Дисертації з теми "Tortricid pests"
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Rentel, Monique. "Morphology and taxonomy of tortricid moth pests attacking fruit crops in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79825.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cydia pomonella (codling moth), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (False codling moth), Thaumatotibia batrachopa (Macadamia nut borer), Grapholita molesta (Oriental fruit moth), Cryptophlebia peltastica (Litchi moth), Epichoristodes acerbella (Pear leafroller/Carnation worm) and Lozotaenia capensana (Apple leafroller) are the most economically important tortricids affecting various crops in South Africa. The correct identification of these species, especially of the larval stage, is of great importance in pest management. Using available literature, augmented by additional morphological studies, an interactive identification key (Lucid key) for larval and adult stages of the seven species was developed. The colour and markings of the head, characteristics of the prothoracic and anal shields, the position of the prespiracular setae (L-group) relative to the spiracle on the prothoracic segment, the position of the spiracle on the eighth abdominal segment and L-group on the ninth abdominal segment, as well as the presence or absence of the anal comb are key characteristics for larval identification. For adult identification, wing pattern and genitalia are the most important features. However, the use of genitalia for moth identification might be difficult for the lay user, as the dissection and mounting of these structures requires certain skills and specialized equipment. Thus, genitalia have not been included in the Lucid Key. Differences in the morphological characteristics of most pupae were so minute that this stage was also not included in the Lucid key. However, the pupae of E. acerbella and L. capensana are easily distinguished from those of the other species by the presence of acremaster. This study also included the first morphological description of the pupa of L. capensana, which can be distinguished from that of E. acerbella by various features of the cremaster, antennae, spiracle shape, number of setae on abdominal segments A5-7, the size of spines on A3-7, and the presence/absence of spines on A9. A previous study by Timm (2005) indicated that geographically isolated populations of T. leucotreta tend to be genetically distinct. This raised the question of whether speciation/subspeciation has occurred or is occurring. Male moth genitalia are thought to evolve rapidly and are often the only features that can reliably distinguish similar species. Hence, variation in the shape of the valvae of T. leucotreta was used to determine whether divergence has occurred between populations of T. leucotreta. Elliptical Fourier analysis was used to analyze the valvar variation in three different populations. Although some variation in valvar shape was detected among mean population values for certain traits, no clear pattern emerged. Principle component analysis also showed no distinct clustering of valvae shape among populations, providing no evidence for divergence in male genitalia and therefore no morphological evidence of incipient speciation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Cydia pomonella (Kodlingmot), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Valskodlingmot), T. batrachopa (Makadamianeutboorder), Grapholita molesta (Oosterse vrugtemot), Cryptophlebia peltastica (Lietsjiemot), Epichoristodes acerbella (Peerbladroller/Angelierrusper) en Lozotaenia capensana (Appelbladroller) is die mees ekonomies belangrike tortrisiede van die vrugtebedryf in Suid-Afrika. Die juiste identifikasie van hierdie spesies, veral van hulle larwale stadium, is van groot belang by plaagbestuur. Deur gebruik te maak van beskikbare literatuur, aangevul deur bykomstige morfologiese studies, is ‗n interaktiewe uitkenningssleutel (―Lucid key‖) vir die larwale en volwasse stadia van die sewe spesies ontwikkel. Die kleur en tekening van die kop, kenmerke van die prothorakale en anale skild, die ligging van die prespirakulêre setae (L-groep) relatief tot die spiraculum op die prothorakale segment, die ligging van die spirakulum op die agste abdominale segment en L-groep op die negende abdominale segment, asook die aan- of afwesigheid van die anale kam is sleutel kenmerke vir larwale uitkenning. Vir die volwassenes is die vlerktekening en genitalia die mees belangrike kenmerke. Die gebruik van die genitalia vir motuitkenning kan egter vir die leek gebruiker moeilik wees omdat die disseksie en montering van hierdie strukture bepaalde vaardighede en gespesialiseerde toerusting vereis. Vir die rede is die genitalia nie in die Lucid-sleutel ingesluit nie. Verskille in die morfologiese kenmerke van meeste papies is klein en die stadium is gevolglik ook nie in die sleutel ingesluit nie. Die papies van E. acerbella en L. capensana kan egter maklik van die ander spesies onderskei word deur die aanwesigheid van ‗n cremaster. Hierdie studie sluit ook die eerste morfologiese beskrywing van die papie van L. capensana in, wat van dié van E. acerbella onderskei kan word deur gebruik te maak van kenmerke van die cremaster, antennae, spirakulêre vorm, aantal setae op abdominale segmente A5-7, die grootte van stekels op A3-7, en die aan- of afwesigheid van stekels op A9. ‗n Vroeëre studie (Timm 2005) het aangedui dat geografies geïsoleerde bevolkings van T. leucotreta neig om geneties verskillend te wees. Dit het die vraag laat ontstaan of spesiasie/subspesiasie moontlik plaasgevind het of steeds plaasvind. Manlike mot genitalië word geag om vinnig te ontwikkel en is dikwels die enigste kenmerke wat betroubaar tussen soortgelyke spesies kan onderskei. Dus is die variasie in die vorm van die valvae van T. leucotreta gebruik om te bepaal of divergensie wel tussen bevolkings van T. leucotreta plaasgevind het. Elliptiese Fourier ontleding is gebruik om die valvae se variasie by drie verskillende bevolkings te ontleed. Alhoewel enkele variasie in die vorm van die valvae bespeur is by die gemiddelde bevolkingswaardes vir bepaalde eienskappe, kon geen duidelike patroon bespeur word nie. Hoofkomponentontleding het ook geen duidelike groepering van valvae se vorm tussen bevolkings getoon nie, wat geen bewys lewer van divergensie in die manlike genitalia en dus geen morfologiese bewys van beginnende spesiasie.
Marsberg, Tamryn. "The isolation and genetic characterisation of a novel alphabaculovirus for the microbial control of Cryptophlebia peltastica and closely related tortricid pests." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59292.
Повний текст джерелаTimm, Alicia Eva. "Morphological and molecular studies of tortricid moths of economic importance to the South African fruit industry." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1347.
Повний текст джерелаCattaneo, A. M. "UNVEILING SENSORY MECHANISMS FOR THE CONTROL OF TWO INSECT PESTS: FROM BEHAVIOR TO MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/347230.
Повний текст джерелаCattaneo, Alberto Maria. "Unveiling sensory mechanisms for the control of two insect pests: from behaviour to molecular interactions." Doctoral thesis, country:IT, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10449/29924.
Повний текст джерелаCoombes, Candice Anne. "Entomopathogenic fungi for control of soil-borne life stages of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (1912) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002057.
Повний текст джерелаLove, Claire Natalie. "The biology, behaviour and survival of pupating false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a citrus pest in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018907.
Повний текст джерелаSishuba, Nomahlubi. "Investigation of the larval parasitoids of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia Leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on citrus in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016267.
Повний текст джерелаGendall, Kierryn Leigh. "Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005317.
Повний текст джерелаWagenaar, Gideon Daniel. "Dispersal of sterile false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), for a sterile insect technique programme on citrus." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/4977.
Повний текст джерелаPérez, Aparicio Alicia. "Sense and Sensitivity: on the biology and neuroethology of two tortricid moths." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673006.
Повний текст джерелаLa confusión sexual mediante feromonas es una táctica de control de plagas que, al impedir el apareamiento entre polillas, ha ayudado enormemente a reducir los daños en cultivos, así como el uso de pesticidas. La necesidad de disminuir los costes asociados a su aplicación ha fomentado el desarrollo de dispensadores automáticos o puffers. Estos puffers liberan una gran cantidad de feromona mientras los insectos están sexualmente activos. Sin embargo, la falta de información sobre la biología y el comportamiento de los insectos y del efecto que algunos factores externos tienen sobre su periodicidad diaria impiden un correcto ajuste de los puffers, lo que puede suponer una disminución de su eficacia en campo. A pesar de que el trampeo automático puede servir para determinar estos periodos de actividad y decidir cuándo liberar feromona, las trampas disponibles comercialmente no confieren una resolución temporal suficiente para bosquejar la actividad de los insectos, que puede estar reducida a unas pocas horas. Para mi tesis hemos diseñado y puesto a prueba una trampa asequible y fácil de construir que me ha permitido determinar el vuelo sexual diario y estacional de Grapholita molesta (Busk) a partir de fotografías tomadas con una gran resolución temporal. Tanto en trampas cebadas con feromona sintética como en trampas cebadas con hembras vírgenes, la mayoría de las capturas tuvieron lugar entre 3 horas antes y una hora después de la puesta de sol, indicando una actividad diurna crepuscular en la especie. El tipo de cebo (septo de feromona o hembra virgen) no afectó el periodo de vuelo diario. Aun así, las bajas temperaturas avanzaron los vuelos, mientras que las temperaturas más altas retrasaban el vuelo hasta horas cercanas a la puesta de sol. Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de programar los puffers para que liberen la feromona a distintas horas a lo largo del año, siguiendo la curva de vuelo de los insectos. Hacerlo aumentaría la eficacia de este sistema en campo, al tiempo que reduciría el coste de su aplicación y evitaría un desperdicio de feromona. Para explicar los mecanismos que subyacen al funcionamiento de la confusión sexual en el control de plagas, la mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en el efecto de grandes niveles de feromona sintética sobre los machos. Las hembras, por otro lado, se han considerado insensibles a su propia feromona. Sin embargo, una revisión reciente indica que hay una alteración notable en el comportamiento de las hembras al ser expuestas a su propia feromona, un fenómeno conocido como “autodetección”. A pesar de ello, no hay pruebas que confirmen que las hembras sean capaces de detectar su propia feromona a nivel de las neuronas olfativas. Mediante técnicas de electrofisiología, he comparado la respuesta de las neuronas olfativas alojadas en sensilla trichodea de machos y hembras a compuestos biológicamente relevantes para G. molesta, una especie en la que se ha descrito autodetección. Un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico indica un sistema olfativo periférico radicalmente diferente en cada sexo, lo que podría estar relacionado con las diferentes necesidades biológicas de cada uno. Mientras que en los machos no había células que respondieran a su propia feromona de cortejo, cinamato de etilo, la mayoría (63%) respondieron específicamente a los compuestos de feromona sexual mayoritario y minoritario (Z8-12:Ac y E8-12:Ac, respectivamente). La frecuencia de cada uno de estos tipos de células es similar al ratio de mezcla de feromonas de las hembras. En hembras, un 6% de las células respondían a volátiles de planta y un 3% son específicas para la feromona de cortejo de los machos. A pesar de que algunas células eran estimuladas por la feromona sexual de las hembras, estas respuestas eran siempre menores que las de machos y, además, respondían a más compuestos. De hecho, la agrupación jerárquica las incluye en un grupo (91%) de neuronas inespecíficas. La ausencia en hembras de receptores para la feromona sexual y su baja sensibilidad a la misma les impediría detectar variaciones en las ratios de feromona en la naturaleza. Por lo tanto, cualquier alteración del comportamiento tras una exposición a feromona conspecífica en el laboratorio no podría ser atribuida a un reconocimiento de la propia especie. El comportamiento de las hembras sí que puede verse alterado por otras señales más relevantes para sus necesidades biológicas. El olor característico de una planta puede provocar un efecto diferente en hembras que provienen de huéspedes distintos. En mi tesis he analizado respuestas electroantenográficas de machos y hembras adultos de Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) recogidas en fase larvaria de la vid (Vitis vinífera L.) o del torvisco (Daphne gnidium L.) a volátiles específicos y compartidos de los huéspedes, así como a compuestos de feromona sexual. Mis resultados indican que la detección de feromona no difiere entre ambas poblaciones. Además, la detección de volátiles de planta no se ve afectada por el sexo o la planta de desarrollo larvario. Poblaciones polífagas desarrollándose en un huésped concreto parecen retener la capacidad para responder a los volátiles de otros huéspedes. Esta falta de diferencias estadísticas en la diferenciación de compuestos olfativos al nivel de la antena no implica, sin embargo, que los individuos que provienen de cada huésped muestren preferencias similares ante ambos conjuntos de volátiles, dado que las respuestas biológicas dependen en última instancia de la integración cerebral de cada individuo. Aun así, es importante comprender la capacidad de los insectos polífagos para reproducirse o buscar alimentos y refugios alternativos a la hora de determinar los límites topográficos de la confusión sexual. Mi tesis sirve para entender mejor las repercusiones que algunos factores ambientales pueden tener sobre el funcionamiento de una técnica compleja como es la confusión sexual. A pesar de que el uso de pesticidas se ha reducido, aún nos valemos de estos químicos para evitar el descontrol de las plagas, y es necesario conocer las variables que afectan a la eficacia de las alternativas sostenibles.
Pheromone-mediated mating disruption (MD), a pest management tactic that prevents moth mating, has helped reduce insecticide use and crop damage in agriculture. The need to decrease the economic and labor costs associated with its application has encouraged the development of automated dispensers. These puffers disrupt mating behavior of moth pests by releasing pheromone during the time when insects are active. However, the lack of a firm basis on the biology and behavior of moths, and how external factors can alter their periodicity, prevent the proper adjustment of the puffers, and may result in a decrease of their efficacy in the field. Although automated traps can be used to determine these activity periods and adjust puffer pheromone release, commercially automated traps do not offer enough temporal resolution to outline insect activity periods, which usually last one or a few hours. In my thesis, we have designed and tested a cheap and easy to build high temporal resolution image-sensor insect trap. Based on captures in traps lured with synthetic pheromone and virgin females I have determined the daily and seasonal Grapholita molesta male sexual responsiveness. Although the lure did not influence the daily and seasonal sexual responsiveness period of Grapholita molesta (Busk), the flight activity within 24 h circadian rhythm is often influenced by sunset time and temperature. Most captures were registered between 3 hours before and 1 hour after sunset, indicating a diurnal to crepuscular activity of the species. Lure type (septum or female) did not influence the daily time of flight. While low temperatures led to an earlier flight in males, warmer temperatures resulted in flights closer to the sunset time. To reduce the cost of MD and avoid wasting pheromone, puffers should be programmed to spray at a variable time throughout the season, following the curve of activity of the insects. In order to explain the mechanisms of pheromone-mediated MD in pest management, most studies have focused on the effect high levels of synthetic pheromones have on the behavior of males, whereas females were considered unresponsive to their own pheromone. However, a recent review shows that there is substantial behavioral evidence that female moths respond to their own sex pheromone. Nevertheless, the evidence for sex pheromone "autodetection" at the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) level is limited. By means of electrophysiological methods I compared the responses of ORNs housed in antennal sensilla trichodea to an array of biologically relevant compounds of male and female G. molesta, a species with reported pheromone autodetection. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated a radically different peripheric olfactory system between sexes that could be related to their specific ecological roles. In males no cells responded to their own courtship pheromone ethyl trans-cinnamate, while most (63%) were tuned specifically to the major or minor pheromone compounds (Z8-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac, respectively), their relative abundance being similar to their ratio in the female pheromone. Plant volatile cells were relatively frequent in females (6%) and 3% of the female ORNs were also tuned to the male-produced courtship pheromone. Several female cells were excited by female-produced sex pheromone, but their responses were generally lower than in males, and they responded broadly to the other compounds as well, so the HCA grouped them in a large cluster (91%) of "unspecific" female neurons. The lack of differential sex pheromone receptor neurons in females, and their relatively low sensitivity to sex pheromone would not allow females to detect variations in the pheromone ratios in nature. Thus, the alteration of their behavior after exposure to conspecific pheromone under laboratory conditions does not appear to be species-specific. Female behavior can nonetheless be specifically altered by other cues more relevant to their biological needs. The headspace of different plants may induce a different effect on females stemming from different hosts. I analyzed electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male and female adults of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis et Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) collected as larvae from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and flax-leaved daphne (Daphne gnidium L.) to specific and shared plant volatiles of the two hosts, as well as to sex pheromone compounds. My results indicate that pheromone detection did not differ between the two populations. Furthermore, host-plant volatile detection was not affected by sex or larval host plant. Polyphagous populations developing on a specific host seem therefore able to detect the plant volatiles of alternative hosts. However, lack of statistical differences in odor discrimination at the antennal level does not imply that insects from each host would show similar preference for the two host-specific odor blends, since behavioral responses to plant odors require brain integration of the antennal input of each individual odorant in a blend. Differences in plant preference could still occur if there are no differences at the EAG level. Understanding the potential ability of a polyphagous moth to reproduce or find food and shelter in alternative hosts is important to assess the topographical limitations of MD. My thesis serves to understand a bit better the complex functioning of a technique like MD and the repercussions that some environmental factors can have in its proper functioning. Even though pesticide use has been reduced, we still rely on these chemicals to prevent pest outburst. A more deep and rigorous study of the variables affecting the efficacy environmentally friendly alternatives should be conducted.
David, Paul Joseph. "Bionomics of Platynota flavedana Clemens and P. idaeusalis (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Virginia apple orchards." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54282.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Goble, Tarryn Anne. "Investigation of entomopathogenic fungi for control of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotrata, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata and Natal fruit fly, C. rosa in South African citrus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005409.
Повний текст джерелаZimba, Kennedy Josaya. "Using the larval parasitoid, Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for early detection of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infested fruit." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017186.
Повний текст джерелаNepgen, Eugene Stephan. "A study on the application technology of the sterile insect technique, with focus on false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of citrus in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013199.
Повний текст джерелаBlomefield, Thomas Loftus. "Bionomics, behaviour and control of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in pome fruit orchards in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53312.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) has been a major pest of pome fruits since before the turn of the last century. However, despite its high economic profile little is known about the bionomics and . behaviour of this pest in apple orchards in South Africa, information required for the development of a sustainable integrated management programme. In field trials there was contingency between the time of year and the upper and lower half of the tree. First generation moths laid significantly more eggs in the bottom half of the tree while second and third generation moths laid significantly more eggs in the top half of the tree. The preferred oviposition sites on Granny Smith (GS) and Golden Delicious (GD) cultivars, in order of preference, were leaves, fruit and wood. More eggs were laid on the fruit ofGS spurs (35.6 %) than on those ofGD spurs (10.7 %). On fruit spurs there was a significant increase in the number of eggs on GD leaves and GS fruit over the season, whereas the number of eggs on GS leaves and GD fruit remained constant. On branches there was an increase in the number of eggs on GD and GS leaves, but not on the fruit or wood. The preferred oviposition site on the fruit was the fovea of the stalk insertion and the rounded cheek area surrounding the fovea. The distribution within different fruit bearing classes (1 - 4 fruit per spur) was random only for one fruit per spur, while on the other spur classes clustering occurred. In laboratory studies of the embryonic and immature stages there was a linear relationship between rate of development and constant temperatures of 15, 17,20,25 and 30·C ± l·C. The lower threshold temperatures for embryonic, larval and pupal development were 11.1, 7.9, 9.9°C respectively. The degree-days required to complete embryonic, larval and pupal development were 80.5, 345, and 279 respectively. The response of the different stages to constant temperatures was similar to that under fluctuating temperatures. At temperatures below 16°C or abouve 27°C moths did not mate and few eggs were laid. Moth longevity decreased with increasing temperature. There was seasonal variation in longevity and oviposition at constant and fluctuating temperatures. Summer adults produced significantly more eggs than spring adults at constant temperatures. At a constant temperature of2S·C and fluctuating temperatures there were five distinct larval instars. The similarity between the mean head capsule width and ranges for each instar reared on fruit of different stages of development at fluctuating temperatures indicates that fruit development and temperature have little influence on mean head capsule width. From sleeve-cage studies in the orchard there was no significant difference in the fecundity of spring and summer moths. In the beginning of October spring moths produced significantly fewer eggs than in November. Egg mortality increased from 8.2 %in spring to 21.2 %in summer. Failure of 1st instar larvae to penetrate the fruit ranged from 4.9 % to 19.5 %, while mortality oflarvae from egg hatch to emergence from the fruit ranged from 29.7 % to 42.9 %. Mortality of 5th instar larvae after emerging from the apples ranged from 0 % to 8.7 % and pupal mortality from 0 % to 3.5 %. On large 27-year old trees more overwintering larvaewere found on Golden Delicious (13.9) than on Granny Smith trees (5.7), with over 70 % oflarvae being found in pruning wounds on both cultivars. On small 7-year old Golden Delicious and Granny Smith trees the mean number oflarvae was 0.5 and 2.0 per tree. A combined mating disruption and insecticide control programme reduced codling moth resistant populations to levels requiring a minimum to no insecticide intervention for several seasons. The efficacy of a pheromone based strategy, number of pheromone treatments, number of dispenserslha and level of insecticide intervention required are strongly influenced by prevailing weather conditions. Fruit infestation in orchards under a mating disruption programme and under an insecticide programme were greater along the borders compared to the interior. The presence of horticultural mineral oil on the leaves and branches did not have a detrimental effect on oviposition nor was there any significant ovicidal effect. A significant ovicidal effect was obtained when applied after oviposition. In field trials, insecticides with lower levels of efficacy than the primary insecticide, azinphos-methyl, provided acceptable control when successfully incorporated into a spray programme which followed a policy of alternation of insecticides across generations. The least variation in the number of degree-days between biofix and first egg hatch of the spring flight was when the second trap catch (Biofix 2) was used as the biofix. A biofix based on the first evening when the temperature reached or exceeded 1TC at 18:00 after first trap catch also showed less variation than when the biofix was based on first trap catch. The mean number of degree-days accumulated between Biofix 2 and first egg hatch was found to be 139.1 ° D. The number of degreedays between the first and second flight biofixes varied between 531.2 and 488.87°D with a mean of 508.1°D.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kodlingmot (Cydia pomonella) is reeds sedert die vorige eeu 'n sleutelplaag van kemvrugte. Ten spyte van die hoë ekonomiese profiel, is daar min kennis betreffende die bionomie en gedrag van hierdie plaag in appelboorde in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie inligting is noodsaaklik vir die ontwikkeling van 'n volhoubare geïntegreerde bestuursprogram. Tydens veldproewe is 'n korrelasie tussen die tyd van die jaar en eierlegging in die boonste of onderste helfte van bome gevind. Eerste-generasie motte het betekenisvol meer eiers in die onderste helfte van die bome gelê, terwyl tweede- en derde-generasie motte meer eiers in die boonste helfte van die bome gelê het. In toenemende volgorde was die voorkeur eierleggingsposisies op Granny Smith (GS) en Golden Delicious (GD) appels die blare, vrugte en hout. Meer eiers is op vrugte van GS spore (35.6%) as op dié van GD spore (10.7%) gelê. Op vrugspore was daar 'n betekenisvolle toename in aantal eiers op GD blare en GS vrugte deur die seisoen, terwyl die getal eiers op GS blare en GD vrugte konstant gebly het. Op takke was daar 'n toename in aantal eiers op GD en GS blare, maar nie op vrugte of hout nie. Die voorkeur eierleggingsposisie op vrugte was die fovea van die steelaanhegting en die wang rondom die fovea. Die verspreiding tussen verskillende vrugdraende klasse (1 - 4 vrugte per spoor) was slegs in die een-Vrug-per-spoorklas ewekansig, terwyl daar in die ander spoorklasse groepering voorgekom het. In laboratoriumstudies van embrioniese en onvolwasse stadia is 'n lineêre verband tussen ontwikkelingskoers en konstante temperature van 15, 17,20,25 en 30°C±I°C gevind. Die onderste drempel-temperature vir embrioniese, larwale en papie-ontwikkeling was onderskeidelik II. 1°C, 7.f?C en 9.9°C. Graaddae benodig vir voltooiing van embrioniese, larwale en papie-ontwikkeling was onderskeidelik 80.5,345 en 279. Die respons van verskillende stadia by konstante temperature het ooreengestem met hul respons onder wisselende temperature. Motte het nie gepaar nie en min eiers is gelê by temperature onder 16°C of bo 27°C. Die lewensverwagting van motte het afgeneem met toename in temperatuur. Seisoenale variasie in . lewensverwagting en eierlegging het voorgekom by konstante sowel as wisselende temperature. By konstante temperature het somer-volwassenes betekenisvol meer eiers as lente-volwassenes geproduseer. By 'n konstante temperatuur van 25°C, sowel as by wisselende temperature, het vyf duidelik onderskeibare larwale instars voorgekom. Die ooreenkoms tussen die gemiddelde kopkapsulewydte en wydte-reeks vir elke instar wat op vrugte van verskillende stadiums van ontwikkeling by wisselende temperature geteel is, dui daarop dat vrugontwikkeling en temperatuur weinig invloed op gemiddelde kopkapsule-wydte het. Tydens mou-hok studies in die boord is geen betekenisvolle verskil in die fekunditeit van lente- en somer-motte waargeneem nie. Vroeg in Oktober het lente-motte betekenisvol meer eiers as in November geproduseer. Eiermortaliteit het van 8.2% in die lente tot 21.2% in die somer toegeneem. Faling van 1ste instar larwes om vrugte te penetreer het van 4.9% tot 19.5% gewissel, terwyl mortaliteit van larwes vanaf uitbroei tot uitkoms uit die vrug van 29.7% tot 42.9% gewissel het. Mortaliteit van Sde instar larwes na uitkoms uit die vrug het van 0% tot 8.7% gewissel, en papie-mortaliteit van 0% tot 3.5%. Op groot, 27-jaar oue bome is meer oorwinterende larwes op Golden Delicious (13.9) as op Granny Smith (5.7) gevind, en meer as 70% van die larwes op beide kultivars is op snoeiwonde gevind. Op klein, 7-jaar oue bome was die gemiddelde aantallarwes op Golden Delicious en Granny Smithbome 0.5 en 2.0 onderskeidelik. 'n Gekombineerde paringsontwrigting- en insekdoder beheerprogram het weerstandbiedende kodlingmot-populasies verminder tot 'n vlak waar minimum tot geen insekdoder-toedienings vir verskeie seisoene gemaak is. Die effektiwiteit van 'n feromoon-gebaseerde strategie, aantal feromoonbehandelings, aantal vrystellers/ha en vlak van insekdoder-toediening word sterk deur heersende weersomstandighede beïnvloed. Die rande het hoër vruginfestasie as die middel getoon in boorde onder paringsontwrigting sowel as boorde onder insekdoder-programme. Die teenwoordigheid van minerale olie op blare en takke het geen nadelige effek op eierlegging gehad nie en dit het geen betekenisvolle eierdodende effek gehad nie. Indien die olie ná eierlegging toegedien is, is daar wel 'n betekenisvolle eierdodende effek waargeneem. Tydens veldproewe het insekdoders met laer effektiwiteit as die primêre insekdoder, azinfos-metiel, aanvaarbare beheer verskaf indien dit suksesvol geïnkorporeer is in 'n spuitprogram deur 'n beleid van afwisseling van insekdoders oor generasies. Die kleinste variasie tussen die aantal graaddae tussen biofix en eerste uitbroei van eiers is gevind indien die tweede lokvalvangs as biofix gebruik is. 'n Biofix gebaseer op die eerste aand na die eerste lokval vangste wat die temperatuur 17°Cofhoër was teen 18:00, het ook 'n kleiner variasie getoon as die eerste lokvalvangs. Die aantal graaddae tussen die tweede en derde vlug biofix het tussen 531.2 en 488.87°D gewissel, met 'n gemiddelde van 508.1°D.
Molina, Rosa Maria da Silva. "Bioecologia de duas espécies de Trichogramma para o controle de Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em citros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-09052003-155848/.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to evaluate the potential of use of Trichogramma species/strains as an additional component in the management of Ecdytolopha aurantiana (Lima, 1927), an important pest of Citrus in the state of São Paulo, biological trials were carried out involving strain selection, biology at different temperatures, thermal requirements, parasitism capacity and optimal number of parasitoids to be released per pest egg. The selection of Trichogramma strains/species is basic to control E. aurantiana for the egg parasitism of the pest varied greatly among several biological materials studied. The sex ratio of the species/strains was not affected by the temperature at a 18-32ºC range, and 25ºC was the more suitable temperature for the species/strains studied. The duration of the egg-adult period of T. atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 and T. pretiosum Riley, 1879 was inversely related to the increased temperature at a thermal range of 18-32ºC, and the thermal requirements of these species are very close, ranging 108 DD (degree days). Neither the natural rearing host, E. aurantiana, nor the factitious host, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) affected the parasitism of the selected species/strains. The proportion of 30 eggs of E. aurantiana per Trichogramma spp. female provided a higher parasistism rate, with eggs exposed to the parasitoid for 34 hours. The higher parasitism rates of the eggs of citrus fruit borer for the two species/strains occurred when the parasitoids were reared on eggs of E. aurantiana. The estimated ratio of 36 parasitoids per egg of E. aurantiana allowed a higher parasitism percentage of T. pretiosum. The results achieved showed that the egg parasitoids of Trichogramma have a potential to control E. aurantiana provided that they are released in large amounts per area unit and surrounding the plants.
Silva, Oscar Arnaldo Batista Neto e. "Bases para o manejo da resistência de Bonagota salubricola e Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) a inseticidas em pomares de macieira e pessegueiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-26072013-094223/.
Повний текст джерелаThe apple leafroller Bonagota salubricola (Meyrick, 1937) and Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck, 1916) are two of the most important pests of temperate fruit trees in Brazil. Management of these both insect pest has been conducted almost exclusively with insecticides. For the implementation of proactive resistance management strategies, it is important to know the current status of pest susceptibility to insecticides to detect the resistance before control failures with the use of insecticides. In Brazilian conditions, where apple and peach orchards are very often planted close in some regions, it is believed that G. molesta may disperse to apple orchards after harvesting peaches, depending on the spatial and temporal proximity of orchards. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize the susceptibility of B. salubricola and G. molesta to the main insecticides recommended for their control and to evaluate the genetic structure of G. molesta populations from the apple and peach orchards in Brazil. B. salubricola populations were collected in apple orchards in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (2011/12 growing season) and G. molesta populations from orchards in Rio Grande do Sul (2010/11 and 2011/12), Santa Catarina (2010/11) and São Paulo (2010/11 and 2011/12). There were no differences in the susceptibility among field populations of B. salubricola in compared to the susceptible reference population to the insecticides chlorantraniliprole, phosmet, spinetoram, spinosad and tebufenozide and among G. molesta populations to chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone, pyriproxyfen and spinetoram. However, there were significant differences in survival of B. salubricola populations to novaluron (3.3% survival) and G. molesta populations to insecticides phosmet and tebufenozide, with 2.5 and 4.5% survival, respectively. Therefore, the frequency of resistance of B. salubricola and G. molesta is still low to insecticides evaluated herein. Based on mitochondrial and microsatellites markers, significant genetic structure among G. molesta populations was detected based on the host plant (?ST = 0,198; P < 0,05) and the geographic distance (r=0,545; valor de p<0,001). In general, the genetic variability of G. molesta is well distributed in the producing regions of apple and peach and the geographic barriers, soil and climatic conditions and pest management can be limiting the mating among individuals from distinct populations evaluated in this study. Therefore, due to low gene flow among G. molesta populations in Brazil, resistance management strategies can be implemented at local level.
Coombes, Candice Anne. "Field evaluation of the use of select entomopathogenic fungal isolates as microbial control agents of the soil-dwelling life stages of a key South African citrus pest, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/507.
Повний текст джерелаBosch, Serra Dolors. "Diversidad y extensión de los mecanismos de resistencia a insecticidas en poblaciones españolas de carpocapsa (Cydia pomonella (L.) Lepidoptera Tortricidae) y estudio de sus posibilidades de manejo." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664271.
Повний текст джерелаLa carpocapsa, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), es una de las plagas más importantes del cultivo de los frutales de pepita, principalmente del manzano. En la zona frutícola de Lleida, al igual que en la mayoría de las zonas productivas del mundo, se han detectado problemas de resistencia a insecticidas piretroides, organofosforados, benzoilureas, fenoxycarb y diacilhidracinas. El principal mecanismo de resistencia detectado ha sido la acción de las enzimas detoxificadoras multifunción-oxidasas (MFO) y, en menor medida, glutathion transferasas (GST) y esterasas (EST). En la presente tesis doctoral, se han determinado los niveles de resistencia de carpocapsa a insecticidas de bajo riesgo para la salud humana y el medio ambiente y la presencia y extensión de las mutaciones de la acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) y la knockdown (kdr), en poblaciones de campo procedentes de tres zonas productivas de manzana en España, con sistemas de manejo muy distintos. Las poblaciones asturianas resultaron susceptibles a todos los insecticidas ensayados, mientras que las poblaciones del Valle del Ebro (Catalunya y Aragón) presentaron resistencia en alguna población y tolerancia de forma frecuente a metoxifenocide, lambda-cyhalotrin y tiacloprid. El resto de productos ensayados, etil-clorpirifos, tebufenocide, spinosad, spinetoram, indoxacarb, clorantraniliprole y emamectine, resultaron efectivos incluso en las poblaciones con elevados niveles de resistencia. La mutación AChE está presente de forma generalizada únicamente en las fincas del Valle del Ebro, mientras que la kdr está presente en la mayoría de las fincas en Catalunya. En las poblaciones de Asturias y la población de Extremadura analizadas no se detectaron mutaciones. También se ha determinado la línea base de susceptibilidad insecticida de la materia activa chlorantraniliprole en poblaciones de campo europeas de carpocapsa, y se ha evaluado la evolución su eficacia a lo largo de los años de aplicación. No se han detectado poblaciones resistentes a chlorantraniliprole, pero, sin embargo, sí se ha detectado una relación entre la frecuencia de individuos MFO-resistentes (con un elevado nivel de enzimas de detoxificación MFO) con el porcentaje de mortalidad de la concentración discriminante próxima a la CL50. Por otro lado, se estudió la frecuencia de adultos MFO-resistentes de C. pomonella capturados en trampas con distintos difusores, con y sin cairomona (el éster de pera, (2E, 4Z)-decadienoato de etilo), debido a una mayor atracción de estos individuos por la cairomona pura en laboratorio. La finalidad era la mejora del monitoreo en las fincas con una elevada presencia de insectos resistentes. Sin embargo, esa mayor atracción no se produjo en campo. Sí se detectó una distinta frecuencia de individuos resistentes entre generaciones y entre fincas con o sin tratamientos químicos.
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the most important pests of pome orchards, mainly of apple ones. Problems of resistance to insecticides pirethroids, organophosphates, benzoylureas, fenoxycarb, and diacylhydrazines have been detected in the fruit growing area of Lleida, as well as in the majority of the world apple growing areas. The main resistance mechanism detected has been the action of the detoxifying enzyms mixed-function oxidases (MFO) and, in a lesser extent, glutatione S-transferases (GST) and esterases (EST). In the present thesis, the levels of codling moth resistance to safe insecticides and the presence and the extension of the mutations acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the knockdown (kdr) have been determined in field populations from three fruit growing areas of Spain, with very different production systems. The populations from Asturias were susceptible to all the tested insecticides, while some populations from the Ebro Valley (Catalonia and Aragón) were resistant, and frequently tolerant to methoxyfenozide, lambda-cyhalothrin and thiacloprid. The rest of tested insecticides chlorpyrifos-ethyl, tebufenozide, spinosad, spinetoram, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole and emamectin, were effective, even against populations with high resistance levels. The AChE mutation is generally present only in orchards from the Ebro Valley, while the kdr is present in the majority of the orchards from Catalonia. No mutations were detected in the populations from Asturias and Extremadura. The susceptibility baseline of chlorantraniliprole has been determined in field populations from Europe, and the evolution of its efficacy along time have been evaluated. Resistant populations to chlorantraniliprole have not been detected, but a relationship between the frequency of MFO-resistant individuals (those that show a high level of MFO detoxification enzymes) and the mortality (percentage) caused the discriminant concentration near to the LC50. Furthermore, the frequency of C. pomonella MFO-resistant adults caught in traps with different lures, with and without the kairomone (pear ester, (2E, 4Z)-2,4-decadienoate) was studied, because a higher attraction of these individuals for the pure kairomone had been detected in the laboratory. The aim was to improve monitoring in the orchards that show a high percentage of resistant individuals. However, this higher attraction was not observed in the field. A different frequency of resistant individuals among generations and among orchards chemically or non-chemically treated was observed.
Opoku-Debrah, John Kwadwo. "Studies on existing and new isolates of Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV) on Thaumatotibia leucotreta populations from a range of geographic regions in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005466.
Повний текст джерелаIrvin, N. A. "Understorey management for the enhancement of populations of a leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid (Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)) in Canterbury, New Zealand apple orchards." Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1111.
Повний текст джерелаBerndt, Lisa A. "The effect of floral resources on the leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in selected New Zealand vineyards." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1045.
Повний текст джерелаMoyal, Pascal. "Les foreurs du maïs en zone des savanes de Côte d'Ivoire : données morphologiques, biologiques, écologiques : essais de lutte et relation plante-insecte." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066488.
Повний текст джерелаGendall, Kierryn Leigh. "Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: braconidae) : its biology and usefulness as a biological control agent for false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: tortricidae), on citrus /." 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1159/.
Повний текст джерелаPaull, Cate. "The ecology of key arthropods for the management of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Coonawarra vineyards, South Australia." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/47971.
Повний текст джерелаhttp://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320930
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008
Paull, Cate. "The ecology of key arthropods for the management of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Coonawarra vineyards, South Australia." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/47971.
Повний текст джерелаThesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008