Статті в журналах: "Toxicological estimation"

1

Klepper, Olivier, and Jacques J. M. Bedaux. "Nonlinear parameter estimation for toxicological threshold models." Ecological Modelling 102, no. 2-3 (October 1997): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3800(97)00066-5.

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2

Hall, Lowell H., and Lemont B. Kier. "Estimation of environmental and toxicological properties: Approach and methodology." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620080103.

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3

Linhartova, L., and M. Ezechias. "Estimation of agonistic and antagonistic moieties from toxicological mixture experiments." Toxicology Letters 350 (September 2021): S238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00791-8.

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4

Khairullin, Damir, Alexander Ovsyannikov, Olga Zalyalyeva, Svetlana Faleeva, and Irina Vorobyeva. "Toxicological estimation of the carbon-vitamin-mineral concentrat "Lizunets Solevit" (S-1)." Proceedings of the Kuban State Agrarian University 1, no. 79 (2019): 220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1999-1703-79-220-223.

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5

Rafikova, G. F., E. V. Kuzina, and O. N. Loginov. "TOXICOLOGICAL ESTIMATION OF MICROORGANISM PAENIBACILLUS EHIMENSIS IB 739 AND PREPARATION BACISPETSIN BM." ÈKOBIOTEH 1, no. 2 (2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31163/2618-964x-2018-1-2-63-70.

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Klepper, Olivier, and Jaques J. M. Bedaux. "A robust method for nonlinear parameter estimation illustrated on a toxicological model." Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 30, no. 3 (December 1997): 1677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0362-546x(97)00104-1.

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7

Escuder-Gilabert, L., R. M. Villanueva-Camañas, S. Sagrado, and M. J. Medina-Hernandez. "Permeability and toxicological profile estimation of organochlorine compounds by biopartitioning micellar chromatography." Biomedical Chromatography 23, no. 4 (April 2009): 382–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bmc.1126.

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8

Rendle, D. F., and J. F. Taylor. "Application of Xrf to the Detection and Estimation of Metals in Toxicological Specimens." Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 869–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800023351.

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The Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory is faced from time to time with cases which require the detection and estimation of metals in biological matrices. These cases generally concern instances, allegations or threats of poisoning and require the analysis of either foodstuffs or body fluids, or both. The elements of particular interest are antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, lead, mercury, and thallium.

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9

Nakao, Ken-Ichiro. "Experimental Study on Age Estimation of Bloodstains Based on Biological and Toxicological Analysis." Open Forensic Science Journal 6, no. 1 (October 18, 2013): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874402801306010006.

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10

Petrov, A. N., and E. L. Nevrova. "Estimation of cell distribution heterogeneity at toxicological experiments with clonal cultures of benthic diatoms." Marine Biological Journal 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2020.05.2.07.

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An increase in anthropogenic pressure on coastal water areas requires regular monitoring of marine ecosystems. The appropriate bioindicators for indirect assessment of the quality of the near-shore environment are benthic diatom algae, which are a key element of coastal communities and are highly sensitive to environmental impact. Changes in the development of diatoms under the influence of various toxicants may be used as relevant tool for monitoring of marine environment quality. However, scientific and methodological approaches to application of benthic diatom algae as test objects remain unstudied. One of the important methodological problems is the assessment of the significance of the samples in experimental vessels when counting cells abundance at different stages of toxicological test. The study is focused on assessment of the statistical significance of the equality of the initial mean number of cells of clonal culture inoculum placed into each of the replicates, as well as the statistical uniformity of cell distribution over the entire bottom area of Petri dishes. We used clonal cultures of three benthic diatom species belonging to different classes of Bacillariophyta: Thalassiosira excentrica Cleve, 1903 (Coscinodiscophycea), Ardissonea crystallina (C. Agardh) Grunow, 1880 (Fragilariophyceae), and Pleurosigma aestuarii (Bréb. in Kütz.) W. Smith, 1853 (Bacillariophyceae). They significantly differ in valve morphology and life history (floating in water mass, attached to substrate, and motile). The results of statistical comparison of cell number variability in the experiment for all studied species confirmed the absence of significant differences between the mean values of the tested parameter at a standard significance level (0.05). It was shown that despite specific differences in cell growth rate during the experiment, the variability in cell number in the microscope viewing fields varies irregularly. The highest value of the variability coefficient was observed on the 5th day for the small-sized species T. excentrica (Cv = 42…55 %), and the lowest variability – for the large-cell species A. crystallina (Cv = 27…31 %). The absence of significant differences in cell number between three replicates (for each species) was established both during the initial placing of inoculum into the dishes and on the following days of the experiment. The conclusion is applicable for each of diatom species studied, which allows to consider all replicates as subsamples of the replicate sample and to average the results obtained at different stages of the toxicological experiment. The uniformity of cell distribution throughout experimental dishes bottom, which does not depend on species and absolute cell number, was statistically proven. The results obtained allow to statistically reliably estimate the changes in cell number at different stages of toxicological experiment according to replicate sampling, based on cell counting in a limited number of viewing fields.

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11

Nedugov, German V., Anatoliy P. Ardashkin, and Vladimir G. Nedugov. "Statistical diagnostics of postmortem artifacts for determination of ethanol concentration." Science and Innovations in Medicine 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2019-4-4-58-62.

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Objectives - statistical estimation of the physiological limits of the quantitative distribution of ethanol in cadaveric blood and bladder urine and development of an automated method for diagnosing postmortem artifacts of forensic medical examination of acute alcohol intoxication on the corpse. Material and methods. We performed a retrospective statistical analysis of the results of toxicological determination of ethanol concentration in a blood and in the urine in 2376 deaths from acute alcohol intoxication. Results. Regression equations have been developed that allow us to determine the physiological limits of the quantitative distribution of ethanol in blood and urine with any confidence probability for any degree of alcohol intoxication and phase of acute alcohol intoxication. The set of computational procedures is implemented in the format of the computer program "Alcohol calculator Z 3.0". Conclusion. If the concentrations of ethanol in the blood or in the urine are beyond their physiological limits, the results of toxicological analysis should be considered as a postmortem artifact.

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12

Mitchelmore, CL, CA Bishop, and TK Collier. "Toxicological estimation of mortality of oceanic sea turtles oiled during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill." Endangered Species Research 33 (January 31, 2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr00758.

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13

Shao, Kan, and Mitchell J. Small. "Statistical Evaluation of Toxicological Experimental Design for Bayesian Model Averaged Benchmark Dose Estimation with Dichotomous Data." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 18, no. 5 (September 2012): 1096–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2012.707938.

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14

Gackowska, Alicja, Waldemar Studziński, Edyta Kudlek, Mariusz Dudziak, and Jerzy Gaca. "Estimation of physicochemical properties of 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) degradation products and their toxicological evaluation." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 16 (March 28, 2018): 16037–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1796-6.

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15

Stojak, Joanna. "Use of entomotoxicology in estimating post-mortem interval and determining cause of death." Issues of Forensic Science 295 (2017): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.295.2.

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Entomotoxicology allows the estimation of the post-mortem interval and the determination of the cause of death in cases in which the corpse has decomposed and the tissues necessary for toxicological analysis are no longer available. Obtaining information about toxic substances potentially present in the body is possible by isolation of larvae and pupae of true flies (Diptera) and/or adult forms of, e.g., beetles (Coleoptera) present on or near the corpse. This article was intended to summarize the current knowledge in the field of entomotoxicology, including examples from the literature, and to present the impact of selected toxic substances and medicines on the development of necrophagous larvae of insects.

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16

Bilandžić, Nina, Marija Sedak, Bruno Čalopek, Maja Đokić, Ivana Varenina, Božica Solomun Kolanović, Đurđica Božić Luburić, Ines Varga, and Alessandra Roncarati. "Evaluation of Element Concentrations in Beef and Pork Meat Cuts Available to the Population in the Croatian Capital." Foods 9, no. 12 (December 13, 2020): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121861.

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The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of essential, trace, and toxic elements in beef and pork meat cuts available at markets and retail chains in the Croatian capital. Significant differences in the concentrations of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb, and Zn were found between bovine cuts (p < 0.01, all) and also between pork cuts (p < 0.01, all). A risk assessment using the estimated intakes based on the lowest and highest mean values of Al, Cr, Ni, and Pb in beef and pork showed low contributions to tolerable toxicological limits. However, consumers whose diets consist of large amounts of beef and pork kidneys may be at risk because the estimated intakes for Cd and Se exceeded the toxicological limits. Consumers of large quantities of beef mixed meat may be at risk due to higher values of estimated As intakes compared to health-based guidance values. Estimation based on the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake values for Cu, Fe, and Zn showed that beef and pork cuts can be considered safe for consumption. A comparison with data from other studies shows that the concentrations of the analyzed elements in beef and pork cuts vary considerably.

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17

Milatovic, Aleksandra, Sonja Ivanovic, Vesna Spasic-Jokic, and Slobodan Jovanovic. "A dose estimation for persons occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation in Montenegro." Archive of Oncology 16, no. 1-2 (2008): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo0802005m.

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Background: Persons occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation are subject to radiation protection due to potential harmful effects of radiation. Dose monitoring of professionally exposed workers is an essential regulatory measure in radiation protec?tion. In Montenegro, which is a small "non-nuclear" country with population of 670.000, the use of radiation sources is limited to common medical applications and a few industrial ones, with estimated 500-600 occupationally exposed individuals. Methods: Centre for Eco-toxicological Research in Podgorica, acting as a technical support organization to regulatory authorities, is the first and only institution in the country performing personal dosimetry service (since 2007). Initial results, obtained using a Harshaw 4500 TLD reader, and as the results of personal electronic dosimeters DOSICARD readings were summarized in present paper. Results: Average equivalent doses per month are found to be 70.3 ?Sv for physicians and 82.7 ?Sv for technicians. The highest dose recorded in one month was 1100 ?Sv for a RTG technician in Niksic Hospital. Conclusion: Results for all subjects monitored up to now (medical staff) are below internationally recommended dose limits.

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18

Hryhorenko, Luibov V., and Svitlana Yu Yehorova. "TOXICOLOGICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL ESTIMATION LEVEL OF POLLUTION ECOSYSTEMS IN THE INDUSTRIAL REGION OF UKRAINE – KRIVOY ROG CITY." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 9 (2020): 1962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202009212.

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The aim: Scientific substantiation necessary of PMWW application for the ecologically safe formation of the secondary ecosystems in the mining and iron ore processing areas. Materials and methods: Sanitary-chemical investigation of water samples (n=132); biological objects – plants and aquatic biota was conducted on the content of Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Fe (n=112); wild plants samples (n=135); sanitary-microbiological and parasitological indicators 1 – 3 years old waste water sludge (WWS) (n = 68). Results: Overnormal concentrations of salt had been found in water samples, taken from the river Inhulets (2.1 MPL), sulfates and carbonates (2.7 MPL), iron (2.1 MPL), chloride (1.7 MPL), magnesium (3.1 MPL). In wells from nearest villages water is not suitable for drinking purposes and contains total sum of salts – 4.97 MPL, sulfates and carbonates – 5.16 MPL, cadmium – 3.7 MPL, lead – 1.53 MPL. Thus, the toxic heavy metals concentrations (Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Fe) in the fish and amphibians did not exceed the permissible levels. Conclusions: Total pollution of the soil within six months after application of sludge correspond to the “permissible” level (Zc=1.61). Use of clearing facilities sludge aged from 1.5 years old and of longer in the amount 15 kg/m2 did not lead to increased concentration of heavy metals in the top layer of dumps.

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Mukherjee, Shraboni, Sujata Dutta, Sourjya Ray, and Gopinath Halder. "A comparative study on defluoridation capabilities of biosorbents: isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics, cost estimation, and eco-toxicological study." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25, no. 18 (April 14, 2018): 17473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1931-4.

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20

Senin, Raluca Madalina, Virgil Badescu, Ileana Radulescu, Marian Romeo Calin, Ion Ion, Michael Henning, and Alina Catrinel Ion. "Non-Linear Regression Applied to the Sorption of Bisphenol A on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Aqueous Systems." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 2427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18967.

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In the present study, equilibrium parameters of adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) on multi-walled carbon nanotubes were determined using non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich sorption models and regression methods were applied. In the calculations, some error functions were applied in the non-linear regression analysis, the best fit between the data being obtained, for a minimum error distribution. Non-linear regression analysis and the error distribution suggested Langmuir isotherm model the best one for estimation of equilibrium parameters. The results will be further used in environmental applications for BPA removal from natural waters, taking into account the spontaneous character of the adsorption process, the endocrine disrupting effect of BPA and the reduced toxicological effects of the impregnated sorbents.

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21

Bertanza, Giorgio, Jennifer Boniotti, Elisabetta Ceretti, Donatella Feretti, Giovanna Mazzoleni, Michele Menghini, Roberta Pedrazzani, et al. "Environmental Footprint of Wastewater Treatment: A Step Forward in the Use of Toxicological Tools." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 6827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136827.

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The assessment of the actual impact of discharged wastewater on the whole ecosystem and, in turn, on human health requires the execution of bioassays. In effect, based on the chemical characterization alone, the synergistic/antagonistic effect of mixtures of pollutants is hardly estimable. The aim of this work was to evaluate the applicability of a battery of bioassays and to suggest a smart procedure for results representation. Two real wastewater treatment plants were submitted to analytical campaigns. Several baseline toxicity assays were conducted, together with tests for the determination of endocrine activity, genetic toxicity and carcinogenicity of wastewater. A “traffic light” model was adopted for an easy-to-understand visualization of the results. Although the legal prescriptions of chemical parameters are fully complied with, bioassays show that a certain biological activity still residues in the treated effluents. Moreover, influent and effluent responses are not always appreciably different. Some tests employing human cells were revealed to be only partially adequate for environmental applications. An interesting and helpful development of the present approach would consist in the estimation of biological equivalents of toxicity, as shown for the estrogenic compound 17-β-estradiol.

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22

Sekizawa, J., G. Suter, T. Vermeire, and W. Munns. "An example of an integrated approach for health and environmental risk assessment: the case of organotin compounds." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 7-8 (October 1, 2000): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0583.

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Because environmental decision making based solely on simple compilation of toxicological data on either wildlife or humans in isolation can not give effective answers about the nature and levels of risk, an integrated approach for risk assessment of adverse effects of chemicals is required. Integration of available information on health and environmental effects, from in vitro to the level of humans, across various species, across different endpoints, and in combination with integrated exposure data, permits enhanced estimation of the potential risks posed by various agents. Mechanistic and quantitative consideration are the keys in this process. A framework for integrated risk assessment has been proposed by an international workgroup. The value and utility of the integrated approach is shown using the example of organotin compounds.

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23

Ohno, K., E. Kadota, Y. Kondo, T. Kamei, and Y. Magara. "Estimation of geographical variation of cancer risks in drinking water in Japan." Water Supply 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.045.

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The cancer risks posed by ten substances in raw and purified water were estimated for each municipality in Japan to compare risks between raw and purified water, and inter-municipality. Water concentrations were estimated by use of statistical data. Assigning cancer unit risks to each substance and applying the assumption of additive toxicological effects to multiple carcinogens, total cancer risks of the waters were estimated. As a result, the geometric means of total cancer risks in raw and purified water were 1.16×10−5 and 2.18×10−5, respectively. In raw water, the contribution ratio of arsenic to total cancer risk accounted for 97%. In purified water, that of four trihalomethanes (THMs) accounted for 54%. The increase of total cancer risks in purified water was due to THMs. In regard to the geographical variation, the relationship between population size and total cancer risks were investigated. The result was that there were higher cancer risks in the big cities with the population more than a million both in raw and purified water. One plausible reason for the higher risks in purified water in the big cities is a larger chlorination dose due to the huge water supply areas. The reason for the increase in raw water remained unclear.

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24

Shkidyuk, M. V., T. A. Don, and O. K. Bedritskaya. "Complex estimation system for smokeless nicotine containing products." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-179-186.

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Smokeless nicotine containing products are very diverse and offered in flavored tobacco/non tobacco forms, packed in portioned sachets of different mass, dimensions, and colors, with different nicotine content. In RF of chewing tobacco is regulated by Federal law № 268, sucking tobacco (snus) is prohibited for wholesale and retail trade according to FL № 456. Federal law № 303 equates consuming of non tobacco nicotine containing products for chewing and sucking to tobacco consumption. Absence of regulations for nicotine containing products with similar package, but different in composition and physiological effect requires elaboration methods for complex estimation of smokeless products with methods verification in order to their control. Monitoring of studies conducted in various scientific centers on the issue of toxicological assessment of smokeless tobacco / non-tobacco nicotine-containing products has been carried Analysis of consumer’s indicators of smokeless products includes organoleptic testing and measuring nicotine content as toxicity indicator. It is discovered that nicotine content in studied samples varies from 0.3 to 7.6 %. Quantity of absorbed nicotine during cigarette smoking is criterion of sufficient nicotine concentration in smokeless products, extracted through oral mucosa. Base (carrier) for non tobacco products is usually powdered microcrystal cellulose or grinded plant matter (peppermint) of different flavor and color. Structure of smokeless products is defined and their identification features are offered, including extra feature – tobacco presence in product, defined by presence of tobacco specific nitrosamines. As the result of the researches adoption of nicotine content limit of 20 – 30 mg per portion is offered. Complex estimation system for smokeless products is elaborated. It includes: organoleptic testing of consumer’s properties, spectrophotometric method for nicotine content measuring, thermogravimetric determination of the mass fraction of moisture, optical microscopy and luminiscence analysis for defining product structure in order to its identification, gas chromatography for defining humectants and LC-MS for measuring content of tobacco specific nitrosaminescontent.

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25

Sˇteˇtinová, V., V. Grossmann, and J. Kvétina. "Estimation of subchronic toxicological profile of drugs sulpiride, 5-aminosalicylic acid, atenolol, nitrendipine, aflatoxin B1 using gradually increase dosage." Pharmacological Research 31 (January 1995): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1043-6618(95)86860-7.

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Yavorovskiy, Oleksandr, Sergii Omelchuk, Lyudmyla Sokurenko, Tetyana Zinchenko, Nina Solokha, Vasyl Aleksiichuk, and Roman Brukhno. "ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS OF METAL NANOCOMPOUNDS PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION: HYGIENIC, CLINICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, no. 8 (2019): 1504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201908117.

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Introduction: Nanometals are the most common nanoobjects, used nearly in all industrial branches. Considerable advances in the nanotechnological production have led to progressive use of nanomaterials in industry, though occupational safety of the nanoindustry staff is insufficiently studied. The aim: Estimation of labor safety during production of metal nanoparticles for the purpose of defining necessary and efficient preventive measures. Materials and methods: The personnel of the hygienic departments of the O.Bogomolets National medical university have conducted numerous physiological, hygienic, biochemical, morphological and toxicological studies. The scientists have studied and revealed hazardous workplace factors of various metal nanoparticle production technologies, particularly those of metal nanoparticles: nanosilver, titanium nitride, chromium disilicide, lead sulphide, etc. Results and conclusions: The authors have developed method of the occupational exposure metal nanoparticles exposure air control, assessed and analyzed health of the personnel engaged in production of the nanometals. The paper contains data of the blood cells functional activity assessment, with the detected possible molecular nanoparticles toxicity mechanisms due to the altered gene expression. The authors have studied effect of nanoaerosols onto the laboratory rats respiratory organs, evaluated their blood biochemical characteristics, liver lipid content of fatty acids as well as defined morpho-functional hepatic transformations of the laboratory animals which underwent lead sulfide nanoparticles treatment.

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Polvara, Elisa, Luca Roveda, Marzio Invernizzi, Laura Capelli, and Selena Sironi. "Estimation of Emission Factors for Hazardous Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refineries." Atmosphere 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111531.

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The hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) group is composed of 187 chemicals that are known to be potentially carcinogenic and dangerous for human health. Due to their toxicological impact, HAPs are an increasingly studied class of compounds. Of the different HAPs sources, refineries are one of the major sources. In order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the impact of a refinery in terms of emissions, a useful instrument is the determination of the emission factor (EF). For this reason, this work, focusing on the USA refining scenario, aims to provide evidence for a generic trend in refinery emissions to evaluate a correlation between the plant size and the amount of its emissions, in particular the HAPs emissions. Based on the analysis of the data collected from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), a general trend in the emissions from refinery plants was established, showing a positive correlation between the HAPs emissions and the refinery size, represented by a value of the Pearson correlation coefficient r close to 1. Once this correlation was highlighted, a purpose of this work became the estimation of an organic HAPs emission factor (EF): from a whole refining plant, the EF of the total organic HAPs is equal to 10 g emitted for each ton of crude oil processed. Moreover, it was also possible to undertake the same evaluation for two specific HAP molecules: benzene and formaldehyde. The benzene and formaldehyde EFs are equal to, respectively, 0.8 g and 0.2 g for each ton of processed crude oil. This work provides a simple rule of thumb for the estimation of hazardous substances emitted from petroleum refineries in their mean operating conditions.

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Gadaga, Louis L., Dexter Tagwireyi, Janet Dzangare, and Charles F. B. Nhachi. "Acute oral toxicity and neurobehavioural toxicological effects of hydroethanolic extract of Boophone disticha in rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 8 (October 1, 2010): 972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110384524.

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Boophone disticha (B. disticha) has been used systemically in traditional medical practice in Zimbabwe and neighbouring countries for the management of various central nervous system conditions including hysteria. Abuse of the plant by teenagers in Zimbabwe for its claimed hallucinogenic effects has also been reported, with the advent of serious toxicity in some cases. In the present work, we describe the acute toxicity and neurotoxicological effects of a freeze dried hydro-ethanolic plant extract of the bulb of B. disticha. Thirty-three adult (6—12 weeks old), non-pregnant female Sprague Dawley rats were used for the oral LD50 estimation. Animals were given doses of 50, 120, 240, 360, 500 and 700 mg/kg and were observed using a modified Functional Observation Battery (FOB) for behavioural toxicity. The estimated oral LD50 of the plant extract was between 120 and 240 mg/kg. For doses of 240 mg/kg and less, signs of toxicity began approximately 10 minutes after gavage, and the most prominent initial signs were head tremors (at 50 mg/kg) and body tremors, severe body tremors(>360 mg/kg) followed by convulsions. Generally, symptoms of toxicity lasted approximately 2 hours for doses of 240 mg/kg and less; and 3 hours for doses over 240 mg/kg for animals that survived. These results point to a rapid gastrointestinal absorption of the active principles in the plant extract. The most prominent neurotoxicological effects were increased flaccid limb paralysis and spastic hind-limb paralysis. Tachypnoea was noted at low doses and higher doses produced laboured breathing. The retropulsion observed with higher doses could indicate the reported hallucinogenic effects of the plant extract.

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Lamminpää, A., and V. Riihimäki. "Pesticide-Related Incidents Treated in Finnish Hospitals - A Review of Cases Registered Over a 5-Year Period." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 6 (November 1992): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100606.

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Pesticide-related incidents are uncommon in Finland. They comprised 0.11% of all hospitalizations due to poisoning in 1987-88. A search of the nationwide Hospital Discharge Register revealed 78 pesticide-related incidents in a 5-year period. Some 30 different agents were involved, the most frequent being organophosphate and MCPA. Only 36 cases (46%) were judged to be unequivocal or probable pesticide poisonings; 26 (33%) were probably other illnesses because of no or minimal exposure and of the children admitted for follow-up, nine (12%) had potentially marked exposure, but no poisoning developed owing to vigorous early treatment which limited absorption, and seven (9%) cases remained undetermined. According to our analysis, the management of patients with (suspected) pesticide poisoning at hospitals could be further improved if the following procedures were emphasised: decontamination of the skin when appropriate, systematic early estimation of the likely dose involved, analytical verification of pesticide absorption whenever feasible, and consistent collaboration with a toxicological advisory service.

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Quaye, Osbourne, Precious Cramer, Mark Ofosuhene, Laud K. N. Okine, and Alexander K. Nyarko. "Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Aqueous Extract of Desmodium adscendens (Sw) DC." Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine 22, no. 4 (October 2017): 753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156587217736587.

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Extracts of Desmodium adscendens (Sw) DC are used for the treatment of various diseases but limited toxicological evaluations have been done on the medicinal plant. This study investigates toxicity effects of the leave extract of D adscendens, and the possibility of drug-drug interaction of the plant extract when co-administered with other drugs. Oral administrations of leaf extract of D adscendens to white Wistar rats in an acute toxicity studies allowed the estimation of an LD50 (median lethal dose) value of 1122 mg/kg body weight. In a subchronic toxicity studies, the plant extract caused a decrease in zoxazolamine paralysis time and prevented thiopentone from causing sleep in test animals compared to controls. Overall, the results are consistent with the plant extract being safe at the doses administered in humans. However, the induction of the CYP enzymes is an indication of a possible drug interaction when the plant extract is co-administered with other drugs.

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31

Kuznetsov, Dmitrij A., Alexandre V. Govorkov, Nikolay V. Zavijalov, Taniyousha M. Sibileva, Volker Richter, and Joseph A. Drawczek. "Fast estimation of ATP/ADP ratio as a special step in pharmacological and toxicological studies using the cell-free translation systems." Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 13, no. 1 (August 1986): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-022x(86)90008-4.

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32

Dhanaraj, Chellaian Justin. "CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ENDOSULPHAN." Green Chemistry & Technology Letters 2, no. 1 (March 10, 2016): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/gctl.2016.213.

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Endosulfan is an easily available insecticide and mainly used for agricultural purposes. Hence most of the villagers use endosulfan for committing suicide. The recent cases reported in toxicological laboratories show that suicide with endosulfan is increasing in these days. Endosulfan causes most degree of death because of its toxic effects. The toxicology division of forensic science laboratory plays vital role in analysis of poisons through Criminal Justice System. In every death case which is connected to the criminal justice system, the human viscera of deceased are sent to forensic sciences department for analysis.In a case report, the toxicology division received human viscera of a deceased from the forensic medicine department where a person was declared death after consuming endosulfan due to severe stomach pain. It was brought to toxicology division of forensic science laboratory where the type of poison was identified and estimated. Two methods such as thin layer chromatography and UV Visible spectrophotometry were adopted to analyse the human viscera. The forensic analysis includes solvent extraction, identification and estimation.

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Kumar, Vinay, O. P. Sheoran, Sarita Rani, and Komal Malik. "Development of a web-based tool for probit analysis to compute LC50/LD50/GR50 for its use in toxicology studies." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2408.

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The toxicity bioassays are essential to detect and estimate the potential toxicological effects of chemicals on an organism. LC50/LD50/GR50 is the estimation of dose/concentration necessary to kill 50 per cent of a population of the test species. Experimentally this is done by administrating a chemical at different doses to a group of organism and then observing the resulting mortalities in a set of the time period. A web-based module for a statistical analysis tool to calculate and compare the median lethal dose has been developed in ASP scripting language based on Server-Client Architecture. The module produces the final probit line, dose-response curve, LC50/LD50 with 95 % confidence interval. The Chi-square statistic has been obtained for testing the adequacy of fit. A user-friendly interface for entering/pasting the data and various parameters such as number of variables, number of observations etc. has also been provided. Additionally, a complete procedure to perform probit analysis has also been provided in the help file.

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34

Tushak, S. F., та T. O. Romanishina. "ТОКСИКОЛОГІЧНА ОЦІНКА ПРЕПАРАТУ «БІОКОНТАКТ ПЛЮС» ДЛЯ МЕДОНОСНОЇ БДЖОЛИ". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, № 2(66) (6 вересня 2016): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6637.

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The article is devoted to the toxicological estimation of the disinfectant of new generation «Biocontact plus» for bees using the method of contact and oral toxicity definition. The experiments were carried out at the laboratory of Zhytomyr National Agroecological University at the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Pharmacology and Epizootology. Definition of contact and oral toxicity was carried out by the method of bees’ group treatment in entomophilic gardens and isolators. The duration of the observation period: for acute phase – 48 hour, for chronic phase – 20 days. It was concluded, that the contact use of the drug results in temporary effect, if concentration is 0.3%. While estimating the toxicity in the stomach, the effect of acute toxicity was observed at the level of concentration 0.3%. If the drug is used with the concentration 0.1% and 0.15%, is has stimulating and activating effect. If the level of concentration is low (0.03%, 0.01%), no positive changes in the vital functions of the bees were observed. The possibility of use the drug in the function of stimulator for bees using the method of nutrition additives with the level of concentration 0.1% and 0.15% was proved.It is necessary to study the possibility of the usage of the drug in the function of stimulator for bees using the method of nutrition additives with the level of concentration 0.1% and 0.15% taking into consideration the changes of physiological markers (cytological and morphological hemolymph composition, development of lipid droplet), assessment of influence on the economically useful markers of families, changes in sanitary and hygiene behaviour of bees.

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Nohava, Martin, Wilhelm R. Vogel, and Helmut Gaugitsch. "Evaluation of the luminescent bacteria bioassay for the estimation of the toxicological potential of effluent water samples—Comparison with data from chemical analyses." Environment International 21, no. 1 (January 1995): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(94)00020-8.

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36

Schipper, P. N. M., M. J. M. Vissers, and A. M. A. van der Linden. "Pesticides in groundwater and drinking water wells: overview of the situation in the Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.255.

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In the Netherlands, many of the fresh groundwater resources are vulnerable to pollution. Owing to high population densities and intensive farming practices, pesticide residues are found in groundwater at many places. Hence a number of drinking water abstraction wells contain pesticides residues, causing considerable costs for purification. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires countries to assess the chemical status of groundwater bodies and set up monitoring plans for groundwater quality, including pesticides. 771 groundwater samples were taken from monitoring wells in 2006 and analysed for a broad list of pesticides in order to fulfil these requirements. Pesticide were detected in 27% of samples, while in 11% the WFD limit of 0.1 μg/l was exceeded. In this paper, these and earlier measurements are evaluated further, considering also measurements in drinking water wells, information about the origin of measured pesticides and calculated trends in use and emissions. The measurements in the monitoring wells showed that where pesticides are used, 15–55% (minimal and maximal estimation) of the wells in shallow groundwater (1 to 20m below soil surface) contain pesticides residues at concentrations above 0.1 μg/l. When the metabolites BAM and AMPA are excluded (as not relevant in human toxicological terms), the estimation range is 7–37%. These patterns observed in shallow groundwater are reflected by the occurrence of pesticides in vulnerable abstraction wells that are used for the production of drinking water. The WFD requires the determination of both status and trends. The design of current monitoring network is evaluated from this perspective. Several recommendations are made for more adequate and efficient monitoring.

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Bennett, James F., Walter R. Johnson, and Charles F. Marshall. "Integrated Spill Modeling for Impact Analysis." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-943.

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ABSTRACT This paper examines the potential use of computer models to estimate environmental impacts from oil spills. Computer simulation models for oil spills have long been used for risk analysis and have continually improved over the past few decades. Beyond risk analysis, however, these modeling tools could contribute to the estimation of the environmental impacts such as species mortality and shoreline contact. Proposed activities such as offshore oil and gas exploration and development can be analyzed using models that integrate spill-simulation capability with environmental resource and toxicological data. To estimate the potential use and reasonableness of such models for oil-spill impact analysis, the authors have applied a commercially available state-of-the-art spill model using previously unavailable historical winds and currents data and spill events extracted from the oil-spill record for the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). This is one of the first efforts to bring together such complete data sets for modeling effects on so broad a geographic and temporal scale. Such information is valuable in determining the reasonableness and appropriateness of model use for impact analysis of future exploration, development, and production activities.

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Kiani, Yusra Sajid, and Ishrat Jabeen. "Exploring the Chemical Space of Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors Using Integrated Physicochemical Parameters, Drug Efficiency Metrics and Decision Tree Models." Computation 7, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation7020026.

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The cytochrome P450s (CYPs) play a central role in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous compounds including drugs. CYPs are vulnerable to inhibition and induction which can lead to adverse drug reactions. Therefore, insights into the underlying mechanism of CYP450 inhibition and the estimation of overall CYP inhibitor properties might serve as valuable tools during the early phases of drug discovery. Herein, we present a large data set of inhibitors against five major metabolic CYPs (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) for the evaluation of important physicochemical properties and ligand efficiency metrics to define property trends across various activity levels (active, efficient and inactive). Decision tree models for CYP inhibition were developed with an accuracy >90% for both the training set and 10-folds cross validation. Overall, molecular weight (MW), hydrogen bond acceptors/donors (HBA/HBD) and lipophilicity (clogP/logPo/w) represent important physicochemical descriptors for CYP450 inhibitors. However, highly efficient CYP inhibitors show mean MW, HBA, HBD and logP values between 294.18–482.40,5.0–8.2,1–7.29 and 1.68–2.57, respectively. Our results might help in optimization of toxicological profiles associated with new chemical entities (NCEs), through a better understanding of inhibitor properties leading to CYP-mediated interactions.

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39

Toropova, Alla P., and Andrey A. Toropov. "Whether the Validation of the Predictive Potential of Toxicity Models is a Solved Task?" Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 29 (December 26, 2019): 2643–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026619666191105111817.

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Different kinds of biological activities are defined by complex biochemical interactions, which are termed as a "mathematical function" not only of the molecular structure but also for some additional circumstances, such as physicochemical conditions, interactions via energy and information effects between a substance and organisms, organs, cells. These circumstances lead to the great complexity of prediction for biochemical endpoints, since all "details" of corresponding phenomena are practically unavailable for the accurate registration and analysis. Researchers have not a possibility to carry out and analyse all possible ways of the biochemical interactions, which define toxicological or therapeutically attractive effects via direct experiment. Consequently, a compromise, i.e. the development of predictive models of the above phenomena, becomes necessary. However, the estimation of the predictive potential of these models remains a task that is solved only partially. This mini-review presents a collection of attempts to be used for the above-mentioned task, two special statistical indices are proposed, which may be a measure of the predictive potential of models. These indices are (i) Index of Ideality of Correlation; and (ii) Correlation Contradiction Index.

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40

Sanand, Sandhya, Sandeep Kumar, Nisha Bara, and Gautam Kaul. "Comparative evaluation of half-maximum inhibitory concentration and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes using buffalo bull spermatozoa as a cell model." Toxicology and Industrial Health 34, no. 9 (July 13, 2018): 640–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233718783389.

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There is a dearth of information regarding the safety of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with respect to their impact on human/animal health and the environment. This study aimed to determine the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Ag NPs and MWCNTs by employing different doses and time interval combinations in buffalo bull spermatozoa. Semen samples containing 100 million spermatozoa each were incubated with 1, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/mL of Ag NPs and MWCNTs at 37°C for 30, 60 and 120 min. Sperm viability was monitored by the MTT assay and eosin–nigrosin staining followed by estimation of IC50 values using correlation–regression analysis. Spermatozoa treated with IC50 doses of Ag NPs and MWCNTs were also assessed for different sperm functionality parameters including oxidative stress and membrane integrity. These parameters were observed to be significantly affected in treated spermatozoa compared with the controls. We concluded that both nanomaterials showed cytotoxicity, mediated principally via oxidative stress. This work has provided valuable toxicological information that will serve as a benchmark for future studies aimed at safe use of nanomaterials.

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C. Abajue, Maduamaka, Sylvanus C. Ewuim, and Cosmas A. Uhuo. "Succession of Dipteran Fly Maggots on Poisoned Pig Cadavers at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria." Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine 2, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/vltv5183.

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Dipteran maggots found on a cadaver are used to estimate its time of death but the time may be incorrect if death occurred due to ingestion of poison. Decomposition of a zinc phosphide intoxicated and strangulated pigs (Sus scrofa Linn.) were evaluated in this study. They were deposited in a forest during the rainy season and repeated during the dry season at Awka, Nigeria. Decomposition duration and stages of decay of the pig cadavers were recorded. Maggots found on the cadavers were collected, reared to adulthood and were identified. Similar maggot samples were assessed for residues of zinc and phosphorus with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Both pig cadavers completely decomposed within 10 and 14 days during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Appearance and emergence of three dipteran maggot families were observed on the cadavers in a successional pattern. Zinc and phosphorus residues were detected in the maggots from the poisoned cadavers while they were not detected in the maggots from the strangled cadavers. The three dipteran maggot families are recommended as a valuable tool in forensic entomology for the estimation of elapsed time of a questionable death and the dipteran bodies would also be useful for toxicological analysis.

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Rousselle, Christophe, Matthieu Meslin, Tamar Berman, Marjolijn Woutersen, Wieneke Bil, Jenna Wildeman, and Qasim Chaudhry. "Using Human Biomonitoring Data to Support Risk Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients—A Case Study of Benzophenone-3." Toxics 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10020096.

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Safety assessment of UV filters for human health by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) is based on the estimation of internal dose following external (skin) application of cosmetic products, and comparison with a toxicological reference value after conversion to internal dose. Data from human biomonitoring (HBM) could be very useful in this regard, because it is based on the measurement of real-life internal exposure of the human population to a chemical. UV filters were included in the priority list of compounds to be addressed under the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU), and risk assessment of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) was carried out based on HBM data. Using BP-3 as an example, this study investigated the benefits and limitations of the use of external versus internal exposure data to explore the usefulness of HBM to support the risk assessment of cosmetic ingredients. The results show that both approaches did indicate a risk to human health under certain levels of exposure. They also highlight the need for more robust exposure data on BP-3 and other cosmetic ingredients, and a standardized framework for incorporating HBM data in the risk assessment of cosmetic products.

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Meramo-Hurtado, Samir Isaac, Plinio Puello, and Julio Rodríguez. "Computer-Aided Environmental Assessment Applied for Estimation of Ecological Impacts Derived from Topological Pathways Based on Lignocellulosic Biomass Transformation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 6586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186586.

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The growing awareness to include sustainability goals in the chemical process design has been making palpable since many governments and research institutions have made many efforts precisely to progress new ways to transform available resources into valuable chemicals. In this sense, this work is presenting a computer-aided evaluation based on environmental impact assessment and comparison of technical parameters for estimating the potential effects of two biorefinery designs. The first process involved a multiproduct production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol from cassava waste, while the second biorefinery comprised of succinic acid and bioethanol production from a mixture of cassava waste and banana rachis. These residues are highly available in the North Colombia region due to the agroindustrial activities of that zone. The developed environmental analysis employed the waste reduction algorithm (WAR) for estimating impact generation and output rates considering atmospheric and toxicological categories. Otherwise, process simulation of biorefineries showed production of 546.3 kg/h of acetone, 280.0 kg/h of ethanol, and 1305 kg/h of butanol for topology 1, while topology 2 delivered a synthesis of 13,865.7 kg/h of acetic acid and 2277.9 kg/h of ethanol. Data generated from process simulation allowed performing a technical comparison between evaluated biorefineries, showing a higher performance of evaluated indicators for topology 2. These evaluated variables included resource energy efficiency, and production yield, among others. The environmental analysis provided relevant information, indicating that topology 2 is a better alternative from an ecological viewpoint since this design would emit substances with lower effects than topology 1.

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Rakitskii, V. N., S. V. Kuz'min, S. L. Avaliani, T. A. Shashina, N. S. Dodina, and V. A. Kislitsin. "Contemporary challenges and ways to improve health risk assessment and management." Health Risk Analysis, no. 3 (September 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.03.

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We analyzed basic trends in improving risk assessment and management in Russia taking into account international experience; these trends arise from needs occurring in contemporary hygienic science and necessity to provide stronger resistance against new threats to population health. We substantiated specific tasks in development of health risk analysis mythology basing on preconditions for finding solutions to them in Russia; we also determined practical issues in its implementation that are the most vital and need solutions in the nearest future in order to eliminate adverse impacts on the environment and population health. The primary results are creation of a long-term strategy for the development of health risk analysis principles that takes into account the latest scientific data and is aimed at solving the following methodological and practical tasks: implementation of a systemic approach in estimating carcinogenic / non-carcinogenic risks; development of a unified approach to accomplishing toxicological «dose – response» examinations and interpreting their results which will take into account background morbidity and background dose burdens and determine susceptible population groups and behavioral models; threshold levels obtained via determining «benchmark» concentrations taking spontaneous background into account in order to determine new RfD and RfC and revise existing ones; use of micronvironmental approach in exposure estimation; use of risk assessment methodology in BAT parameters implementation for providing control over health safety after new approaches aimed at reducing emissions have been implemented in environmental protection. The necessity to improve approaches to health risk assessment and management and tasks solved within the process have been taken into account when the Branch scientific research program for 2021–2025 was developed by Rospotrebnadzor.

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45

Rakitskii, V. N. "Contemporary challenges and ways to improve health risk assessment and management." Health Risk Analysis, no. 3 (September 2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.03.eng.

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Анотація:

We analyzed basic trends in improving risk assessment and management in Russia taking into account international experience; these trends arise from needs occurring in contemporary hygienic science and necessity to provide stronger resistance against new threats to population health. We substantiated specific tasks in development of health risk analysis mythology basing on preconditions for finding solutions to them in Russia; we also determined practical issues in its implementation that are the most vital and need solutions in the nearest future in order to eliminate adverse impacts on the environment and population health. The primary results are creation of a long-term strategy for the development of health risk analysis principles that takes into account the latest scientific data and is aimed at solving the following methodological and practical tasks: implementation of a systemic approach in estimating carcinogenic / non-carcinogenic risks; development of a unified approach to accomplishing toxicological «dose – response» examinations and interpreting their results which will take into account background morbidity and background dose burdens and determine susceptible population groups and behavioral models; threshold levels obtained via determining «benchmark» concentrations taking spontaneous background into account in order to determine new RfD and RfC and revise existing ones; use of micronvironmental approach in exposure estimation; use of risk assessment methodology in BAT parameters implementation for providing control over health safety after new approaches aimed at reducing emissions have been implemented in environmental protection. The necessity to improve approaches to health risk assessment and management and tasks solved within the process have been taken into account when the Branch scientific research program for 2021–2025 was developed by Rospotrebnadzor.

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46

Katulskiy, Yury N. "About unification of indices of the possibility of disease occurrence in risk assessment methodology and the determination of the probability of non-carcinogenic effects in toxicological-hygienic, clinical and epidemiological studies and according to data about health-seeking behavior." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 10 (October 28, 2019): 998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-10-998-1002.

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In the methodology for the assessment of the risk the possibility of the disease occurrence under the impact of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances is measured by different indices. This leads to the fact that within the single methodology there are used various scores for such similar index as the risk of the disease occurrence, as a result carcinogens and systemic toxicants happen to be inconsistent from this point of view. At the same time, unlike carcinogens risk indices for systemic toxicants do not allow to evaluate the number of possible diseases in the population during the corresponding period of time, because they contain no information about their probability. Obviously, from this point of view, the characteristics of carcinogenic risk have certain advantages. Therefore, noncarcinogenic risk should be assessed by the similar indices as carcinogenic ones. However, an obstacle to this is the fact that in toxicological-hygienic, clinical and epidemiological studies, according to the results of which there is determined the risk for systemic toxicants, the impact of non-lethal levels of the exposure is established not in separate individuals, as for carcinogens, but according to mean-group values of indices of the state of the body as the identification of the nonspecific effect under relatively non high doses (concentrations) in the single person is fairly difficult. Such data do not allow to estimate the probability of the break of the effect. Also the data concerning seeking for the medical help, considering repeated medical resource utilization due to protract diseases or afflictions occurring repeatedly in a person several times for the considered period of time fail to be the estimation of the probability for the disease occurrence. For the obtaining of the possibility of unification of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic indices of risk in the paper there are presented methods for the determination of the probability of non-carcinogenic effects in toxicological-hygienic, clinical and epidemiological studies, as well as according to statistical data on the seeking for the medical help, taking into account the repeated appeals of the protract or re-emerging diseases.

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47

Lozano-Martín, Daniel, Salomé Inês Cardoso Vieira, Xavier Paredes, Maria José Vitoriano Lourenço, Carlos A. Nieto de Castro, Jan V. Sengers, and Klemens Massonne. "Thermal Conductivity of Metastable Ionic Liquid [C2mim][CH3SO3]." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 18, 2020): 4290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184290.

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Ionic liquids have been suggested as new engineering fluids, namely in the area of heat transfer, as alternatives to current biphenyl and diphenyl oxide, alkylated aromatics and dimethyl polysiloxane oils, which degrade above 200 °C and pose some environmental problems. Recently, we have proposed 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, [C2mim][CH3SO3], as a new heat transfer fluid, because of its thermophysical and toxicological properties. However, there are some interesting points raised in this work, namely the possibility of the existence of liquid metastability below the melting point (303 K) or second order-disorder transitions (λ-type) before reaching the calorimetric freezing point. This paper analyses in more detail this zone of the phase diagram of the pure fluid, by reporting accurate thermal-conductivity measurements between 278 and 355 K with an estimated uncertainty of 2% at a 95% confidence level. A new value of the melting temperature is also reported, Tmelt = 307.8 ± 1 K. Results obtained support liquid metastability behaviour in the solid-phase region and permit the use of this ionic liquid at a heat transfer fluid at temperatures below its melting point. Thermal conductivity models based on Bridgman theory and estimation formulas were also used in this work, failing to predict the experimental data within its uncertainty.

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48

Taofiq, Oludemi, Maria Filomena Barreiro, and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira. "The Role of Bioactive Compounds and other Metabolites from Mushrooms against Skin Disorders- A Systematic Review Assessing their Cosmeceutical and Nutricosmetic Outcomes." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 41 (December 8, 2020): 6926–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200402100157.

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Bioactive compounds derived from mushrooms have been shown to present promising potential as cosmeceutical or nutricosmetic ingredients. Scientific data reviewed herein showed that extracts prepared from medicinal and edible mushrooms and their individual metabolites presented antiinflammatory, antioxidant, photoprotective, antimicrobial, anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and anticollagenase activities. These metabolites can be utilised as ingredients to suppress the severity of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, offer photoprotection to the skin, and correct Hyperpigmentation. However, studies regarding the molecular mechanism behind the mentioned bioactivities are still lacking. Challenges associated with the use of mushroom extracts and their associated metabolites as cosmeceutical and nutricosmetic ingredients include several steps from the fruiting bodies to the final product: extraction optimization, estimation of the efficacy and safety claims, the use of micro and nanocarriers to allow for controlled release and the pros and cons associated with the use of extracts vs individual compounds. This systematic review highlights that mushrooms contain diverse biomolecules that can be sustainably used in the development of nutricosmetic and cosmeceutical formulations. Reports regarding stability, compatibility, and safety assessment, but also toxicological studies are still needed to be considered. Furthermore, some of the constraints and limitations hindering the development of this type of ingredients still require long-term studies to achieve major breakthroughs.

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49

Franz, Roland, Johannes Bott, and Angela Störmer. "Considerations for and Guidance to Testing and Evaluating Migration/Release of Nanoparticles from Polymer Based Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061113.

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The use of nanoadditives in food contact materials requires risk assessment to ensure consumers’ safety. The evaluation of health risk is based on the combination of two elements: hazard and exposure. For nanomaterials (NM) used as additives in nanocomposites, the exposure is directly linked to the level of migration or release of the NM into the food. In principle, appropriate methods for experimental determination and theoretical estimation of migration are available but need diligent considerations to avoid erroneous conclusions from the measured data. We propose a comprehensive test scheme based on these methods, starting with characterization of the nanomaterial itself and when incorporated in the polymer. These data form the basis for making a decision whether migration of the NM can be excluded by migration theoretical considerations or if experimental migration testing and/or abrasion testing for mechanical release should be carried out. Guidance to and considerations for each of these steps and regarding the applicable methods are discussed. In conclusion, the results will provide a basis for risk assessment, either directly when exposure of consumers to the nanomaterials can be excluded or will be very low or, in the case of evidenced exposure, in combination with then needed toxicological data.

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50

Haidu, Daniela, Dénes Párkányi, Radu Ioan Moldovan, Cecilia Savii, Iulia Pinzaru, Cristina Dehelean, and Ludovic Kurunczi. "Elemental Characterization of Romanian Crop Medicinal Plants by Neutron Activation Analysis." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9748413.

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The metallic elements concentrations of medicinal plants (coriander, dill,Echinacea, lavender, chamomile, mint, and plantain, used for phytopharmaceutical products), cultivated in unpolluted region, were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. The essential nutrients, macro-, micro-, and trace elements (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Zn), potentially toxic elements (Al, As, Ba, Co, Sb, Cr, and V), and rare earth elements were monitored and were compared with those presented in the literature. An estimation of their contributions to intake and toxicity for a person was made, which revealed that (a) teas prepared from the examined plants represent useful contribution to the food provided intake of three essential macronutrients (K, Ca, and Mg); (b) the Cu, Mn, Rb, Sr, Zn, and rare earths levels are normal or low; (c) the quantities of As, Ba, Co, Sb, Cr, and V do not represent toxicological concerns; (d) the examination of the estimated Al and Fe quantities recovered in infusions in the conditions of usual daily tea consumption is below the Tolerable Daily Intake values. The strategy of cultivation of medicinal plants in unpolluted areas is efficient and beneficial. However, individual plants ability to concentrate preferentially certain elements suggests controlling the contamination level of raw materials.

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