Статті в журналах: "Traceable standard"

1

Corney, A. C. "A traceable mains-frequency power standard." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 48, no. 2 (April 1999): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.769615.

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2

Libert, Benoît, and Moti Yung. "Efficient traceable signatures in the standard model." Theoretical Computer Science 412, no. 12-14 (March 2011): 1220–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2010.12.066.

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3

CHEN, CHAO-JUNG, YEN-LIANG CHEN, and LIANG-CHIH CHANG. "PITCH MEASUREMENT BY TRACEABLE ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE." International Journal of Nanoscience 02, no. 04n05 (August 2003): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x0300136x.

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A Traceable Atomic Force Microscope (TAFM) to calibrate the pitch standards is presented. The TAFM consists of an atomic force microscope, a three-axis active compensation flexure stage, two laser interferometers, an L-shape mirror, a vibration isolator, and a super-Invar metrology frame. A test specimen is laid on the same plane of laser interferometers to eliminate the Abbe-offset. The displacements of X and Y axes are taken by the laser interferometers, the Z movement is controlled by AFM cantilever and the displacement is taken by a capacitance sensor while the flexure stage moves the specimen in X and Y axes motions. A water circulator is used to control the TAFM at 20°C. Measuring results of a standard pitch sample show that this TAFM can be used for measuring of pitch standards. A pitch standard with nominal value of 292 nm was served as a test sample. The combined standard uncertainty was 1.2 nm.

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4

Kusnezowa, Dina, and Jan Vang. "Creating Legitimacy in the ISO/CEN Standard for Sustainable and Traceable Cocoa: An Exploratory Case Study Integrating Normative and Empirical Legitimacy." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212907.

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The paper assesses the legitimacy of the ISO/CEN standard for sustainable and traceable cocoa during the standard-setting process and thereby to establish the degree of legitimacy achieved and to explore new sources of legitimacy in the development of sustainability standards for agricultural commodities. The paper examines the normative and empirical legitimacy concerns involved in the development of the ISO/CEN standard for sustainable and traceable cocoa (ISO 34101 series). The findings suggest that while the standard-setting organisation is establishing normative legitimacy, empirical legitimacy is lacking. Absence of empirical legitimacy is a serious concern for a successful and just implementation.

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5

Hsieh, Yi-Da, Yuki Iyonaga, Yoshiyuki Sakaguchi, Shuko Yokoyama, Hajime Inaba, Kaoru Minoshima, Francis Hindle, et al. "Terahertz Comb Spectroscopy Traceable to Microwave Frequency Standard." IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology 3, no. 3 (May 2013): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tthz.2013.2250333.

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6

Garty, G., A. D. Harken, and D. J. Brenner. "Traceable dosimetry for MeV ion beams." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): T02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/t02002.

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Abstract Standard dosimetry protocols exist for highly penetrating photon and particle beams used in the clinic and in research. However, these protocols cannot be directly applied to shallow penetration MeV-range ion beams. The Radiological Research Accelerator Facility has been using such beams for almost 50 years to irradiate cell monolayers, using self-developed dosimetry, based on tissue equivalent ionization chambers. To better align with the internationally accepted standards, we describe implementation of a commercial, NIST-traceable, air-filled ionization chamber for measurement of absorbed dose to water from low energy ions, using radiation quality correction factors calculated using TRS-398 recommendations. The reported dose does not depend on the ionization density in the range of 10–150 keV/μm.

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7

Pratt, Jon R., Douglas T. Smith, David B. Newell, John A. Kramar, and Eric Whitenton. "Progress toward Système International d'Unités traceable force metrology for nanomechanics." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 1 (January 2004): 366–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.366.

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Recent experiments with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Electrostatic Force Balance (EFB) have achieved agreement between an electrostatic force and a gravitational force of 10−5 N to within a few hundred pN/μN. This result suggests that a force derived from measurements of length, capacitance, and voltage provides a viable small force standard consistent with the Système International d’Unités. In this paper, we have measured the force sensitivity of a piezoresistive microcantilever by directly probing the NIST EFB. These measurements were linear and repeatable at a relative standard uncertainty of 0.8%. We then used the calibrated cantilever as a secondary force standard to transfer the unit of force to an optical lever–based sensor mounted in an atomic force microscope. This experiment was perhaps the first ever force calibration of an atomic force microscope to preserve an unbroken traceability chain to appropriate national standards. We estimate the relative standard uncertainty of the force sensitivity at 5%, but caution that a simple model of the contact mechanics suggests errors may arise due to friction.

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8

Maury, R., C. Auclercq, C. Devilliers, M. de Huu, O. Büker, and M. MacDonald. "Hydrogen refuelling station calibration with a traceable gravimetric standard." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 74 (August 2020): 101743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2020.101743.

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9

Booker, D. R., K. D. Horton, and I. A. Marshall. "A traceable aerosol concentration standard based on controlled atomisation." Journal of Aerosol Science 26, no. 8 (December 1995): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(96)80782-8.

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10

Bateman, Vesta I., William B. Leisher, Fred A. Brown, and Neil T. Davie. "Calibration of a Hopkinson Bar with a Transfer Standard." Shock and Vibration 1, no. 2 (1993): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1993/354290.

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A program requirement for field test temperatures that are beyond the test accelerometer operational limits of −30° F and +150° F required the calibration of accelerometers at high shock levels and at the temperature extremes of −50° F and +160° F. The purposes of these calibrations were to insure that the accelerometers operated at the field test temperatures and to provide an accelerometer sensitivity at each test temperature. Because there is no National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable calibration capability at shock levels of 5,000–15,000 g for the temperature extremes of −50° F and +160° F, a method for calibrating and certifying the Hopkinson bar with a transfer standard was developed. Time domain and frequency domain results are given that characterize the Hopkinson bar. The National Institute of Standards and Technology traceable accuracy for the standard accelerometer in shock is ±5%. The Hopkinson bar has been certified with an uncertainty of 6%.

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11

de Krom, Iris, Wijnand Bavius, Ruben Ziel, Elizabeth A. McGhee, Richard J. C. Brown, Igor Živković, Jan Gačnik, et al. "Comparability of calibration strategies for measuring mercury concentrations in gas emission sources and the atmosphere." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 2317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-2317-2021.

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Abstract. A primary mercury gas standard was developed at Van Swinden Laboratory (VSL) to establish an International System of Units (SI)-traceable reference point for mercury concentrations at emission and background levels in the atmosphere. The majority of mercury concentration measurements are currently made traceable to the empirically determined vapour pressure of mercury. The primary mercury gas standard can be used for the accurate and precise calibration of analytical systems used for measuring mercury concentrations in air. It has been especially developed to support measurements related to ambient air monitoring (1–2 ng m−3), indoor and workplace-related mercury concentration levels according to health standards (from 50 ng m−3 upwards) as well as stationary source emissions (from 1 µg m−3 upwards). The primary mercury gas standard is based on diffusion according to ISO 6154-8. Calibration gas mixtures are obtained by combining calibrated mass flows of nitrogen and air through a generator holding diffusion cells containing elemental mercury. In this paper, we present the results of comparisons between the primary gas standard and mercury calibration methods maintained by NPL (National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom), a National Metrology Institute (NMI), and the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI), a Designated Institute (DI). The calibration methods currently used at NPL and JSI are based on the bell-jar calibration apparatus in combination with the Dumarey equation or a NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology in the United States) reference material. For the comparisons, mercury was sampled on sorbent traps to obtain transfer standards with levels between 2 and 1000 ng with an expanded uncertainty not exceeding 3 % (k=2). The comparisons performed show that the results for the primary gas standard and the NIST reference material are comparable, whereas a difference of −8 % exists between results traceable to the primary gas standard and the Dumarey equation.

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12

Abe, H. "Trace-moisture measurement using cavity ring-down spectroscopy at NMIJ." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2439, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2439/1/012001.

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Abstract Trace-moisture standards traceable to the International System of Units (SI) used for the performance test of trace-moisture analyzers and trace-moisture measurement systems based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) developed at the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) are briefly reviewed. The magnetic-suspension-balance/diffusion-tube humidity generator, which was the first generator used for the trace-moisture standard developed at NMIJ, is presented. Three measurement systems based on CRDS, which are wavelength-meter-controlled CRDS, dual-laser CRDS, and miniaturized CRDS, are presented. The performance of the three CRDS systems were evaluated using the SI-traceable trace-moisture standards.

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13

Torlakovic, Emina E., Seshi R. Sompuram, Kodela Vani, Lili Wang, Anika K. Schaedle, Paul C. DeRose, and Steven A. Bogen. "Development and Validation of Measurement Traceability for In Situ Immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 67, no. 5 (February 15, 2021): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvab008.

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Abstract Background Immunoassays for protein analytes measured in situ support a $2 billion laboratory testing industry that suffers from significant interlaboratory disparities, affecting patient treatment. The root cause is that immunohistochemical testing lacks the generally accepted tools for analytic standardization, including reference standards and traceable units of measure. Until now, the creation of these tools has represented an insoluble technical hurdle. Methods We address the need with a new concept in metrology—that is, linked traceability. Rather than calculating analyte concentration directly, which has proven too variable, we calculate concentration by measuring an attached fluorescein, traceable to NIST Standard Reference Material 1934, a fluorescein standard. Results For validation, newly developed estrogen receptor (ER) calibrators were deployed in tandem with an array of 80 breast cancer tissue sections in a national external quality assessment program. Laboratory performance was assessed using both the ER standards and the tissue array. Similar to previous studies, the tissue array revealed substantial discrepancies in ER test results among the participating laboratories. The new ER calibrators revealed a broad range of analytic sensitivity, with the lower limits of detection ranging from 7310 to 74 790 molecules of ER. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that the variable test results correlate with analytic sensitivity, which can now be measured quantitatively. Conclusions The reference standard enables precise interlaboratory alignment of immunohistochemistry test sensitivity for measuring cellular proteins in situ. The introduction of a reference standard and traceable units of measure for protein expression marks an important milestone.

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14

Zhang, Rong, Zhiwei Xia, and Bin Liu. "Optimal Pricing Decisions for Dual-Channel Supply Chain: Blockchain Adoption and Consumer Sensitivity." Complexity 2022 (March 19, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4605455.

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Counterfeiting is common in many industries. For the authenticity of online channel products and to combat counterfeiting, many companies have begun to use blockchain technology to trace product information. This paper investigates a dual-channel supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer, in which the manufacturer sells its standard products through the retailer and adopts blockchain technology to launch the online channel to sell the traceable products. A Stackelberg game is developed to depict the pricing decision and channel strategy choice for the manufacturer. It shows that both the manufacturer and the retailer can benefit from blockchain adoption. And the longer it takes for product traceability, the lower the price of online traceable products. It is beneficial for the manufacturer when consumers in the market are less concerned about information transparency. For consumer sensitivity, as consumers’ acceptance of direct sales channels increases, the selling prices of online traceable products have risen. Furthermore, as the traceability time-sensitivity coefficient increases, the sales price of the traceable products decreases, and the retail price of offline standard products rises. The conclusion of this paper has a certain guiding role for the dominant manufacturers in choosing whether to apply blockchain technology to improve the demand for traceable products.

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15

Thompson, Michael. "A careful look at traceability in chemical measurement." Analytical Methods 8, no. 5 (2016): 940–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ay02395e.

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16

Lancaster, A. J., and D. O’Connor. "Traceable spectral interferometry for length measurement." Metrologia 59, no. 2 (March 14, 2022): 024004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/ac545d.

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Abstract Spectral interferometry is becoming a popular method of performing dimensional measurements, e.g. of surfaces, but such devices require pre-calibration of their spectrometers to achieve traceability. The use of a spectral lamp and imaging spectrometer to perform inherently traceable distance measurements using spectral interferometry, without the need for external calibration, is proposed and its experimental feasibility demonstrated. Initial experiments show measurements over a working range of 200 µm. The estimated standard uncertainty of the distance measurements is 0.6 nm, corresponding to an expanded uncertainty of 1.2 nm at k = 2.

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17

Liu, Kehan, Ranran Xing, Ruixue Sun, Yiqiang Ge, and Ying Chen. "An Accurate and Rapid Way for Identifying Food Geographical Origin and Authenticity: Editable DNA-Traceable Barcode." Foods 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010017.

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DNA offers significant advantages in information density, durability, and replication efficiency compared with information labeling solutions using electronic, magnetic, or optical devices. Synthetic DNA containing specific information via gene editing techniques is a promising identifying approach. We developed a new traceability approach to convert traditional digitized information into DNA sequence information. We used encapsulation to make it stable for storage and to enable reading and detection by DNA sequencing and PCR-capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE). The synthesized fragment consisted of a short fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from the Holothuria fuscogilva (ID: LC593268.1), inserted geographical origin information (18 bp), and authenticity information from Citrus sinensis (20 bp). The obtained DNA-traceable barcodes were cloned into vector PMD19-T. Sanger sequencing of the DNA-traceable barcode vector was 100% accurate and provided a complete readout of the traceability information. Using selected recognition primers CAI-B, DNA-traceable barcodes were identified rapidly by PCR amplification. We encapsulated the DNA-traceable barcodes into amorphous silica spheres and improved the encapsulation procedure to ensure the durability of the DNA-traceable barcodes. To demonstrate the applicability of DNA-traceable barcodes as product labels, we selected Citrus sinensis as an example. We found that the recovered and purified DNA-traceable barcode can be analyzed by standard techniques (PCR-CE for DNA-traceable barcode identification and DNA sequencing for readout). This study provides an accurate and rapid approach to identifying and certifying products’ authenticity and traceability.

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18

Baba, Tetsuya. "Measurements and data of thermophysical properties traceable to a metrological standard." Metrologia 47, no. 2 (March 8, 2010): S143—S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/47/2/s12.

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19

Carmignato, S., D. Dreossi, L. Mancini, F. Marinello, G. Tromba, and E. Savio. "Testing of x-ray microtomography systems using a traceable geometrical standard." Measurement Science and Technology 20, no. 8 (June 30, 2009): 084021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/8/084021.

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20

Vlajic, Nicholas, and Ako Chijioke. "Traceable calibration and demonstration of a portable dynamic force transfer standard." Metrologia 54, no. 4 (July 18, 2017): S83—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aa75da.

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21

Krüger-Sehm, R., W. Häßler-Grohne, and J. Frühauf. "Traceable calibration standard for the lateral axis of contact stylus instruments." Wear 257, no. 12 (December 2004): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2004.03.047.

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22

Pepenene, R., and S. Jozela. "Calibration of non-invasive KVp meter traceable to voltage measurement standard." Physica Medica 31 (September 2015): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.07.073.

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23

Yli-Ojanperä, Jaakko, Jyrki M. Mäkelä, Marko Marjamäki, Antti Rostedt, and Jorma Keskinen. "Towards traceable particle number concentration standard: Single charged aerosol reference (SCAR)." Journal of Aerosol Science 41, no. 8 (August 2010): 719–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.04.012.

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24

Dai, Gaoliang, Xiukun Hu, and Johannes Degenhardt. "Bottom-up approach for traceable calibration of tip geometry of stylus profilometer." Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 10, no. 1 (February 8, 2022): 015018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2051-672x/ac4f36.

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Abstract A novel approach for accurate and traceable calibration of stylus tip geometry is introduced in the paper. The approach consists of several steps. Firstly, the geometry of an AFM tip is calibrated to a kind of line width standard whose geometry is traceably calibrated to the lattice constant of crystal silicon. Then, the stylus tip to be calibrated is measured by the calibrated AFM tip in an AFM, thus its tip geometry can be accurately determined after the contribution of the AFM tip geometry being corrected from the measured AFM image. After being calibrated, the stylus tip can be applied in measurements of vast microstructures and surfaces, where the measurement results can be in turn corrected using the characterized stylus tip geometry. In such a way, the stylus tip geometry and its measurement results can be finally traceable to the lattice constant of silicon, using this bottom-up approach. Detailed experimental examples are illustrated. For a stylus type RFTHB-50 studied in this paper, its tip radius is measured as 1.727 μm with a standard deviation of 0.007 μm. It is significantly smaller than its nominal value of 2 μm, indicating the need of the calibration. The application of calibrated stylus tip in measurements of microspheres is demonstrated. Compared to conventional tip characterization methods based on tip characterizers the proposed method has advantages of (i) no risk of damaging sharp edges of tip characterizers, (ii) capable of directly characterizing the 3D geometry of stylus tip, (iii) high accuracy.

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25

Gates, Richard S., Mark G. Reitsma, John A. Kramar, and Jon R. Pratt. "Atomic force microscope cantilever flexural stiffness calibration: Toward a standard traceable method." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 116, no. 4 (July 2011): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.116.015.

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26

Yasui, Takeshi, Hisanari Takahashi, Kohji Kawamoto, Yutaka Iwamoto, Kaoru Arai, Tsutomu Araki, Hajime Inaba, and Kaoru Minoshima. "Widely and continuously tunable terahertz synthesizer traceable to a microwave frequency standard." Optics Express 19, no. 5 (February 22, 2011): 4428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.19.004428.

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27

Kassamakov, Ivan, Anca Tureanu, Ville Heikkinen, and Edward Hæggström. "Transfer standard for traceable dynamic calibration of stroboscopic scanning white light interferometer." Applied Optics 56, no. 9 (March 16, 2017): 2483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.002483.

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28

Hekkenberg, Rob T., Adrian Richards, Klaus Beissner, Bajram Zeqiri, Robert A. Bezemer, Mark Hodnett, Glen Prout, and Chris Cantrall. "Transfer standard device to improve the traceable calibration of physiotherapy ultrasound machines." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 32, no. 9 (September 2006): 1423–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.04.001.

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29

Brouwer, Albert M. "Standards for photoluminescence quantum yield measurements in solution (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 12 (August 31, 2011): 2213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-10-09-31.

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The use of standards for the measurement of photoluminescence quantum yields (QYs) in dilute solutions is reviewed. Only three standards can be considered well established. Another group of six standards has been investigated by several independent researchers. A large group of standards is frequently used in recent literature, but the validity of these is less certain. The needs for future development comprise: (i) confirmation of the validity of the QY values of many commonly used standard materials, preferably in the form of SI traceable standards; (ii) extension of the set of standard materials to the UV and near-IR spectral ranges; and (iii) good standards or robust protocols for the measurements of low QYs.

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Tan, Susanna K., Stephen Milligan, Malaya K. Sahoo, Nathaniel Taylor, and Benjamin A. Pinsky. "Calibration of BK Virus Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing to the 1st WHO International Standard for BK Virus." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 3 (January 4, 2017): 923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02315-16.

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ABSTRACT Significant interassay variability in the quantification of BK virus (BKV) DNA precludes establishing broadly applicable thresholds for the management of BKV infection in transplantation. The 1st WHO International Standard for BKV (primary standard) was introduced in 2016 as a common calibrator for improving the harmonization of BKV nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) and enabling comparisons of biological measurements worldwide. Here, we evaluated the Altona RealStar BKV assay (Altona) and calibrated the results to the international unit (IU) using the Exact Diagnostics BKV verification panel, a secondary standard traceable to the primary standard. The primary and secondary standards on Altona had nearly identical linear regression equations (primary standard, Y = 1.05X − 0.28, R 2 = 0.99; secondary standard, Y = 1.04X − 0.26, R 2 = 0.99) and conversion factors (primary standard, 1.11 IU/copy; secondary standard, 1.09 IU/copy). A comparison of Altona with a laboratory-developed BKV NAAT assay in IU/ml versus copies/ml using Passing-Bablok regression revealed similar regression lines, no proportional bias, and improvement in the systematic bias (95% confidence interval of intercepts: copies/ml, −0.52 to −1.01; IU/ml, 0.07 to −0.36). Additionally, Bland-Altman analyses revealed a clinically significant reduction of bias when results were reported in IU/ml (IU/ml, −0.10 log 10 ; copies/ml, −0.70 log 10 ). These results indicate that the use of a common calibrator improved the agreement between the two assays. As clinical laboratories worldwide use calibrators traceable to the primary standard to harmonize BKV NAAT results, we anticipate improved interassay comparisons with a potential for establishing broadly applicable quantitative BKV DNA load cutoffs for clinical practice.

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31

CHEN, SHENG-JUI, SHEAU-SHI PAN, YU-SHAN YEH, and YI-CHING LIN. "MEASUREMENT OF CANTILEVER'S SPRING CONSTANT WITH CMS ELECTROSTATIC FORCE STANDARD." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600215.

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The mechanical property is one of the important parameters for evaluating micro/nano-scale materials. The measurement of micro/nano-mechanical property usually involves measurements of small displacement and force. To provide a traceable force standard in micro/nano-newton level, we have developed a force measurement system based on electrostatic sensing and actuation techniques. The system mainly consists of a monolithic flexure stage, a three-electrode capacitor and a digital controller. The three-electrode capacitor is utilized as a position sensor, and at the same time an electrostatic force actuator. The force under measurement is balanced by a compensation electrostatic force which is traceable to electrical and length standards. A commercial cantilever-type micro-force probe was used in this calibration experiment. The force probe was brought to contact with and press into the load button (a ruby sphere) of the force measurement system by a closed-loop controlled z-scanner. The spring constant was obtained from the average slope determined from measured force-displacement curves and was found to be (2.26 ± 0.01) N/m where the given uncertainty is one standard deviation. We have successfully demonstrated the calibration of the microforce probe using our self-developed electrostatic sensing and actuating force measurement system. The measured spring constant is consistent with the manufacturer's specification, and the relative standard deviation is less than 0.5%. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.

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32

Piquemal, François, José Morán-Meza, Alexandra Delvallée, Damien Richert, and Khaled Kaja. "Progress in Traceable Nanoscale Capacitance Measurements Using Scanning Microwave Microscopy." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030820.

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Reference samples are commonly used for the calibration and quantification of nanoscale electrical measurements of capacitances and dielectric constants in scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) and similar techniques. However, the traceability of these calibration samples is not established. In this work, we present a detailed investigation of most possible error sources that affect the uncertainty of capacitance measurements on the reference calibration samples. We establish a comprehensive uncertainty budget leading to a combined uncertainty of 3% in relative value (uncertainty given at one standard deviation) for capacitances ranging from 0.2 fF to 10 fF. This uncertainty level can be achieved even with the use of unshielded probes. We show that the weights of uncertainty sources vary with the values and dimensions of measured capacitances. Our work offers improvements on the classical calibration methods known in SMM and suggests possible new designs of reference standards for capacitance and dielectric traceable measurements. Experimental measurements are supported by numerical calculations of capacitances to reveal further paths for even higher improvements.

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33

Chang-ming LIU, Chang-ming LIU, Xue-shun SHI Xue-shun SHI, Peng-ju ZHANG Peng-ju ZHANG, Xin-gang ZHUANG Xin-gang ZHUANG, and Hong-bo LIU Hong-bo LIU. "Detection Efficiency Measurement of Silicon Single-photon Avalanche Detector Traceable Using Standard Detector." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 48, no. 12 (2019): 1248006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20194812.1248006.

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34

Trinchera, Bruno, and Danilo Serazio. "A Power Frequency Modular Sampling Standard for Traceable Power Measurements: Comparison and Perspectives." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 71 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3132346.

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35

Bernien, Matthias, Martin Götz, Claus Illgen, Dietmar Drung, Christian Krause, Thomas Bock, and Karl Jousten. "Traceable low-current measurements for a novel ionization gauge suitable as reference standard." Measurement: Sensors 18 (December 2021): 100202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100202.

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36

Lander, Michael L., John O. Bagford, Daniel B. Seibert, and Robert J. Hull. "High power calibration of commercial power meters using an NIST‐traceable secondary standard." Journal of Laser Applications 8, no. 2 (April 1996): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4745410.

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37

Whitlock, G. D. "A Large Area Tritium Standard Source for Traceable Calibration of Surface Contamination Monitors." Fusion Technology 21, no. 2P2 (March 1992): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst92-a29789.

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38

Xie, Lan-Gui, Xia Zhao, Si-Hong Dou, Long Tang, and Hui-Min Sun. "A new standard reference film for oxygen gas transmission measurements." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 4 (April 2019): 190142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190142.

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A novel reference film was characterized to improve the oxygen gas transmission measurement accuracy of plastic materials for pharmaceutical packaging. The material processing, homogeneity, stability, jointly determined value and uncertainty evaluation were discussed. The film is the first reference film characterized by multiple laboratories using both manometric and coulometric methods. The oxygen transmission rate of the reference film was 20.53 with the expanded uncertainty of 1.36. The newly characterized reference film can be used in the calibration and self-calibration of oxygen transmission measurement equipment and analytical method verification to improve the measurement accuracy and achieve traceable data.

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39

Chapple, D. G., K. P. A. Wheeler, G. Perrott, and M. Witt. "Simple mixes of molassed sugar beet feed, field beans and distillers grains for pregnant March-lambing ewes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005007.

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Feeding of lowland sheep on straw-based systems during pregnancy and in early lactation has shown that ewe and lamb performance can be satisfactory, providing adequate compound supplementation is fed (Davies and Chapple, 1995). Whole barley and soya bean meal has been the standard ration. However, soya bean meal is imported and may not be fully traceable. Maize or barley distillers fed with beans could provide traceable protein to replace soya bean meal in sheep diets. Experiments with housed early-lambing ewes and ewes suckling twin lambs at grass have shown that traceable feeds, based on molassed sugar beet and either maize or barley distillers grains, can replace a barley/soya supplement when fed with straw based diets in late pregnancy or at grass (Chappleet al., 1999 and 2000). The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on ewe and lamb performance of feeding sugar beet feeds with distillers grains and beans to March-lambing ewes on a straw-based system.

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40

Xu, Yang, Wu, Chen, Chen, and Tsai. "Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Food with Information on Animal Welfare, Lean Meat Essence Detection, and Traceability." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 26, 2019): 3616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193616.

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Amid high-profile food scares, health concerns and threats of information imperfection and asymmetry, the Chinese pork industry faces increasing demands from consumers for assurances regarding quality and production methods in both the domestic and export markets. Using a real choice experiment (RCE), 316 consumers in Wuxi, located in China’s Jiangsu Province, were randomly surveyed to examine the impact of various factors (e.g., traceability, lean meat essence testing, animal welfare, appearance, and price) on consumers’ preference and willingness to pay (WTP) for pork products. A random parameter logit model was estimated, and the results show that having a traceable code is the second important factor after price for consumers, corresponding to a WTP of 4.76 yuan per catty, followed by a bright red appearance, a national stocking density standard of animal welfare, and detected no lean meat essence, corresponding to a WTP of more than 2 yuan per catty. In addition, there is a complementary interrelationship between a traceable code and a bright red appearance, detected no lean meat essence, and a national stocking density standard of animal welfare. The results concerning the latent class model (LCM) indicate that 56.9% of consumers are “quality-focused” consumers who are willing to pay a high price for traceable code, detected no lean meat essence, a national stocking density standard of animal welfare, and bright red appearance attributes. A further 28.1% are “price-sensitive” consumers who pay significant attention to the price, and the price that they pay for each product is meagre. The consumers with “preference combination attributes” attach greater value to interaction attributes, such as a traceable code combined with detected no lean meat essence or a bright red appearance and detected no lean meat essence combined with a national stocking density standard of animal welfare or a bright red appearance, accounting for 15% of consumers. The government should improve the traceability system, increase the intensity of lean meat essence testing, promote the welfare level of pigs, and promote public education and publicity on pork quality and safety attributes. Meanwhile, enterprises can formulate “differentiated” pork products, according to different consumer groups, and appropriately increase prices, according to production costs, in order to meet the requirements for pork quality and safety for consumers.

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41

Chen, Jie, Jie Liu, Xingrui Wang, Longfei Zhang, Xiao Deng, Xinbin Cheng, and Tongbao Li. "Optimization of Nano-Grating Pitch Evaluation Method Based on Line Edge Roughness Analysis." Measurement Science Review 17, no. 6 (December 20, 2017): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2017-0032.

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Abstract Pitch uncertainty and line edge roughness are among the critical quality attributes of a pitch standard and normally the analyses of these two parameters are separate. The analysis of self-traceable Cr atom lithography nano-gratings shows a positive relevance and sensitivity between LER and evaluated standard deviation of pitch. Therefore, LER can be used as an aided pre-evaluation parameter for the pitch calculation method, such as the gravity center method or the zero-crossing points method. The optimization of the nano-grating evaluation method helps to obtain the accurate pitch value with fewer measurements and provide a comprehensive characterization of pitch standards.

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42

Donlon, Craig J., W. Wimmer, I. Robinson, G. Fisher, M. Ferlet, T. Nightingale, and B. Bras. "A Second-Generation Blackbody System for the Calibration and Verification of Seagoing Infrared Radiometers." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2014): 1104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00151.1.

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AbstractQuasi-operational shipborne radiometers provide a fiducial reference measurement (FRM) for satellite validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature (SSTskin) retrievals. External reference blackbodies are required to verify the performance and to quantify the accuracy of the radiometer calibration system. They provide a link in an unbroken chain of comparisons between the shipborne radiometer and a traceable reference standard. A second-generation water bath blackbody reference radiance source has been developed for this purpose. The second generation Concerted Action for the Study of the Ocean Thermal Skin (CASOTS-II) blackbody has a 110-mm-diameter aperture cylinder-cone geometry coated with NEXTEL suede 3103 paint. Interchangeable aperture stops reduce the cavity aperture diameter and minimize stray radiation. Monte Carlo modeling techniques show the effective emissivity of the cavity to be >0.9999 (aperture < 30 mm). The cavity is immersed in a water bath that is vigorously stirred using a pump that slowly heats the water bath at a mean rate of ~0.6 K h−1. The temperature of the water bath is measured using a thermometer traceable to the International System of Units (SI) standards. The worst-case radiance temperature of the CASOTS-II blackbody system is traceable to the SI with an uncertainty of 58 mK (millikelvin). When operating under typical laboratory conditions using an aperture of 40 mm, the uncertainty is 16 mK. An intercomparison with the U.K. National Physical Laboratory Absolute Measurements of Blackbody Emitted Radiance (AMBER) reference radiometer found no significant differences within 75 mK (110-mm aperture) or 50 mK (40-mm aperture), which is the combined uncertainty of the comparison and the reference standard for SI traceability of ISAR radiometer SSTskin records used for satellite SST validation. Applications of the CASOTS-II blackbody to monitor the calibration of shipborne radiometers are described and measurement protocols are proposed.

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43

Aoyama, Michio. "Global certified-reference-material- or reference-material-scaled nutrient gridded dataset GND13." Earth System Science Data 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 487–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-487-2020.

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Abstract. A global nutrient gridded dataset that might be the basis for studies of more accurate spatial distributions of nutrients in the global ocean was created and named GND13. During 30 cruises, reference materials of nutrients in seawater or their equivalents were used at all stations, and high-precision measurements were made. The precision of the nutrient analyses was better than 0.2 %. Data were collected from the hydrographic cruises in the JASMTEC R/V Mirai cruises, JMA cruise, CARINA, PACIFICA, and WGHC datasets from which nutrient data were available. Analyses were conducted at 243 crossover stations. Cruises that used certified reference materials or reference materials (CRMs/RMs) for seawater nutrient concentration measurements were used as a reference of an unbroken chain of comparison to determine correction factors which made nutrient concentrations obtained by other cruises SI traceable. Dissolved oxygen was secondarily quality-controlled using the same methodology as was used to create the nutrient gridded data product, but, lacking a traceable standard, the resulting oxygen data product is not SI traceable. Finally, a dataset of nitrate, phosphate, and silicate concentrations was created at latitude and longitude intervals of 0.5∘ and on 136 isobaric surfaces to depths of 6500 m as an SI-traceable dataset. This dataset has already been published at: https://doi.org/10.17596/0000001 (Aoyama, 2017).

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44

Holloway, Christopher L., Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Jeffery A. Sherman, Alain Rüfenacht, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Amy K. Robinson, David S. La Mantia, and Eric B. Norrgard. "Electromagnetically induced transparency based Rydberg-atom sensor for traceable voltage measurements." AVS Quantum Science 4, no. 3 (September 2022): 034401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0097746.

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We investigate the Stark shift in Rydberg rubidium atoms through electromagnetically induced transparency for the measurement of direct current (dc) and 60 Hz alternating current (ac) voltages. This technique has direct application to the calibration of voltage measurement instrumentation. We present experimental results for different atomic states that allow for dc and ac voltage measurements ranging from 0 to 12 V. While the state-of-the-art method for realizing the volt, the Josephson voltage standard, is significantly more accurate, the Rydberg atom-based method presented here has the potential to be a calibration standard with more favorable size, weight, power, and cost. We discuss the steps necessary to develop the Rydberg atom-based voltage measurement as a complementary method for dissemination of the voltage scale directly to the end user and discuss sources of uncertainties for these types of experiments.

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45

Postek, M. T., and R. C. Tiberio. "Low-Voltage Accelerating-Voltage SEM Magnification Standard Prototype." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100103073.

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The National Bureau of Standards has had a continuing effort for almost a decade to develop feature-size measurement techniques and the associated linewidth standards for the semiconductor industry. Recently, work began on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based feature-size measurement program specifically aimed at the development and certification of SEM linewidth standards and the associated techniques for their calibration and use.Primary to the development and use of SEM linewidth measurement standards is the calibration of the magnification of the SEM. The only standard reference material presently available from NBS for calibrating the magnification of the SEM is the NBS SRM 484.1 This standard provides a known pitch between gold lines in a nickel matrix that is traceable to NBS primary standards. This standard has proven useful for many SEM applications and should continue to be useful for some time to come. However, since SRM 484 was developed prior to the recent interest in low accelerating voltage operation for integrated circuit wafer inspection and measurement, this SRM, in its present form, is unsuitable for use in many of the newly introduced SEM measurement instruments.

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46

Ogushi, Koji, Atsuhiro Nishino, Koji Maeda, and Kazunaga Ueda. "Direct Calibration Chain for Hand Torque Screwdrivers from the National Torque Standard." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i2.226.

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Hand torque screwdrivers are used for the fastening control of screws in almost all precise mechanical and electrical parts. This paper describes the realization of a direct calibration chain for hand torque screwdrivers traceable to the national torque standard. The calibration methods for a reference torque screwdriver using a primary torque standard machine, a torque screwdriver tester using the reference torque screwdriver, and hand torque screwdrivers using the torque screwdriver tester are described respectively. Uncertainty evaluation methods for each calibration level are also explained. The effectiveness of the calibration chain for hand torque screwdrivers could be demonstrated.

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47

Pritchard, Caroline, Milena Quaglia, Chris Mussell, William I. Burkitt, Helen Parkes, and Gavin O'Connor. "Fully Traceable Absolute Protein Quantification of Somatropin That Allows Independent Comparison of Somatropin Standards." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 11 (November 1, 2009): 1984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2009.124354.

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Abstract Background: Measurement traceability in clinical chemistry is required to standardize clinical results irrespective of the measurement procedure and laboratory. The traceability of many protein substances is maintained by reference to the first standard produced, which may no longer exist, with values assigned by consensus. Independent methods that provide traceability to the Système d’Unité International for all relevant properties of a protein standard could remove reliance on the original standard preparations. Methods: We developed a method based on the traceable quantification of tryptic peptides released from the protein by isotope dilution mass spectrometry to compare 2 standard preparations of somatropin (recombinant human growth hormone), WHO 98/574 and Ph.Eur.CRS S0947000. Relative quantification using isotope-coded affinity tagging, isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification, and standard additions were also performed to validate the digestion method used and to determine whether any modifications were present. Results: The total somatropin content in both materials was determined and an uncertainty estimation undertaken [WHO 2.19 ± 0.21) mg/vial, European Pharmacopeia 2.06 ± 0.21 mg/vial]. Each uncertainty in this paper is a fully estimated uncertainty, with 95% CI (k = 2). Isotope coded affinity tag and standard addition results fully validated the robustness of the digestion method used. In addition, iTRAQ (isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification analysis) identified 2 modifications, neither of which impacted the quantification. Conclusions: An independent method that does not rely on a preexisting protein standard has been developed and validated for the traceable value-assignment of total somatropin. The methods reported here address the amount of substance (mass fraction) of the standard materials but address neither biological activity nor other characteristics that may be important in assessing suitability for use as a calibrator.

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Wirth, Marisa A., Lars Longwitz, Marion Kanwischer, Peter Gros, Peter Leinweber, and Thomas Werner. "AMPA-15N – Synthesis and application as standard compound in traceable degradation studies of glyphosate." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 225 (December 2021): 112768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112768.

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49

Nwaboh, Javis A., Zhechao Qu, Olav Werhahn, and Volker Ebert. "Towards an Optical Gas Standard for Traceable Calibration-Free and Direct NO2 Concentration Measurements." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 5361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125361.

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We report a direct tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (dTDLAS) instrument developed for NO2 concentration measurements without chemical pre-conversion, operated as an Optical Gas Standard (OGS). An OGS is a dTDLAS instrument that can deliver gas species amount fractions (concentrations), without any previous or routine calibration, which are directly traceable to the international system of units (SI). Here, we report NO2 amount fraction quantification in the range of 100–1000 µmol/mol to demonstrate the current capability of the instrument as an OGS for car exhaust gas application. Nitrogen dioxide amount fraction results delivered by the instrument are in good agreement with certified values of reference gas mixtures, validating the capability of the dTDLAS-OGS for calibration-free NO2 measurements. As opposed to the standard reference method (SRM) based on chemiluminescence detection (CLD) where NO2 is indirectly measured after conversion to NO, titration with O3 and the detection of the resulting fluorescence, a dTDLAS-OGS instrument has the benefit of directly measuring NO2 without distorting or delaying conversion processes. Therefore, it complements the SRM and can perform fast and traceable measurements, and side-by-side calibrations of other NO2 gas analyzers operating in the field. The relative standard uncertainty of the NO2 results reported in this paper is 5.1% (k = 1, which is dominated (98%) by the NO2 line strength), the repeatability of the results at 982.6 µmol/mol is 0.1%, the response time of the instrument is 0.5 s, and the detection limit is 825 nmol/mol at a time resolution of 86 s.

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50

Deng, Xiao, Tong-Bao Li, Li-Hua Lei, Yan Ma, Rui Ma, Jun-Jing Weng, and Yuan Li. "Fabrication and measurement of traceable pitch standard with a big area at trans-scale." Chinese Physics B 23, no. 9 (September 2014): 090601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/23/9/090601.

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