Дисертації: "Trachops"

1

FONSECA, B. S. "Diversificação do gênero Trachops Gray, 1937: uma abordagem filogenética molecular mitocondrial e nuclear." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2014. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/3850.

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Pesquisas recentes têm mostrado que a abordagem molecular é uma poderosa ferramenta no reconhecimento de clados que podem ter escapado do reconhecimento pela taxonomia tradicional devido a sua convergência morfológica. Apesar de ser amplamente distribuído geograficamente e por ambientes distintos, Trachops é considerado um gênero monotípico. Questionamentos sobre o número de táxons que o gênero poderia abranger foram levantados anteriormente, entretanto os estudos permaneceram inconclusivos, continuando a hipótese de especiação críptica no gênero. Diante deste cenário, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a diversidade genética de Trachops, utilizando sequências de DNA mitocondriais e um nuclear de indivíduos da Mata Atlântica, do Cerrado, da Amazônia, da América Central e do México. Apesar do marcador nuclear não revelar polimorfismos suficientes para esclarecer a história da espécie, análises filogenéticas e populacionais, gerados pela análise do citocromo c oxidase I (COI) e citocromo b mostraram alta diversidade dentro do gênero, com forte estruturação geográfica. Os nove clados encontrados pelas análises do COI divergiram entre o Plioceno e o Pleistoceno e é possível que os clados que estão em zonas de simpatria tenham divergido em alopatria e restabelecido contato posteriormente. O Escudo das Guianas pode ter exercido influência na diversificação dos grupos amazônicos, bem como a Hipótese do Lago. Todavia, essas são especulações de prováveis fatores que possam ter contribuído para a diversidade do gênero. Aplicando-se o conceito filogenético de espécies, os clados encontrados poderiam ser diagnosticados como nove espécies válidas. A combinação com outros caracteres, como outro marcador nuclear e a morfologia, deve ser utilizada como complemento aos dados do DNA mitocondrial.

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2

Maria, Duarte do Rêgo Barros Helen. "Análise cariotípica em Lonchorhina aurita e Trachops cirrhosus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) usando diferentes técnicas citogenéticas." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2006. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/6566.

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Neste trabalho foram estudadas cromossomicamente as espécies de morcegos Phyllostomidae Lonchorhina aurita (Lonchorhininae) e Trachops cirrhosus (Phyllostominae). Diferentes técnicas citogenéticas foram usadas, incluindo análise convencional, bandeamentos G, C, coloração com nitrato de prata e fluorocromos base específicos. Dados da análise convencional obtidos para L. aurita e T. cirrhosus revelaram constituição cariotípica de 2n=32,XY (NF=60) e 2n=30,XY (NF=56), respectivamente. Estes resultados estão de acordo com aqueles descritos na literatura, exceto pela morfologia dos cromossomos sexuais, indicando variação cromossômica geográfica para essas espécies. Adicionalmente, sugere-se que a morfologia acrocêntrica do cromossomo X de T. cirrhosus constitui um caráter autapomórfico e possivelmente foi originada a partir de uma inversão pericêntrica. O bandeamento C revelou padrão pericentromérico de distribuição da HC em todos os autossomos e no X. O cromossomo Y foi quase totalmente heterocromático nas duas espécies. A coloração com AgNO3 revelou RONs localizadas no braço curto do par 13 em L. aurita e no braço longo do par 11 em T. cirrhosus. Nas duas espécies a coloração CMA3/DA/DAPI revelou padrões de bandas R evidenciados pelo CMA3, enquanto que o fluorocromo DAPI mostrou uma coloração uniforme em todos os cromossomos. As regiões heterocromáticas pericentroméricas de alguns cromossomos apresentaram uma marcação CMA3 +. A coloração seqüencial AgNO3/CMA3/DAPI revelou que as RONs são CMA3 positivas em L. aurita e CMA3 neutras em T. cirrhosus, indicando uma heterogeneidade quanto à composição de bases da HC nas RONs

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Camacho, Monge María Alejandra. "Systématique moléculaire et morphologique des chauves-souris Phyllostomidae : aperçus à partir des génomes mitochondriaux complets." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES111.

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Cette thèse explore la systématique moléculaire et morphologique des chauves-souris Phyllostomidées, utilisant des génomes mitochondriaux complets pour éclairer les relations évolutives, le statut taxonomique et la spéciation cryptique au sein de cette famille diverse. Dans le premier chapitre, je présente une phylogénie révisée des Phyllostomidae basée sur des génomes mitochondriaux complets de 26 espèces, dont 23 ont été nouvellement séquencées pour cette étude. Grâce à une analyse minutieuse, j'ai établi un cadre évolutif robuste qui clarifie les relations auparavant incertaines parmi les sous-familles, notamment celles des Lonchorhininae et des Macrotinae. Ce travail pose les bases pour une classification plus précise au sein de la famille. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur le genre Trachops, réévaluant son statut taxonomique à travers une approche intégrée combinant des données morphologiques, morphométriques et moléculaires. Nos découvertes suggèrent l'élévation de T. cirrhosus ehrhardti au rang d'espèce, reconnaissant sa distinction génétique et morphologique dans le sud-est du Brésil. En plus, je ne trouve aucun soutien pour maintenir T. c. coffini comme une sous-espèce distincte. Le genre Trachops comprendrait alors deux espèces monotypiques, T. cirrohosus et T. ehrhardti. Le troisième chapitre enquête sur la biodiversité et la spéciation cryptique potentielle au sein des genres Phylloderma et Macrophyllum, avec un accent particulier sur la révélation d'une nouvelle espèce cryptique d'Amérique centrale. Les analyses complètes indiquent la présence de deux clades fortement soutenus au sein de Phylloderma stenops et Macrophyllum macrophyllum, menant à la proposition d'élever la population d'Amérique centrale du Nord de Phylloderma, P. s. septentrionalis, au rang d'espèce, et l'introduction de Macrophyllum sp. nov., une nouvelle espèce endémique de la région. Cette thèse souligne la complexité de la diversité des chauves-souris Phyllostomidées et le rôle crucial des analyses moléculaires et morphologiques intégrées pour découvrir la diversité cachée. Cette contribution fournit une compréhension plus claire des processus de spéciation chez les chauves-souris tropicales, soulignant l'importance d'une classification taxonomique précise pour des stratégies de conservation efficaces
This thesis explores the molecular and morphological systematics of Phyllostomid bats, utilizing complete mitochondrial genomes to illuminate the evolutionary relationships, taxonomic status, and cryptic speciation within this diverse family. In the first chapter, I present a revised phylogeny of Phyllostomidae based on complete mitochondrial genomes from 26 species, 23 of which are newly sequenced for this study. Through meticulous analysis, I achieved a robust evolutionary framework that clarifies previously uncertain relationships among subfamilies, notably those of Lonchorhininae and Macrotinae. This work sets the stage for a more accurate classification within the family. The second chapter focuses on the genus Trachops, reassessing its taxonomic status through an integrated approach that combines morphological, morphometric, and molecular data. Our findings suggest the elevation of T. cirrhosus ehrhardti to species status, recognizing its genetic and morphological distinctiveness in southeastern Brazil. Additionally, I find no support for maintaining T. c. coffini as a distinct subspecies. The genus Trachops would then consist of two monotypic species, T. cirrohosus, and T. ehrhardti. Chapter three investigates the biodiversity and potential cryptic speciation within the genera Phylloderma and Macrophyllum, with a particular emphasis on revealing a new cryptic species from Central America. Our comprehensive analyses indicate the presence of two highly supported clades within both Phylloderma stenops and Macrophyllum macrophyllum, leading to the proposal of elevating the North Central American population of Phylloderma, P. s. septentrionalis, to species status, and the introduction of Macrophyllum sp. nov., a new species endemic to the region. This thesis underscores the complexity of Phyllostomid bat diversity and the critical role of integrated molecular and morphological analyses in uncovering hidden diversity. This contribution provides a clearer understanding of speciation processes in tropical bats, emphasizing the importance of accurate taxonomic classification for effective conservation strategies

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4

Kajbaf, Mohammad Javad. "Immunology of trachoma." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236213.

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5

Ngondi, Jeremiah Muriithi. "The epidemiology of trachoma and evaluation of trachoma control in southern Sudan." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613394.

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6

Hawkins, James David. "Computer simulation of trachoma." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.255761.

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7

Longuefosse, Olivier. "Bilan ultrastructural du trachome et perspectives actuelles." Bordeaux 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BOR25179.

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8

Blake, Isobel M. "Transmission dynamics and control of trachoma." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5605.

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Trachoma continues to be the leading cause of infectious blindness. Mass administration of antibiotics is part of the current control effort, an approach which is costly when drugs are not donated. Trachoma has been shown to cluster by household and therefore this unit could be a means to target treatment. This thesis shows that active inflammatory disease is a more sensitive marker of infection within an individual’s household than just in that individual. The potential impact of a more efficient, targeted treatment of households with at least one member with active disease depends on the relative contributions of community and household transmission of infection. A mathematical model of the household transmission of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was fitted to detailed demographic and prevalence data from four endemic populations, two in The Gambia and two in Tanzania. Maximum likelihood estimates of the household and community transmission coefficients were obtained. The estimated household transmission coefficient exceeded both the community transmission coefficient and the rate of clearance of infection by individuals in three of the study populations, indicating persistent transmission of infection within households. Allowing children and adults to have a different duration of infection improved the fit of the model to the data in three populations. For a given level of treatment coverage, targeting antibiotics to households with active disease was predicted to have similar post‐treatment dynamics to those observed after mass treatment but to be much more drug sparing. Using available cost data this approach was shown to be more cost effective when antibiotics are not donated. If targeting increases treatment coverage of diseased households, it was found to be more effective and more cost‐effective than mass treatment even if antibiotics are donated. Further work is now required to explore the feasibility of incorporating household targeted treatment into trachoma control programmes.

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9

Buchan, John Cameron. "Surgical aspects of the management of trachoma : evaluation of the National Trachoma Control programmes of five African countries." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429950.

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10

Bailey, Robin Leslie. "Studies on the epidemiology and immunology of human ocular chlamydial infection." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244730.

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11

Lansingh, Van Charles. "Primary health care approach to trachoma control in Aboriginal communities in Central Australia." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/984.

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This study concerned a primary health care approach to trachoma control in two Central Australian Aboriginal communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) has advocated that the best method to control trachoma is the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial hygiene, and Environmental improvements), and this approach was adopted.
The communities, Pipalyatjara and Mimili, with populations slightly less than 300 each, are located in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara (AP) lands of Central Australia, in the northwest corner of the South Australia territory. At Pipalyatjara, a full SAFE-type intervention was undertaken, with the ‘E’ component designed and implemented by the NHC (Nganampa Health Council Inc.). At Mimili, only a SAF-type of intervention was implemented.
Baseline data was gathered for 18 months from March 1999 through September 2000 (five visits to Pipalyatjara and four at Mimili), and included determining trachoma prevalence levels using the WHO system, facial cleanliness, and nasal discharge parameters. A trachoma health program was implemented at the end of this period and a one-time dose of azithromycin was given in September of 2000. The chief focus of the study was children under 15 years of age.
Improvements in road sealing, landscaping, and the creation of mounds were started to improve dust control. Concurrently, efforts were made in the houses of the residents to improve the nine healthy living practices, which were scored in two surveys, in March 1999 and August 2001. Trachoma prevalence, and levels of facial cleanliness and nasal discharge were determined at 3, 6, and 12 months following antibiotic administration.
In children less than 15 years of age, the pre-intervention prevalence level of TF (Trachoma Follicular) was 42% at Pipalyatjara, and 44% at Mimili. For the 1-9 year age group, the TF prevalence was 47% and 54% respectively. For TI (Trachoma Intense), the pre-intervention prevalence was 8% for Pipalyatjara, and 9% for Mimili. The TF prevalence, adjusted for clustering, and using only individuals present at baseline and follow-up (3, 6, and 12 months post-intervention), was 41.5%, 21.2%, 20.0%, and 20.0% at Pipalyatjara respectively. For Mimili, the corresponding prevalence figures were 43.5%, 18.2%, 18.2%, and 30%.
In the 1-9 year age group, a lower TF prevalence existed between the pre-intervention and 12-month post-intervention points at Pipalyatjara compared to Mimili. The TF prevalence after the intervention was also lower for males compared to females, when the cohorts were grouped by gender, rather than community. It is posited that reinfection was much higher at Mimili within this age group, however, in both communities, there appeared to be a core of females whose trachoma status did not change. This is speculated as mainly being caused by prolonged inflammation, though persistent infection C. Trachomatis cannot be ruled out.
Facial cleanliness and nasal discharge continued to improve throughout the intervention at both communities, but at the 3-month post-intervention point no longer became a good predictor of trachoma.
It is not known whether the improvements in the environment at Pipalyatjara were responsible for the reduction in trachoma prevalence 12 months after the intervention, relative to Mimili.

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Wright, Heathcote R. "Trachoma in Australia : an evaluation of the SAFE strategy and the barriers to its implementation /." Connect to thesis, 2007. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003844.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Opthalmology, 2007.
Typescript. SAFE Strategy refers to Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics for active infection, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvements. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-253). Also available electronically: http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00003844.

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13

Pecharatana, Suphut. "The application of molecular technology in the study of human chlamydia trachomatis infections." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295908.

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14

Чернобров, Іван Володимирович, Иван Владимирович Чернобров та Ivan Volodymyrovych Chernobrov. "К вопросу о борьбе с трахомой на Сумщине". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14504.

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15

Emerson, Paul Michael. "Ecology and control of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens." Thesis, Durham University, 2001. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3995/.

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The work described in this thesis was conducted In rural Gambia and builds a body of evidence Incriminating the fly Musca sorbens as a vector of the blinding disease, trachoma, which is caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. Literature on hygiene promotion, environmental change and flies and trachoma is reviewed in the context of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control advocated by the World Health Organization M. sorbens was present throughout the year in trachoma endemic communities; was responsible for the majority of fly-eye contacts; C. trachomatis DNA was found on it; and trachoma transmission dropped when they were removed from the environment. In a large cluster-randomised trial communities receiving fly control with insecticide for six months had a mean reduction in trachoma prevalence of 56% (95% Cl 19-93%; P=0.01) compared to controls and 37% (4-70%; P=0.068) fewer new prevalent cases of trachoma. Breeding media choice experiments showed that isolated human faeces were the preferred larval medium for M. sorbens and were capable of supporting the production of large numbers of adults. However, other animal faeces were also able to support M. sorbens development. This suggested that a community-based strategy to reduce the quantity of human faeces on the soil surface by providing latrines would have the effect of reducing the population of M. sorbens, and hence reduce fly-eye contact and trachoma transmission. The provision of latrines gave encouraging results, which were not statistically significant; 30% less active trachoma than controls after six months (-22-81%; P=0.210) and 28% (-5-60%; P=0.146) fewer new prevalent cases. Provision of latrines warrants further investigation as a method to control trachoma, particularly when used in conjunction with other control methods. The potential role of fly control in the SAFE strategy for trachoma control is discussed.

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16

Schémann, Jean-François. "Le trachome et la xérophtalmie en Afrique, deux maladies de société." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR21003.

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Nous présentons trois cartographies nationales du trachome au Mali, au Burkina Faso et au Sénégal réalisées entre 1994 et 2002 et nous émettons des hypothèses pour expliquer la diminution de l'endémie au Sénégal ainsi que le caractère plus cécitant du trachome des zones les plus humides du sud. L'importance de l'hygiène et de l'accès à l'eau ainsi que le rôle des mouches et de la propreté du milieu sont mis en évidence. La maladie reste fortement liée au bas niveau socio économique et à l'absence d'éducation. Poyur cibler les zones plus touchées nous avons testé une méthode d'appréciation rapide du trachome qui ne devrait être utilisée que dans ce but et non pour des études épidémiologiques. La chirurgie du trichiasis est l'un des éléments de la stratégie "CHANCE" visant à prévenir la cécité due au trachome. La méthode de Trabut reste la technique de référence en Afrique francophone zr doit devenir accessible auu plous grand nombre grâce à une offre de proximité. La distribution d'azithromycine permet de diminuer la prévalence de l'affection. Plusieurs stratégies ont été testées. Avec les taux de prévalence du Mali, la stratégie traitant les femmes et les enfants est aussi efficace que la stratégie de masse. Lorsque les prévalences baisseront, il deviendra moins coûteux de distribuer aux concessions où un enfant est malade. L'amélioration de l'hygiène et de l'environnement doivent impérativement accompagner la pression antibiotique afin d'éviter une réemergence du trachome. Ces mesures sont étroitement dépendantes du développement économique et de l'éducation des femmes. Après avoir décrit la xérophtalmie et ses facteurs de risque, nous rapportons une cartographie de l'affection au Mali et les résultats d'une enquête clinique et biologique au pays Dogon. Une étude d'intervention au même lieu a démontré l'efficacité de la distribution de vitamine A au cours des JNV. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la xérophtalmie était un facteur de risque pour le trachome
Résults of trachoma and xerophtalmia surveys in Mali and neibouring countries between 1994 and 2002 are recorded. A brief natural history of the disease and its blinding and disabling consequences is given. A national mapping was performed in Mali, Burkina Faso and Sénégal. Trachoma diminishing in Senegal could be explained by better socio economic conditions. Hypothesis on the more severe blinding consequences of the disease in the southern humid regions are given. A risk factors study emphasises the role of hygiene and water supply. It confirm the effect of flies and domestic cleaneliness. The illness is strongly linked to a bad socio economic conditions and to a low educational level. For targeting places that need to be treated we tested a trachoma rapid assessment method that should not be used for zpidemiological purpose. Trichiasis surgery is one of the arm of the "SAFE" strategy fir preventing trachoma blindness. The Trabut method ; the reference technique in French speaking African countries, should become accessible to all and be offered at the closest level. Azithromycin distribution diminishes trachoma prevalence. Different strategies have been tested. At the Malian prevalence level, treating children and women is so effective as mass treatment. When prevalence will diminish the household targeted strategy will become less costly. Hygien and environment should imperatively be improved when antibiotic will be distributed. If not, a re-emergence of trachoma will be observed. This improvement is strongly linked to economic development and to women education. After describing xerophtalmia and its risk factors we report a mapping study performed in Mali and the results of a clinical and biological study carried out in the Dogon country. Effectiveness of vitamin A distribution during NIDs was demobnstrated by an intervention study in the same place. The diagnostic of xerophtalmia appeared to be associated with active trachoma

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Stocks, Nigel. "Trachoma and visual impairment in the Anangu Pitjantjatjara of South Australia /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mds865.pdf.

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18

Harding-Esch, Emma Michele. "Trachoma control and elimination field studies in the Gambia and Sengal." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536939.

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19

Burton, Matthew John. "Studies of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and control of trachoma in the Gambia." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407979.

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20

Derrick, T. "The role of epigenetics and type 2 epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in trachoma." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3141182/.

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Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and is initiated by repeated infection of the conjunctiva with Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). In some individuals this causes chronic inflammation and fibrosis that progresses in the absence of Ct. The work presented in this thesis sought to determine the role and contribution of miRNA and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in various stages of trachomatous disease. Epithelial cells did not differentially express miRNA at 48 hours post infection with virulent plasmid-competent and avirulent plasmid-free ocular strains of Ct. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors were increased in response to virulent Ct infection but the induction of EMT was not detected in response to either strain. In a set of 161 samples from children living in a trachoma hyper-endemic region in Guinea-Bissau, miR-155 was upregulated in children with active trachoma and current Ct infection and miR-184 was downregulated in children with active trachoma with and without Ct infection. In a set of 194 samples from adults in The Gambia, miR-1285 and miR-147b were upregulated in inflammatory trachomatous scarring. Differential expression of these miR indicates the regulation of inflammation, wound healing and cell proliferation pathways. Immunohistochemistry was used to study conjunctival biopsies from Tanzanian adults with trachomatous trichiasis and found increased epithelial expression of the pro-inflammatory mediator and antimicrobial peptide S100A7 and connective tissue growth factor. Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β expression was increased in the subepithelium relative to controls. Trichiasis cases had increased disruption of collagen deposition patterns and increased sub-clinical inflammatory cell infiltrates, but no differences in epithelial atrophy and myofibroblasts were detected relative to controls. There was no evidence for the occurrence of EMT in biopsy tissue from trachomatous trichiasis cases. These data suggest that EMT does not have a major role in conjunctival fibrosis and highlight the importance of inflammation in trachomatous pathology.

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Tagoh, Selassie. "Prevalence of trachoma and risk factors for disease in Benue State, Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29851.

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Background: Trachoma is a common contagious bacterial eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovariants A, B, Ba or C. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and is responsible for about 3% of global blindness. World Health Organization (WHO) reports suggest that of the 2.2 million people who have been rendered visually impaired worldwide by trachoma, 1.2 million are irreversibly blind while an additional 7.3 million people are suffering from trachomatous trichiasis (TT) and are at risk of developing blindness. According to WHO 2007 reports, globally about 84 million people suffer from active trachoma while an estimated 299 million people still live in trachoma endemic districts. In order to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, The Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) was initiated on 23 July 2012 as a first step in generating population-level prevalence estimates of the disease so as to determine the need for intervention. Between 2013 and 2015, the GTMP mapped suspected endemic districts including Benue state of Nigeria. This current study took advantage of this data to generate prevalence information on Trachomatous inflammation Follicular (TF) and Trichiasis for Benue state and to describe the some of the household risk factors associated with the disease. The thesis is structured in three parts 0(Preamble), A (Protocol), B (Literature Review), C (Article) and D (Appendix). Methods: A two-stage cluster random sampling technique was utilized in a population based prevalence survey to generate estimates for TF and Trichiasis. Results: Overall unadjusted prevalence of TF among persons 1-9 years was 2.00% (95% CI: 1.20 – 2.98) and that of trichiasis among persons ≥15 years was 0.11% (95% CI 0.06 – 0.12). Trichiasis was more prevalent among adult women 0.05% (95% CI: 0.03 – 0.07) compared to males 0.03 % (95% CI: 0.02 – 0.05), (p=0.13). LGA-level prevalence of TF and Trichiasis among persons 1-9 years and persons ≥15 years ranged from 0.30% (95% CI: 0.1–0.5) to 5.30% (95% CI: 3.30–7.70) and 0.00% to 0.35% (95% CI: 0.12–0.50) respectively. Two LGAs had trichiasis prevalence above 0.2%. TF prevalence was between 5% and 9.9% in 2 LGAs. The common risk factors identified included age, sex, inaccessibility to water and latrine facility. Adults ≥15 years were 8.94(95%CI: 2.79 – 29.64) times more likely to have trichiasis compared to persons between 1-9 years of age. Conclusion: Trachoma was found to be a public health problem in 3 LGAs of Benue state. One round of mass antibiotic distribution will be required in 2 LGAs. With an estimated trichiasis backlog of 1,064, about 173 individuals with trichiasis needed to be managed to reduce the prevalence to less than the elimination threshold.

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Gross, Linda L. "Oromo Ethiopians Perceptions of the Prevalence, Causes, Treatment and Prevention of Trachoma." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7803.

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In Ethiopia, one of the primary contributors to blindness is trachoma, which is an infectious ocular disease. There is no record of any prevention programs in rural Ethiopian villages of Oromia, where the prevalence of trachoma is high. The original purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions of rural Oromo villagers in Ethiopia on the causes, treatment, and prevention of trachoma, using the health belief model and the social-ecological model as a theoretical framework. Due to a security situation in Ethiopia, final interviews were conducted with immigrant Ethiopians in the US, all of them from the trachoma-endemic rural areas of Oromia, all now living in Phoenix, Arizona. Results showed that this sample of former villagers had limited knowledge of the causes, prevention or treatment of trachoma, and could not recognize, or differentiate it from other eye diseases. The participants had some knowledge of governmental and nongovernmental efforts to control trachoma in their home country - through education and pit latrines. They also knew about the limitations of those programs. All reported that people would be willing to attend classes for trachoma prevention if held at a convenient time and place. These results may be useful in preparing a program to prevent trachoma in rural Ethiopia, and reduce blindness in this population, enabling more individuals to become educated and contributing to their community's well-being. Since trachoma is highly infectious, and participants in this study come from a trachoma-endemic area and do not know how to recognize it for themselves, the need for screening for trachoma on arrival in the US should be examined in more detail.

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Mwangi, Grace Wangari. "Post-operative Trachomatous Trichiasis in Africa: a systematic review and online survey." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30108.

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Background High incidence of post-operative trichiasis and other poor outcomes after surgery in most trachoma-endemic settings poses a major challenge to global elimination of trachoma. This systematic review aimed to assess the incidence of post-operative trichiasis and other poor outcomes of trichiasis surgery in Africa, based on findings of observational and interventional studies. Search methods We searched PubMed, Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL and Health Source Nursing through EBSCOhost, Web of Science [all databases], and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant studies on the subject. We also searched the reference lists of included studies to identify further potentially relevant studies. We included all observational and interventional studies that measured post-operative trichiasis as one of the primary outcomes. Only studies conducted in Africa were included in this review. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts, selected and assessed the articles for inclusion in this review. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion or by consulting a third reviewer. Where necessary, the corresponding authors of included studies were contacted to provide any missing data. Our primary outcome was post-operative trichiasis, which was defined as any eyelash touching the globe at different time points after surgery. Main results Thirty-five studies, including 12,943 participants, met the inclusion criteria. A number of the studies included in this review utilized the same data to measure the incidence of post-operative trichiasis and other poor outcomes over different follow-up periods. Overall, a review of the included studies revealed a pattern of high incidence of post-operative trichiasis and other poor outcomes ranging from 2.3 at 6 weeks to 65% at 7 years. This incidence varied by type of study design, surgical procedure and technique used as well as the follow up period among other factors.

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West, Emily S. "Risk factors for trichiasis recurrence in a trachoma-endemic area of central Tanzania." Available to US Hopkins community, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/dlnow/3068228.

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25

Chevalier, Dominique. "Les trachees en fourreau de sabre : analyse video-endoscopique, correlations morphologiques et fonctionnelles." Angers, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ANGE1020.

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26

Meneghim, Roberta Lilian Fernandes de Sousa [UNESP]. "O Tracoma no Município de Botucatu - Estado de São Paulo: medidas de Detecção, Educação em Saúde, Prevenção e Tratamento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138394.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O tracoma ainda figura entre as grandes causas de cegueira do mundo, sendo a principal causa de cegueira evitável e a principal causa de cegueira corneana. No Brasil, por vários anos, acreditou-se que a doença havia sido erradicada, o que impediu seu ensino nas escolas médicas e diminuiu a busca ativa, aumentando o número de pessoas não tratadas e portadoras da doença. Além disso, os fatores que mantém a doença no meio ambiente precisam ser detectados para melhor controle da mesma. Diante destes fatos, desenvolveu-se este estudo com os objetivos de promover educação em saúde; prevenir a cegueira por tracoma detectando e tratando os casos da doença; descrever o perfil socioeconômico dos portadores da doença no município de Botucatu; pesquisar a presença de vetores da doença e da bactéria causadora de tracoma nesses vetores. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido na cidade de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo - Brasil no ano de 2010. Um grupo composto por oito estudantes do curso de graduação em Medicina ou Enfermagem e duas agentes de saúde foi treinado por dois oftalmologistas para detectar e tratar o tracoma na população, segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Após treinamento, foi realizado trabalho de campo, com exame de uma amostra aleatorizada de 3568 crianças, calculada baseando-se nos dados históricos da prevalência de tracoma em Botucatu e no número de crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental das escolas municipais. A unidade primária de amostra foi a classe, examinado-se todas as crianças da classe sorteada. O diagnóstico foi clínico, com eversão palpebral à procura de folículos em conjuntivas tarsais superiores usando-se lupa binocular de 2,5 vezes de aumento e iluminação artificial (lanterna). As crianças com tracoma inflamatório foram tratadas com Azitromicina, 20 mg/kg de peso e visitadas em suas casas para aplicação de um questionário...
Trachoma still ranks among the major causes of blindness in the world, being the leading cause of preventable blindness and the leading cause of corneal blindness. In Brazil, for several years, it was believed that the disease had been eradicated, which prevented the searching and the teaching of the disease in medical schools and decreased the active search, increasing the number of untreated people and affected by the disease. Furthermore, the maintenance factors of the disease in the environment must be detected for its better control. Based on these facts, this study was developed with the objectives of promoting health education; prevent blindness from trachoma detecting and treating cases of the disease; describe the socioeconomic profile of disease carriers in Botucatu; search for the presence of vectors of the disease and for the bacterium which causes trachoma in these vectors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Botucatu, state of São Paulo - Brazil in 2010. A group of eight students from the graduation course in Medicine or in Nursing and two health workers was trained by two ophthalmologists to detect and how to treat trachoma in the population, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). After training, a fieldwork was conducted by the exam of a random sample of 3568 children, calculated based on historical data of the prevalence of trachoma in Botucatu and on the number of children enrolled in primary education in municipal schools. The primary unit of the sample was the class, and all children from the selected class were examined. The diagnosis was clinical, with eyelid eversion looking for follicles on the superior tarsal conjunctiva by using a 2.5-fold increase binocular magnifier lenses and artificial light (flashlight). Children with inflammatory trachoma were treated with Azithromycin, 20 mg/kg of weight and visited at home for a socioeconomic questionnaire ...

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Meneghim, Roberta Lilian Fernandes de Sousa. "O Tracoma no Município de Botucatu - Estado de São Paulo : medidas de Detecção, Educação em Saúde, Prevenção e Tratamento /." Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138394.

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Orientador: Silvana Artioli Schellini
Banca: Antônio Augusto Velasco e Cruz
Banca: Norma Helen Medina
Banca: Lucieni Cristina Barbarini Ferra
Banca: Edson Nacib Jorge
Resumo: O tracoma ainda figura entre as grandes causas de cegueira do mundo, sendo a principal causa de cegueira evitável e a principal causa de cegueira corneana. No Brasil, por vários anos, acreditou-se que a doença havia sido erradicada, o que impediu seu ensino nas escolas médicas e diminuiu a busca ativa, aumentando o número de pessoas não tratadas e portadoras da doença. Além disso, os fatores que mantém a doença no meio ambiente precisam ser detectados para melhor controle da mesma. Diante destes fatos, desenvolveu-se este estudo com os objetivos de promover educação em saúde; prevenir a cegueira por tracoma detectando e tratando os casos da doença; descrever o perfil socioeconômico dos portadores da doença no município de Botucatu; pesquisar a presença de vetores da doença e da bactéria causadora de tracoma nesses vetores. Material e Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido na cidade de Botucatu, estado de São Paulo - Brasil no ano de 2010. Um grupo composto por oito estudantes do curso de graduação em Medicina ou Enfermagem e duas agentes de saúde foi treinado por dois oftalmologistas para detectar e tratar o tracoma na população, segundo as recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Após treinamento, foi realizado trabalho de campo, com exame de uma amostra aleatorizada de 3568 crianças, calculada baseando-se nos dados históricos da prevalência de tracoma em Botucatu e no número de crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental das escolas municipais. A unidade primária de amostra foi a classe, examinado-se todas as crianças da classe sorteada. O diagnóstico foi clínico, com eversão palpebral à procura de folículos em conjuntivas tarsais superiores usando-se lupa binocular de 2,5 vezes de aumento e iluminação artificial (lanterna). As crianças com tracoma inflamatório foram tratadas com Azitromicina, 20 mg/kg de peso e visitadas em suas casas para aplicação de um questionário...
Abstract: Trachoma still ranks among the major causes of blindness in the world, being the leading cause of preventable blindness and the leading cause of corneal blindness. In Brazil, for several years, it was believed that the disease had been eradicated, which prevented the searching and the teaching of the disease in medical schools and decreased the active search, increasing the number of untreated people and affected by the disease. Furthermore, the maintenance factors of the disease in the environment must be detected for its better control. Based on these facts, this study was developed with the objectives of promoting health education; prevent blindness from trachoma detecting and treating cases of the disease; describe the socioeconomic profile of disease carriers in Botucatu; search for the presence of vectors of the disease and for the bacterium which causes trachoma in these vectors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Botucatu, state of São Paulo - Brazil in 2010. A group of eight students from the graduation course in Medicine or in Nursing and two health workers was trained by two ophthalmologists to detect and how to treat trachoma in the population, according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). After training, a fieldwork was conducted by the exam of a random sample of 3568 children, calculated based on historical data of the prevalence of trachoma in Botucatu and on the number of children enrolled in primary education in municipal schools. The primary unit of the sample was the class, and all children from the selected class were examined. The diagnosis was clinical, with eyelid eversion looking for follicles on the superior tarsal conjunctiva by using a 2.5-fold increase binocular magnifier lenses and artificial light (flashlight). Children with inflammatory trachoma were treated with Azithromycin, 20 mg/kg of weight and visited at home for a socioeconomic questionnaire ...
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Ferraz, Lucieni Cristina Barbarini. "Tracoma em crianças do Ensino Fundamental do município de Bauru - Estado de São Paulo, Brasil /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102328.

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Orientador: Silvana Artioli Schellini
Banca: Marino Scarpi
Banca: Norma Helen Medina
Banca: Ivete Dalben
Banca: Carlos Roberto Padovani
Resumo: Tendo em vista que o Tracoma é causa de cegueira e que há cinco anos não havia nenhum caso notificado no Município de Bauru - São Paulo, foi realizado o presente estudo que teve por objetivo determinar a prevalência de tracoma e as características de seus portadores, assim como estabelecer um programa de controle da doença para Bauru. Material e método: foi realizado um estudo transversal, aleatorizado, nas escolas estaduais de Bauru, São Paulo. Foram examinadas 1749 crianças do ensino fundamental, de 6 a 14 anos, durante o ano de 2005. As escolas foram escolhidas por sorteio, de acordo com o número de estudantes e de acordo com a localização dentro do setor da cidade (centro, região intermediária e periferia). O diagnóstico dos casos foi clínico, seguindo as normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde, confirmado laboratorialmente em três pacientes que apresentavam o diagnóstico de Tracoma folicular, pelo método da imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis. A associação entre presença de doença e características dos portadores foi feita usando o teste de Goodman, teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e estatística descritiva. Todos os casos foram tratados com azitromicina oral, em dose única, e foram acompanhados periodicamente. Resultados: A prevalência de Tracoma inflamatório foi de 3,77%, tendo sido diagnosticado Tracoma folicular em 3,71% e Tracoma intenso em 0,06% das crianças examinadas. As crianças com Tracoma moravam principalmente na região intermediária e periférica da cidade, áreas onde o fornecimento de água pode ser descontínuo e o tratamento do esgoto pode estar ausente. Meninos e meninas foram acometidos de forma semelhante. Prurido e ardor ocular foram sintomas que estavam relacionados com a presença da doença. Foram detectados 175 comunicantes com o diagnóstico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Trachoma is one of cause of blindness. The last five years there were no cases detected in Bauru, São Paulo. The purpose of this study aimed to determine the prevalence of trachoma in schoolchildren in Bauru and to establish a control program of this disease in Bauru. Material and methods: A transversal random study was carried out in state schools of Bauru, São Paulo. One thousand seven hundred and forty nine children were examined at fundamental classes, between six to fourteen years old during the year 2005. The schools were chosen by random, according to the number of scholar children and the school region and it was represented by section of the city (downtown, middle and periphery). The diagnosis of the cases was clinical, it was according to the World Health Organization protocol, and three patients with clinical follicular trachoma had laboratory confirmation. The laboratory technique chosen was direct smear fluorescent antibodies cytology for Chlamydia trachomatis. The association study among trachoma and relatives variables was done by Goodman test, Kruskal-Wallis test and descriptive statistics. All cases were treated with Azitromycin orally and they had followed up periodically. Results: The sample was composed of 1749 children and the trachoma prevalence was 3,77%. Follicular trachoma was diagnosed in 3,71% of children, and intense trachoma in one child (0,06%). The children with trachoma were living mainly in the middle and periphery region of the city, regions with discontinuous water supply and absent sewerage system. Itching and burning were complains more related to trachoma. One hundred and seventy five contacts were found and were clinic diagnostic with the disease. Conclusion: The Trachoma prevalence in Bauru - São Paulo State is 3,77%. A control program is development to treat ant detect the contacts. This way, there was a bauruense community mobilization to prevent Trachoma blindness in the municipal district.
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Ameline-Chalumeau, Barbara. "Prevalence de la xerophtalmie et du trachome chez les enfants au senegal : enquete chez les enfants de deux a six ans du bassin arachidier." Reims, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REIMM018.

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Sams, Kelley Cosby. "The Elimination of Blindness: An Ethnographic Exploration of the Fight Against Trachoma in Niger." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4759.

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The goal of this study is to explore specialized and popular cultural models of trachoma, and the interaction between the trachoma elimination program and its target audience in one trachoma hyper-endemic intervention community. Eighty four million people worldwide, mainly children, are infected with active bacterial trachoma. For some, this will lead to painful and progressive corneal opacity and eventual blindness. The disease is most commonly spread by person-to-person contact or by flies, and affects very specific populations living in resource-poor areas such as rural Niger, which has one of the highest prevalence rates worldwide. The World Health Organization formed an alliance that is working toward the goal of eliminating blinding trachoma globally by 2020 through a strategy that includes behavior change communication, drug distribution, and surgery. The elimination program has been at work in Niger since the late 1990's. Trachoma prevalence in Niger showed a dramatic reduction during the beginning of the elimination program. However, disease prevalence has again increased and, at the time of this study, was nearing pre-intervention levels. While poverty is closely related to trachoma, the processes by which this economic state becomes translated into health impacts are complex, but rely on behaviors that are directly linked to disease transmission, prevention, and progression. From a social science perspective, these health behaviors can be studied by exploring the influence of both macro- (economics, structural, political), and micro- (cultural, cognitive, meaning-related) level factors. Cultural models are useful in examining the human relationship with infectious disease and how health-related decisions are made. These shared representations are drawn upon to negotiate well-being and disease, and are impacted by the introduction of new ideas or experiences. This study investigates cultural models of illness and the impact of the trachoma elimination program in one high-prevalence community in rural southern Niger. Using an ethnographic approach, which includes observation, in-depth interviews, and household surveys, data were gathered describing popular representations of the program and the disease in the research community. The main findings of this study show that the biomedical model of trachoma supported by the elimination program, amadari, has entered popular knowledge. However, this cultural model is not regularly applied to eye disease actually experienced by study households, which is seen to fit in the more general and more natural category of ciwon ido. Although the new treatments introduced for trachoma have been embraced by the intervention community, the use of the treatments has been modified to fit within popular representations of illness.

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Ferraz, Lucieni Cristina Barbarini [UNESP]. "Tracoma em crianças do Ensino Fundamental do município de Bauru - Estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102328.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ferraz_lcb_dr_botfm.pdf: 1272413 bytes, checksum: e6358f733b6708125fc92291189f5991 (MD5)
Tendo em vista que o Tracoma é causa de cegueira e que há cinco anos não havia nenhum caso notificado no Município de Bauru - São Paulo, foi realizado o presente estudo que teve por objetivo determinar a prevalência de tracoma e as características de seus portadores, assim como estabelecer um programa de controle da doença para Bauru. Material e método: foi realizado um estudo transversal, aleatorizado, nas escolas estaduais de Bauru, São Paulo. Foram examinadas 1749 crianças do ensino fundamental, de 6 a 14 anos, durante o ano de 2005. As escolas foram escolhidas por sorteio, de acordo com o número de estudantes e de acordo com a localização dentro do setor da cidade (centro, região intermediária e periferia). O diagnóstico dos casos foi clínico, seguindo as normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde, confirmado laboratorialmente em três pacientes que apresentavam o diagnóstico de Tracoma folicular, pelo método da imunofluorescência indireta para detecção de Chlamydia trachomatis. A associação entre presença de doença e características dos portadores foi feita usando o teste de Goodman, teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e estatística descritiva. Todos os casos foram tratados com azitromicina oral, em dose única, e foram acompanhados periodicamente. Resultados: A prevalência de Tracoma inflamatório foi de 3,77%, tendo sido diagnosticado Tracoma folicular em 3,71% e Tracoma intenso em 0,06% das crianças examinadas. As crianças com Tracoma moravam principalmente na região intermediária e periférica da cidade, áreas onde o fornecimento de água pode ser descontínuo e o tratamento do esgoto pode estar ausente. Meninos e meninas foram acometidos de forma semelhante. Prurido e ardor ocular foram sintomas que estavam relacionados com a presença da doença. Foram detectados 175 comunicantes com o diagnóstico...
Trachoma is one of cause of blindness. The last five years there were no cases detected in Bauru, São Paulo. The purpose of this study aimed to determine the prevalence of trachoma in schoolchildren in Bauru and to establish a control program of this disease in Bauru. Material and methods: A transversal random study was carried out in state schools of Bauru, São Paulo. One thousand seven hundred and forty nine children were examined at fundamental classes, between six to fourteen years old during the year 2005. The schools were chosen by random, according to the number of scholar children and the school region and it was represented by section of the city (downtown, middle and periphery). The diagnosis of the cases was clinical, it was according to the World Health Organization protocol, and three patients with clinical follicular trachoma had laboratory confirmation. The laboratory technique chosen was direct smear fluorescent antibodies cytology for Chlamydia trachomatis. The association study among trachoma and relatives variables was done by Goodman test, Kruskal-Wallis test and descriptive statistics. All cases were treated with Azitromycin orally and they had followed up periodically. Results: The sample was composed of 1749 children and the trachoma prevalence was 3,77%. Follicular trachoma was diagnosed in 3,71% of children, and intense trachoma in one child (0,06%). The children with trachoma were living mainly in the middle and periphery region of the city, regions with discontinuous water supply and absent sewerage system. Itching and burning were complains more related to trachoma. One hundred and seventy five contacts were found and were clinic diagnostic with the disease. Conclusion: The Trachoma prevalence in Bauru - São Paulo State is 3,77%. A control program is development to treat ant detect the contacts. This way, there was a bauruense community mobilization to prevent Trachoma blindness in the municipal district.

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Marks, Michael Edward. "Epidemiology of yaws in the Solomon Islands and the impact of a trachoma control programme." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3149251/.

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Yaws is a re-emerging endemic treponemal infection. The Pacific Islands are believed to be a major focus of yaws worldwide. WHO has recently developed a strategy for global yaws eradication based predominantly on community mass treatment with azithromycin at a dose of 30mg/kg (max 2g). Mass treatment with azithromycin is also key to the WHO strategy for trachoma elimination, although the dose used is lower (20mg/kg – max 1g). In areas where trachoma and yaws are co-endemic, mass treatment of populations as part of trachoma control programmes might aid yaws eradication efforts, but could also have negative consequences if drug resistance were to be encouraged. Prior to mass treatment with azithromycin, the prevalence of clinical and serological evidence of yaws in the Solomon Islands was found to be high. Household contact with a seropositive individual was a strong risk factor for infection, especially if the contact also had an active skin lesion. Village level seroprevalence was shown to be the strongest risk factor for infection. Haemophilus ducreyi was identified as the likely cause of a large proportion of ulcerative skin lesions amongst children, which were clinically indistinguishable from those of yaws. A single round of mass treatment with azithromycin at a dose of 20mg/kg significantly decreased the prevalence of both clinical signs of yaws and serological evidence of active infection. This effect was shown to extend to at least 18 months after mass treatment in the absence of any further intervention. Not receiving treatment with azithromycin was the major risk factor for seropositivity following MDA at both 6 and 18 months of follow-up. A rapid diagnostic test for syphilis was shown to also have potential value for use in yaws. The sensitivity of the test was strongly associated with the antibody titre on gold standard testing, suggesting the test may be most appropriate for testing individuals with suspected active yaws where antibody titres are higher. Mathematical modelling data were used to establish the minimum number of rounds and coverage that are likely to be required to interrupt transmission. Consistent with the findings of the post-MDA prevalence surveys, the model predicted that high coverage – ideally above 80% - is likely to be required to interrupt transmission. This PhD has addressed several key questions about the epidemiology of yaws. Even within endemic populations, the disease is highly focal. Integration of rapid diagnostic tests into routine surveillance may help improve data quality and guide yaws elimination efforts at a national level. Given the strong association between coverage of mass treatment and risk of infection, new strategies to increase the reach of yaws eradication strategies are needed. Mathematical modelling may be of use in informing the design of these interventions.

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Macharelli, Carlos Alberto [UNESP]. "Aspectos epidemiológicos do tracoma em crianças do ensino fundamental do minicípio de Bauru-SP: a utilização do geoprocessamento na priorização de recursos do setor saúde." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102325.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O tracoma ainda é um importante problema de saúde pública, causando morbidade, deficiência visual e cegueira em diversos países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Em 2006 foi realizado um estudo transversal nas escolas estaduais na de Bauru, estado de São Paulo, que revelou uma prevalência de 3,7% de tracoma no município. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento espacial da ocorrência dos casos de tracoma detectados na cidade de Bauru pelo referido estudo, a fim de utilizar as informações apuradas para definir áreas prioritárias para a otimização dos recursos do setor Saúde. Para atingirmos nossos objetivos lançamos mão de uma ferramenta que é o geoprocessamento em saúde ‐ uma das maneiras de se conhecer mais detalhadamente as condições de saúde da população através de mapas que permitem observar a distribuição espacial de situações de risco e dos problemas de saúde. A quantificação dos fenômenos observados pode ser feita de várias formas, sendo a estimativa de Kernel uma delas. Esse procedimento permite filtrar a variabilidade de um conjunto de dados, sem alterar as suas características locais. Os casos de tracoma foram georreferenciados com uso do GPS e depois as coordenadas transformadas em latitudes e longitudes decimais, com o auxílio do TCGeo. As análises espaciais foram feitas com o TerraView, utilizando‐se os pontos dos casos, das escolas, e dados do censo IBGE 2000, contidos nos CD‐Rom: Base de informações por setor censitário, Censo demográfico 2000, Resultados do Universo. Bauru. IBGE, 2002. O protocolo empregado possibilitou que todas as crianças detectadas pelo estudo de Ferraz (2006) fossem visitadas pela equipe executora do presente e georeferenciadas usando aparelho de GPS. As crianças que fizeram parte da amostra apresentavam média de idade de 8.5 anos, eram na sua maioria do sexo masculino e...
Trachoma still is an important issue for public health; it increases morbidity, causing visual deficiency and blindness in several underdeveloped or developing countries. In 2006, a transversal study was carried out among public schools in Bauru, São Paulo state. The study revealed a prevalence of 3.7% of trachoma in the town. This study aims at analyzing the spatial behavior of the cases detected in Bauru by the 2006 research, in order to define areas that should have priority when improving the municipal health system. We used health geoprocessing – which is done by maps that show the spatial distribution of risk situations and health problems, allowing to know details about the population health. The phenomena observed can be quantified in different manners – Kernel estimation is one of them, and the one we used, because it permits to filter the variability of a set of data without altering its local features. Trachoma cases were georeferenced with a GPS and their coordinates were converted with TCGeo into decimal latitudes and longitudes. Spatial analyses were carried out with TerraView, using points of cases and schools, and data from IBGE 2000 census found in the CD‐Rom: Base de informações por setor censitário, Censo demográfico 2000, Resultados do Universo. Bauru. IBGE, 2002 (Information database on each censual sector. Demographic census 2000, Universal Results. Bauru. IBGE, 2002). The procedures allowed our team to visit and georeference all the children detected by Ferraz (2006). The children are mostly males, with a mean age of 8.5 years and presenting uni or bilateral trachoma. Geoprocessing was important for it facilitates the process of spatial localization through Google Earth (2007) – which allowed us to notice a concentration of cases in regions with low income. We could also observe that individuals with low income are not concentrated on the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Butcher, Robert M. R. "Using alternate indicators to define need for public health intervention for trachoma : evidence from the Pacific Islands." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2017. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4574556/.

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Introduction: Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The presentation of trachoma in the Pacific small island states varies. This study focuses on Fiji, where the trichiasis prevalence recorded prior to this study was very high, and the Solomon Islands, where the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation – follicular (TF) is high enough to warrant intervention with mass antibiotic treatment, but there is apparently little or no trachomatous trichiasis (TT). This study aims to supplement clinical data with photographic and molecular tools to better characterise presentation and microbiological correlates of disease. Methods: Pre-intervention population-based prevalence surveys for trachoma were carried out independently and in conjunction with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP). Additionally, one focused post-intervention survey was performed. Standardised clinical data collection was supplemented with ocular swab, dried blood spot and photograph collection. Quantitative and sequence-based nucleic acid techniques were used for targeted and nontargeted pathogen detection and characterisation. Enzyme immunoassays were used for serological analysis. Clinical data was supplemented with photographs. Results: Within the mosaic pattern of clinical trachoma in the Pacific, the prevalence of TT was found to be very low in Fiji and the Solomon Islands. Prevalence of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in these countries was also very low. Further investigations in the Solomon Islands demonstrated Ct isolates found to be most closely related to ocular reference strains. Several pathogens that are known to cause follicular conjunctivitis were found, but neither frequency nor load of infection was associated with TF. Amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA amplicons showed diverse ocular microbial communities but no dominant metagenomic communities associated with TF. There is evidence of accumulation of mild scarring as age increases, but little evidence of severe scarring, or association between any trachoma phenotype and exposure to Ct. Conclusion: In Solomon Island communities studied, no evidence was found of significant burden of Ct infection, Ct transmission, trachomatous inflammation – intense, accumulation of severe scarring in older people or TT. We therefore suspect TF in the Solomon Islands to be of an as-yet unidentified aetiology. The WHO simplified grading system also appeared to lack diagnostic accuracy in Fiji. There are direct implications for implementation of control measures in the Pacific. There are additional connotations worldwide; as the global elimination effort continues and phenotypically similar conditions are unmasked, we suspect the positive predictive value of simplified clinical grading to drop. Use of molecular tools could differentiate communities with a high burden of infection, a key correlate of blinding disease, from those where resources may be better allocated elsewhere.

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Moyo, George. "Global burden of trichiasis in women as compared to men: Findings from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31765.

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The secondary analysis undertaken for this MPH dissertation examines the global prevalence of trichiasis in relation to gender in trachoma endemic countries. Part A is the research protocol which outlines the background and the process of this research. This study is a population-based analytical study using data from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP). GTMP was a standardized population-based trachoma prevalence survey undertaken to provide trachoma prevalence estimates. GTMP data was collected using the World Health Organisation–recommended population based prevalence survey methodology. Trachoma suspect district were identified for inclusion and multistage random sampling was used to sample households for examination of residents for clinical trachoma. Part B presents the background and highlights the importance of this research by exploring the existing theoretical and empirical literature relevant to the topic. It describes how trachoma is transmitted, its clinical manifestations, and the way it can lead to blindness. Results from previous studies on gender and trichiasis are presented. Part C presents the research project in a format suitable for journal submission. The background of this research project is summarized and the meta-analysis is conducted at the global level, at the country level, the regional level, the state level and at the EU level but all in accordance to prevalence of trichiasis in the EUs. The implications of the findings are discussed and limitations in interpretation presented.

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Macharelli, Carlos Alberto. "Aspectos epidemiológicos do tracoma em crianças do ensino fundamental do minicípio de Bauru-SP : a utilização do geoprocessamento na priorização de recursos do setor saúde /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102325.

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Orientador: Silvana Artioli Schellini
Banca: Ivete Dalben Soares
Banca: Luciene Cristina Barbarini Ferraz
Banca: Paula Araújo Opromolla
Banca: Norma Helen Medina
Resumo: O tracoma ainda é um importante problema de saúde pública, causando morbidade, deficiência visual e cegueira em diversos países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. Em 2006 foi realizado um estudo transversal nas escolas estaduais na de Bauru, estado de São Paulo, que revelou uma prevalência de 3,7% de tracoma no município. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento espacial da ocorrência dos casos de tracoma detectados na cidade de Bauru pelo referido estudo, a fim de utilizar as informações apuradas para definir áreas prioritárias para a otimização dos recursos do setor Saúde. Para atingirmos nossos objetivos lançamos mão de uma ferramenta que é o geoprocessamento em saúde ‐ uma das maneiras de se conhecer mais detalhadamente as condições de saúde da população através de mapas que permitem observar a distribuição espacial de situações de risco e dos problemas de saúde. A quantificação dos fenômenos observados pode ser feita de várias formas, sendo a estimativa de Kernel uma delas. Esse procedimento permite filtrar a variabilidade de um conjunto de dados, sem alterar as suas características locais. Os casos de tracoma foram georreferenciados com uso do GPS e depois as coordenadas transformadas em latitudes e longitudes decimais, com o auxílio do TCGeo. As análises espaciais foram feitas com o TerraView, utilizando‐se os pontos dos casos, das escolas, e dados do censo IBGE 2000, contidos nos CD‐Rom: Base de informações por setor censitário, Censo demográfico 2000, Resultados do Universo. Bauru. IBGE, 2002. O protocolo empregado possibilitou que todas as crianças detectadas pelo estudo de Ferraz (2006) fossem visitadas pela equipe executora do presente e georeferenciadas usando aparelho de GPS. As crianças que fizeram parte da amostra apresentavam média de idade de 8.5 anos, eram na sua maioria do sexo masculino e ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Trachoma still is an important issue for public health; it increases morbidity, causing visual deficiency and blindness in several underdeveloped or developing countries. In 2006, a transversal study was carried out among public schools in Bauru, São Paulo state. The study revealed a prevalence of 3.7% of trachoma in the town. This study aims at analyzing the spatial behavior of the cases detected in Bauru by the 2006 research, in order to define areas that should have priority when improving the municipal health system. We used health geoprocessing - which is done by maps that show the spatial distribution of risk situations and health problems, allowing to know details about the population health. The phenomena observed can be quantified in different manners - Kernel estimation is one of them, and the one we used, because it permits to filter the variability of a set of data without altering its local features. Trachoma cases were georeferenced with a GPS and their coordinates were converted with TCGeo into decimal latitudes and longitudes. Spatial analyses were carried out with TerraView, using points of cases and schools, and data from IBGE 2000 census found in the CD‐Rom: Base de informações por setor censitário, Censo demográfico 2000, Resultados do Universo. Bauru. IBGE, 2002 (Information database on each censual sector. Demographic census 2000, Universal Results. Bauru. IBGE, 2002). The procedures allowed our team to visit and georeference all the children detected by Ferraz (2006). The children are mostly males, with a mean age of 8.5 years and presenting uni or bilateral trachoma. Geoprocessing was important for it facilitates the process of spatial localization through Google Earth (2007) - which allowed us to notice a concentration of cases in regions with low income. We could also observe that individuals with low income are not concentrated on the ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Schultz, Philippe. "Développement et implantations de prothèses trachéales en titane poreux chez l'animal : Application aux reconstructions de trachées et de larynx." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13210.

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Objectifs : Ces études sont réalisées afin d’analyser la biocompatibilité du titane poreux T40 utilisable pour remplacer les cartilages trachéaux ou laryngés. Ce biomatériau, à terme, est destiné à concevoir la partie fixe d’une prothèse laryngée. Contexte : La trachée et le larynx étant composés de tissus comparables et se situant dans un milieu exposé aux sécrétions bronchiques et à l’air, les travaux se sont portés sur le remplacement de trachée chez l’animal. Matériels et méthodes : Le titane poreux est constitué d’un assemblage de microbilles (500μ) soudées entre elles sans fusion. Des prothèses trachéales ont été ainsi implantées chez le rat (études à court et long terme) puis chez la brebis par étapes successives. Les billes ont fait l’objet d’un traitement de surface composé de polyélectrolytes et d’une hormone anti-inflammatoire (α-MSH) dans une série, afin d’améliorer la colonisation cellulaire. Résultats : L’intégration des implants a été excellente chez le rat et a autorisé un remplacement d’un tiers de la trachée avec une survie à long terme de plus de 50%. Un polyélectrolyte (PGA) a diminué, lors de la colonisation cellulaire endoprothétique, la formation de tissu conjonctif responsable des sténoses endoluminales. Le même biomatériau et la même procédure chirurgicale n’ont pas permis d’obtenir des résultats identiques en terme de colonisation tissulaire chez la brebis. Discussion : La prothèse, sa tolérance et la survie des animaux ainsi que les résultats histologiques sont analysés. Les difficultés de recouvrements cellulaires endoprothétiques sont attribuées à l’importance de la surface à coloniser chez les gros animaux. Une modification du protocole chirurgical sera proposé afin d’obtenir chez la brebis des résultats aussi satisfaisants que chez le rat. Conclusion : Ces études valident la biocompatibilité du titane poreux. Elles confirment que ce biomatériau possède les propriétés biomécaniques pour être employé au niveau laryngé et trachéal. Des implants mandibulaires, laryngés et phonatoires, en titane poreux, utilisables pour d’autres applications, ont par ailleurs été créés et mis en place à partir de ces travaux
Objectives: These studies are performed to analyse the biocompatibility of porous titanium, designed to replace tracheal or laryngeal cartilages. This biomaterial is studied to participate, in the end, to the manufacture of a laryngeal prosthesis. Background: The histology and the environment of the trachea are comparable to the larynx. Therefore all studies are completed on the trachea, for the purpose to simplify the experimentations. Materials and methods: Porous titanium is constituted with microbeads (500μ) welded together without fusion. Titanium prostheses have been implanted in rats (short and long-term studies) and in sheep. Some of implants have been coated with a surface treatment made of polyelectolytes and an anti-inflammatory peptid (melanocyte stimulating hormone) in order to improve cellular colonization. Results: In rats, the integration of the prostheses was excellent and authorized to replace a third of the trachea. The longterm survival amount to 50 %. Polyelectrolyte (PGA) seems to decrease, during the cellular colonization, the formation of connective tissue responsible for endoluminal stenoses. The same biomaterial and the same surgical procedure didn’t elicit identical results in term of colonization in sheep. Discussion: Prosthesis, tolerance, animal survival and histological findings are analysed. The unsatisfactory endoprosthesis colonization is imputed to the large surface of sheep’s prostheses. A modification of the surgical protocol will be proposed in order to get, in sheep, comparable results than in rats. Conclusion: These studies validate the biocompatibility of porous titanium. They confirm that this biomaterial has the mechanical properties to be used in laryngeal and tracheal rehabilitations. Mandibular and laryngeal implants as well as speech valves have been fathered and tested from these work

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Smith, J. L. "The spatial distribution and epidemiology of trachoma : application and evaluation of geographical information in defining disease burden and planning control." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2014. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1856015/.

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The last decade has seen significant progress towards the elimination of blinding trachoma as a health problem. However, gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of trachoma at large scales are increasingly important in the context of programmatic scale up. This thesis therefore aimed to define the current distribution and burden of trachoma, in addition to investigating the spatial heterogeneity of trachoma and underlying risk factors at different scales. A systematic review of trachoma prevalence data was used to generate the Global Atlas of Trachoma, a unique spatially-referenced global database. In addition to highlighting important regional differences in the geographic distribution of trachoma, this database was used to quantify the disease burden in Africa; estimating nearly 153,000 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to trachomatous vision loss and 155,500 additional DALYs to trichiasis. Detailed analyses of individual and cluster-level risk factors underlying the distribution of trichiasis in Nigeria and active trachoma in Kenya identified a number of key socio-demographic and environmental factors. Both analyses suggested that spatial dependency (generated by underlying associations with shared risk factors at larger scales) may vary in endemic areas. These findings emphasise the importance of local epidemiology and the need for robust and well-designed survey methodologies to identify areas of high risk. Computerised simulations were used to evaluate the performance of Integrated Threshold Mapping (ITM) in comparison to the accepted gold standard trachoma survey design. The results found that ITM tended to underestimate the prevalence of trachoma across a range of epidemiological contexts where attendance was low and/or the risk of disease was lower in school-going children. This thesis provides the first systematic investigation into the geography of trachoma; highlighting heterogeneities at different scales and their potential programmatic implications. In particular, the findings and methods from this thesis may help to inform future survey design.

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Solomon, Anthony William. "Rational use of azithromycin in the control of trachoma : using quantitative PCR to assess distribution of infection and impact of treatment." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2003. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/878720/.

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Trachoma is a chronic keratoconjunctivits caused by ocular infection with Chlamdydia trachomatis (CT). It is a major cause of blindness. This thesis addresses issues important for the rational use of the antibiotic azithromycin, one of the cornerstones of WHO's strategy for trachoma elimination. An entire sub-village in Rombo District, Tanzania was invited to participate. Consenting individuals were examined and had swabs taken for quantitative PCR (directed against the single-copy CT gene ompl), at baseline (before treatment). and two, six, twelve and eighteen months after, mass distribution of single-dose azithromycin. At the time of drug distribution, both weight and height of each treated individual was recorded. Four findings are highlighted. (1) Before treatment, and at each post-treatment time point, children below the age of ten years harboured the bulk of the community's ocular CT. Control programmes should view this age group as their principal target in antibiotic distribution campaigns. (2) Signs of active trachoma were much less useful than age thresholds for predicting population subsets with heavy infections. (3) Based on a summary statistic referred to as the community ocular CT load, or COCTL, the overall community burden of organism fell dramatically following azithromycin distribution, and stayed low for the entire eighteen months of follow-up. The COCTL was 13% of its baseline level at two months. 8% of baseline at six months, and 4% at both twelve and eighteen months. This may have been due to the high treatment coverage (98%) achieved. (4) In the population studied, height was a good proxy for weight for determining azithromycin dose. These studies contribute new information about the epidemiology of ocular CT infection, provide dramatic evidence of the potential effect of azithromycin when uptake is high, and should help to streamline azithromycin distribution efforts by simplifying determination of dose in the field.

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Rivera, Hector. "Cloning and immunogenicity of a Chlamydia Trachomatis 36 kilodalton recombinant gene product in Escherichia Coli." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/839.

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Travers, Anyess R. "A Systematic Review Examining the Added Value of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions for Preventive Chemotherapy Programs on Reducing the Prevalence of Trachoma." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/156.

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BACKGROUND: Trachoma is a leading cause of avoidable blindness. Currently, trachoma is endemic in 57 countries, infects approximately 84 million people globally, and continues to threaten over 10 % of the world’s population with the risk of blindness. Caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, blindness due to trachoma is caused by repeated eye infection resulting in the inflammation of the upper eyelid eventually leading the upper lid to pull inward scratching and tearing the cornea causing it to become opaque resulting in loss of vision. The World Health Organization recommends eliminating trachoma as a public health problem using the SAFE strategy: Surgery, Antibiotic, Face washing and Environmental control. OBJECTIVES: This review examined the benefits of the added value of water, sanitation, and hygiene education interventions on preventive mass drug administration for trachoma. METHODS: Trials were identified from MEDLINE, PubMed, and LISTA EBSCO databases using a series of search terms. No restrictions were put on study date, location, design, or language of publication. The abstracts were examined from each of the searches, and any abstract describing risk factors, survey results of mass drug administration (MDA), or providing a general overview of trachoma were automatically discarded. Full text of papers including the combined use of key words including SAFE, WASH, intervention, impact, added value, MDA, azithromycin/ Zithromax® were obtained for review. Twelve full texts articles were retrieved all relevant information were placed in a standardized data extraction form. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies met the complete criteria for inclusion. All studies found a significant change in reduction of active trachoma prevalence. One study focused on the added benefit of antibiotic and environmental components on hygiene education delivered by radio. Another trial compared two villages; the control community performed MDA and the surgery while the intervention village added the F and E components. The final study as well focused the added benefit of ‘F’ and ‘E’ on ‘A’. Two of the three studies found this reduction was from the added benefit of face washing ‘F’ and environmental control ‘E’ to antibiotic use. CONCLUSIONS: In order to eliminate blinding trachoma as a public health problem, recurrence of the active form of the disease must be interrupted before repeated scarring leads to trichiasis. The antibiotic component of the SAFE strategy is a quick fix to the immediate problem. The ‘F’ and ‘E’ components are the more sustainable interventions, yet little research has been done on the actual amount of added value the individual ‘A’‘F’&’E’ components have to one another. After thorough review of the articles, articles were found which documented the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components provide significant value to the overall decrease of prevalence of active. However, the limited results of the search suggest more research can better elucidate the ability of the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components to reduce trachoma prevalence and ultimately impact blinding.

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Madureira, Jéssica Vencatto Senem. "Citopatologia causada pelo Alphabaculovirus no sistema traqueal de Bombyx mori (Lepidóptera: Bombycidae)." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/658.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao -16.pdf: 1891470 bytes, checksum: 1b28975beba2d1e4f43d3a0f9f79a9aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-11
Bombyx mori is an insect of the order Lepidoptera that is only found only in germplasm banks; it is used in scientific research and for commercial purposes. In the latter case, the silk cocoon, which is produced at the end of the 5th larval instar, is used in the production of various yarns and fabrics. This branch of Brazilian agribusiness, known as sericulture, is well developed in the state of Paraná, where it is a form of small-scale family farming. Several factors impact negatively on Brazilian sericulture, such as diseases during rearing, and B. mori is susceptible to a virus from the Baculoviridae family, namely, Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmMNPV), genus Alphabaculovirus (AlphaBV), which infects the larvae and jeopardises commercial production of the cocoon, causing losses to farmers and industry. Studies have proved that BmMNPV is polyorganotropic and there are several target organs, such as the tracheal system; however, details of its cytopathology are not known. The tracheal system is responsible for the aeration of the tissues of the insect. Thus, the present study aimed to describe the cytopathology of the tracheas of hybrid larvae of B. Mori, infected experimentally with BmMNPV, and isolated geographically in the state of Paraná. Fifth instar hybrid larvae were divided into two groups; one control, and the other inoculated. After ingestion, and on different days post-inoculation (dpi), from the 2nd to the 9th dpi, the larvae were anesthetized and dissected. Segments of organs such as the integument, muscle and silk gland, containing branches of the trachea, were collected and fixed in Karnovsky modified for transmission electron microscopy. On the 2st dpi, fresh hemolymph analysis was conducted in order to determine the susceptibility of the hemocytes. The results revealed that the hemocytes were infected from the 2nd dpi and the epithelial cells of the trachea were infected from the 4th dpi. The cytopathology of the tracheal cells showed hypertrophic nucleus, containing the viroplasm, the site of the synthesis of the nucleocapsids. Subsequently, the formation and development of the polyhedra occured, accentuating the nuclear hypertrophy and culminating in cell lysis. Virions were also observed, immersed in the basal lamina of the trachea, which appeared to be disorganized. Thus, the cytopathology of the trachea was consistent with the infection caused by AlphaBV, and the data that was obtained provides a better understanding of the infectious cycle of BmMNPV in the body of the insect. The time of infection, later for the hemocytes, and the presence of virions in the basal lamina of the trachea, indicated that this system is a secondary target for infection, and also that the hemolymph is an important dispersant of viral infection
Bombyx mori é um inseto da ordem Lepidoptera encontrado somente em bancos de germoplasma, sendo utilizado em pesquisas científicas e para fins comerciais. Neste caso, seu casulo de seda, construído ao final do 5º instar larval, é usado na produção de diversos fios e tecidos. Este ramo da agroindústria brasileira, conhecido como sericicultura, se apresenta bem desenvolvido no Estado do Paraná, estando incluído no programa de agricultura familiar. Vários são os fatores que exercem influência na sericicultura nacional, como as doenças, e B. mori é susceptível a um vírus da família Baculoviridae, o Bombyx mori multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmMNPV), gênero Alphabaculovirus (AlphaBV). Ao infectar as lagartas o vírus compromete a produção comercial do casulo, causando prejuízos aos produtores rurais e a indústria. Estudos comprovam que o BmMNPV é poliorganotrófico e vários são os órgãos-alvos, como o sistema traqueal; entretanto, detalhes de sua citopatologia não são conhecidos. O sistema traqueal é responsável pela aeração dos tecidos do inseto e o presente estudo objetivou descrever a citopatologia das traqueias de lagartas híbridas de B. mori infectadas experimentalmente pelo BmMNPV, isolado geográfico do Paraná. Para tanto, lagartas híbridas de 5º instar foram divididas em dois grupos, controle e inoculado. Neste, o inóculo viral foi fornecido na alimentação e em diferentes dias pós-inoculação (dpi), do 2º ao 9º dpi, as lagartas foram anestesiadas e dissecadas; segmentos do tegumento, músculo e glândula da seda, contendo ramos da traqueia, foram coletados e fixados em Karnovsky modificado para a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. No 2º dpi foi efetuada análise a fresco da hemolinfa, para averiguar a susceptibilidade dos hemócitos. Os resultados revelaram que os hemócitos se apresentaram infectados a partir do 2º dpi e as células epiteliais da traqueia a partir do 4° dpi. A citopatologia das células traqueais revelou núcleo hipertrófico, contendo o viroplasma, que é o local de síntese dos nucleocapsídeos. Posteriormente, houve a formação e o desenvolvimento dos poliedros, acentuando-se a hipertrofia nuclear e culminando com a citólise. Vírions também foram visualizados na lâmina basal da traqueia, que se apresentou desorganizada. Assim, a citopatologia da traqueia condiz com a infecção causada por AlphaBV, e as informações obtidas permitem um melhor entendimento do ciclo infeccioso do BmMNPV no corpo do inseto. O tempo de infecção, posterior ao dos hemócitos, e a presença de vírions na lâmina basal da traqueia, indicam que este sistema é alvo secundário e, ainda, que a hemolinfa se apresenta como um importante dispersor da infecção viral.

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43

Last, A. R. "A study of the molecular and spatial determinants of ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection on the trachoma-hyperendemic Bijagós Archipelago of Guinea Bissau, West Africa." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2015. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2212647/.

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Chlamydia trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of preventable blindness and the most common sexually transmitted bacterium worldwide. Trachoma presents an environment in which to investigate chlamydial pathogenicity, the conjunctivae serving as an accessible model with an objectively observable phenotype. The Bijagós Archipelago is a unique setting where trachoma is hyperendemic. The primary aims of this study were to use novel molecular, bioinformatic and geostatistical approaches in conjunction with population-based clinical and epidemiological metadata to investigate the micro-epidemiology of ocular C. trachomatis and active trachoma in this population. The prevalence of trachoma and ocular C. trachomatis infection have been documented, and socio-environmental risk factors have been identified that may be important in the implementation of trachoma elimination activities in these communities. A strong association was found between C. trachomatis ocular load (estimated using droplet digital PCR) and the level of conjunctival inflammation. Geostatistical analyses suggest that ocular C. trachomatis load may be important in transmission, as spatial clusters of high load infections were identified, whilst spatial clusters of low load infections were absent. This study includes the first population-based pathogen genome-wide association scan (GWAS) for C. trachomatis, using high quality next generation whole genome sequence data obtained directly from clinical samples. The genomewide associations with conjunctival inflammation (incE) and C. trachomatis load (mutY and CTA_0271) present genes involved in specific biological characteristics of C. trachomatis, the functions of which suggest that early interactions with host cells are important in C. trachomatis pathogenesis. Pathogen GWAS, applied in this context, is a powerful approach in the identification of multiple targets for further study in pathogenesis and directed study of potential vaccine candidates, allowing a greater understanding of association and interaction of genes on a genome-wide scale. Following a single round of mass drug treatment with oral azithromycin (MDA) in these communities the prevalence of active trachoma and ocular C. trachomatis were significantly reduced. Individual and median loads of C. trachomatis were reduced and the highest burden of disease and infection were concentrated in young children. Spatial clustering of infection identified using geostatistical tools was intensified following MDA, but the number of clusters of high load infections was reduced. The severity of conjunctival inflammation was reduced following MDA. This study suggests that chlamydial load is important in disease pathogenesis and may be important in transmission of infection. Geospatial tools may be useful in the context of MDA to identify clusters of infection and thresholds of C. trachomatis bacterial load that may be important foci of transmission. The association between conjunctival inflammation and C. trachomatis load may reflect pathogen virulence. This is supported by the presence of genome-wide associations with C. trachomatis load and conjunctival inflammation identified by pathogen GWAS. Further epidemiological, in vitro and in silico studies are required to provide a more complete picture of the relationship between disease severity, bacterial load and chlamydial diversity in the context of transmission and elimination dynamics.

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44

Page, Rachel Ann 1973. "Foraging flexibility in the frog-eating bat, Trachops cirrhosus." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17996.

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Males produce conspicuous advertisement signals to attract mates. These signals, however, often attract eavesdropping predators as well, so the benefit of obtaining a mate is balanced by the cost of an increased risk of predation. The evolution of sexual advertisement signals can be understood only through a thorough investigation of both predator and prey. The Neotropical bat, Trachops cirrhosus, feeds on frogs and uses frog mating calls to locate its prey. On the basis of frog calls alone, bats can assess which frogs are palatable and which are poisonous. The túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus, produces two types of calls, simple and complex. Both female frogs and frog-eating bats prefer complex calls to simple ones, and as a result, male frogs face opposing forces of sexual and natural selection. While there has been extensive study of mate choice behavior in the túngara frog, there has been comparatively little investigation of foraging behavior in the frog-eating bat. In my doctoral research, I investigate the sensory constraints and cognitive flexibility that shape foraging success in T. cirrhosus. Specifically, I address the following questions: (1) Are predator preferences for signal complexity influenced by localization performance? Do bats show better localization performance for complex calls than simple ones in silence, in noise, or in obstacles? (2) How fixed are predator associations for prey cues? Given novel foraging contexts, can predators rapidly track prey changes and alter pre-existing associations between prey cues and prey quality? (3) What mechanisms do predators use to learn about prey cues? Do social interactions play a role in prey acquisition behavior? My results show that while T. cirrhosus is limited by biophysical constraints in its ability to localize prey, within these constraints it shows surprising flexibility. It can rapidly alter associations between prey cues and prey quality, and can quickly acquire novel foraging behavior via social learning. Together these studies offer new insights on the role of eavesdropping predators in the evolution of their sexually advertising prey, and shed new light on the role of learning in foraging success.
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45

Jones, Patricia Lucile. "Foraging decisions by eavesdropping bats." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/24970.

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Animals forage in complex environments in which they must constantly make decisions about which resources to approach and which to avoid. Many factors can influence these foraging decisions including perception and cognition. Predators that locate prey by eavesdropping on prey mating calls face a challenging foraging task because they must be able to identify which species-specific prey signals indicate palatable prey. My thesis investigates such foraging decisions in eavesdropping bats. The Neotropical fringe-lipped bat, Trachops cirrhosus, locates its frog and katydid prey by eavesdropping on the prey's calls. One of the prey of T. cirrhosus in Panamá is the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus, that can make simple calls consisting of a "whine" alone, or complex calls which are a whine followed by 1-7 "chucks". In my first chapter I examine what components of frog calls bats use to identify and localize them. I assess how bats respond to the two components of the complex calls of P. pustulosus, and report that, unlike female frogs, bats respond to the chuck component alone but preferentially approach the whine. Next, I examine how response to prey cues is affected by prey availability by assessing the response of T. cirrhosus to geographically and seasonally variable prey. I find population and seasonal differences in response to some prey cues but not to other cues. Trachops cirrhosus can also learn novel prey cues from exposure to a conspecific tutor (social learning). My third chapter examines the conditions that influence when bats socially learn novel prey cues. I discover that bats are more likely to use social information to learn novel prey cues when the cue they are currently using to find food is unreliable. In my fourth and final chapter I address how eavesdropping can contribute to the evolution and diversification of bats by investigating the potential of eavesdropping on katydid calls for niche partitioning in two closely related bat species, the European greater and lesser mouse-eared bats, Myotis myotis and Myotis blythii oxygnathus. Together these studies highlight the role of cognition in foraging decisions and consider the consequences of eavesdropping for niche partitioning.
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46

Wakana, Ikeda, and 池田若菜. "Trachoma investgaition and prevention under Japanese rule.case study of school sanitation." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89526392134875205469.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
臺灣史研究所
102
The thesis aims at investigating the prevention and cure of trachoma of Taiwan in Japanese ruled period, focusing on the epidemic of the disease and the student healthy policy at that time. While comparing and contrasting the policy against trachoma in Taiwan and in Japan, the study also summarize the result of the healthy policy. In their early ruling, the colonial government had been suffered from epidemic diseases such as malaria ,pestilence, and cholera; therefore, since 1895, the improvement of the health condition in Taiwan has been the critical administrative work of Japanese Government and Taiwan Governor. A strategically move is to introduce the health system into Taiwan. Trachoma is not the first target of the government, although the epidemic of the disease was noticed while the government collected the statistics of the people with visual impairment in 1990s. As in Japan, the Trachoma Prevention Act was established in 1919, the health policy against trachoma in Taiwan was postponed about 10 years for its emergency is less than other severe diseases. unfortunately, even the Act was introduced into Taiwan later, the government was not active in executing; an evidence is that the competent authority was the schools, not the official, regulating in the Student Health Inspection Rules. According to the news at that time, it's obvious that the epidemic is out of control. Precisely speaking, the school health system in Taiwan was not identical to that in Japan. Some articles in Student Health Inspection Rules had been adopted local features in Taiwan and few articles specialized for Japanese students were not performed in Taiwan. The School Physicians were responsible the school health in Taiwan. Not until 1922, as the School Physician Employment and Working Rules was established, the duty for school physician was on the Public Physician. However, in the said Rules, the requirements for the position were limited on personnel with qualification for "Public Physician, Operating Physician, or Medical Official in Taiwan Governing Office". Apparently, school health were related closely to public health. The establishment of Public Physician System resulted in the investigation and the data-collection on trachoma in 1910, which was earlier than that was executed in Japan. In a nutshell, the school-oriented trachoma policy was not effective enough for the influence of school was limited. The epidemic of the disease was not controlled during the whole Japanese ruled period and the reasons were the lack of ultimate treatment and prevention methods, and the source of infection were unceasingly causing the infectious disease.

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47

周錦鐘. "A study on the energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior of elementtary school trachers on Taipei." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57241918568493476990.

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碩士
臺北市立師範學院
國民教育研究所
91
A Study on the Energy Cognition, Energy Affection and Energy Behavior of Elementary School Teachers in Taipei The main purpose of this study was to investigate elementary school teachers’ energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior in order to improve energy education in Taiwan. There are four concrete objects of this study: 1. To explore the significant differences of different background elementary school teachers in energy cognition. 2. To explore the significant differences of different background elementary school teachers in energy affection. 3. To explore the significant differences of different background elementary school teachers in energy behavior. 4. To analyze the correlation of elementary school teachers’ energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. To fulfill these research objects, literature review was adopted to form the basis of this study. Data were collected through a four-section questionnaire. There were 912 elementary school teachers. who were random sampltd. An overall response rate of 71.92%(n=656) is obtained. The statistical analyses were processed using the SPSS for Windows, including the following techniques: frequency analysis, t-test, and analysis of variance. The major findings include: 1. Generally speaking, elementary school teachers do not have good energy cognition; however, their energy affection and energy behavior tend to be positive. 2. Totally speaking, elementary school teachers tend to be positive if the energy issues related their daily life. 3. There is significant difference between male and female elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 4. Varible of“age”makes significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 5. Varible of“service duration”makes significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 6. Varible of“workduty”makes significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 7. Varible of“teaching grade”makes not significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 8. Varible of“attending workshop on energy education”makes significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 9. Varible of“teaching experience”makes no significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior. 10. Varible of“attitude toward nuclear power plants”makes significant difference of elementary school teachers in energy cognition, energy affection and energy behavior 11. There are more than half elementary school teachers never attend the in-service energy education workshops 12. Most of elementary school teachers hold environmental protection perspective to consider if nuclear power plants are needed in Taiwan. There is significant correlation between elementary school teachers’ energy cognition and their energy behavior, energy affection and their energy behavior; however, there is no significant correlation between elementary school teachers’ energy cognition and their energy affectio

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48

Vinke, Candace. "Social and environmental risk factors for trachoma: a mixed methods approach in the Kembata Zone of Southern Ethiopia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3178.

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Trachoma is a major public health concern throughout Ethiopia and other parts of the developing world. Control efforts have largely focused on the antibiotic treatment (A) and surgery (S) components of the World Health Organizations (WHO) SAFE strategy. Although S and A efforts have had a positive impact, this approach may not be sustainable. Consequently, this study focuses on the latter two primary prevention components; facial cleanliness (F) and environmental improvement (E). A geographical approach is employed to gain a better understanding of how culture, economics, environment and behaviour are interacting to determine disease risk in the Kembata Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Specifically, mixed methods were used to investigate what social and environmental factors are influencing the distribution of active trachoma amongst children (aged one to nine) in the Kedida Gamela and Damboya Woredas of the Kembata Zone. The research was completed in collaboration with ORBIS Ethiopia – an NGO providing ophthalmology services - and is a follow up to a baseline trachoma survey conducted in the region. ORBIS Ethiopia provided data on the household trachoma prevalence and the knowledge, aptitude and practices (KAP) of household heads. These data sets were linked in ArcGIS to the geographic coordinates for each household surveyed. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to investigate the strength of a set of fourteen predictor variables in 1) determining whether or not a child a had active trachoma (TF or TI) and 2) determining the level of active trachoma (TF or TI) a child had, given that they had active disease. Younger age, an unclean face and low household expenses were found to be significant risk factors for active trachoma (p < 0.05). Older age and an unclean face were found to be significant risk factors (p < 0.05) for TI, the more severe form, in children with trachoma. Next, the Kulldorff spatial scan statistic was used to identify and map clusters of each risk factor as well as clusters of active disease. The results identified areas of overrepresentation of cases (i.e. active disease, unclean faces, low monthly expenses and low latrine ownership) where the need for intervention is particularly high. Qualitative data from in-depth interviews and focus groups with household heads, teachers and health care professionals were used to identify factors that were encouraging or impeding facial cleanliness and environmental improvement efforts to reduce the spread of trachoma. Lack of food, water and money were identified as important concerns amongst household heads. Based on the interviews with teachers, the study recommends that hygiene education be supported by appropriate access to water in schools. The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses converged and support continued implementation of the facial cleanliness (F) and environmental improvement (E) components of the WHO’s SAFE strategy.

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49

Doyle, Andrea. "Husbands and wives: dysfunctional marital relationships in Greek tragedy." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/817.

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Greek tragedy portrayed the husband and wife relationship as fraught with hos¬tilities and ambivalences. The purpose of this mini-dissertation is to examine these dysfunctions, and to explain them. I have approached the problem from several important angles. I have begun with selected aspects of Athenian Mythol¬ogy and the foundation myths of Athenian culture to see whether there are recur¬rent themes that attest to inherent ambivalences and hostilities towards women within the mythological heritage of Athens. This approach is based on two as¬sumptions: first, that the dynamics of interpersonal relationships portrayed in mythology and literature tend to mirror the modal patterns of cultures and sec¬ond, the experiences of these modal patterns are the inspiration from which a culture draws its mythmaking. I then examine the context of the production of tragedy within the religious framework of the festival of the Greater Dionysia so as to establish a theory of the nature and function of Greek tragedy. The purpose of the second focus is to see whether there are connections between the workings of Greek tragedy and the thematic material it portrays. I have chosen four Greek tragedies within which to explore marital dysfunctions: Aeschylus’ Agamemnon, Sophocles’ Ajax and The Women of Trachis, and Euripides’ Medea. I have un¬der¬taken a close reading of the original texts and commentaries as well as a close reading of comparative translations of the texts for the purpose of this study. My explorations reveal that Athenian society was aware of the risks of the dire imbalance prevailing within their social order, which was created by such a fero¬cious suppression and derogation of half their members. In addition this imbal¬ance was redressed on a continual basis by the production of and through com¬munal participation in tragedy in its function as a ritualistic mechanism for ca¬thartic relief. Thus I conclude that the production of tragedy served to reaffirm the status quo. Tragedy provided a process for the de-structuring of familial and social order first and then sought and promoted a process of psychological restructuring and re-integration. This occurred through the empathetic workings of Catharsis or pur¬gation of negative emotions or feelings of guilt. The cathartic effects of tragedy were designed for men. As a collective therapeutic action it confirmed the male dominated order of society and reaffirmed the Athenian perception of a dualistic reality in the form of irreconcilable opposites: theatre versus life and female ver¬sus male. Tragedies were written by men and performed by men and thus we can expect all symptoms, signs and symbols of male and female conflict to be the products of the masculine psyche.
Prof. J.L.P. Wolmarans

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50

Chen, Hung-Chieh, and 陳弘傑. "A Study on the Prevention of Schoolchildern Trachoma in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule - School Physical Examination System, Sanitary Water and Affordability of Medical Resources as Analysis Fields." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82632894518191634704.

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碩士
國立中央大學
歷史研究所
103
Trachoma was one of the public health issues under Japanese colonial rule, though not a certifiable disease, still caused certain attention. And the trachoma of schoolchildren is among the part. Whether modern or Japanese colonial period, trachoma refers to the hygiene and economic level of sufferers, that are all known to the medical circle. This thesis proceeds the discussion mainly by three directions which are the school physical examination system, sanitary water and affordability of medical resources. The school physical examination system could be described as the control and investigation on the health of schoolchildren, thus the relevant department could learn about the grasp of the trachoma problem under school health. The physical examination also was the means to practice school health, the trachoma examination even became a reference of the preventive measures and a preventive indicator of the trachoma in Taiwan. For schoolchildren as well as trachoma surveillance, in the aspect of the sanitary water popularization, the promotion of sanitary water during the Japanese colonial period had a certain effect, and sometimes the popularization of school hydrant was even better than Japan, which proved the colonists’ intention of developing school health. Nevertheless, for the elementary schools, on the perspective of tap water cost, each school didn’t unlikely have enough water, and even the students’ family might not be able to use adequately, but also that appeared differences between Taiwanese and Japanese. As for the medical treatment affordability, under the Japanese rule, the elementary schools had school doctor to take charge of health affairs, but the school doctors in public schools burdened with the affairs more heavily, must be responsible for more students, and the allowance was not ideal. Moreover, the manpower allocation of the school doctors wasn’t appropriate, those reasons all affected the performance of trachoma prevention. For the medical resources excluding the school doctor, in the aspect of public health resources, the main users of the governmental hospitals were Japanese, and further, Taiwanese mainly chose the public health physicians, which also needed to deal with a large number of patients with heavy burden. The common practitioners had high drug prices controversy, the reason was the economic capacity difference between Taiwanese and Japanese. Although sanitary water and sufferers’ economic capacity were taken into consideration, but those parts did not operate in coordination with trachoma prevention, and made the trachoma prevention of schoolchildren difficult, even causeed difficulty in carrying out school health education, so that trachoma become a troubled in the colony.

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