Moreover, we show that even if the degree of risksharing has increased over time, it has remains limited. Thus, the creation of a supranational fiscal could provide an additional tool to mitigate asymmetric shocks in the region
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Taylor, Paul. "Responding to the shock of the new : trade, technology, and the changing production axis in film, television, and new media /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6202.
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Viljoen, Jean. "Marketing strategies for consumer electronics in China using trade fairs as entry point." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/994.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: China are one the fastest growing major markets in the world. Since joining the World Trade Organisation in 2002 China is officially open for business to the rest of the world. China is both a very lucrative market and a dangerous market to enter for various reasons. Trade fairs are an age old tradition in China and are still a very effective and widely used medium of trade in China. To the new entrant to the market, the trade fair offers a very effective and relatively inexpensive way for promoting your product to a wide and interested audience.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: China is een van die snel groeiende ekonomieë in die wêreld. Sedert sy aansluiting by die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie in 2002 is China amptelik oop vir besigheid vir die res van die wêreld. Om verskeie redes is China 'n baie winsgewende sowel as 'n gevaarlike mark om te betree. Handelskoue is 'n eeue ou tradisie in China en is steeds 'n algemene en baie effektiewe vorm van handel dryf. Vir die nuwe toetreder tot die mark bied die handelskou 'n relatiewe goedkoop manier om sy produk aan 'n wye gehoor bekend te stel.
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Choe, Kwang Yoon. "Differential impacts of oil price shock on small vs. large firms as a source of real effect on the economy /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060091.
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