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Статті в журналах з теми "Tourism - New Zealand"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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1

Tsui, Wai Hong Kan, Faruk Balli, David Tat Wei Tan, Oscar Lau, and Mudassar Hasan. "New Zealand business tourism." Tourism Economics 24, no. 4 (September 25, 2017): 386–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816617731387.

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Business tourism has brought significant benefits to New Zealand’s tourism industry and economy. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the impact of economic uncertainty on New Zealand’s business tourism. The panel data gravity model and the maximally correlated portfolio are used to investigate the impacts of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices of New Zealand and its key trading partners, along with tourism and aviation-related factors, on New Zealand’s business tourist flows from 2008 to 2015. The findings suggest that two economic factors (New Zealand’s EPU index and bilateral trade volumes) and two noneconomic factors (flying distance and total direct flight seats) are statistically significant in explaining some of the variations in business tourism flows. The results have important policy implications for New Zealand’s policymakers in understanding business visitor demands and planning their tourism strategies.

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2

Cushman, Grant. "Tourism in New Zealand." World Leisure & Recreation 32, no. 1 (March 1990): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10261133.1990.10559095.

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3

Kireieva, Alina Oleksandrivna, and Olena Oleksandrivna Motuzenko. "INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM BETWEEN UKRAINE AND NEW ZEALAND." GEOGRAPHY AND TOURISM, no. 47 (2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2308-135x.2019.47.15-27.

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Aim. A detailed study of the state of international cooperation between Ukraine and New Zealand, an analysis of the tourist offer of the represented and tourist market of the countries and the development of recommendations for the development of tourism between countries. Methodology. The study is to analyze and systematize information on the development of international tourism cooperation between Ukraine and New Zealand. The methodology is based on the use of modern methods for the search and processing of heterogeneous information, its analysis, synthesis and generalization. Results. Reviewed the problems of international cooperation in the field of tourism between Ukraine and New Zealand, the role and importance of cooperation between state (government) institutions, various public organizations and non-profit structures that promote the development of tourist exchanges between countries. The main forms, goals and means of international cooperation are explored, bilateral relations are revealed in the field, which facilitate prompt solution of many issues of tourism development between countries. The analysis of tourist offer in the tourism market of both countries is carried out. Scientific novelty. Based on the information gathered on the factors contributing to and hindering the development of tourism between Ukraine and New Zealand and the analysis of the tourism market, practical recommendations were given for improving the interaction of these countries in the field of tourism. The practical significance lies of the study is the possibility of implementing the results obtained in the development of regional strategies and programs for tourism development between the two countries.

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4

Yeoman, Ian, Amalina Andrade, Elisante Leguma, Natalie Wolf, Peter Ezra, Rebecca Tan, and Una McMahon‐Beattie. "2050: New Zealand's sustainable future." Journal of Tourism Futures 1, no. 2 (March 16, 2015): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0003.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to portray the future of tourism in New Zealand based upon a philosophy of sustainability and cultural identity as a response to the present 2025 Tourism Strategy. Design/methodology/approach The research deployed a scenario planning methodology resulting in four portraits of the future. Findings Environmental issues and global migration are the key issues that will shape the future of New Zealand tourism. In order to address these issues four scenarios were constructed. New Zealand Wonderland portrays a future based upon a grounded international reputation for environmentalism driven by good governance, climate change targets and ecotourism. Indiana Jones and the Search for Cultural Identity position a future driven by rapid growth and unregulated air travel resulting in environmental degradation. A Peaceful Mixture is a balance of socio‐cultural and environmental dimensions of sustainability at the centre of a tourism product shaped upon Maori culture and economic prosperity. The final scenario, New Zealand in Depression, is the worst possible outcome for New Zealand's tourism industry as the three dimensions of economy, community, and environment are not at equilibrium. New Zealand would be over‐polluted with an uncontrolled number of migrants. Research limitations/implications The research was a social construction of ten experts’ views on the future of sustainable tourism. Originality/value New Zealand's present approach to the future of tourism is shaped by the 2025 Tourism Framework (http://tourism2025.org.nz/). This is derived from a business perspective and a neoliberal political philosophy and it is void of the words ecotourism and sustainability. This paper argues that the present strategy will fail because of community disengagement that proposes a range of alternative directions based upon a political discourse of sustainability and shaped by environmental credentials and cultural identity.

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5

Turner, Lindsay W., N. Kulendran, and V. Pergat. "Forecasting New Zealand Tourism Demand with Disaggregated Data." Tourism Economics 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669500100105.

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This paper compares the forecasting performance of the ARIMA model and the Winters Exponential Smoothing method against each other and the naive No Change process. The models are fitted to quarterly international tourist flow data to New Zealand, from June 1978 to September 1992. Forecasting performance is compared between 11 different countries and world regions with the travel flow divided by type of tourism into categories including Holiday travel, VFR travel and Business travel. It is concluded that the Winters and ARIMA methods outperform the No Change process. In all cases, the relative performance between ARIMA and Winters is affected by whether tourism is disaggregated by types of tourist travel, or analysed only as total flow.

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6

Pearce, Philip L. "Farm tourism in New Zealand." Annals of Tourism Research 17, no. 3 (January 1990): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90002-9.

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7

Zeppel, Heather. "Maori tourism in New Zealand." Tourism Management 18, no. 7 (November 1997): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(97)84399-3.

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8

Newlands, Kenneth. "Tourism and rally New Zealand." Journal of Sport & Tourism 6, no. 2 (January 2001): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10295390108718698.

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9

Cockburn-Wootten, Cheryl, and Alison McIntosh. "Improving the Accessibility of the Tourism Industry in New Zealand." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410478.

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Internationally, the accessible tourism market has been identified as a growing segment that could lead the way for social inclusiveness, as well as providing the industry with financial gains and destination competitiveness. Despite the increased number of people who travel with access requirements, the sector still lacks an understanding of the expectations and experiences of access tourists. Accessible tourism covers an array of impairments from people who are immobile, visually impaired, an invisible impairment, parents with pushchairs, and seniors. The purpose of this study was to understand the expectations and experiences of the access consumer to suggest improvements for accessibility for the New Zealand tourism sector. The social model of disability was adopted to examine the sector and framed the semi-structured interviews with access consumers. Key results identified from the data were the need to achieve dignity in service offerings to gain experiences that facilitate independence and equity of access, access to information before the travel that is clear and accurate to aid planning, and accessible transport and education. In conclusion, the paper calls for the New Zealand tourism industry to align with the Disability Strategy sustainability goals to achieve equity and inclusion and create enjoyable accessible experiences in their tourist offerings.

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10

Boren, LJ, NJ Gemmell, and KJ Barton. "Tourist Disturbance On New Zealand Fur Seals (Arctophalus Forsteri)." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02085.

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Marine mammals are significant tourist attractions around New Zealand, however, the impact of eco-tourism on these species is poorly documented. Effective management to mitigate any negative effects requires an understanding of target species? reactions to tourist activities. We have studied the effects of tourist activities on New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) using a novel combination of observations and controlled approaches. Three study areas were selected reflecting a range of visitor density, type of tourism, and the anticipated sensitivity of fur seals to disturbance. Behaviour was observed using instantaneous scan sampling and attributes of tourist approaches were tested experimentally by controlled approaches. Approaches were made on land, by kayak, and motorboat. Fur seal responses and the distance at which the seal responded were recorded. Our results indicate that A. forsteri behaviour was being modified by tourist activities. Habituation was occurring at study areas with high levels of tourist activity. Approachers following current minimum approach distances still caused some animals to modify their behaviour and new minimum approach distances are recommended based on controlled approaches to seals at all study areas. Our work demonstrated that controlled approaches can be a useful tool to develop effective management guidelines to lessen impacts from eco-tourism activities.

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11

Cloke, Paul, and Harvey C. Perkins. "“Cracking the Canyon with the Awesome Foursome”: Representations of Adventure Tourism in New Zealand." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16, no. 2 (April 1998): 185–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d160185.

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The authors focus on the rise of adventure tourism in New Zealand and suggest that the growth of adventure-tourism attractions is related to important transformations in the sociocultural geographies of the places concerned. Three issues are addressed: first, the increasing importance of adventure-tourism facilities, practices, and subcultures, which have interconnected with the social spatialisation of places and landscapes; second, the ways in which adventure tourism transcends the metaphor of the tourist ‘gaze’, and suggests attention to the embodiment of tourist practice; and third, the implications for an understanding of nature—society relations inherent in representational texts used to advertise adventure tourism.

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12

Lim, Christine, and Felix Chan. "An Empirical Modelling of New Zealand Hospitality and Tourism Stock Returns." ISRN Economics 2013 (February 26, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/289718.

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This paper examines the factor risk premiums of stock returns for the hospitality and tourism companies in New Zealand. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) approach is used to investigate the expected return for stock portfolio with respect to market, macro (i.e., money supply and discount rate), and tourism factor sensitivities. Monthly stock prices, market index, tourism, and macroeconomic data are used in the study. The results indicate that the risk premiums for international tourism demand and term premium (proxy for discount rate) are positively significant at the 5% level. A one unit increase in tourist arrival sensitivity would result in expected return increase of 10 to 17 percentage point. Similarly, a one unit increase in term premium can increase hospitality-tourism expected returns by 0.2 percentage point. However, the findings for the money supply factor are not significant. As the study shows that investors face high positive tourism demand risk, it is imperative for firms and policymakers in New Zealand to promote inbound tourism through effective marketing and management. This in turn can provide high expected returns and create shareholder value for investors.

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13

Gnoth, J. "New Zealand bets on event tourism." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 41, no. 4 (August 2000): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-8804(00)80037-3.

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14

Gnoth, Juergen, and Syed Aziz Anwar. "New Zealand Bets on Event Tourism." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 41, no. 4 (August 2000): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088040004100417.

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15

Perkins, Harvey C. "Tourism in New Zealand: An Introduction." New Zealand Geographer 59, no. 1 (April 2003): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7939.2003.tb01655.x.

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16

Bone, Kate. "Spiritual Retreat Tourism in New Zealand." Tourism Recreation Research 38, no. 3 (January 2013): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081755.

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17

Gillovic, Brielle, and Alison McIntosh. "Stakeholder perspectives of the future of accessible tourism in New Zealand." Journal of Tourism Futures 1, no. 3 (September 14, 2015): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-04-2015-0013.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to put forward the argument that New Zealand’s tourism industry generally fails to acknowledge the importance of the access market. Despite anecdotal evidence of the market’s value and strong legislation, New Zealand’s access market arguably remains underserviced and misunderstood. The current research sought to explore social and business rationales to support a future for accessible tourism in New Zealand, from the perspectives of its key stakeholders. It sought to uncover contemporary issues in the tourism industry, to examine the capacity and context for which issues can be addressed and overcome, to achieve a future for accessible tourism in New Zealand. Design/methodology/approach Under the interpretive paradigm, original, exploratory research was conducted. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with ten key New Zealand tourism industry stakeholders who agreed to participate in the research. Qualitative data were thematically analysed. The following five key themes inductively emerged from the data: “Accessibility as a human right: Developing a culture of accessibility”; “Accessible tourism: Good for business?”; “Bottom-up, market-led approach”; “Leadership from the top: Moving from apathy to action”; and “Meeting somewhere in the middle”. The five themes correspond to themes evidenced in the wider literature and present propositions for the future development of accessible tourism in New Zealand. Findings Findings revealed stakeholder opinions of an industry exemplifying minimal awareness and consideration for accessibility. Accessibility was perceived to be an issue of social change, requiring the achievement of a cultural shift where accessibility is envisioned as a cultural norm necessary for the future. Whilst top-down leadership and support were deemed pertinent, ownership and accountability were seen to be crucial at the lower, operational levels of the industry. A “meeting in the middle” was reported necessary to see the leveraging of a greater push towards accessibility and emphasising more prominently, what has been and can be done, moving forward into the future. Originality/value This paper provides original insights into the current and future scope of accessible tourism in New Zealand from the perspectives of its stakeholders. The key themes derived from the research assist knowledge for aligning the industry on a pathway towards achieving the necessary awareness and collaboration required in order to offer accessible tourism experiences to all.

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18

Ozer Balli, Hatice, Faruk Balli, and Wai Hong Kan Tsui. "International tourism demand, number of airline seats and trade triangle: Evidence from New Zealand partners." Tourism Economics 25, no. 1 (October 14, 2018): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354816618801504.

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This article examines the three-way relationship between international tourism demand, airline economy seats and international trade for New Zealand together with its key trading/tourism partners. We have found that airline economy seats are the important factor for determining tourism demand among New Zealand's tourism partners except for richer economies, like the United States and Japan. Trade volume does not have strong causality relationship to tourism demand in particular for trading partners, like Japan, Korea, Singapore and the United States. However, especially after the global financial crisis, it is observed that trade volumes help to boost the number of airline economy seats available (airline seat capacity) between New Zealand and its trading partners.

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19

Tran, Bao-Linh, Chi-Chung Chen, Wei-Chun Tseng, and Shu-Yi Liao. "Tourism under the Early Phase of COVID-19 in Four APEC Economies: An Estimation with Special Focus on SARS Experiences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 7543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207543.

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This study examines how experience of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) influences the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on international tourism demand for four Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, and New Zealand, over the 1 January–30 April 2020 period. To proceed, panel regression models are first applied with a time-lag effect to estimate the general effects of COVID-19 on daily tourist arrivals. In turn, the data set is decomposed into two nation groups and fixed effects models are employed for addressing the comparison of the pandemic-tourism relationship between economies with and without experiences of the SARS epidemic. Specifically, Taiwan and Hong Kong are grouped as economies with SARS experiences, while Thailand and New Zealand are grouped as countries without experiences of SARS. The estimation result indicates that the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has a significant negative impact on tourism demand, in which a 1% COVID-19 case increase causes a 0.075% decline in tourist arrivals, which is a decline of approximately 110 arrivals for every additional person infected by the coronavirus. The negative impact of COVID-19 on tourist arrivals for Thailand and New Zealand is found much stronger than for Taiwan and Hong Kong. In particular, the number of tourist arrivals to Taiwan and Hong Kong decreased by 0.034% in response to a 1% increase in COVID-19 confirmed cases, while in Thailand and New Zealand, a 1% national confirmed cases increase caused a 0.103% reduction in tourism demand. Moreover, the effect of the number of domestic cases on international tourism is found lower than the effect caused by global COVID-19 mortality for the economies with SARS experiences. In contrast, tourist arrivals are majorly affected by the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Thailand and New Zealand. Finally, travel restriction in all cases is found to be the most influencing factor for the number of tourist arrivals. Besides contributing to the existing literature focusing on the knowledge regarding the nexus between tourism and COVID-19, the paper’s findings also highlight the importance of risk perception and the need of transmission prevention and control of the epidemic for the tourism sector.

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20

Fusté-Forné, Francesc. "What do New Zealand newspapers say about food tourism?" Tourism and Hospitality Research 20, no. 1 (November 6, 2018): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358418810916.

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Food and tourism are the largest industries in New Zealand. While the interfaces between food and tourism have been extensively studied during recent decades, media representations of food tourism still remain as an unexplored issue. This paper studies the coverage that New Zealand daily print media carries out with regard to food tourism. The method design is based on a discourse analysis, and it encompasses the six newspapers with major circulation across New Zealand. The study period runs from 2000 to 2016. Results reveal that media coverage of food tourism in New Zealand newspapers is focused on three topics: food culture, regional development and international practices.

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21

Bonelli, Diego. "Manufacturing urban identities: The emergence of Auckland’s and Wellington’s ‘character’ in New Zealand tourism film." Journal of New Zealand & Pacific Studies 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/nzps_00047_1.

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Since its inception, New Zealand film production has often been characterized by a strong focus on the promotion and marketing of local scenic locations. However, over the last few decades and simultaneously with New Zealand’s rapidly increasing urbanization rates, urban narratives have gained prominence in the cinematic representation of the country, gradually becoming important aspects of national tourism marketing campaigns. This article first provides an overview of New Zealand tourism film’s dynamics of production and recurring themes and narratives from the early twentieth century to the 1960s. It then focuses on Toehold on a Harbour and This Auckland – tourism films produced by the government-led New Zealand National Film Unit and released respectively in 1967 and 1966 – and identifies a turning point in the manufacturing of local urban narratives and in New Zealand urban tourism marketing. My critical and textual analysis of these two case studies notably relies on the examination of archival documents related to their production and on an interview with This Auckland’s director Hugh Macdonald. It ultimately shows how the emergence of ‘cities with a character’ as a tourism marketing tool was in fact a carefully planned, articulated and years-long government-driven strategy.

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22

Seeler, Sabrina, and Michael Lueck. "Freedom camping in Aotearoa New Zealand: an exploration of stakeholder perceptions." Journal of Qualitative Research in Tourism 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jqrt.2021.01.05.

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The global COVID-19 health pandemic has shaken the most stable political systems, and left deep economic scars across industries. With global and national travel at a standstill, the tourism industry is among the most heavily hit. The gradual lifting of restrictions has already fuelled tourism demand, and previous hopes of rebuilding and transforming tourism more sustainably are vanishing. To ensure that pre-COVID-19 situations of unsustainable development do not resurface, it is of critical importance to go beyond economically driven crisis recovery. Instead, governments need to reconsider pre-crisis challenges, such as imbalances between tourists and residents, infrastructure shortages, and questions around the efficiency of regulations and policies. In New Zealand, issues related to freedom camping have fuelled these debates, with headlines relating to tourists defecating in public space, dropping garbage, and being ‘freeloaders’ with little economic value. Adopting a multiple stakeholder approach, this research note empirically explores stakeholder perceptions of challenges associated with freedom camping in the context of New Zealand. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 stakeholders representing host communities, local councils, national agencies, tourism businesses, and regional tourism organisations. Qualitative data analysis reveals positive changes and reduced impacts as results of additional infrastructure funding, educational measures, and locally enforced bylaws. However, participants also noted the need for a national framework, and clear statements and messages regarding domestic demand. Considering that nature-based experiences that allow for social distancing, such as (freedom) camping, have grown significantly during the pandemic and that domestic tourists will be crucial to post-COVID tourism recovery, this original multiple stakeholder approach delivers policy-relevant insights and provides avenues for future research with regard to a responsible and sustainable tourism restart.

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23

Page, Stephen J. "Urban tourism in New Zealand: the National Museum of New Zealand project." Tourism Management 14, no. 3 (June 1993): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(93)90022-d.

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24

Abd Rahman, Noridawati, Zairul Anwar Dawam, and Jennifer Kim Lian Chan. "THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FILM PRODUCTS TO INDUCE TOURISM." Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management 4, no. 16 (September 15, 2019): 84–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jthem.416007.

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Film products to induce tourism is a new phenomenon for tourists to visit a destination that inspired by films and television. For example; film The Beach (Thailand), Tomb Raider (Cambodia), Entrapment (Malaysia), Lord of The Rings trilogy (New Zealand), Harry Potter trilogy (UK) and others. Many of this destination has turned into a popular tourist attraction. However, film products to induce tourism can also be unpredictable. The success of any film or television is not guaranteed, and the effects on inducing visits can be complex. Thus, this paper will analyze six of the characteristics of film products namely on location, off location, storyline, celebrity, film genres and film festivals. By understanding these characteristics of film products, this paper can help to increase a better understanding of the context of film products to induce tourism. Indeed, this paper also opens an opportunity for future researchers to study film products as a new strategy to induce the tourism industry where it can increase the number of tourists visiting.

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25

Schiff, Aaron, and Susanne Becken. "Demand elasticity estimates for New Zealand tourism." Tourism Management 32, no. 3 (June 2011): 564–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.004.

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26

Pan, Steve, Henry Tsai, and Jinsoo Lee. "Framing New Zealand: Understanding tourism TV commercials." Tourism Management 32, no. 3 (June 2011): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.009.

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27

Fusté-Forné, Francesc, and Tracy Berno. "Food Tourism in New Zealand: Canterbury's Foodscapes." Journal of Gastronomy and Tourism 2, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/216929716x14720551277763.

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28

Oppermann, Martin. "Regional Aspects of Tourism in New Zealand." Regional Studies 28, no. 2 (April 1994): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409412331348146.

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29

Cloke, Paul, and Harvey C. Perkins. "Commodification and Adventure in New Zealand Tourism." Current Issues in Tourism 5, no. 6 (December 2002): 521–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667939.

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30

Hawke, G. R. "The Wonder Country: Making New Zealand Tourism." English Historical Review 120, no. 488 (September 1, 2005): 1104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei381.

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31

Ryan, Chris, and Jade Xie. "Chinese Students – A New Zealand Tourism Niche?" International Journal of Tourism Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 2003): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2003.11434542.

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32

Pearce, Douglas, Raewyn Tan, and Christian Schott. "Tourism distribution channels in Wellington, New Zealand." International Journal of Tourism Research 6, no. 6 (2004): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.503.

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33

Reid, Laurel, and Douglas G. Pearce. "Distribution channels for New Zealand outbound tourism." International Journal of Tourism Research 10, no. 6 (November 2008): 577–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.696.

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34

Dowling, Ross K. "New Zealand Tourism and Hospitality Research Conference." Tourism Recreation Research 24, no. 1 (January 1999): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1999.11014866.

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35

Dowling, Ross. "The First New Zealand Wine Tourism Conference." Tourism Recreation Research 26, no. 2 (January 2001): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2001.11081347.

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36

Page, Stephen. "New Zealand — changing patterns of international tourism." Tourism Management 10, no. 4 (December 1989): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(89)90014-9.

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37

Kulendran, N. "Modelling Quarterly Tourist Flows to Australia Using Cointegration Analysis." Tourism Economics 2, no. 3 (September 1996): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669600200301.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this paper is to use cointegration analysis to estimate the long-run relationship between quarterly tourist flows to Australia from the USA, Japan, to UK and New Zealand and the factors such as income, price and airfare that influence arrivals. To this end, the demand function approach to tourism flow modelling is employed. The new econometric modelling approach of cointegration analysis adopted in this paper has not been used in previous studies of tourism demand modelling. This method is capable of overcoming the problem of ‘spurious regression’ associated with traditional econometric modelling approach for estimating the tourism demand function. For the countries of origin, the estimated long-run income elasticity is greater than one, and considerably higher for Japan. UK tourists are more responsive to changes in airfares than to changes in income. The estimated long-run elasticity with respect to the relative price variable for the UK and Japan is close to unity, and for the USA and New Zealand it is greater than one.

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38

Andreassen, Helen. "Hospitality and tourism as a subject in secondary schools: A worthwhile choice or a ‘dumping ground’?" Hospitality Insights 2, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v2i1.30.

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The tourism sector is now New Zealand’s number one export earner, contributing 17.4 percent to New Zealand’s total exports of goods and services [1]. In addition, the sector directly employs 8.4 percent of New Zealand’s workforce and a further 6.1 percent are indirectly employed [2]. Given the obvious importance of hospitality and tourism to both the national economy and local communities, one would expect that a potential career in the industry would be something for a young person to aspire to. Sadly, this is not the case, and recent research has found that much of the poor perception of a career in hospitality and tourism stems from the delivery of hospitality and tourism education in New Zealand secondary schools [3]. In the New Zealand secondary school curriculum, secondary students gain New Zealand’s Certificate of Educational Achievement (NCEA) by working towards a combination of achievement or unit standards. The Ministry of Education is the only developer of achievement standards, which are derived from the achievement objectives of the New Zealand Curriculum. Unit standards are developed by industry training organisations [4]. Both hospitality and tourism are deemed to be ‘vocational’ rather than ‘academic’ subjects in the NCEA structure and are delivered as unit standards. In a review of the list of approved subjects for University Entrance (UE) in 2011, only subjects delivered as achievement standards were eligible, hence the removal of hospitality and tourism after the revisions came into effect in 2014 [5]. Students are often introduced to the study of hospitality and tourism at secondary school and therefore their early perceptions of a potential career are formed at this stage. These perceptions can be influenced by several factors, including the position that studying hospitality and tourism does not prepare students for further or higher education as effectively as other subjects might. Criticisms of hospitality and tourism as secondary school subjects include that the curriculum lacks both serious and relevant content and academic rigour. The idea that hospitality and tourism classes are used as a ‘dumping ground’ for the less academically able students is damning. The attitudes of teachers, career advisors, school management and parents also play a significant role in the development of a positive or negative perception of the industry, with some actively discouraging students’ interest. The removal of hospitality and tourism as UE approved subjects has only contributed to this poor perception both by students and the larger community, including parents [3]. There is an evident disparity between the importance of hospitality and tourism to the economy and local communities, and the perception of a career in the industry. Tourism Industry Aotearoa’s People and Skills 2025 report [6] identifies that an extra 36,000 full-time equivalent workers (approx. 47,000 jobs) could be required to service the visitor economy by 2025. The current delivery of hospitality and tourism education in secondary schools does nothing to enhance the perception of the industry, but instead contributes to its struggle for recognition and credibility. To address this disparity, there is an urgent need for discussion and strategic planning by all stakeholders. The government’s current review of the education system, including NCEA, provides this opportunity. Corresponding author Helen Andreassen can be contacted at helen.andeassen@aut.ac.nz References (1) Tourism New Zealand. About the Industry, 2018. https://www.tourismnewzealand.com/about/about-the-industry/ (accessed Mar 8, 2018). (2) Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE). New Zealand Tourism Dashboard, 2018. https://mbienz.shinyapps.io/tourism_dashboard_prod/ (accessed Mar 8, 2018). (3) Roberts, M. D.; Andreassen, H.; O’Donnell, D.; O’Neill, S.; Neill, L. (2018). Tourism Education in New Zealand’s Secondary Schools: The Teachers’ Perspective. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2017.1413380 (4) New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA). Standards, 2018. http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/ncea/understanding-ncea/how-ncea-works/standards/ (accessed Apr 26, 2018). (5) New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA). Processes for Maintaining the Approved Subjects List for University Entrance. http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/qualifications-standards/awards/university-entrance/processes-for-maintaining-the-approved-subjects-list-for-university-entrance/ (accessed Jun 12, 2018). (6) Tourism Industry Aotearoa. People & Skills 2025, 2015. http://www.tourism2025.org.nz/assets/Uploads/People-Skills-2025.pdf (accessed Mar 8, 2018).

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39

Mohsin, Asad, and Tim Lockyer. "Hamilton, New Zealand." Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 49, no. 2 (May 2008): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1938965508317266.

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40

Shone, Michael C., and P. Ali Memon. "Tourism, Public Policy and Regional Development: A Turn from Neo-liberalism to the New Regionalism." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 23, no. 4 (November 2008): 290–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940802408011.

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The use of tourism as a driver of economic development is widely acknowledged. In New Zealand and internationally, tourism is used overtly as a mechanism by which governments are able to address a variety of national, regional and local development objectives. In this paper, we present a critique of recent responses in New Zealand to the task of guiding tourism development from a strategic and collaborative sustainable development perspective. As argued in this paper, the roles and responsibilities of government in tourism were reinvented during the 1980s and 1990s. These changes, inspired by a neo-liberal political ideology to deregulate the New Zealand economy and to restructure the state sector and local government, ultimately included the tourism sector. More recently, however, public sector policy initiatives indicate a shift towards a more pro-active role for the local state (local and regional government) in managing tourism development. This shift, informed by a New Regionalism policy framework, anticipates a devolved tourism planning mandate that fosters longer-term strategic and collaborative planning of the sector in order to enhance the contribution of tourism to sustainable community wellbeing. We reflect on the likely effectiveness of a devolved tourism planning mandate and interrogate the role and potential of tourism to contribute to regional development, as framed by the political philosophies of the New Regionalism.

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41

Ateljevic, Irena, and Stephen Doorne. "Representing New Zealand." Annals of Tourism Research 29, no. 3 (July 2002): 648–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00077-9.

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42

Booth, Kay L., and Ross Cullen. "Managing Recreation and Tourism in New Zealand Mountains." Mountain Research and Development 21, no. 4 (November 2001): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0331:mratin]2.0.co;2.

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43

Purdie, Heather. "Glacier Retreat and Tourism: Insights from New Zealand." Mountain Research and Development 33, no. 4 (November 2013): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-12-00073.1.

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44

Jaforullah, Mohammad. "International Tourism and Economic Growth in New Zealand." Tourism Analysis 20, no. 4 (October 6, 2015): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/108354215x14400815080523.

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45

Balli, Faruk, and Wai Hong Kan Tsui. "Tourism Demand Spillovers between Australia and New Zealand." Journal of Travel Research 55, no. 6 (February 10, 2015): 804–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287515569778.

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46

Lusseau, David, Liz Slooten, and Rohan J. C. Currey. "Unsustainable Dolphin-watching Tourism in Fiordland, New Zealand." Tourism in Marine Environments 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2006): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427306779435184.

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47

Ryan, Chris, and David Simmons. "Towards a tourism research strategy for New Zealand." Tourism Management 20, no. 3 (June 1999): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(98)00121-6.

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48

Yeoman, Ian, and Una Mcmahon-Beattie. "New Zealand Tourism: Which Direction Would it Take?" Tourism Recreation Research 39, no. 3 (January 2014): 415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2014.11087009.

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49

Mackley-Crump, Jared. "Indigenous tourism: Cases from Australia and New Zealand." Annals of Leisure Research 22, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2018.1534599.

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50

Bentley, T. A., S. J. Page, and I. S. Laird. "Accidents in the New Zealand adventure tourism industry." Safety Science 38, no. 1 (June 2001): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-7535(00)00053-9.

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