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Статті в журналах з теми "Towed Array Model"

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Sullivan, Edmund J. "Model‐based towed array processing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101, no. 5 (May 1997): 3156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.419142.

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Sullivan, Edmund J., and Geoffrey S. Edelson. "Model‐based broadband towed‐array processing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115, no. 5 (May 2004): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784220.

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Sullivan, Edmund J., Dieter Brecht, and Leif Persson. "Model‐based towed array processor: Experimental results." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 107, no. 5 (May 2000): 2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.428744.

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Premus, Vincent E., Philip A. Abbot, Vitaly Kmelnitsky, Charles J. Gedney, and Ted A. Abbot. "A wave glider-based, towed hydrophone array system for autonomous, real-time, passive acoustic marine mammal monitoring." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 3 (September 2022): 1814–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0014169.

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An autonomous surface vehicle known as a wave glider, instrumented with a low-power towed hydrophone array and embedded digital signal processor, is demonstrated as a viable low-noise system for the passive acoustic monitoring of marine mammals. Other key design elements include high spatial resolution beamforming on a 32-channel towed hydrophone array, deep array deployment depth, vertical motion isolation, and bandwidth-efficient real-time acoustic data transmission. Using at-sea data collected during a simultaneous deployment of three wave glider-based acoustic detection systems near Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary in September 2019, the capability of a low-frequency towed hydrophone array to spatially reject noise and to resolve baleen whale vocalizations from anthropogenic acoustic clutter is demonstrated. In particular, mean measured array gain of 15.3 dB at the aperture design frequency results in a post-beamformer signal-to-noise ratio that significantly exceeds that of a single hydrophone. Further, it is shown that with overlapping detections on multiple collaborating systems, precise localization of vocalizing individuals is achievable at long ranges. Last, model predictions showing a 4× detection range, or 16× area coverage, advantage of a 32-channel towed array over a single hydrophone against the North Atlantic right whale upcall are presented for the continental shelf environment south of Martha's Vineyard.
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Zhang, Dapeng, Bowen Zhao, and Keqiang Zhu. "Hydrodynamic Response of Ocean-Towed Cable-Array System under Different Munk Moment Coefficients." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031932.

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The ocean towing system plays an important role in the ocean development process. The motion of a towed body is closely coupled with the motion of a towing cable. In this paper, the lumped mass method is used to discrete a towing cable into a lumped mass model. At the same time, on the basis of some assumptions, the relationship between the expression of Munk moments in the classical towed body kinematics and the expression of the Munk moments in the hydrodynamic analysis software OrcaFlex is established. Based on the above assumptions and the derivation, combined with the specific parameters of a certain sea state and a certain towing system, the dynamic simulation of the towing system is made by OrcaFlex. By changing the different Munk moment coefficients, the real-time response of the cable tension and the towed underwater body under different Munk moments is achieved. The effects of different Munk moment coefficients on the change of the tension are obtained; the six degrees of freedom of the towed body under the action of different Munk moment coefficients are shown. To obtain the spectral density of the six degrees of freedom of the towed body under the action of different Munk moment coefficients, Fast Fourier Transform is performed on the calculated results of the towed body in the time domain. The results provide a theoretical basis for the optimal design of a cable and towed body.
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Jung, Youngcheol, Woojae Seong, Keunhwa Lee, and Seongil Kim. "A Depth-Bistatic Bottom Reverberation Model and Comparison with Data from an Active Triplet Towed Array Experiment." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093080.

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In this paper, a depth-bistatic bottom reverberation model that employs the ray theory is presented. The model can be applied to an active towed array in the ocean. The reverberation time series are modeled under the depth-bistatic assumption and their Doppler shift is calculated based on the actual source–receiver geometry. This model can handle N × 2D range-dependent bathymetry, the geometry of a triplet array, and the Doppler motion of the source, targets, and receiver. The model predictions are compared with the mid-frequency reverberation data measured by an active triplet towed array during August 2015 in the East Sea, Korea. These data are collected with a variable depth source at mid-frequency and the triplet line array in a deep-water environment. Model predictions of the beam time series and its spectrogram are in good agreement with the measurement. In particular, we discuss the effects of the source and receiver depths on the reverberation in deep water observed in both the measured and modeled results.
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Morten, Jan Petter, Jean-Michael Poudroux, and Rune Mittet. "A modeling study of augmenting coarse-grid 3D controlled-source electromagnetics with data from a towed receiver array." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): E33—E42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0583.1.

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We have considered the simultaneous 3D inversion of controlled-source electromagnetic data from a towed receiver array and a coarse grid of stationary seabed receivers. Our 3D synthetic model demonstrated the sensitivity and effect on imaging of towed and seabed receiver data. The short-offset data from the towed receivers at 1–3 km offset are effective at resolving a shallow resistor at a 400-m burial depth. On the other hand, the data from the stationary seabed receivers have less noise and will resolve the 3D geometry of resistive structures buried at the 1–2 km depths typical of a hydrocarbon reservoir. We have determined how the complementary sensitivity of data from the two receiver types can be used in simultaneous inversion to recover the shallow and deep resistors.
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Hui, Juan, An Bang Zhao, Kun Ping Sun, Shao Juan Wen, and Jun Ying Hui. "The Simulation of Tow Ship Noise on Towed Linear Array." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2706.

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Based on the acoustical properties of the tow ship noise, this paper studies the effect of tow ship noise on the towed linear array sonar system by computer simulation. The tow ship noise which is fairly approximate to the truth tow ship noise is obtained by the typical mathematical mode simulation firstly. Then the near-filed characteristics of the tow ship noise are simulated by using a simplified channel model. Finally, this thesis studies the interference of tow ship noise through beam-forming. The simulation describes acoustic characteristics of the tow ship noise well, and also provides a good theoretical support for the other simulation systems designs.
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Barkley, Yvonne M., Eva-Marie Nosal, and Erin M. Oleson. "Model-based localization of deep-diving cetaceans using towed line array acoustic data." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, no. 2 (August 2021): 1120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0005847.

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Ellis, D. D. "Shallow water reverberation: normal-mode model predictions compared with bistatic towed-array measurements." IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 18, no. 4 (1993): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/48.262297.

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Дисертації з теми "Towed Array Model"

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Ekdahl, Filipsson Fabian. "Trajectory and Pulse Optimization for Active Towed Array Sonar using MPC and Information Measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-420532.

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In underwater tracking and surveillance, the active towed array sonar presents a way of discovering and tracking adversarial submerged targets that try to stay hidden. The configuration consist of listening and emitting hydrophones towed behind a ship. Moreover, it has inherent limitations, and the characteristics of sound in the ocean are complex. By varying the pulse form emitted and the trajectory of the ship the measurement accuracy may be improved. This type of optimization constitutes a sensor management problem. In this thesis, a model of the tracking scenario has been constructed derived from Cramér-Rao bound analyses. A model predictive control approach together with information measures have been used to optimize a filter's estimated state of the target. For the simulations, the MATLAB environment has been used. Different combinations of decision horizons, information measures and variations of the Kalman filter have been studied. It has been found that the accuracy of the Extended Kalman filter is too low to give consistent results given the studied information measures. However, the Unscented Kalman filter is sufficient for this purpose.
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Stiles, Zachariah H. "Dynamic towed array models and state estimation for underwater target tracking." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37725.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The ability of Towed Linear hydrophone Arrays (TLA) to detect submarine-emitted narrow band tonals makes them the submarine tracking sensor of choice. Recent TLA improvements allow surface ships, Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs), and submarines alike to detect modern submarines by towing arrays. Allowing the full spectrum of Navy assets access into the Anti-submarine Warfare (ASW) arena is vital to countering future submerged threats. The generation of dynamic TLA and state estimation models in Simulink is detailed in this thesis. The dynamic TLA model receives user-specified TLA parameters and performs Dolph-Chebyshev optimization to form a set of beams which are steered for tracking. The TLA parameters can be specified to meet the needs of the towing vehicle, whether it is a submarine, ship, USV or UUV. The state estimation model uses outputs received from a mobile platform towing an array to estimate the target state. The state estimation model uses both bearing-only and Doppler-bearing Extended Kalman Filters to estimate target state. These models provide a basic platform which can be used to enhance ASW capabilities. Specifically, the models can aid in determining optimal future ASW-asset allocation, improving TLA tracking algorithms, and improving information presented to submarine operators.
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Частини книг з теми "Towed Array Model"

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Gray, D. A., B. D. O. Anderson, and R. R. Bitmead. "Models for The Application of Kalman Filtering to the Estimation of the Shape of a Towed Array." In Underwater Acoustic Data Processing, 491–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2289-1_55.

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Schneeberger, David, Richard Röttger, Federico Cabitza, Andrea Campagner, Markus Plass, Heimo Müller, and Andreas Holzinger. "The Tower of Babel in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 65–81. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40837-3_5.

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AbstractAs machine learning (ML) has emerged as the predominant technological paradigm for artificial intelligence (AI), complex black box models such as GPT-4 have gained widespread adoption. Concurrently, explainable AI (XAI) has risen in significance as a counterbalancing force. But the rapid expansion of this research domain has led to a proliferation of terminology and an array of diverse definitions, making it increasingly challenging to maintain coherence. This confusion of languages also stems from the plethora of different perspectives on XAI, e.g. ethics, law, standardization and computer science. This situation threatens to create a “tower of Babel” effect, whereby a multitude of languages impedes the establishment of a common (scientific) ground. In response, this paper first maps different vocabularies, used in ethics, law and standardization. It shows that despite a quest for standardized, uniform XAI definitions, there is still a confusion of languages. Drawing lessons from these viewpoints, it subsequently proposes a methodology for identifying a unified lexicon from a scientific standpoint. This could aid the scientific community in presenting a more unified front to better influence ongoing definition efforts in law and standardization, often without enough scientific representation, which will shape the nature of AI and XAI in the future.
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Valero, Mario M., Adam K. Kochanski, and Craig B. Clements. "Remote characterization of fire behavior during the FireFlux II experiment." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 338–42. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_54.

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The FireFlux II field experiment was conducted on January 30th, 2013 in south-east Texas, USA, under high fire danger conditions. The experiment was designed to study the behavior of a head fire progressing through a flat, tall grass prairie, and it was informed by the use of a coupled fire-atmosphere model. Vegetation properties and fuel moisture were measured shortly before the experiment. Near-surface atmospheric conditions were monitored during the experiment using an elaborate meteorological instrumentation array. Fire behavior was observed through a combination of remote and in-situ sensors. Clements et al. (2019) presented the analysis of the experiment micrometeorology and in-situ fire behavior observations acquired using a thermocouple array. In this paper, we extend the study of fire behavior during the FireFlux II experiment with the analysis of remote sensing observations. Two thermal infrared and two visible cameras were deployed during the experiment. One thermal and one visible camera were mounted on a helicopter, whereas the other two cameras were installed on a 40-m-height tower next to the burn unit. The tower infrared camera covered a reduced area of interest coincident with the thermocouple array and it allowed monitoring the fire spread as well as measuring the spatially-resolved evolution of brightness temperature. Imagery collected from the helicopter allowed extending fire behavior measurements to the complete burn unit. While airborne IR footage was saturated and did not allow estimation of emitted radiant heat, its analysis allowed tracking fire progression through the plot and therefore estimating rate of spread and fire time of arrival. The existence of in-situ temperature observations provides an outstanding opportunity to validate remote sensing methodologies. In addition, the combination of remote observations with in-situ temperature measurements allows a comprehensive characterization of fire behavior, including spatially-resolved fire rate of spread and fire time of arrival, fire radiative power, Byram’s fire line intensity, and air temperature during fire front passage. The current version of this paper presents preliminary results from this analysis. Such results demonstrate the usefulness of the selected datasets and the potential of the proposed methodology, encouraging further work. Possible applications of the resulting dataset include (i) the validation of existing fire behavior models that are able to predict any of the measured variables, (ii) the development of data-driven fire behavior models, and (iii) the investigation of the relative contribution of radiative and convective heat transfer mechanisms to fire spread.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Towed Array Model"

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Sullivan, Edmund J., Jason D. Holmes, and William M. Carey. "Model-Based Processing for a Short Towed Array." In 2006 IEEE Nonlinear Statistical Signal Processing Workshop. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nsspw.2006.4378816.

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Seto, Mae L., and Christopher D. Williams. "Modeling of a Towed Array: Scale Model Experiments and Numerical Simulations." In SNAME 29th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2010-014.

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This paper looks at developing a numerical model of a ship and its tow system as the tow system is winched in during high sea states. The focus is on the vertical plane dynamics with the ship and tow system moving at constant heading and constant speed. The goal is to develop the Ship-Tow Interaction in Sea State (STISS) model to determine, for e.g. whether the tow system can be winched in / out without interacting with any part of the transom. STISS makes it possible to decide for a given tow system what ships of opportunity can be used as the tow platform based on only static characteristics of the tow, the tow depth as a function of scope and speed, ship transom geometry, and the ship RAOs. A unique blend of model scale tests and numerical modeling is used to help develop the STISS model. Semi-captive scale model tests of the ship with a deployed tow system were performed in a flume tank to provide validation data for up to 10 knots full scale. The partially validated STISS predictions appear reasonable and the model is awaiting full scale validation. The ability to make predictions for this complex tow condition has not been reported in the literature.
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Karkee, Manoj, Madhu Monga, Brian L. Steward, Joseph Zambreno, and Atul G. Kelkar. "Real-Time Simulation and Visualization Architecture With Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Simulator." In ASME 2010 World Conference on Innovative Virtual Reality. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/winvr2010-3772.

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Real-time simulation of dynamic vehicle system models is essential to facilitate advances in operator and hardware in the loop simulation and virtual prototyping. Real-time virtual reality-based simulation enables users to visualize and perceive the effect of their actions during the simulation. As model complexity is increased to improve the model fidelity, the computational requirements will also increase, thus increasing the challenge to meet real-time constraints. A distributed simulator architecture was developed for off-road vehicle dynamic models and 3D graphics visualization to distribute the overall computational load across multiple computational platforms. This architecture consisted of three major components: a dynamic model simulator, a virtual reality simulator, and an interface to controller and input hardware devices. The dynamic model simulator component was developed using Matlab/Simulink Real Time Workshop on a PC and also using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), which offered a highly parallel hardware platform. The simulator architecture reduced the computational load to an individual platform and increased the real-time simulation capability with complex off-road vehicle system models and controllers. The architecture was used to develop, simulate and visualize a tractor and towed implement steering dynamics model. The model also included a steering valve subsystem which contained very high frequency hydraulic dynamics and required 10 μs integration time step for numerical stability. The real-time simulation goal was not achievable for the model with this level of complexity when the PC-based simulator was used. However, the FPGA-based simulator achieved a real-time goal taking only 2 μs to complete one integration time step.
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Chang, P. A., T. J. Ratcliffe, J. R. Rice, and S. McGuigan. "Two Novel Free Surface Measurement Techniques Developed at DTMB." In SNAME 23rd American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-1992-027.

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Capacitance wave probes have been traditionally used at DTMB for measuring the wave heights in the Kelvin wake of towed surface ship models. Two new wave height measurement systems have recently been developed at DTMB: a laser wave height probe, using a linear array of charged couple devices, and a surface sensing mechanical probe. These devices represent improvements to the capacitance probes in the form of reduced and/or eliminated susceptibility to contamination and increased frequency response. In this paper, the physics of operation of the measurement systems and design considerations for their optimization will be discussed. Measurements of the free surface in a regular wave field, and for longitudinal wavecuts with a ship-model, over a wide Froude number range, have been made. Based on experimental results, evaluations of the various attributes and shortcomings of each type of probe will be made.
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Bang, Hyung-Joon, Hong-Il Kim, Moonseok Jang, and Jae-Hung Han. "Tower Deflection Monitoring of a Wind Turbine Using an Array of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5033.

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This paper introduces a fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based sensing system for the multi-MW scale wind turbine health monitoring, and describes the results of field tests of dynamic strain monitoring and the deformed shape estimation of the wind turbine tower structure. An FBG interrogator was developed with a spectrometer-type demodulator based on a linear photo detector. Real-time shape estimation of the wind turbine tower was accomplished using strain data gathered by surface mounted fiber Bragg grating sensors. The finite element model of the wind turbine tower was created and the displacement-strain transformation (DST) on the basis of the modal approach was obtained. The time histories of the strain were gathered for the cases of blade stop and start using the FBG sensors located at the upwind side of the tower. Finally, the full deflection shapes of the tower were successfully estimated using arrayed FBG sensors.
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Rand, Richard H., Deepak V. Ramani, William L. Keith, and Kimberly M. Cipolla. "The Quadratically-Damped Mathieu Equation and Its Application to Submarine Dynamics." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1764.

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Abstract This work is motivated by naval use of passive towed sonar arrays of hydrophones. We consider the simplest model of a towed mass. The mass is considered to move only in a horizontal direction x perpendicular to the tow direction. The tension in the tow cable is expected to be nonconstant due to turbulence, and is modeled by a sinusoidal forcing function. The resulting differential equations are analyzed for linear stability and nonlinear dynamical effects. In particular we study the nonlinear dynamics of the ODE: x ¨ + ( δ + ϵ cos t ) x + x ˙ | x ˙ | = 0
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Rios, Jaime, Carlos Velazquez, Teddy Rakotomanana, Mehdi Kabir, and Jiajun Xu. "Generative Design of a Novel Additively Manufactured Solar Array System for Powering Space Equipment on the Lunar Surface." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71221.

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Abstract The moon poses harsh conditions including excessively cold 14-day nights in some locations. However, the South Pole of the moon receives sunlight 100% of the time in summer and 70% of the time in Winter. NASA is, therefore, seeking to land at the South Pole by 2024 under Artemis missions and deploy solar arrays to power landers, rovers, and other equipment in order to facilitate a sustainable presence on the moon. Artemis project also seeks to lay the groundwork for a crewed mission to the Mars. To meet the NASA needs for Artemis mission, the desired solar array system is required to cover a large surface area to maximize the capture of solar irradiance when the arrays are deployed 10 meters above the lunar terrain. Additionally, the design must be lightweight, capable of being redeployed and retracted with minimal human interaction, and can withstand lunar dust, radiation, and extreme temperatures. In the present study, a scale-down working model of the prototype (1:10th scale) is introduced with a particular emphasis on the mechanical mechanisms of telescopic boom, tower, and deployment/retraction of solar arrays. The solar arrays are encased in a cylinder that sits atop the telescopic boom and can be deployed irrespective of the boom height. This study attempts to use principles of Geometric Origami to create a novel structural design that allows for a large-diameter array to be rigid without a supporting skeletal structure. By removing the rigid supporting structure, the design becomes highly portable and easily packable and deployable. Once the design is finalized, Fusion360’s Generative Design Suite will be used to optimize the strength-to-weight ratio and manufacturability. Conducting topology optimization based on finite element modeling to meet the required criteria on the weight, strength, durability, and rigidity leads often to irregular geometries which are not possible to be fabricated using conventional manufacturing. However, additive manufacturing features the ability to develop and fabricate the proposed innovative design.
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Mu, Baojie, Yaoyu Li, Timothy I. Salsbury, and John M. House. "Extremum Seeking Based Control Strategy for a Chilled-Water Plant With Parallel Chillers." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9949.

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Анотація:
Chilled-water plants with multiple chillers are the backbone of ventilation and air conditioning (VAC) systems for commercial buildings. A penalty function based multivariate extremum seeking control (ESC) strategy is proposed in this paper for maximizing the energy efficiency in real time for a variable primary flow (VPF) chilled-water plant with parallel chillers. The proposed ESC algorithm takes the total power consumption (chiller compressors + cooling tower fan + condenser water pumps + penalty terms if inputs saturation occurs) as feedback, and tower fan air flow, condenser water flows and evaporator leaving chilled-water temperature setpoint as plant inputs (ESC outputs). A band-pass filter array is used in place of the conventional high-pass filter at the plant output so as to reduce the cross-channel interference. Chiller sequencing is also enabled with input saturation related signals. A Modelica based dynamic simulation model is developed for a chilled-water plant with two parallel chillers, one cooling tower, one air-handling unit and one zone. Simulation results under several testing conditions validate the effectiveness of the proposed model-free control strategy, as well as the significant energy saving.
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Larsen, Allan, Yasutsugu Yamasaki, Hyunsok Choi, Dincer Mete, and Inger B. Kroon. "1915 Çanakkale Bridge - Aerodynamic Investigations." In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0790.

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<p>With a world record main span length of 2023 m the design of the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge spanning the Çanakkale Strait, Türkiye, warranted an extensive array of aerodynamic investigations carried out for determination of the wind loading and verification of the aerodynamic performance. Also, the paper reviews the development of the design specifications considering the location of the bridge and available meteorological data. The development of the wind tunnel test programme necessary to verify the specifications and obtain input to the bridge design is reviewed and selected key results presented. The wind tunnel tests discussed included section model tests of the bridge girder and towers, full aeroelastic models of the free-standing tower and full bridge in service and section model tests of the hanger cables for clarification of rain / wind and vortex induced vibrations. Concerning flutter stability of the bridge it was found that the twin-box girder design provided a high critical wind speed for onset of flutter linked to the progress of the aerodynamic moment coefficient. Vortex induced vibrations of the hanger cables were found to be less pronounced than proposed by Eurocode whereas rain / wind vibrations were substantially stronger.</p>
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Alam, Jahrul M., Anton Afanassiev, and Jagdeep Singh. "Characterizing Impacts of Atmospheric Turbulence on Wind Farms Through Large Eddy Simulation (LES)." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95837.

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Abstract Wind farms extract energy from the lowest part of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Thus, characterizing the impacts of atmospheric turbulence — precisely, which aspect of it enhances or hinders the capacity factor of wind farms — is currently the least understood and the most demanding topic of wind energy research. This article demonstrates a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of atmospheric turbulence around an array of 41 full-scale wind turbines with a rotor diameter of 126 m. A wall-adaptive subgrid-scale (SGS) model for atmospheric turbulence around wind farms has been examined. For a moist-free atmosphere in the afternoon, the spectra of kinetic energy are compared with Kolmogorov’s energy spectrum. The power production is discussed with respect to staggered arrangements of turbines. Results show that the LES model has the potential to account for atmospheric turbulence for optimizing tower placements in wind farms.
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