Дисертації з теми "Tortricid"
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Navarro, Roldán Miguel Ángel. "Detoxification and sublethal effects of neurotoxic insecticides in tortricid moths." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/462995.
Повний текст джерелаEl conocimiento básico de los efectos letales y subletales que los insecticidas pueden generar en los insectos plaga resulta particularmente importante para la optimización y mejora de las estrategias de Control Integrado de Plagas (C.I.P), especialmente cuando el uso de insecticidas es la principal herramienta de control. El exhaustivo trabajo realizado a lo largo de la presente tesis da como resultado unas curvas de mortalidad dosis-respuesta para tres insecticidas neurotóxicos con diferentes modos de acción [clorpirifós (un organofosforado inhibidor de la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE)), λ-cihalothrín (un piretroide modulador de los canales de sodio), y tiacloprid (un neonicotinoide agonista de los receptores nicotínicos de la AChE)] sobre tres especies de polillas que son importantes plagas frutales [Cydia pomonella (L.), Grapholita molesta (Busck), y Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller)]. Acto seguido, se analizaron los mecanismos de detoxificación de las tres especies para los tres insecticidas mediante el estudio de las principales familias enzimáticas involucradas en la detoxificación [carboxilesterasas (EST), glutatión-S-transferasas (GST), y multifunción oxidasas (MFO)]. Finalmente, se exploró si dosis subletales del insecticida tiacloprid, estimadas en la primera parte de la tesis, tenían un efecto sobre el sistema de comunicación mediante feromonas sexuales en las tres especies. Un aspecto característico de esta tesis es que se centra en el insecto adulto, el cual está muy poco representado en la literatura científica del área de la toxicología en Lepidópteros, probablemente debido a que la gran mayoría de los insecticidas tienen a los huevos o a diferentes estadios de la larva como elemento diana. Sin embargo, el uso de adultos en este estudio nos reportará una serie de hallazgos inesperados que se explicarán a continuación.
Basic knowledge on lethal and sublethal insecticide effects on pest insects is particularly important for optimization and continuous improvement of IPM strategies, especially when insecticides are used as the main crop-protection strategy. The work that I carried out in my Ph.D. thesis provides thorough dose-mortality curves for three neurotoxic insecticides with different modes of action [chlorpyrifos (organophosphate, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor), λ-cyhalothrin (pyrethroid, sodium channel modulator), and thiacloprid (neonicotinoid, nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptor agonist)] on three key fruit pest species [Cydia pomonella (L.), Grapholita molesta (Busck), and Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermüller)]. Subsequently I analyzed the detoxification mechanisms of the three species against the three insecticides by studying the most common enzymatic detoxification groups [carboxylesterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and mixed-function oxidases (MFO)]. Finally, I explored if the sublethal doses of thiacloprid estimated in the first part of the thesis affect the sex-pheromone communication system of these species. A singular aspect of my thesis is that I focused on the adult stage, which is poorly represented in the toxicological scientific literature of Lepidoptera, probably because most insecticides are mainly designed to kill egg or larval stages. However, this choice ultimately led to some unexpected findings that I explain next.
Keil, Sabine. "Behavioural mechanism and genetic regulation of dispersal in the tortricid Cydia pomonoella /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=14113.
Повний текст джерелаPérez, Aparicio Alicia. "Sense and Sensitivity: on the biology and neuroethology of two tortricid moths." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673006.
Повний текст джерелаLa confusión sexual mediante feromonas es una táctica de control de plagas que, al impedir el apareamiento entre polillas, ha ayudado enormemente a reducir los daños en cultivos, así como el uso de pesticidas. La necesidad de disminuir los costes asociados a su aplicación ha fomentado el desarrollo de dispensadores automáticos o puffers. Estos puffers liberan una gran cantidad de feromona mientras los insectos están sexualmente activos. Sin embargo, la falta de información sobre la biología y el comportamiento de los insectos y del efecto que algunos factores externos tienen sobre su periodicidad diaria impiden un correcto ajuste de los puffers, lo que puede suponer una disminución de su eficacia en campo. A pesar de que el trampeo automático puede servir para determinar estos periodos de actividad y decidir cuándo liberar feromona, las trampas disponibles comercialmente no confieren una resolución temporal suficiente para bosquejar la actividad de los insectos, que puede estar reducida a unas pocas horas. Para mi tesis hemos diseñado y puesto a prueba una trampa asequible y fácil de construir que me ha permitido determinar el vuelo sexual diario y estacional de Grapholita molesta (Busk) a partir de fotografías tomadas con una gran resolución temporal. Tanto en trampas cebadas con feromona sintética como en trampas cebadas con hembras vírgenes, la mayoría de las capturas tuvieron lugar entre 3 horas antes y una hora después de la puesta de sol, indicando una actividad diurna crepuscular en la especie. El tipo de cebo (septo de feromona o hembra virgen) no afectó el periodo de vuelo diario. Aun así, las bajas temperaturas avanzaron los vuelos, mientras que las temperaturas más altas retrasaban el vuelo hasta horas cercanas a la puesta de sol. Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de programar los puffers para que liberen la feromona a distintas horas a lo largo del año, siguiendo la curva de vuelo de los insectos. Hacerlo aumentaría la eficacia de este sistema en campo, al tiempo que reduciría el coste de su aplicación y evitaría un desperdicio de feromona. Para explicar los mecanismos que subyacen al funcionamiento de la confusión sexual en el control de plagas, la mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en el efecto de grandes niveles de feromona sintética sobre los machos. Las hembras, por otro lado, se han considerado insensibles a su propia feromona. Sin embargo, una revisión reciente indica que hay una alteración notable en el comportamiento de las hembras al ser expuestas a su propia feromona, un fenómeno conocido como “autodetección”. A pesar de ello, no hay pruebas que confirmen que las hembras sean capaces de detectar su propia feromona a nivel de las neuronas olfativas. Mediante técnicas de electrofisiología, he comparado la respuesta de las neuronas olfativas alojadas en sensilla trichodea de machos y hembras a compuestos biológicamente relevantes para G. molesta, una especie en la que se ha descrito autodetección. Un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico indica un sistema olfativo periférico radicalmente diferente en cada sexo, lo que podría estar relacionado con las diferentes necesidades biológicas de cada uno. Mientras que en los machos no había células que respondieran a su propia feromona de cortejo, cinamato de etilo, la mayoría (63%) respondieron específicamente a los compuestos de feromona sexual mayoritario y minoritario (Z8-12:Ac y E8-12:Ac, respectivamente). La frecuencia de cada uno de estos tipos de células es similar al ratio de mezcla de feromonas de las hembras. En hembras, un 6% de las células respondían a volátiles de planta y un 3% son específicas para la feromona de cortejo de los machos. A pesar de que algunas células eran estimuladas por la feromona sexual de las hembras, estas respuestas eran siempre menores que las de machos y, además, respondían a más compuestos. De hecho, la agrupación jerárquica las incluye en un grupo (91%) de neuronas inespecíficas. La ausencia en hembras de receptores para la feromona sexual y su baja sensibilidad a la misma les impediría detectar variaciones en las ratios de feromona en la naturaleza. Por lo tanto, cualquier alteración del comportamiento tras una exposición a feromona conspecífica en el laboratorio no podría ser atribuida a un reconocimiento de la propia especie. El comportamiento de las hembras sí que puede verse alterado por otras señales más relevantes para sus necesidades biológicas. El olor característico de una planta puede provocar un efecto diferente en hembras que provienen de huéspedes distintos. En mi tesis he analizado respuestas electroantenográficas de machos y hembras adultos de Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) recogidas en fase larvaria de la vid (Vitis vinífera L.) o del torvisco (Daphne gnidium L.) a volátiles específicos y compartidos de los huéspedes, así como a compuestos de feromona sexual. Mis resultados indican que la detección de feromona no difiere entre ambas poblaciones. Además, la detección de volátiles de planta no se ve afectada por el sexo o la planta de desarrollo larvario. Poblaciones polífagas desarrollándose en un huésped concreto parecen retener la capacidad para responder a los volátiles de otros huéspedes. Esta falta de diferencias estadísticas en la diferenciación de compuestos olfativos al nivel de la antena no implica, sin embargo, que los individuos que provienen de cada huésped muestren preferencias similares ante ambos conjuntos de volátiles, dado que las respuestas biológicas dependen en última instancia de la integración cerebral de cada individuo. Aun así, es importante comprender la capacidad de los insectos polífagos para reproducirse o buscar alimentos y refugios alternativos a la hora de determinar los límites topográficos de la confusión sexual. Mi tesis sirve para entender mejor las repercusiones que algunos factores ambientales pueden tener sobre el funcionamiento de una técnica compleja como es la confusión sexual. A pesar de que el uso de pesticidas se ha reducido, aún nos valemos de estos químicos para evitar el descontrol de las plagas, y es necesario conocer las variables que afectan a la eficacia de las alternativas sostenibles.
Pheromone-mediated mating disruption (MD), a pest management tactic that prevents moth mating, has helped reduce insecticide use and crop damage in agriculture. The need to decrease the economic and labor costs associated with its application has encouraged the development of automated dispensers. These puffers disrupt mating behavior of moth pests by releasing pheromone during the time when insects are active. However, the lack of a firm basis on the biology and behavior of moths, and how external factors can alter their periodicity, prevent the proper adjustment of the puffers, and may result in a decrease of their efficacy in the field. Although automated traps can be used to determine these activity periods and adjust puffer pheromone release, commercially automated traps do not offer enough temporal resolution to outline insect activity periods, which usually last one or a few hours. In my thesis, we have designed and tested a cheap and easy to build high temporal resolution image-sensor insect trap. Based on captures in traps lured with synthetic pheromone and virgin females I have determined the daily and seasonal Grapholita molesta male sexual responsiveness. Although the lure did not influence the daily and seasonal sexual responsiveness period of Grapholita molesta (Busk), the flight activity within 24 h circadian rhythm is often influenced by sunset time and temperature. Most captures were registered between 3 hours before and 1 hour after sunset, indicating a diurnal to crepuscular activity of the species. Lure type (septum or female) did not influence the daily time of flight. While low temperatures led to an earlier flight in males, warmer temperatures resulted in flights closer to the sunset time. To reduce the cost of MD and avoid wasting pheromone, puffers should be programmed to spray at a variable time throughout the season, following the curve of activity of the insects. In order to explain the mechanisms of pheromone-mediated MD in pest management, most studies have focused on the effect high levels of synthetic pheromones have on the behavior of males, whereas females were considered unresponsive to their own pheromone. However, a recent review shows that there is substantial behavioral evidence that female moths respond to their own sex pheromone. Nevertheless, the evidence for sex pheromone "autodetection" at the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) level is limited. By means of electrophysiological methods I compared the responses of ORNs housed in antennal sensilla trichodea to an array of biologically relevant compounds of male and female G. molesta, a species with reported pheromone autodetection. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated a radically different peripheric olfactory system between sexes that could be related to their specific ecological roles. In males no cells responded to their own courtship pheromone ethyl trans-cinnamate, while most (63%) were tuned specifically to the major or minor pheromone compounds (Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac, respectively), their relative abundance being similar to their ratio in the female pheromone. Plant volatile cells were relatively frequent in females (6%) and 3% of the female ORNs were also tuned to the male-produced courtship pheromone. Several female cells were excited by female-produced sex pheromone, but their responses were generally lower than in males, and they responded broadly to the other compounds as well, so the HCA grouped them in a large cluster (91%) of "unspecific" female neurons. The lack of differential sex pheromone receptor neurons in females, and their relatively low sensitivity to sex pheromone would not allow females to detect variations in the pheromone ratios in nature. Thus, the alteration of their behavior after exposure to conspecific pheromone under laboratory conditions does not appear to be species-specific. Female behavior can nonetheless be specifically altered by other cues more relevant to their biological needs. The headspace of different plants may induce a different effect on females stemming from different hosts. I analyzed electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male and female adults of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) collected as larvae from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and flax-leaved daphne (Daphne gnidium L.) to specific and shared plant volatiles of the two hosts, as well as to sex pheromone compounds. My results indicate that pheromone detection did not differ between the two populations. Furthermore, host-plant volatile detection was not affected by sex or larval host plant. Polyphagous populations developing on a specific host seem therefore able to detect the plant volatiles of alternative hosts. However, lack of statistical differences in odor discrimination at the antennal level does not imply that insects from each host would show similar preference for the two host-specific odor blends, since behavioral responses to plant odors require brain integration of the antennal input of each individual odorant in a blend. Differences in plant preference could still occur if there are no differences at the EAG level. Understanding the potential ability of a polyphagous moth to reproduce or find food and shelter in alternative hosts is important to assess the topographical limitations of MD. My thesis serves to understand a bit better the complex functioning of a technique like MD and the repercussions that some environmental factors can have in its proper functioning. Even though pesticide use has been reduced, we still rely on these chemicals to prevent pest outburst. A more deep and rigorous study of the variables affecting the efficacy environmentally friendly alternatives should be conducted.
Rentel, Monique. "Morphology and taxonomy of tortricid moth pests attacking fruit crops in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79825.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cydia pomonella (codling moth), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (False codling moth), Thaumatotibia batrachopa (Macadamia nut borer), Grapholita molesta (Oriental fruit moth), Cryptophlebia peltastica (Litchi moth), Epichoristodes acerbella (Pear leafroller/Carnation worm) and Lozotaenia capensana (Apple leafroller) are the most economically important tortricids affecting various crops in South Africa. The correct identification of these species, especially of the larval stage, is of great importance in pest management. Using available literature, augmented by additional morphological studies, an interactive identification key (Lucid key) for larval and adult stages of the seven species was developed. The colour and markings of the head, characteristics of the prothoracic and anal shields, the position of the prespiracular setae (L-group) relative to the spiracle on the prothoracic segment, the position of the spiracle on the eighth abdominal segment and L-group on the ninth abdominal segment, as well as the presence or absence of the anal comb are key characteristics for larval identification. For adult identification, wing pattern and genitalia are the most important features. However, the use of genitalia for moth identification might be difficult for the lay user, as the dissection and mounting of these structures requires certain skills and specialized equipment. Thus, genitalia have not been included in the Lucid Key. Differences in the morphological characteristics of most pupae were so minute that this stage was also not included in the Lucid key. However, the pupae of E. acerbella and L. capensana are easily distinguished from those of the other species by the presence of acremaster. This study also included the first morphological description of the pupa of L. capensana, which can be distinguished from that of E. acerbella by various features of the cremaster, antennae, spiracle shape, number of setae on abdominal segments A5-7, the size of spines on A3-7, and the presence/absence of spines on A9. A previous study by Timm (2005) indicated that geographically isolated populations of T. leucotreta tend to be genetically distinct. This raised the question of whether speciation/subspeciation has occurred or is occurring. Male moth genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and are often the only features that can reliably distinguish similar species. Hence, variation in the shape of the valvae of T. leucotreta was used to determine whether divergence has occurred between populations of T. leucotreta. Elliptical Fourier analysis was used to analyze the valvar variation in three different populations. Although some variation in valvar shape was detected among mean population values for certain traits, no clear pattern emerged. Principle component analysis also showed no distinct clustering of valvae shape among populations, providing no evidence for divergence in male genitalia and therefore no morphological evidence of incipient speciation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Cydia pomonella (Kodlingmot), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Valskodlingmot), T. batrachopa (Makadamianeutboorder), Grapholita molesta (Oosterse vrugtemot), Cryptophlebia peltastica (Lietsjiemot), Epichoristodes acerbella (Peerbladroller/Angelierrusper) en Lozotaenia capensana (Appelbladroller) is die mees ekonomies belangrike tortrisiede van die vrugtebedryf in Suid-Afrika. Die juiste identifikasie van hierdie spesies, veral van hulle larwale stadium, is van groot belang by plaagbestuur. Deur gebruik te maak van beskikbare literatuur, aangevul deur bykomstige morfologiese studies, is ‗n interaktiewe uitkenningssleutel (―Lucid key‖) vir die larwale en volwasse stadia van die sewe spesies ontwikkel. Die kleur en tekening van die kop, kenmerke van die prothorakale en anale skild, die ligging van die prespirakulêre setae (L-groep) relatief tot die spiraculum op die prothorakale segment, die ligging van die spirakulum op die agste abdominale segment en L-groep op die negende abdominale segment, asook die aan- of afwesigheid van die anale kam is sleutel kenmerke vir larwale uitkenning. Vir die volwassenes is die vlerktekening en genitalia die mees belangrike kenmerke. Die gebruik van die genitalia vir motuitkenning kan egter vir die leek gebruiker moeilik wees omdat die disseksie en montering van hierdie strukture bepaalde vaardighede en gespesialiseerde toerusting vereis. Vir die rede is die genitalia nie in die Lucid-sleutel ingesluit nie. Verskille in die morfologiese kenmerke van meeste papies is klein en die stadium is gevolglik ook nie in die sleutel ingesluit nie. Die papies van E. acerbella en L. capensana kan egter maklik van die ander spesies onderskei word deur die aanwesigheid van ‗n cremaster. Hierdie studie sluit ook die eerste morfologiese beskrywing van die papie van L. capensana in, wat van dié van E. acerbella onderskei kan word deur gebruik te maak van kenmerke van die cremaster, antennae, spirakulêre vorm, aantal setae op abdominale segmente A5-7, die grootte van stekels op A3-7, en die aan- of afwesigheid van stekels op A9. ‗n Vroeëre studie (Timm 2005) het aangedui dat geografies geïsoleerde bevolkings van T. leucotreta neig om geneties verskillend te wees. Dit het die vraag laat ontstaan of spesiasie/subspesiasie moontlik plaasgevind het of steeds plaasvind. Manlike mot genitalië word geag om vinnig te ontwikkel en is dikwels die enigste kenmerke wat betroubaar tussen soortgelyke spesies kan onderskei. Dus is die variasie in die vorm van die valvae van T. leucotreta gebruik om te bepaal of divergensie wel tussen bevolkings van T. leucotreta plaasgevind het. Elliptiese Fourier ontleding is gebruik om die valvae se variasie by drie verskillende bevolkings te ontleed. Alhoewel enkele variasie in die vorm van die valvae bespeur is by die gemiddelde bevolkingswaardes vir bepaalde eienskappe, kon geen duidelike patroon bespeur word nie. Hoofkomponentontleding het ook geen duidelike groepering van valvae se vorm tussen bevolkings getoon nie, wat geen bewys lewer van divergensie in die manlike genitalia en dus geen morfologiese bewys van beginnende spesiasie.
Timm, Alicia Eva. "Morphological and molecular studies of tortricid moths of economic importance to the South African fruit industry." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1347.
Повний текст джерелаMarsberg, Tamryn. "The isolation and genetic characterisation of a novel alphabaculovirus for the microbial control of Cryptophlebia peltastica and closely related tortricid pests." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59292.
Повний текст джерелаMorandi, Filho Wilson José. "Avaliação de inseticidas para o controle de Aryrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick,1909) (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) na cultura da videira e Efeitos secundários sobre Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley,1879) (Hymenoptera : Trichogrammatidae)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2098.
Повний текст джерелаThe Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) is often found damaging vineyards and other temperate fruit orchards, in the Serra Gaucha region. This work was conducted to study seasonal occurrence of A. sphaleropa adults in vineyards using sexual synthetic pheromone, the effect of commercial formulations of insecticides with emphasis on that allowed in the organic production (neem, natural piretro, pirolenhoso extract and Bacillus thuringiensis) to control A. sphaleropa and their effects on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum adults. Based on weekly evaluation A. sphaleropa adults catched in Delta trap baited with synthetic sexual pheromone (Z11,13-14Ac + Z11,13-14Al + Z11-14Al in a ratio of 4:4:1, 1000μg/septum) during 2003/2004 season, it was observed four populational peaks in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyards. The first population peak occurred in the beginning of October, the second in the beginning of February, the third occurred in middle of March and the forth in June. In the experiments conducted in the laboratory using grapevine leaves with artificial infestations of 3st to 4th instars) and in commercial vineyard, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel DF 50, 75 and 100 g/100L), fenitrothion (Sumithion 500 CE, 150 mL/100L) and triclhorfon (Dipterex 500, 300 mL/100L) were efficient to control A. sphaleropa larvae reducing insect population upper to 90%. In laboratory, the insecticides Natuneem® (1500 ppm of azadirachtin/L) and the pirolenhoso extract (Biopirol 7 M®) (250 and 500 mL/100L) were not efficient in the control of A. sphaleropa when applied over grapevine leaves. Natural piretro (250 and 500 mL/100L) resulted in a mortality of 77,65 and 85,88% of insects, respectively 120 hours after application. Natuneem® (0,25 e 0,50%) incorporated to A. sphaleropa artificial diet increased larval phase, reduced larval and pupae viability producing males with a reduces lifespan. Biopirol 7M® in the concentration of 0,50% increased larval duration, reduced male longevity and the oviposition period without affecting fecundity. Baseding on the fertility life table, it was verified that Natuneem® and Biopirol®, both in 0,25 and 0,50% added to artificial diets increase modified the duration in days of a generation, the liquid tax of reproduction, the infinitesimal reason of population increase and the finite reason of increase of A. sphaleropa, when compared with diet without insecticides. Secondary effects of insecticides allowed in organic production (Natuneem®, natural piretro, Biopirol 7M® and Dipel DF®) and the phosphorous compounds used in grapevine (triclorfon and fenitrotion) were evaluated on adults of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum following IOBC methodology. The experiments were conducted exposing adults (more sensible period) of T. pretiosum to dry pesticide residues sprayed on glass plates. It was observed that Natuneem® (500 mL/100L), Biopirol 7 M® (500 mL/100L) and Dipel DF® (100g/100L) had been innocuous (<30% parasitism reduction) while natural piretro (250 mL/100L) was classified as moderad harmful (80-99% of parasitism reduction). Natural piretro in the higher dose (500 mL/100L) showed a parasitism deduction in more than 99%equivalent to fenthiom (Lebaycid 500, 100.
Avaliação de inseticidas para o controle de Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) na cultura da videira (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) e efeito secundário sobre Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley, 1879) (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae). Orientador: Dr. Marcos Botton. Co-orientador: Dr. Anderson Dionei Grützmacher. A lagarta-das-fruteiras Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909)(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae) é uma espécie freqüentemente encontrada danificando a cultura da videira e outras frutíferas temperadas na região da Encosta Superior do Nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste trabalho, foi estudado a variação sazonal de machos adultos de A. sphaleropa na cultura da videira com emprego do feromônio sexual sintético, o efeito de formulações comerciais de inseticidas com ênfase para os permitidos na produção orgânica (nim, piretro natural, extrato pirolenhoso e Bacillus thuringiensis) para o controle do inseto e seu efeito sobre o parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum. Com base na avaliação semanal de machos de A. sphaleropa capturados em armadilha Delta contendo o feromônio sexual sintético (formulação Z11,13-14Ac + Z11,13-14Al + Z11- 14Al na proporção 4:4:1, impregnada em liberadores de borracha na dose de 1000μg/septo) durante a safra 2003/2004 foram observados quatro picos populacionais na cultura da videira cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. O primeiro pico populacional ocorreu no início do mês de outubro, o segundo no início de fevereiro e o terceiro teve o acme em meados do mês de março sendo quarto no mês de junho. Em experimentos conduzidos em laboratório com discos de folhas de videira com lagartas de 3-4 ínstar e em pomar comercial de videira, observou-se que os inseticidas Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Dipel DF 50, 75 e 100 g/100L) fenitrothion (SumithionÒ 500 CE, 150 mL/100L), e triclorfon (DipterexÒ 500, 300 mL/100L) foram eficientes no controle de A. sphaleropa, reduzindo a população em níveis superiores a 90%. Em laboratório, os inseticidas Natuneem® (1500 ppm de Azadiracta indica por litro) e o extrato pirolenhoso (Biopirol 7 M®) nas doses (250 e 500 mL/100L) não foram eficientes no controle de A. sphaleropa quando aplicados sobre folhas de videira enquanto que o piretro natural (250 e 500 mL/100L) resultou em mortalidade significativa, controlando o inseto em 77,65 e 85,88% respectivamente, 120 horas após a aplicação. O Natuneem® nas concentrações testadas (0,25 e 0,50%) incorporados à dieta artificial de A. sphaleropa provoca um aumento na duração da fase de lagarta, menor viabilidade das fases de lagarta e pupa e menor longevidade de machos enquanto que o Biopirol 7M® na concentração de 0,50% provoca aumento na duração da fase de lagarta, reduz a longevidade de machos e o período de oviposição sem afetar a fecundidade. Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade verificou-se que a presença do Natuneem® e do Biopirol® dietas artificiais nas concentrações de 0,25% e 0,50% aumentaram a duração em dias de uma geração, a taxa líquida xiii de reprodução, a razão infinitesimal de aumento populacional e a razão finita de aumento de A. sphaleropa quando comparado com a dieta sem os inseticidas. O efeito secundário dos inseticidas (Natuneem®, piretro natural, Biopirol 7M® e Dipel DF®) e do organo-fosforado fenthiom foi avaliado sobre adultos do parasitóide de ovos Trichogramma pretiosum seguindo a metodologia da IOBC. Os testes foram conduzidos expondo-se os adultos (estágio mais sensível) de T. pretiosum a resíduos secos de pesticidas pulverizados sobre placas de vidro. Foi observado que o Natuneem® (500 mL/100L), Biopirol 7 M® (500 mL/100L) e Dipel DF® (100g/100L) foram inócuos (<30% de redução no parasitismo) enquanto o piretro natural na dose de 250 mL/100L foi classificado como moderamente nocivo (80-99% de redução no parasitismo) e nocivo (>99% de redução no parasitismo) na dose de 500 mL/100L equivalendo-se ao organo-fosforados.
Cheesman, Oliver Damian. "The ecology and population biology of Cochylis roseana and Endothenia gentianaeana on Dipsacus fullonum (wild teasel)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321513.
Повний текст джерелаRidgeway, Jaryd Antony. "Gene expression analysis of Thaumatotibia leucotreta in response to the Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017809.
Повний текст джерелаAbaajeh, Asomiba Rita. "Evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi (ascomycota) for the control of cydia pomonella (lepidoptera: tortricidae)." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/836.
Повний текст джерелаCodling moth ([Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]) infest pomes resulting in high production losses to fruit farmers in South Africa and globally. Many farmers are adopting biocontrol methods including the use of entomopathogens as alternatives to synthetic insecticides for sustainable management of Arthropod pests. Research activities on screening and application of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have intensified in recent years. This study was carried out to isolate and identify virulent indigenous entomopathogenic fungal strains from soils of selected locations in the Western Cape region of South Africa that are pathogenic against codling moth (Cydia pomonella (Linn) [Lepidoptera: Totricidae]) and to evaluate the possiblility of combining semiochemicals and fungal inoculums in a simulated attract-and-fungus contamination system for codling moth control. Soil samples were collected from 10 locations in the Western Cape, South Africa for the isolation of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) by baiting the soil samples with 5th instar larvae of codling moths. Fungal strains were identified and characterized using light microscopy and DNA analysis (internal transcribed spacer region) and elongation factor 1-α (EF 1-α) genes of fungal cultures. Thirty-nine (39) isolates belonging to six species were obtained; Purpureocillium lilacinum (8 isolates), Fusarium oxysporum (five isolates), Fusarium polyphialidicum (two isolates), Beauveria pseudo-bassiana (one isolate), Aspergillus flavus (three isolates) and Metarhizium robertii (20 isolates). Generally, M. robertsii was the most frequently encountered species representing 51% of the total number of isolates collected from the soil samples. This is the first report of the isolation of M. robertsii in southern Africa. A screening test to identify the most virulent fungal strains against codling moth was carried out on 39 isolates by immersing 5th instar larvae of C. pomonella into aqueous spore suspension 1 x 108 conidia ml-1. Mortality data from the immersion bioassay indicated that the 39 fungal isolates were pathogenic against fifth instar larvae of codling moth inducing 47-85% insect mortality at an infective concentration of 1 x108 spores’ ml-1, 5 days post-treatment. Two fungal strains MTL151 and GW461 induced over 85% larval mortality and were selected for further evaluations. The effect of MTL151 and GW461 on egg hatchability of 0-day old eggs was evaluated by exposing freshly laid eggs on wax papers that were pre-treated with fungal spores ranging from 103 -108 spores/ml. Egg hatchability reduced significantly from 93-71% (GW461) and 95-66% (MTL151) as spore concentration increases from1 x 103 to 1 x 108 spores ml-1, respectively. The highest spore concentration significantly inhibited egg hatchability resulting in lower egg hatchability compared to that obtained with the cypermethrin containing commercial insecticide (Fruitfly [registered by Kombat (PTY) Ltd] ) tested at the recommended dose of 0.25 ml/250 ml of water. The potential of the two M. robertsii strains to protect apples from infestation by codling moth neonates was assessed in an apple fruit bioassay under laboratory and field bioassay. Codling moth neonates were exposed to apples that were sprayed topically with varied conidia concentrations (103 - 108 sporesml-1). The mean number of participating apple fruits having developing/developed larvae in the core/flesh significantly reduced from 5.3 to 1 and 7.6 to 1 for MTL151 and GW461, respectively as spore concentrations increased from 1 x103 to 1x 108 spores/ml-1. A concurrent decrease in apple fruit rot as conidia concentration increased was observed. Up to 90% of apples treated with 1 x 108 spores/ml-1 had no larva present in their cores and this result compared favourably with the commercial pesticide (Fruitfly) used at a recommended dose of 0.25g/250 ml of water. No significant difference was found between the EC50 values of 1.2 x 103 (CI=1.2 x 102 -1 x 105) (MTL151) and 1.1 x 105 (CI =7 x103 – 5.6x105) (GW461) spores ml-1. However, neither the two M. robertsii strains nor the insecticide deterred the neonates from feeding on the surface of the fruits. The attraction responses of male and female adult codling moths to butyl hexanoate and codlemone blend; butyl hexanoate (0.025 mg / ml of hexane) and codlemone (0.1 mg / ml of hexane) in a ratio of 1:1 (0.5 ml: 0.5 ml from both solutions) were assessed in a one-choice wind tunnel olfactory bioassay during scoto-phase in the absence of fungal spores. The blend attracted more females (69%) than males (66.7%), however these responses were not significantly different (P > 0.5). The prospect of integrated use of entomopathogenic fungal conidia and semiochemical blend for control of C. pomonella adults was assessed in a wind tunnel containing the combo lure and M. robertsii (MTL151) spores formulated as a powder (250 mg) or aqueous spore suspension (3.1 x 108 spores m-1 ± 7 x 102 sporesml-1). Insect attraction, mean number of spores picked per insect and insect mortality was assessed. No significant difference (P > 0.5) was observed in the number of inoculi picked by unsexed adult moths in the two conidial formulations tested; spore powder (3.1 x 103 ± 1 x 103 spores ml-1) and aqueous spore suspension (3.1 x 103 ± 7 x 102 spores ml-1). No mortality was recorded among fungus or control-treated moths. Both M. robertsii (MTL151) spore formulations did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the attraction responses of the insects to the combo lure; powder (73.3 ± 3.3%) and aqueous (68.6 ± 2.9%) compared to the control treatment (without the fungal spores) (70 ± 0.5 %). These results suggest that the fungus did not inhibit the attraction of moths by semiochemicals. Despite the successful autoinoculation of moths with fungal spores, the level of contamination was too low to induce mortality among adult moths. This study opens up opportunities for research in attract-and-fungus contamination delivery systems. This is the first report of the occurrence of M. robertsii in the southern Africa. Further, results from this study indicates that C. pomonella is susceptible to indigenous South African entomopathogenic fungi and 2 indigenous M. anisopliae strains, MTL151 and GW461 provided adequate protections against codling moth larval infestations of apple fruits. Future research endeavours to improve adherence of conidia to adult moth cuticle is recommended. Key words: Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), codling moth, B. pseudobassiana, M. robertsii, larvae, pathogenicity and biological control, coddlemone, butyl hexanoate, attraction, semiochemicals.
Graham, Jeremy Clifford. "Emergence, dispersal and reproductive biology of Cydia nigricana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37709.
Повний текст джерелаBédard, Caroline. "Chemical ecology of spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella, L., Lepidoptera, tortricidae." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq37482.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDreÌ€s, Michele Anne. "Gene flow between host races of the larch budmoth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249462.
Повний текст джерелаChidawanyika, Frank. "Thermal tolerance of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) under ecologically relevant conditions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5375.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ambient temperature plays a key role in insect-physiology, -population dynamics and ultimately -geographic distribution. Here, I investigate the survival of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaues) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), which is a pest of economic importance in pome fruit production, to a wide range of temperature treatments. In this thesis, I first explore how temperature affects the survival and limits to activity of codling moth and secondly investigate if thermal acclimation can improve field performance of moths used in sterile insect technique control programmes under ecologically relevant conditions. First, I found that absolute temperature as well as the duration of temperature exposure significantly affects adult C. pomonella survival. Lethal temperatures, explored between -20 °C to -5 °C and 32 °C to 47 °C over a range of durations, showed that 50% of the adult C. pomonella population killed at -12 °C and at 44 °C after 2 hrs for each treatment. At high temperatures a pretreatment at 37 °C for 1 hr dramatically improved survival at 43 °C for 2 hrs from 20% to 90% (p<0.0001). Furthermore, high temperature pre-treatments (37 °C for 1 hr) significantly improved low temperature survival at -9 °C for 2 hrs. In sum, my results suggest pronounced plasticity of acute high temperature tolerance in adult C. pomonella, but limited acute low temperature responses. Secondly, low-temperature acclimated laboratory-reared moths were recaptured in significantly higher numbers (d.f. = 2, χ2 = 53.13 p<0.001), by sex pheromone traps, under cooler conditions in the wild relative to warm-acclimated or non-acclimated moths. However, these improvements in low temperature performance in cold-acclimated moths came at a cost to performance under warmer conditions in the wild. This novel study demonstrates the importance of thermal history on C. pomonella survival and clear costs and benefits of thermal acclimation on field and laboratory performance, and thus, the potential utility of thermal pre-treatments for improved efficacy in the sterile insect technique programme for C. pomonella control under cooler, springtime conditions. Finally, on a global scale, this study highlights that low and high temperatures could play a role in CM adult survival through direct mortality and thus, may influence, or have influenced in the pest, population dynamics.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Temperatuur speel ‘n belangrike rol in die fisiologie, populasiedinamika en geografiese verspreiding van insekte. In hierdie tesis ondersoek ek die rol van ‘n wye reeks temperature op die oorlewing van kodlingmot Cydia pomonella (Linnaues) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), ‘n sagtevrug pes-spesie van ekonomiese belang. Ek ondersoek hoofsaaklik die effek van temperatuur op die fisiologie en fiksheid van kodlingmot, asook die mate waartoe termiese akklimasie (‘n mate van aanpassing) die veldgedrag van die steriele insek beheer-metode (SIT), d.m.v. kodlingot, in relevante omgewingstemperature kan verbeter. Ek het (i) gevind dat die temperatuur en duur van die temperatuur toediening ‘n betekenisvolle toename in volwasse C. pomonella oorlewing tot gevolg het. In die deel van die studie is temperature tussen -20 °C en -5 °C and tussen 32 °C en 47 °C ondersoek oor ‘n reeks van 0.5, 1, 2, 3 en 4 ure van duur. In kort lei -12 °C en 44 °C vir 2 uur onderskeidelik tot die uitsterf van 50% van die volwasse C. pomonella populasie. Indien die motte vooraf gehou is by 37 °C vir ongeveer 1 uur, is oorlewing by 43 °C vir 2 ure betekenisvol verbeter van 20% tot 90% (p<0.0001). Hoër temperatuur vooraf-blootstellings (akklimasie), by 37 °C vir 1 uur, het daartoe gelei dat lae temperatuur lae-temperatuur-oorlewings by -9 °C vir 2 ure betekenisvol verbeter het. Oor die algemeen het die resultate gedui dat hoër akute temperatuurstoleransie in C. pomonella bestaan, maar beperkte akute lae-temperatuur reaksies bestaan. Verder het lae-temperatuur akklimasie (laboratorium geteelde) motte ‘n betekenisvolle hoër getal hervangste deur geslagsferomone in koeler omgewings opgelewer (v.i. = 2, χ2 = 53.13, p<0.001) in vergelyking met warmer-temperatuur geakklimatiseerder motte. Hierdie verbeteringe in laetemperatuur reaksies vanaf lea-temperatuur akklimasie groepe is teen ‘n koste teen warmer reaksie-toestande in die natuur geïs. Hierdie eersdaagse studie demonstreer die belang van historiese temperatuur op die oorlewing van C. pomonella. Die kostes- en voordele van termiese akklimasie op veld- en laboratoriumpopulasie reaksies en die potensiële gebruik daarvan in die verbetering van steriele insek tegniek programme, onder koeler omstandighede, is uitgelig. Laastens, beklemtoon hierdie studie die belangrikheid van temperatuur as bepalende faktor van kodlingmot-oorlewing en die invloed daarvan op die vrugte-pes populasiedinamika.
Skeffington-Didychuk, Kimberly Anne. "A study of the parasitoids associated with Creosia curvalana, Kearfoot, Tortricidae, lepidoptera." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0014/MQ30028.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаZebrowski, Deirdre A. "The parasitoids of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Lederer (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), in Manitoba." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32289.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPons, i. Miquel Sebastià. "Actividad biológica del análogo de la ecdisona tebufenocida en Cydia Pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8348.
Повний текст джерелаpor ejemplo su toxicidad, ya sea a mamíferos o a otros organismos que no son la plaga en sí. Esto ha permitido la entrada en el mercado de otros insecticidas o técnicas de control que se caracterizan por perfiles eco-toxicológicos más favorables pero también se caracterizan por ser productos que requieren de un conocimiento técnico más exhaustivo para poder ser utilizados con éxito. Generalmente es necesario conocer
sobre qué estados actúa el insecticida y si posee cierta acción y/o produce efectos subletales sobre los otros estados del insecto que puedan contribuir de forma significativa en el control de la plaga. Uno de los insecticidas de reciente
implementación en el control de carpocapsa ha sido tebufenocida, análogo de la hormona ecdisona, descubierto por Rohm and Haas Company (Philadelphia, PA) y presentado como larvicida específico contra lepidópteros.
La finalidad de esta tesis ha sido investigar en algunos parámetros de la actividad biológica de tebufenocida, análogo de la hormona ecdisona, sobre C. pomonella. Para dicho estudio se profundizó en el conocimiento de los efectos letales de tebufenocida en los diferentes estadios de C. pomonella; se estudió una metodología para la evaluación de la susceptibilidad de una determinada población de carpocapsa a tebufenocida; se compará la actividad larvicida de tebufenocida con otros reguladores del crecimiento de insectos; se estudiaron los efectos subletales de tebufenocida en los diferentes estadios de C. pomonella; se determinó el momento de aplicación en campo y el efecto de la utilización de coadyuvantes y volumen de tratamiento en la efectividad de tebufenocida en el control de C. pomonella.
En estudios sobre la actividad ovicida de tebufenocida en carpocapsa, se ha obtenido
que la actividad residual de tebufenocida en huevos varÃa considerablemente dependiendo del substrato en que los huevos han sido puestos. En aplicaciones en laboratorio, la CLso fue de 4,35 ppm en hojas de manzano tratadas con distintas
concentraciones de tebufenocida. No hubo diferencias entre el control y los tratamientos (excepto algunas dosis muy altas) en la mortalidad de los huevos cuando el substrato utilizado fueron manzanas o papel encerado. Tebufenocida fue unas 30 veces más activo cuando los huevos fueron puestos sobre el residuo en hojas, que cuando fueron tratados típicamente. Los huevos puestos sobre manzanas y tratados
típicamente no fueron afectados, y sí lo fueron afectados ligeramente los huevos colocados sobre papel encerado, aunque dependiendo de la edad en que eran tratados.
La mortalidad conseguida en estos tratamientos osciló entre el 40 y el 60%, sin que se
vieran afectados los huevos que se encontraban cerca de la eclosión. Por lo tanto, se
demuestra la acticidad ovicida de tebufenocida, aunque ésta se ve condicionada por factores como pueden ser el substrato de puesta y si las aplicaciones son típicas o residuales. Aunque no se han investigado las causas que producen estas diferencias en toxicidad entre tipo de aplicación y sobretodo entre substratos, se ha especulado en que son las propias características fisiológicas de la hoja las que facilitan la penetración del
insecticida a través del corion al interior del huevo, y así conseguir afectar al embrión.
Tebufenocida fue muy activo cuando las larvas neonatas de carpocapsa fueron alimentadas con manzanas tratadas con este insecticida, donde se obtuvo una LCso de 16,08 ppm. Se obtuvo un ligero daño en la superficie de las manzanas como
consecuencia de la alimentación de las larvas, incluso en las concentraciones más altas
evaluadas. Esto indica que el tiempo transcurrido entre la ingestión del insecticida y la
parada de la alimentación de las larvas, como efecto de tebufenocida, es lo suficiente
como para que se produzcan ligeros daños. Cuando se utilizó dieta artificial se obtuvo
una LC50 de 0,22 ppm para larvas neonatas, 0,40; 0,29 y 1,47 ppm para segundo, tercer
y cuarto estadio larvario respectivamente, siendo iguales las rectas Probit en el segundo
y tercer estadio larvario. KKS15MKN tiMNKKAI.
En cuanto a la actividad por contacto sobre larvas neonatas de carpocapsa. cuando las
larvas fueron expuestas durante una hora sobre hojas de manzano tratadas, la CL50 fue
de 499.9 ppm, mucho menor que el valor obtenido cuando actuó por ingestión.
También se observaron diferencias en la toxicidad de tcbufcnocida por contacto sobre
neonatas dependiendo del substrato. Las CL50 fueron similares cuando se expusieron las
larvas sobre hojas tratadas durante 1 hora (499.9 ppm). que sobre plástico durante 4 horas (348.7 ppm). Estas diferencias pueden ser debidas a variaciones en la humedad, textura, etc. entre los dos substratos, que pueden facilitar que la larva está expuesta u mayores cantidades del insecticida en el caso de la hoja, o también debidas a una ingestión del insecticida cuando la larva realiza mordiscos exploratorios en la hoja.
En aplicaciones típicas de tcbufcnocida. a una concentración de 400 ppm, sobre adultos
de carpocapsa no se observó ningún efecto en la longevidad de las mariposas que fue entre 6 y 7 días.
Tcbufcnocida (RH 5992) fue menos activo que el también anàlogo de la hormona ccdisona RH 2485 cuando larvas neonatas fueron alimentadas con man Amas tratadas, siendo la LC50 de éste último compuesto unas cuatro veces menor que la de
tcbufcnocida. Fcnoxicarb no tuvo ningún efecto larvicida cuando larvas neonatas se alimentaron con manzanas tratadas con este insecticida a una dosis de 200 ppm. No se comprobó si dichas larvas podían desarrollarse y convertirse posteriormente en adultos normales. Diflubcnzurón tampoco tuvo ningún efecto larvicida cuando larvas neonatas se alimentaron con manzanas tratadas con diflubcnzurdn a una dosis de 200 ppm. No se observó nada anormal cuando se realizó la evaluación de la mortalidad larvaria, pero en
este caso tampoco se comprobó si las larvas continuarían desarrollándose normalmente.
Se estudiaron los efectos sublctalcs de tcbufcnocida sobre huevos, por lo que se evaluó
la duración del desarrollo embrionario de los huevos que sobrevivieron a aplicaciones
típicas de tebufenocida Se obtuvo un retraso en el desarrollo embrionario que se produjo cuando los tratamientos se realizaron sobre huevos recién puestos (estado blanco) y cuando estaban aproximadamente en la mitad de su desarrollo (anillo rojo), pero no se observó cuando los huevos tratados estaban cerca de su eclosión. Esto indica que tebufenocida afecta en cierta forma el desarrollo embrionario, aunque a partir de cierto punto del desarrollo tebufenocida ya no produce ningún efecto en el embrión. No
se obtuvieron diferencias entre las distintas dosis de tebufenocida aplicadas, auque sí
entre éstas y el control.
Se encontró que tebufenocida afecta a la fecundidad y viabilidad de los huevos puestos
cuando se aplica típicamente sobre mariposas de carpocapsa. La fecundidad de hembras de carpocapsa fue menor cuando éstas fueron tratadas con tebufenocida a 400 ppm; la fertilidad también fue menor cuando se trataron tanto machos como hembras a la misma dosis con tebufenocida. También la fecundidad y fertilidad fueron menores
que el testigo cuando se trataron mariposas de carpocapsa a dosis iguales o inferiores a
200 ppm, aunque en este caso las diferencias no eran estadísticamente significativas.
Tebufenocida afectó a la fecundidad y fertilidad de adultos de C. pomonella cuando
éstos fueron expuestos durante 24 horas a follaje tratado en campo con tebufenocida a una dosis de 330 g ma/ha, donde los porcentajes de reducción obtenidos en el tratamiento con tebufenocida fueron del 66,8% en la fecundidad y del 73,6% en la fertilidad respecto al testigo.
Aunque no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, cuando se
suministró tebufocida (0,1 ppm) en dieta a larvas mantenidas en condiciones diapausantes durante 50 días el porcentaje de larvas en diapausa fue del 57%, mientras que en el control fue del 99%. Tampoco se observaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en la rotura de la diapausa cuando se cambiaron las condiciones a no
diapausantes.
En tratamientos en campo contra la primera generación de carpocapsa, no se obtuvieron
diferencias significativas entre las aplicaciones de tebufenocida aplicado como ovicida
o como larvicida. La carencia de diferencias entre los distintos momentos de aplicación
puede indicar que en aplicaciones tempranas se obtiene el beneficio del control ovicida
de tebufenocida, y en aplicaciones tardías la ventaja del efecto larvicida. Cuando tebufenocida fue aplicado como ovicida (50 grados día) se obtuvo un 5% de penetraciones profundas en fruto. Cuando fue aplicado como larvicida (139 grados día), se obtuvo un 8% de entradas. Sin embargo cuando la aplicación fue entre estos dos
periodos, el porcentaje de entradas fue del 21%. Esto puede ser debido a que en esta aplicación, tebufenocida actuó típicamente sobre un porcentaje considerable de huevos, y por lo tanto el tratamiento ovicida no fue eficaz, y demasiado pronto para actuar como larvicida.
Se obtuvieron diferencias en el porcentaje de mortalidad larvaria entre volúmenes de
caldo utilizado en campo, siendo del 64,4% cuando se utilizaron 935 I/ha y del 81,1% cuando se utilizaron 3.741 I/ha. Esto indica la importancia de alcanzar un buen nivel de cobertura en aplicaciones con tebufenocida para obtener un nivel de control alto. En las aplicaciones de tebufenocida en campo, prácticamente no disminuyó el porcentaje de control larvario de este insecticida hasta 24 días después de su aplicación. Por lo tanto, tebufenocida es un insecticida que dispone de una persistencia considerable, mayor que un insecticida como por ejemplo metílazinfos. De los cuadyuvantes ensayados, parece ser que Silwet-77 y Latron AG-98 incrementan la persistencia de tebufenocida.
Ebata, Timothy Masao. "Rearing studies of the Douglas-fir cone moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25871.
Повний текст джерелаForestry, Faculty of
Graduate
Jordan, Timothy Augustus. "Surveillance of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Virginia vineyards." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56665.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Wychowaniec, Malgorzata Joanna. "Untersuchungen über die dichotome (eupyrene - apyrene) Spermatogenese des Apfelwicklers, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1989. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8773.
Повний текст джерелаHoffmann, Luciana Gross. "Análise do comportamento reprodutivo de Bonagota Salubricola (Meyrick, 1931) (lepidoptera, tortricidae), sob dieta artificial." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5332.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this study was characterize the reproductive behavior of apple leafroller Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick, 1931) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). The creation was made in laboratory by 25±1ºC and 70±10% of RU, with artificial diet. All the pupae had been separated by sex and transferred to pots, where they had remained until the emergency of the adults. To the measure that the individuals emerged, males and females with until 24h of life they had been, random, coupled in containers that had served as local of mate and substratum for oviposition. Each egg mass was analyzed separately, so that the egg counting was made under stereomicroscope, analyzed the fertility and viability. They had been coupled and analyzed 45 couples. The period of daily pre-oviposition had duration of 3,20 ± 0,26 days, oviposition 10,02 ± 0,69 days and pos-oviposition, 3,53 ± 0,58 days. The females had produced 13,29 ± 1,17 egg mass that had enclosed 178,00 ± 18,88 eggs. In all the experiment a total of 598 egg mass with 8010 eggs was produced, originating a total of 13,58 ± 1,24 eggs for egg mass. How much to the viability of eggs, it was observed that 100% of fertile eggs they had given to origin of 1° to instar perfect, and of all produced eggs, 74. 78% had been fertile. These results show that, exactly producing egg mass infertile at the beginning of the period of oviposition, the female is capable to produce ¾ of fertile eggs throughout its adult life. The average of length of abdomen of the females was of 5,92 ± 0,10mm and of the males was of 5,09 ± 0,07mm. The average of weight of the pupae of the females, that was of 19,54 ± 0,83mg, is almost the double of the average of the weight of the pupas of the males, 10,58 ± 0,28mg. The longevity of the females reached a number of 16,76 ± 0,79 days, whereas the longevity of the males was of 16,29 ± 0,79 days. The duration of the egg phase was of 6,85 ± 0,08 days, the phase of caterpillar, 23,88 ± 0,67 and of 8,55 pupa ± 0,31. The time of duration of the period eggadult was of 39,28 ± 0,90 days. The duration of the cycle of total life is of 55,57 days, on average, for males and 56,04 for the females.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento reprodutivo da lagartaenroladeira da macieira, Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick, 1931) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). A criação dos insetos foi feita em laboratório a 25±1ºC e 70±10% de UR e 14h de fotofase com dieta artificial. Todas as crisálidas foram sexadas e transferidas para potes, onde permaneceram até a emergência dos adultos. À medida que os indivíduos emergiam, machos e fêmeas com até 24h de vida foram, aleatoriamente, pareados em recipientes que serviram como local de acasalamento e substrato para oviposição. Cada postura foi analisada separadamente para que fosse feita a contagem de ovos sob estereomicroscópio, analisando fertilidade e viabilidade. Foram pareados, ao todo, 45 casais. O período de pré-oviposição teve duração de 3,20 ± 0,26 dias, oviposição 10,02 ± 0,69 e pós-oviposição, 3,53 ± 0,58. As fêmeas produziram 13,29 ± 1,17 posturas que proporcionaram 178,00 ± 18,88 ovos. Em todo o experimento foi produzido um total de 598 posturas e 8010 ovos, resultando um total de 13,58 ± 1,24 ovos por postura. Do total de ovos produzidos, 74,78% foram férteis; e quanto à viabilidade, foi observado que 100% dos ovos férteis deram origem a lagartas de 1° ínstar perfeitas. Estes resultados mostram que, mesmo produzindo posturas inférteis no início do período de oviposição, a fêmea é capaz de produzir ¾ de ovos férteis ao longo de sua vida adulta. O comprimento do abdome das fêmeas foi de 5,92 ± 0,10mm e dos machos foi de 5,09 ± 0,07mm. A média de peso das crisálidas das fêmeas, que foi de 19,54 ± 0,83mg, é quase o dobro do peso das crisálidas dos machos, 10,58 ± 0,28mg. A longevidade das fêmeas alcançou um número de 16,76 ± 0,79 dias, enquanto que a longevidade dos machos foi de 16,29 ± 0,79 dias. A duração da fase de ovo foi de 6,85 ± 0,08 dias, a fase de lagarta, 23,88 ± 0,67 e de crisálida 8,55 ± 0,31. O tempo de duração do período ovo-adulto foi de 39,28 ± 0,90 dias. A duração do ciclo de vida total é de 55,57 dias, em média, para os machos e 56,04 para as fêmeas.
Sausen, Carla Daniele. "Influência do fotoperíodo na inclusão de diapausa em Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/138241.
Повний текст джерелаGrapholita molesta is a major pests of Rosaceae, causing significant damage to buds and fruits. In Southern Brazil, its population density is reduced during Rosaceae dormancy months. In this study, we evaluated the influence of photoperiod (10L:14D, 11L:13D, 12L:12D, 13L:11D, 14L:10D and 16L:8D) on diapause induction of egg, larval, prepupal and pupal phases in G. molesta, at 25 ± 1 ºC of temperature and 60 ± 10% of relative humidity. We also observed the photoperiod effect on the duration of development of non-diapausing insects, on fertility and fecundity, and the duration of the immature stages of the second generation. The prepupal diapause was observed only when eggs and larvae were submitted to photophases of 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 hours. Among the individuals that did not manifest dormancy, the photophase reduction tended to increase the length of development. In general, fecundity and fertility were not affected by the photoperiod. The development of the second generation individuals tended to be longer in the photophases between 10 and 14 hours.
Gregório, Patrícia Luciane Fernandes. "Aprendizagem e memória em Anastrepha fraterculus (WIEDEMANN) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) e Grapholita molesta (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/152981.
Повний текст джерелаLearning is defined as a change in behavior caused by prior experience. Insects' capacity to learn helps improve their search and defense strategies by allowing them a plasticity of response to different stimuli. The aim of this study was to assess learning and memory in Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann,1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). Behavioral responses were tested for A. fraterculus flies previously exposed to artificial fruits consisting of agar, water, and fruit pulp of host species, flies not exposed to such fruits, flies previously exposed to artificial fruits containing lemongrass essential oil, and flies exposed to fruits made with water and agar (control). Chemotaxic responses of G. molesta caterpillars and adults exposed or not exposed to lemongrass essential oil were also assessed, together with the duration of olfactory memory after metamorphosis. The influence of an adverse stimulus on associative learning was also tested, by first conditioning G. molesta caterpillars to associate ethyl acetate with an electric shock, and then testing caterpillar and adult behavior in a Y-olfactometer. Prior experience with artificial fruits containing blackberry pulp increased the number of punctures and eggs deposited by A. fraterculus on that substrate, with this memory lasting for up to 72 hours. By contrast, exposure to substrates with guava pulp did not affect flies' behavior. Prior experience with lemongrass essential oil modified the host-selection behavior of A. fraterculus and the chemotaxy of juvenile and adult G. molesta. G. molesta caterpillars demonstrated associative learning and maintained the memory for 72 hours after metamorphosis.
Albertyn, Sonnica. "Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) population ecology in citrus orchards: the influence of orchard age." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62615.
Повний текст джерелаStrapasson, Priscila. "Percepção química de Grapholita molesta (Busck) (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a substâncias alimentares e voláteis de maçã." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/29044.
Повний текст джерелаBlanco-Metzler, Helga. "The biology and ecology of the Macadamia nutborer Ecdytolopha torticornis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Costa Rica." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15091.
Повний текст джерелаMilano, Patrícia. "Influência da nutrição e temperatura na reprodução de representantes de Noctuidae, Crambidae, Tortricidae e Elachistidae." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-15072008-130840/.
Повний текст джерелаThis paper deals with the reproductive strategies of six lepidopteran species, considering the use of food sources in the adult stage and the effect of mating activity and temperature in the reproduction of those species. The lepidopteran species were: Anticarsia gemmatalis, Heliothis virescens, Spodoptera frugiperda (Noctuidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Crambidae), Gymnandrosoma aurantianum (Tortricidae), and Stenoma catenifer (Elachistidae). From this group two species with different reproductive strategies were selected: S.frugiperda, which uses the nutrients stored during the larval stage, and A.gemmatalis, which uses nutrients acquired in the adult stage. Then one verified the mating frequency and its effects on adult fecundity, fertility and longevity. For both species longevity decreased as the number of matings increased. Female reproduction was similar either when they mated with virgin males or non virgin males. However mating duration was different for the third mating was longer than the first one. The temperatures of 15º and 35ºC did affect the mating frequency of both species. The frequency of matings was positively related to fecundity but only for S.frugiperda. Also S.frugiperda at 25ºC presented higher fecundity with the increasing in the number of matings.
Hoffmann, Luciana Gross. "An?lise do comportamento reprodutivo de Bonagota Salubricola (Meyrick, 1931) (lepidoptera, tortricidae), sob dieta artificial." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2007. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/289.
Повний текст джерелаO objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o comportamento reprodutivo da lagartaenroladeira da macieira, Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick, 1931) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). A cria??o dos insetos foi feita em laborat?rio a 25?1?C e 70?10% de UR e 14h de fotofase com dieta artificial. Todas as cris?lidas foram sexadas e transferidas para potes, onde permaneceram at? a emerg?ncia dos adultos. ? medida que os indiv?duos emergiam, machos e f?meas com at? 24h de vida foram, aleatoriamente, pareados em recipientes que serviram como local de acasalamento e substrato para oviposi??o. Cada postura foi analisada separadamente para que fosse feita a contagem de ovos sob estereomicrosc?pio, analisando fertilidade e viabilidade. Foram pareados, ao todo, 45 casais. O per?odo de pr?-oviposi??o teve dura??o de 3,20 ? 0,26 dias, oviposi??o 10,02 ? 0,69 e p?s-oviposi??o, 3,53 ? 0,58. As f?meas produziram 13,29 ? 1,17 posturas que proporcionaram 178,00 ? 18,88 ovos. Em todo o experimento foi produzido um total de 598 posturas e 8010 ovos, resultando um total de 13,58 ? 1,24 ovos por postura. Do total de ovos produzidos, 74,78% foram f?rteis; e quanto ? viabilidade, foi observado que 100% dos ovos f?rteis deram origem a lagartas de 1? ?nstar perfeitas. Estes resultados mostram que, mesmo produzindo posturas inf?rteis no in?cio do per?odo de oviposi??o, a f?mea ? capaz de produzir ? de ovos f?rteis ao longo de sua vida adulta. O comprimento do abdome das f?meas foi de 5,92 ? 0,10mm e dos machos foi de 5,09 ? 0,07mm. A m?dia de peso das cris?lidas das f?meas, que foi de 19,54 ? 0,83mg, ? quase o dobro do peso das cris?lidas dos machos, 10,58 ? 0,28mg. A longevidade das f?meas alcan?ou um n?mero de 16,76 ? 0,79 dias, enquanto que a longevidade dos machos foi de 16,29 ? 0,79 dias. A dura??o da fase de ovo foi de 6,85 ? 0,08 dias, a fase de lagarta, 23,88 ? 0,67 e de cris?lida 8,55 ? 0,31. O tempo de dura??o do per?odo ovo-adulto foi de 39,28 ? 0,90 dias. A dura??o do ciclo de vida total ? de 55,57 dias, em m?dia, para os machos e 56,04 para as f?meas
OCHOU, OCHOU GERMAIN. "Biologie et ecologie de cryptophlebia leucotreta (meyrick, 1913), (lepidoptera, tortricidae) en cote d'ivoire. Implications agronomiques." Montpellier, ENSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENSA0016.
Повний текст джерелаDavid, Paul Joseph. "Bionomics of Platynota flavedana Clemens and P. idaeusalis (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Virginia apple orchards." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54282.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Besson, Pierre. "Structuration spatio-temporelle des dégâts de la tordeuse Choristoneura murinana Hb. (lepidoptera : tortricidae) dans un peuplement de sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill. ) : relations avec la dynamique des populations de l'insecte." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10253.
Повний текст джерелаCubillos, Vallejos Guadalupe Elisa. "Caracterización taxonómica del último estado larvario de Proeulia auraria (Clarke) y Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler) (Lepidóptera: Tortricidae)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112290.
Повний текст джерелаLa importancia económica que los tortrícidos han tenido en nuestra agricultura en los últimos 30 años, ha ido aumentando de manera significativa, particularmente desde el punto de vista cuarentenario en el sector de exportaciones hortofrutícolas. En consecuencia, es necesario un mayor conocimiento de las especies endémicas de Chile. Es esencial lograr una identificación taxonómica certera de sus estados inmaduros, de las principales especies que atacan frutales y otros cultivos. En el presente trabajo, se presenta la descripción taxonómica del último estado larvario y de pupas de dos especies de tortrícidos de Chile: Proeulia auraria (Clarke) y Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler). Se realizaron estudios en base a crianzas de larvas en condiciones de laboratorio, de las cuales se realizaron preparaciones microscópicas y su identificación a nivel de adultos. Además se entrega una actualización, que incluyen nuevos registros de hospederos y una clave de identificación larvaria ilustrada, en atención a que las detecciones en sitios de inspección cuarentenaria, deben realizarse sobre una base científica adecuada. La terminología utilizada para los detalles morfológicos de la larva (quetotaxia), está basado esencialmente en el aporte de Hinton (1946) y Stehr (1987). El formato para las figuras de la cabeza y larva, está basado en los trabajos de MacKay (1959, 1962) y Vargas (2006). Respecto a la descripción de las estructuras morfológicas de la pupa, se adopta la propuesta de Gilligan et al. (2008). De los adultos obtenidos de las crianzas, se realizaron estudios de genitalia comparada, con el objetivo de identificar y confirmar a la especie en estudio. Para tal efecto, se utilizaron los siguientes trabajos taxonómicos del género, Obraztsov (1964) y Razowski (1995, 1999). Para la clave ilustrada de identificación, se propone una en orden y nivel dicotómica para larvas de último estado, la cual considera aquellos aspectos morfológicos, de mayor importancia desde el punto de vista biológico.
The economic importance that the tortricid moths have reached in the last 30 years, particularly in the quarantine restrictions set within the fruit export areas, requires a better biological specific information of the major native species involved in common quarantine detections, specially to have a better knowledge of the morphological characters separating larval stages. In the present work, the taxonomic description of the last instar larvae and pupae of two of the commonest fruit tree leafrollers Proeulia auraria (Clarke) y Proeulia chrysopteris (Butler) are presented. Studies were made on specific laboratory rearings; the last (fifth) larval instar was characterized according to anatomical features, particularly from their setal distribution in selected larval segments and cephalic areas. Other major specific details, such as feeding behaviour and local distribution are accompanying each treated entity. Terminology used in the description of larval data, chaetotaxy and others, are essentially based in basic literature (Hinton, 1946; MacKay, 1959; MacKay, 1962; Stehr, 1987; Vargas, 2006). As far as the pupae, morphological information has been adopted from Gilligan et al. (2008). Confirmation on specific adults entities was drawn from comparative genitalia studies this was also compared in major taxonomic studies (Obraztsov, 1964; Razowski, 1995; Razowski, 1999). To facilitate species comparative identification, a dicotomic key is provided for last larval instars of the species studied. Insofar pupal structures is concerned, those pertaining of both sexes of P. auraria and P. chrysopteris are also dealt with.
Dang, Zhongyu. "Effects of harvest treatments on spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), dispersal within forest stands." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ33357.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTorres, Mariuxi Lorena Gómez. "Controle biológico de Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) com Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-12092006-161606/.
Повний текст джерелаBased on strain selection, behavior, release and parasitism evaluation studies including 32P radioisotope marking, one aimed at verifying in laboratory and field the more efficient Trichogramma species to control Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927). Thus, the comparison between Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 in laboratory indicated the first one as the species with higher potential to control the pest. The parasitism in T. atopovirilia was observed to be higher in the 20-30°C range in comparison with temperatures of 10, 15 and 35ºC, and at the studied range (15 to 35°C), the parasitism increased starting in 2 hours of exposure. Parasitism and parasitoid longevity increased when a food source (pure honey) was offered to adults right after emergence. The parasitism was also higher in newer eggs, especially those with 24 hours of embrionary development, compared to those of 48 and 72 hours, respectively, which can help define the moment of parasitoid release in the field. The 32P radioisotope dosage used to mark Trichogramma specimens did not interfere in the acceptance and parasitism of E. aurantiana eggs and in the parasitoid development in the following generation. Under field conditions, the number of parasitoids to be released was variable, depending on the time of the year. Thus, 72 and 288 parasitoids were required per egg in the periods of April-June and July-September, respectively. The large number of aeropiles found in E. aurantiana eggs makes them dry out more easily when kept in artificial mediums, affecting the parasitoid behavior and its parasitism capacity in the field. The dispersion range and parasitism efficiency in function of the distance run by T. atopovirilia were determined through the 32P marker at the given dosage. Parasitism decreased as the distance from the initial point of parasitoid released increased. In the first 24 hours the higher T. atopovirilia parasitism rates were observed to occur between 8 and 10 m from the central release point, corresponding to an area of 171 m2 of dispersion towards the citrus groves. Based on these results, 60 release points will be necessary per area unit (ha) to make the use of T. atopovirilia viable as a biological control strategy for E. aurantiana.
Durantel, David. "Etude des gènes pnk/pnl (ORF 86), lef-4 (ORF 90) et lef-5 (ORF 99) du virus de la polyédrose nucléaire de la tordeuse de la luzerne, "Autographa californica" (AcMNPV) : implication dans l'expression des gènes tardifs." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20225.
Повний текст джерелаPoltronieri, Alex Sandro. "Bioecologia de Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em pomares de pessegueiro no município de Araucária, Paraná /." oai:ufpr.br:233675, 2007. http://200.17.209.5:8000/cgi-bin/gw_42_13/chameleon.42.13a?host=localhost%201111%20DEFAULT&sessionid=VTLS&function=CARDSCR&search=KEYWORD&pos=1&u1=12101&t1=233675.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia. Defesa: Curitiba, 2007
Inclui bibliografia
Área de concentração: Produção vegetal
Scomparin, Ana Luiza Xavier [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de diferentes populações de Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em temperaturas variáveis e consequências na modelagem fenológica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102295.
Повний текст джерелаCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A maioria dos organismos vivos são ectotérmicos, com exceção de pássaros e mamíferos. A temperatura corporal (Tc) de um ectotérmico é resultado da troca de calor entre o organismo e o meio ambiente e esta afeta a maioria das funções biológicas. Por exemplo, os insetos, para mudarem de estágio de desenvolvimento, requerem um mínimo de energia acumulada (calor). Para as pragas, a maioria dos modelos fenológicos é baseada na relação entre características do de desenvolvimento (ex., crescimento) e a temperatura do ar. Todavia, a utilização destes modelos ainda é limitada em razão da falta de exatidão na estimativa das temperaturas máximas e mínimas de desenvolvimento para a maioria das pragas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância dos fatores: resistência a inseticidas e termoperíodo, assim como discutir os métodos de modelagem para o inseto endofítico Cydia pomonella. Para tal, se submeteu larvas e pupas de 4 linhagens diferentes desta espécie: sensível (Sv), resistente a diflubenzuron (Rdfb), resistente a deltametrina (Rdelta) e resistente ao granulovírus (Rgv), a 4 termoperíodos (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C- 35°C). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: taxa de crescimento, mortalidade, razão sexual e temperatura base, mínima e ótima de desenvolvimento do inseto. Com o auxílio dos valores obtidos nestes parâmetros, modelos lineares e curvilineares foram desenvolvidos, comparados entre si e com modelos obtidos por autores a temperaturas constantes. Os resultados mostraram que em condições de temperaturas variáveis a resistência implica em mudanças nos parâmetros biológicos (taxa de crescimento, mortalidade e razão sexual) e que o termoperíodo acelera o crescimento de larvas e pupas de carpocapsa. Com o auxílio dos modelos obtidos, foi realizada uma simulação do período de desenvolvimento de C. pomonella utilizando...
The majority living organisms are ectotherms except birds and mammals. The body temperature (Tb) of an ectotherm results from the energy balance between this the organisms and its environment. The Tb determines most of the biological functions. For instance, a minimum of heat accumulation by insects is needed to pass from a development stage to another during their life cycle. For insect pests, most of phenological models are based on life history trait (e.g., growth) and air temperature. Unfortunately, the use of phenological models is limited since there is a lack of accuracy estimatives in maximum and minimum temperatures. The aim this work was to study the importance of two factors ((i) the insecticide resistance, (ii) the thermoperiod) and the modelling methods to design a phenological model for the the endophyte insect Cydia pomonella. Four strains of C. pomonella: (i) Sv (susceptible strain), (ii) Rdfb (resistant to diflubenzuron), (iii) RD (resistant to deltamethrin), RGv (resistant to C. pomonella granulovirus) and 4 thermoperiods (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C-35°C) were used. Measured parameters were the development rate, the mortality, the sex ratio, the Toptm, Tmin and Tmax of the development rate. Based on the obtained values for each parameter, linear and curvilinear phenological models were made and compared between them and with those obtained at constant temperature by some authors. Thus, in fluctuating thermal conditions, it was shown that insecticide resistance involved aftereffects on life-history traits as the development rate, the mortality and sex ratio. Also, it was shown that the C. pomonella development rate at larval stage is higher in thermoperiodic conditions. With the models the development of C. pomonella was simulated using air and micro-habitat temperatures for two areas of apple orchards in Europe (e.g., Valais in Switzerland and la Drôme...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Scomparin, Ana Luiza Xavier. "Desenvolvimento de diferentes populações de Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em temperaturas variáveis e consequências na modelagem fenológica /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/102295.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract: The majority living organisms are ectotherms except birds and mammals. The body temperature (Tb) of an ectotherm results from the energy balance between this the organisms and its environment. The Tb determines most of the biological functions. For instance, a minimum of heat accumulation by insects is needed to pass from a development stage to another during their life cycle. For insect pests, most of phenological models are based on life history trait (e.g., growth) and air temperature. Unfortunately, the use of phenological models is limited since there is a lack of accuracy estimatives in maximum and minimum temperatures. The aim this work was to study the importance of two factors ((i) the insecticide resistance, (ii) the thermoperiod) and the modelling methods to design a phenological model for the the endophyte insect Cydia pomonella. Four strains of C. pomonella: (i) Sv (susceptible strain), (ii) Rdfb (resistant to diflubenzuron), (iii) RD (resistant to deltamethrin), RGv (resistant to C. pomonella granulovirus) and 4 thermoperiods (15°C-20°C, 20°C-25°C, 25°C-30°C e 30°C-35°C) were used. Measured parameters were the development rate, the mortality, the sex ratio, the Toptm, Tmin and Tmax of the development rate. Based on the obtained values for each parameter, linear and curvilinear phenological models were made and compared between them and with those obtained at constant temperature by some authors. Thus, in fluctuating thermal conditions, it was shown that insecticide resistance involved aftereffects on life-history traits as the development rate, the mortality and sex ratio. Also, it was shown that the C. pomonella development rate at larval stage is higher in thermoperiodic conditions. With the models the development of C. pomonella was simulated using air and micro-habitat temperatures for two areas of apple orchards in Europe (e.g., Valais in Switzerland and la Drôme...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes
Coorientador: Marc Saudreau
Coorientador: David G.Biron
Coorientador: Hervé Sinoquet
Banca: Benoit Sauphanor
Banca: Mario Eidi Sato
Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli
Banca: Sergio Antonio de Bortoli
Doutor
Cuevas, Rivas Yuri Kristal. "Caracterización del comportamiento sexual y la estimación del grado de estereotipia de Proeulia auraria Clarke (Lepidópteros: Tortricidae)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/147876.
Повний текст джерелаProeulia auraria, una especie nativa de Chile, causa daños en vides, arándanos, manzanos y perales, entre otros, y tiene estatus cuarentenario. El desarrollo de controles alternativos de esta plaga es de gran importancia en el manejo agrícola sustentable del país. La identificación de la feromona sexual de P. auraria, en el 2014, permitirá evaluar nuevos controles alternativos, pero antes se debe disponer de una línea base conductual. Para ello se caracterizó el comportamiento sexual de P. auraria y su grado de estereotipia. En laboratorio, se determinó el horario en que ocurre la conducta de llamado (05:00 y 07:00 h, n = 55 secuencias). Para evaluar las respuestas de los machos se hicieron ensayos en laboratorio y campo y se obtuvieron secuencias de vuelo de 22 individuos. Para el cortejo, se obtuvieron 8 parejas de individuos, con 5 cortejos exitosos. Estas secuencias se analizaron ya sea con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado o con la prueba Exacta de Fischer, lo que indicó que cada paso conductual depende del paso inmediatamente anterior y que las transiciones entre secuencias de pasos fueron estereotipadas. Este estudio ayudará al desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de control para esta plaga, basadas en la modificación de su conducta sexual.
Proeulia auraria, a native species from Chile, causes damage to vineyards, blueberries, apple trees, pear trees, among others, and has quarantine status. The development of alternative controls for this pest is very important to the sustainable agricultural management of the country. The identification of the sexual pheromone of P. auraria, in 2014, will allow to evaluate new alternative controls, but before there must be a based behavioral line. For that, it was characterized the sexual behavior of P. auraria and its stereotype grade. In laboratory assays, the time in which calling behavior occurs was characterized (05:00 – 07:00 h) from a total of 55 sequences. To evaluate male responses, field and laboratory assays were performed and the flight sequences from 22 males were obtained. For courtship, eight pairs of individuals who courted were obtained, of which 5 were successful. These sequences were analyzed with Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact tests, indicating that each behavioural step depends on the immediately preceding step and that transitions among step sequences were stereotyped. This study will support the development of new control techniques for this pest, based on modifying their sexual behavior.
McNair, Crawford Norris. "Sex pheromone components and pheromone-based male disorientation of the cherry bark tortrix, Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24198.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMolina, Rosa Maria da Silva. "Bioecologia de duas espécies de Trichogramma para o controle de Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em citros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09052003-155848/.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to evaluate the potential of use of Trichogramma species/strains as an additional component in the management of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927), an important pest of Citrus in the state of São Paulo, biological trials were carried out involving strain selection, biology at different temperatures, thermal requirements, parasitism capacity and optimal number of parasitoids to be released per pest egg. The selection of Trichogramma strains/species is basic to control E. aurantiana for the egg parasitism of the pest varied greatly among several biological materials studied. The sex ratio of the species/strains was not affected by the temperature at a 18-32ºC range, and 25ºC was the more suitable temperature for the species/strains studied. The duration of the egg-adult period of T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 was inversely related to the increased temperature at a thermal range of 18-32ºC, and the thermal requirements of these species are very close, ranging 108 DD (degree days). Neither the natural rearing host, E. aurantiana, nor the factitious host, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) affected the parasitism of the selected species/strains. The proportion of 30 eggs of E. aurantiana per Trichogramma spp. female provided a higher parasistism rate, with eggs exposed to the parasitoid for 34 hours. The higher parasitism rates of the eggs of citrus fruit borer for the two species/strains occurred when the parasitoids were reared on eggs of E. aurantiana. The estimated ratio of 36 parasitoids per egg of E. aurantiana allowed a higher parasitism percentage of T. pretiosum. The results achieved showed that the egg parasitoids of Trichogramma have a potential to control E. aurantiana provided that they are released in large amounts per area unit and surrounding the plants.
Carvalho, Diogo Rodrigues. "Comparação de métodos de monitoramento e controle do bicho-furão, Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) em citros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-27112003-094957/.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of this work was to compare three sampling methods for adult citrus fruit borer, as follows: 1) monitoring with sexual pheromone traps; 2) monitoring of insects reared under artificial diets in the field; 3) Forecasting based on the thermal requirements of the insect. In order to complete this research, which is intended for an easier pest management and control, one studied the control level for the method with sexual pheromone and the effects of agrochemicals on the adult stage of the insect based on the more suitable monitoring. All three methods of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) monitoring were efficient under field conditions. The citrus fruit borer monitoring method by means of sexual pheromone was the least laborious one. The monitoring method through thermal requirements was applicable in the summer, requiring correction factors in the remaining seasons of the year. The control level as determined for the sexual pheromone monitoring was 4 to 6 adults/week; following these figures, the losses were greater despite the higher amount of chemicals application. Since the penetration time of the citrus fruit borer was brief (100% in 24h), with approximately 42.9% reaching the pulp in 72h, it is difficult to control the insect at this stage through chemical or biological products. The high larval mortality of the citrus fruit borer during fruit penetration can conceal the results of the control efficiency evaluation with chemical or biological products. Pyrethroid bifenthrin was efficient to control adult E. aurantiana provided that mineral oil was added.
Altafini, Deisi Luizelli. "Percepção química de Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae) ao feromônio sexual e a voláteis de plantas hospedeiras." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/18520.
Повний текст джерелаThe oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Lep.: Tortricidae), stands out as one of the most important pest in Rosaceae orchards in Brazil. During feeding, caterpillars bore into shoots, branches and fruits, impairing the commercial production. This work aimed to study the influence of the host plant volatiles and physiological factors in the chemical perception and in the species chemotactic behavior, seeking to optimize monitoring and the behavioral control of this pest. Were evaluated male electroantennographical (EAG) and chemotactical (olfactometry) responses to the synthetic sexual pheromone in different ages, virgins or mated and fed or unfed. In the study of insect interaction with plant volatiles, were elaborated extracts of shoots and of ripe and unripe fruits of apple trees (Malus domestica, Gala cv.) and peach trees (Prunus persicae, Chiripá cv.), employed as stimuli upon both sexes, fed or not, in EAG. The chemotactical behavior in response to the peach tree shoots (PSE) extract was observed in virgins females and males, and mated females. The effect of interaction between pheromone and the host plant volatiles was evaluated for males. The electroantennographical responses of males did not differed significantly for all physiological evaluated factors. Nevertheless, the chemotactical behavior of males seems to decrease with ageing, not varying as a function of mating or feeding conditions. The electrophysiological perception of males and females to the plant volatiles did not varied with feeding status. For both sexes, peach tree shoot extract was the one that elicited the stronger electrophysiological responses. The chemotactical behavior to PS shows a tendency to be higher in mated females. In the electrophysiological perception, was noticed an additive effect between the sexual attractant and the PSE in males antennae. However, the behavioral results did not corroborate those obtained by electroantennography. The knowledge about the interference of these factors in G. molesta, may help to interpret the field results, allowing a better adequation and reliability of infochemicals in the behavioral control.
Rêgo, Diogo Ricardo Goulart Pereira. "Avaliação da formulação Splat Cida Grafo Bona® sobre o comportamento e mortalidade de Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115653.
Повний текст джерелаThe oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) is a major pest of crops associated with apple and peach orchards in southern Brazil. In order to control this insect, it is used, mainly, chemical insecticides. Sex pheromones for monitoring and control of G. molesta, is an alternative, however there are gaps in knowledge that could make its application more efficient. This work aimed to determine the action range of the sex pheromone ISCAlure Grafolita® in Delta traps in peach orchards and evaluate the Splat Cida Grafo Bona® (SCGB) in relation to mortality (contact), electroantennographic perception and chemotaxis (wind tunnel) to male G. molesta. Marked G. molesta males were released to different traps distances and the percentage of capture was observed. To evaluate the mortality, the electroantennographic perception and the chemotaxis, fresh and exposed SCGB for 30, 60 and 90 days, were used. Mortality of male G. molesta was recorded placing individuals in contact with these treatments. The electrophysiological responses were obtained from male antennae exposed to the same treatments and to the inert emulsion. In the wind tunnel bioassays males were also exposed to virgin females. The sex pheromone traps attracted more males at distances up to 200 m with a range area of 12.56 ha; the mortality of adults in contact with SCGB was similar among individuals submitted to the emulsion, with up to 60 days of exposure; the electroantennographic perception to the product SCGB did not vary among treatments. Chemotaxis was greater when males G. molesta were exposed to virgin females and SCGB product exposed to the environment for 90 days.
Jorge, Bruna Czarnobai de. "Uso de nanofibras poliméricas como veículo para feromônio e inseticidas utilizados no manejo de Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/165106.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the main pests of rosacea orchards in southern Brazil is the oriental-fruit-moth Grapholita molesta (MO) (Busck, 1916) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae). To control this insect insecticides are used mainly, pheromones are an alternative to their management. Within this context, pheromones and insecticides nanoformulations can enhance the use of these tools in agroecosystems. Thus, the objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate by gas chromatography (GC), the release rate of (Z) -8-dodecenyl acetate (majority pheromone compound) contained in polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) nanofibers (1:1); b) observe the Electroantenographical (EAG) responses of MO males front of nanofibers containing specific sex pheromone; c) testing the attractiveness of pheromone nanofibers in the capture G. molesta in field; d) record mortality by contact and EAG perception MO males compared to nanofibers formulation made with sex pheromone and insecticide Nortox 250 EC (cypermethrin). In all the laboratory bioassays were evaluated nanofibers new and exposed to the environment. In EAG tests the perception of males to nanofibers with 0.01 and 0.001% pheromone, as well as the commercial formulation ISCAlure®Grafolita was evaluated; nanofibers with pheromone and cypermethrin 125mg.L-1; only with insecticide and control (without both). Field experiments were conducted in peach and plum orchards in two consecutive seasons (2014 and 2015). At the first, the formulations (PCL / PEG) containing pheromone in different ratios (0.01, 0.1 and 1%), and traps with virgin females was evaluated. In 2015, nanofibers with 0.01 and 0.001% of pheromone were used and compared with the commercial formulation and control (without pheromone). Both field experiments were conducted over ten weeks. To assess mortality, contact and cage tests were performed using nanofiber whit 0.01% (0.87mg.L-1) pheromone and 125mg.L-1 cypermethrin. In the analysis in GC was possible to notice that the release rates of pheromone, did not vary between 21 and 42 days, however there was a decrease in pheromone presence after 63 for both treatments (0.01 and 0.001%). EAG responses were statistically similar between treatments containing 0.01, 0.001% and the commercial septum. There were also no differences in perception between the nanofibers with and without insecticide. In 2014 the largest catches were in traps baited with pheromone 0.01%. In the following year, the same treatment only attracted more insects in the first five weeks, and the commercial septum was most attractive from the sixth to tenth. Mortality in tarsal-contact tests was greater than 87%, after 84 days exposure and ranged from 28.33 to 56.67% in attract-and-kill bioassays.
Franklin, Amanda Kay Barrett Bruce A. "The sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide on the field orientation and courtship behavior of Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae)." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5716.
Повний текст джерелаSishuba, Nomahlubi. "Investigation of the larval parasitoids of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia Leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on citrus in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016267.
Повний текст джерелаWagenaar, Gideon Daniel. "Dispersal of sterile false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), for a sterile insect technique programme on citrus." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4977.
Повний текст джерелаSchoeman, Pieter Schalk. "Key biotic components of the indigenous Tortricidae and Heteroptera complexes occuring on macadamia in South Africa / by P.S. Schoeman." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5007.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (Ph.D. (Zoology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
Anhalt, Fransoê Alan. "Avaliação de fungos entomopatogênicos como agentes de controle biológico da lagarta-enroladeira-da-macieira Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2008. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/368.
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The apple tree is deprecated by many insects, especially by leaf-roller-apple Bonagota salubricola (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Its control in commercial orchards is done almost exclusively with chemical insecticides. Alternatively, this work aimed at the evaluation of the in vitro susceptibility of larvae of the second ínstar of Bonagota salubricola to isolates of Nomuraea, Beauveria and Metarhizium fungus. Each group was treated with suspensions ranged of 2x105 con/mL a 2x109 con/mL, except for the control group, treated with solution Tween-80 0.1%. Also was evaluated the pupal survival, expression of proteases and compatibility with chemical insecticides. One strain of Beauveria and three strain of Metarhizium were pathogenic to B. salubricola, and the levels of virulence increased depending of conidia concentration. The strain E6 of M. anisopliae stood out for marking a control up to 88% with LT50 of 1.66 days, the largest virulence related positively to the increased production enzyme, and this strain was also compatible with tebufenozide. Those results demonstrate the potential of entomopathogenic fungi in control of B. salubricola, principally on the orchards IPM.